Information required at different management levels

  Konsep Sistem Informasi Pertemuan 6

Decision Support Systems

  ©2008,The McGraw-Hill Companies, All Rights Reserved

Informasi

  Information required at different management levels

  Sistem Konsep Levels of Management Decision Making

• Strategic management
• – eksekutif mengembangkan tujuan, strategi, kebijakan dan sasaran organisasi
• – Sebagai bagian dari strategic planning process
• Tactical management
• – manajer dan profesional bisnis dalam tim yang bekerja sendiri
• – Membangun rencana jangka pendek dan menengah, jadwal kerja dan anggaran
• – menentukan prosedur, kebijakan dan tujuan bisnis untuk subunit mereka _{tys@stikom.edu - ningtyas78@gmail.com}

  Levels of Management Decision Making

• Operational management
• – manajer atau anggota tim bekerja sendiri
• – Membuat rencana jangka pendek seperti jadwal produksi mingguan

  Konsep Sistem Informasi

  Information Quality

• Produk dari informasi yang mempunyai karakteristik, atribut atau kualitas Yng memnjadikan informsi lebih berarti
• Informasi mempunyai tiga dimensi, yaitu:
• – Time / waktu
• – Content / isi
• – Form / bentuk _{tys@stikom.edu - ningtyas78@gmail.com}

Informasi

  Attributes of Information Quality Sistem Konsep

  Decision Structure

• Structured – situasi di mana prosedur yang harus diikuti pada saat keputusan sangat dibutuhkan dapat ditentukan terlebih dahulu
• Unstructured – situasi dimana tidak mungkin untuk menentukan terlebih dahulu prosedur pengambilan keputusan untuk menentukan keputusan
• Semi structured - prosedur pengambilan keputusan yang dapat ditentukan terlebih dahulu, tetapi tidak cukup untuk menghasilkan keputusan yang direkomendasikan _{tys@stikom.edu - ningtyas78@gmail.com}

  Information Systems to support decisions

  Management Information Systems Decision Support Systems Decision support provided Provide information about the performance of the organization Provide information and techniques to analyze specific problems

  Information form and frequency Periodic, exception, demand, and push reports and responses Interactive inquiries and responses

  Information format Prespecified, fixed format Ad hoc, flexible, and adaptable format

  Information processing methodology Information produced by extraction and manipulation of business data Information produced by analytical modeling of business data

  Konsep Sistem Informasi

  Decision Support Trends

• Personalisasi analisis keputusan secara proaktif
• Web-Based applications
• Keputusan di tingkat lebih rendah dari manajemen dan oleh tim dan perorangan
• Business intelligence applications

  tys@stikom.edu - ningtyas78@gmail.com

Informasi

  Business Intelligence Applications Sistem Konsep

  Decision Support Systems

• DSS
• – Memberikan dukungan informasi interaktif untuk manajer dan profesional bisnis selama proses pengambilan keputusan
• – Menggunakan :
• Analytical models
• Specialized databases
• A decision maker’s own insights and judgments
• Interactive computer-based modeling
• – Mendukung semi structured business decisions _{tys@stikom.edu - ningtyas78@gmail.com}

Informasi

  Decision Support Systems Sistem Konsep

  DSS Model base

  DSS components tys@stikom.edu - ningtyas78@gmail.com

• Model base
• – Sebuah komponen perangkat lunak yang terdiri dari model yang digunakan dalam rutinitas komputasi dan analisis matematis mengungkapkan hubungan antar variabel
• – Examples:
• Linear programming models,
• Multiple regression forecasting models
• Capital budgeting present value models

  Konsep Sistem Informasi

  Management Information Systems

• MIS
• – Menghasilkan produk informasi yang mendukung kebutuhan pengambilan keputusan setiap hari oleh manajer dan profesional bisnis
• – Laporan yang ditetapkan sebelumnya, menampilkan informasi dan tanggapan dari informasi
• – Mendukung structured decisions _{tys@stikom.edu - ningtyas78@gmail.com}

  Informasi Sistem Konsep _{http://www.prism-world.com/Shared/Media/Images/ContentImages/KPI%20Dashboard%20Screen%20Shot.JPG} MIS Reporting Alternatives

• Periodic Scheduled Reports
• – Pre specified format on a regular basis
• Exception Reports
• – Reports about exceptional conditions
• – May be produced regularly or when exception occurs
• Demand Reports and Responses
• – Information available when demanded
• Push Reporting
• – Information pushed to manager _{tys@stikom.edu - ningtyas78@gmail.com}

  Online Analytical Processing

• OLAP
• – Memungkinkan para manager and analysts untuk meneliti dan memanipulasi banyak data detail dan penggabungan dari berbagai sudut pandang
• – dilakukan secara interaktif secara real time dengan respon cepat

  Konsep Sistem Informasi

  Online Analytical Processing http://www.files32.com/images/radarcube_asp_net_olap_control_for_ms_analysis-1731-scr.jpeg _{tys@stikom.edu - ningtyas78@gmail.com}

Informasi

  OLAP Analytical Operations

Sistem

• Consolidation
• – Aggregation of data
• Drill-down
• – Display detail data that comprise consolidated data
• Slicing and Dicing

  Konsep

• – Ability to look at the database from different viewpoints

OLAP Technology tys@stikom.edu - ningtyas78@gmail.com

Informasi

  Geographic Information Systems

Sistem

• GIS
• – DSS yang menggunakan geographic databases untuk menyusun dan menampilkan peta dan tampilan gambar lainnya
• – Mendukung keputusan yang berpengaruh pada distribusi geografis orang-orang dan sumber daya lainnya

  Konsep

• – Biasa disebut dengan Global Position Systems (GPS) devices

Geographic Information Systems _{/PAP150/DS-APP.GIF} http://proceedings.esri.com/library/userconf/proc96/TO150 _{tys@stikom.edu - ningtyas78@gmail.com}

Informasi

  Data Visualization Systems

Sistem

• DVS
• – DSS yang mewakili data kompleks dengan menggunakan bentuk grafis interaktif tiga dimensi seperti bagan, grafik, dan peta
• – Peralatan DVS membantu pengguna untuk secara interaktif menyortir, membagi, menggabungkan, dan mengatur data

  Konsep sementara itu dalam bentuk grafik nya. http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/content/25/4/543/F1.expansion.html _{interactions and yellow edges indicate transcriptional regulations from transcription factors to genes. while red nodes indicate genes. Blue edges indicate physical interactions, red edges indicate genetic BioCichlid 3D hierarchical visualization of an RNAPII-related network of yeast. Blue nodes indicate proteins} BioCichlid _{tys@stikom.edu - ningtyas78@gmail.com}

Informasi

  Using DSS

Sistem

• What-if Analysis
• – End user makes changes to variables, or relationships among variables, and observes the resulting changes in the values of other variables
• Sensitivity Analysis
• – Value of only one variable is changed

  Konsep

  repeatedly and the resulting changes in other variables are observed Using DSS

• Goal-Seeking
• – Set a target value for a variable and then repeatedly change other variables until the target value is achieved
• – How can analysis
• Optimization
• – Goal is to find the optimum value for one or more target variables given certain constraints
• – One or more other variables are changed repeatedly until the best values for the target variables are discovered _{tys@stikom.edu - ningtyas78@gmail.com}

Informasi

  Data Mining

Sistem

• Tujuan utama adalah untuk memberikan dukungan keputusan pada manajer dan profesional bisnis melalui knowledge discovery
• Analyzes vast store of historical business data
• Tries to discover patterns, trends, and correlations hidden in the data that can help a company improve its business performance
• Use regression, decision tree, neural network,

  Konsep

  cluster analysis, or market basket analysis Market Basket Analysis

• One of most common data mining for marketing
• The purpose is to determine what products customers purchase together with other products

  tys@stikom.edu - ningtyas78@gmail.com

Informasi

  Executive Information Systems

Sistem

• EIS
• – Combine many features of MIS and DSS
• – Provide top executives with immediate and easy access to information
• – About the factors that are critical to accomplishing an organization’s strategic objectives ( Critical success factors )

  Konsep

• – So popular, expanded to managers, analysts and other knowledge workers

http://www.accurasoft.com/comp_executive_information_system.htm _{tys@stikom.edu - ningtyas78@gmail.com}

Informasi

  Features of an EIS

Sistem

• Information presented in forms tailored to the preferences of the executives using the system
• – Customizable graphical user interfaces
• – Exception reporting
• – Trend analysis

  Konsep

• – Drill down capability

Enterprise Interface Portals

• EIP
• – Web-based interface
• – Integration of MIS, DSS, EIS, and other technologies
• – Gives all intranet users and selected extranet users access
• – To a variety of internal and external business applications and services
• Typically tailored to the user giving them a personalized digital dashboard _{tys@stikom.edu - ningtyas78@gmail.com}

  http://www.sapdesignguild.org/editions/edition6/images/standard_portal.jpg Konsep Sistem Informasi Enterprise Information Portal Components tys@stikom.edu - ningtyas78@gmail.com

Informasi

  Knowledge Management Systems

Sistem

• The use of information technology to help gather, organize, and share business knowledge within an organization
• Enterprise Knowledge Portals
• – EIPs that are the entry to corporate intranets that serve as knowledge

  Konsep

  management systems Enterprise Knowledge Portals tys@stikom.edu - ningtyas78@gmail.com

Informasi

  Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Sistem

• A field of science and technology based on disciplines such as computer science, biology, psychology, linguistics, mathematics, and engineering
• Goal is to develop computers that can simulate the ability to think, as well as see, hear, walk, talk, and feel

  Konsep

Attributes of Intelligent Behavior

• Think and reason
• Use reason to solve problems
• Learn or understand from experience
• Acquire and apply knowledge
• Exhibit creativity and imagination
• Deal with complex or perplexing situations
• Respond quickly and successfully to new situations
• Recognize the relative importance of elements in a situation
• Handle ambiguous, incomplete, or erroneous information _{tys@stikom.edu - ningtyas78@gmail.com}

Informasi

  Domains of Artificial Intelligence Sistem Konsep

  Cognitive Science

• Based in biology, neurology, psychology, etc.
• Focuses on researching how the human brain works and how humans think and learn

  tys@stikom.edu - ningtyas78@gmail.com Robotics

• Based in AI, engineering and physiology
• Robot machines with computer intelligence and computer controlled, humanlike physical capabilities

  Konsep Sistem Informasi

  Natural Interfaces

• Based in linguistics, psychology, computer science, etc.
• Includes natural language and speech recognition
• Development of multisensory devices that use a variety of body movements to operate compu
• Virtual reality
• – Using multisensory human-computer interfaces that enable human users to experience computer- simulated objects, spaces and “worlds” as if they actually exist _{tys@stikom.edu - ningtyas78@gmail.com}

  Expert Systems

• ES

  knowledge-based information system

• – A

  (KBIS) that uses its knowledge about a specific, complex application to act as an expert consultant to end users

  is a system that adds a knowledge base to the other components on an IS

• – KBIS

  Konsep Sistem Informasi

  Expert System Components

• Knowledge Base
• – Facts about specific subject area
• – Heuristics that express the reasoning procedures of an expert (rules of thumb)
• Software Resources

  

processes the knowledge and

makes inferences to make recommend course of action

• – Inference engine
• – User interface programs to communicate with end user
• – Explanation programs to explain the reasoning process to end user _{tys@stikom.edu - ningtyas78@gmail.com}

  Expert System Components Konsep Sistem Informasi

  Methods of Knowledge Representation

• Case-Based – knowledge organized in

  form of cases

• – Cases: examples of past performance, occurrences and experiences
• Frame-Based – knowledge organized in

  a hierarchy or network of frames

• – Frames: entities consisting of a complex package of data values _{tys@stikom.edu - ningtyas78@gmail.com}

  Methods of Knowledge Representation

• Object-Based – knowledge organized in

  network of objects

• – Objects: data elements and the methods or processes that act on those data
• Rule-Based – knowledge represented in

  rules and statements of fact

  Konsep Sistem Informasi

• – Rules: statements that typically take the form of a premise and a conclusion
• – Such as, If (condition) then (conclusion)

Expert System Benefits

• Faster and more consistent than an expert
• Can have the knowledge of several experts
• Does not get tired or distracted by overwork or stress
• Helps preserve and reproduce the knowledge of experts _{tys@stikom.edu - ningtyas78@gmail.com}

Informasi

  Expert System Limitations

Sistem

• Limited focus
• Inability to learn
• Maintenance problems
• Developmental costs
• Can only solve specific types of problems in a limited domain of

  Konsep knowledge

  Suitability Criteria for Expert Systems : subject area relatively small and limited to

• Domain

  well-defined area : solutions require the efforts of an expert

• Expertise

  : solution of the problem is a complex task

• Complexity

  that requires logical inference processing (not possible in conventional information processing) : solution process must be able to cope with

• Structure

  ill-structured, uncertain, missing and conflicting data : an expert exists who is articulate and

• Availability

  cooperative _{tys@stikom.edu - ningtyas78@gmail.com}

Informasi

  Development Tool

Sistem

• Expert System Shell
• – Software package consisting of an expert system without its knowledge base
• – Has inference engine and user interface programs

  Konsep

  Knowledge Engineer

• A professional who works with experts to capture the knowledge they possess
• Builds the knowledge base using an iterative, prototyping process

  tys@stikom.edu - ningtyas78@gmail.com Neural Networks

• Computing systems modeled after the brain’s mesh-like network of interconnected processing elements, called neurons
• Interconnected processors operate in parallel and interact with each other
• Allows network to learn from data it processes

  Konsep Sistem Informasi

  Fuzzy Logic

• Method of reasoning that resembles human reasoning
• Allows for approximate values and inferences and incomplete or ambiguous data instead of relying only on crisp data
• Uses terms such as “very high” rather than precise measures _{tys@stikom.edu - ningtyas78@gmail.com}

Informasi

  Genetic Algorithms

Sistem

• Software that uses
• – Darwinian (survival of the fittest), randomizing, and other mathematical functions
• – To simulate an evolutionary process that can yield increasingly better solutions to a problem

  Konsep

  Virtual Reality (VR)

• Computer-simulated reality
• Relies on multisensory input/output devices such as
• – a tracking headset with video goggles and stereo earphones,
• – a data glove or jumpsuit with fiber-optic sensors that track your body movements, and
• – a walker that monitors the movement of your feet _{tys@stikom.edu - ningtyas78@gmail.com}

Informasi

  Intelligent Agents

Sistem

• A software surrogate for an end user or a process that fulfills a stated need or activity
• Uses its built-in and learned knowledge base
• To make decisions and accomplish tasks in a way that fulfills the intentions of a

Konsep

  user software robots or bots

• Also called

  User Interface Agents

• Interface Tutors – observe user computer

  operations, correct user mistakes, and provide hints and advice on efficient software use

• Presentation – show information in a variety of

  forms and media based on user preferences

  Navigation

• Network – discover paths to

  information and provide ways to view information based on user preferences

• Role-Playing – play what-if games and other

  roles to help users understand information and make better decisions _{tys@stikom.edu - ningtyas78@gmail.com}

Informasi

  Information Management Agents

Sistem

• Search Agents – help users find files and

  databases, search for desired information, and suggest and find new types of information products, media, and resources

• Information Brokers – provide commercial

  services to discover and develop information resources that fit the business or personal needs of a user

• Information Filters – receive, find, filter,

  Konsep discard, save, forward, and notify users about products received or desired