VARIATION EFFECT OF FIBER COMPOSITION AND DIRECTION TOWARD COMPOSITE MECHANICAL Variation Effect Of Fiber Composition And Direction Toward Composite Mechanical Properties, Fiberglass Fiber With Polister Matrix Material.
VARIATION EFFECT OF FIBER COMPOSITION AND
DIRECTION TOWARD COMPOSITE MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES, FIBERGLASS FIBER WITH POLISTER
MATRIX MATERIAL
PUBLICATION ARTICLE
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Getting Bachelor
Degree of Engineering in Automotive Department
Arranged by:
Roberto Agus Mainaki
D 200 102 016
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
INTERNATIONAL PROGRAM
IN AUTOMOTIVE/MOTORCYCLE ENGINEERING
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
October 2014
VARIATION EFFECT OF FIBER COMPOSITION AND DIRECTION TOWARD
COMPOSITE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES, FIBERGLASS FIBER WITH POLISTER
MATRIX MATERIAL
Ir. Pramuko IP, MT.
Mechanical Engineering Department of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
Jln. A. Yani Pabelan-Kartasura. Tromol Pos I Telp. (0271) 715448 Surakarta
Wijianto, ST.M.Eng.Sc
Mechanical Engineering Department of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
Jln. A. Yani Pabelan-Kartasura. Tromol Pos I Telp. (0271) 715448 Surakarta
Roberto Agus Mainaki
Automotive Engineering Department of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
Jln. A. Yani Pabelan, Kartasura, Tromol Pos I, Telp. (0271) 715448 Surakarta
Email: Roberto.mainaki09@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
With the development of technology, it is found, new technology in modification
motorcycle body, so a lot of people utilize composite for making motorcycle body with the
performance they want.
It is easy to make body of motorcycle in willingness. There are three materials in the
modifications motorcycle body (catalyst, resin and fiberglass). Fiberglass is a light material, and
it is very strong. Though the character of its strength rather lowers that carbon fiber and less stiff,
the material which is usually fragile, and the standard material is cheaper. Missal strength and
weight character of body is also to make more than metal, and it is easy to make with the press.
The purpose of the research is to know the strength of different fibers, from random fiber, woven
fiber, and one direction fiber.
Testing is done by differentiating three fibers (random fiber, woven fiber, and one
direction fiber) with catalyst composite and the same resin. Every fiber tests with impact test that
is based ASTM D - 256, bending test based on ASTM D - 790 and tensile test that is based on
ASTM D - 638.
The composition of a catalyst 4.76 % of a resin used, and use of composite volume
faction 37.1 %. Analysis is done after getting result data of testing. The result from each testing
has a different result. Numbers of height of impact test are gotten from one direction fiber 0.82
J/mm2, flexure stress is gotten from woven fiber 29.89 MPa, tensile strength is gotten from
woven fiber 66 MPa, and elastic modulus from woven fiber 142.268 kg/mm2. The strength to
hold is a strength and character as tenacity, strength, hardness etc, it can be considered by data
which are gotten from the results of the test.
Keywords: catalyst, fiberglass, resin, and impact test, bending test, tension te.
Background
Technology
material
is
now
developing very rapidly. It is propelled by
the needs of a material that can meet
characteristic of certain desired. One of
them is a composite. The ability to easily
molded in accordance with their needs, in
terms of power, in perspective, and its
excellence in the ratio of strength to weight,
encourage the use of composite as an
ingredient of a substitute for material metal
commonly used in a variety of products.
Composite materials made from two
or more different materials. First is the
matrix, which serves as a glue to keep the
fibers together. Both are fiber, which serves
as a composite reinforcement of unification.
Problem Statement
The problem statement that can be
drawn from the problem above is how the
differences in fiber can influence the
mechanical properties of motorcycle body
modification on impact strength, bending
stress and tensile strength.
Objectives
1. Knowing
the
differences
are
fiber
used
quality
to
make
motorcycle body.
2. Knowing
the
good
quality
of
composite is used in modification
motorcycle.
Problem limitation
One type of composites that can be easily
1. The main material used is in the
formed is a hybrid composite. Hybrid
form of resin 157 BTQN, catalyst
composites
and fiberglass.
formed
by
two
or
more
reinforcements, so the modification that the
2. The catalyst used is 4.76% of resin
arrangement and composition, it will be easy
in the composite manufacturing.
to achieve mechanical properties.
In this study the authors will conduct
a research differences fiber, random fibers,
woven fibers, the composition of the
3. The specimens are tested in the
impact test, bending test, and tensile
test.
Basic Theory
mixture catalyst and similar resin. Then the
Composites consist of a matrix
next is analyze the result after test and will
material that is then reinforced with fibers
be compared between each fiber glass.
that can be taken from ceramics, metals, or
polymers. The reinforcing fibers are the
primary load carriers of the material, with
synergism
the matrix component transferring the load
unavailable from the individual constituent
from fiber to fiber. Reinforcement of the
materials, while the wide variety of matrix
matrix material can be achieved in a variety
and strengthening materials allows the
of ways including particles. Fibers may be
designer of the product or structure to
continuous or discontinuous with the matrix
choose an optimum combination.
material usually sourced from one of the
Catalyst
many
available
engineering
plastics/
polymers.
produces
material
properties
A catalyst is a substance that
accelerates a reaction by lowering the active
energy. Catalyst can accelerate chemical
reactions
and
can
be
accelerated
by
increasing the fraction of molecules whose
energy exceeds the energy having active.
Figure 1 Composites
( http://www.aid-n.com/what-are-compositematerials-and-the-function/compositematerials-development/ )
Composites
are
made
up
of
to
as
individual
materials
referred
constituent
materials.
There
are
two
categories of constituent materials: matrix
Figure 2 catalyst
(http://www.easycomposites.co.uk/products/
polyester-vinylester-resin/mekpcatalyst.aspx)
and reinforcement. At least one portion of
each type is required. The matrix material
Without a catalyst, a chemical
surrounds and supports the reinforcement
reaction may never get a faster time to react.
materials by maintaining their relative
When a chemical reaction takes the form of
positions. The reinforcements impart their
mixture of chemical which changes more
special mechanical and physical properties
quickly. When the chemical reaction occurs,
to
enhance
the
matrix
properties.
A
the catalyst itself is not changed and is not
part of the end result.
Figure 4 Resin (butek)
Thermosetting polyester resins and
Figure 3 Comparison of catalysis and noncatalysis
as
with
other
resin,
changes
react
(http://ch302.cm.utexas.edu/images302/Cata
exothermically. Excessive use of catalysts
lyst_effect.png)
can, therefore, cause charring or ignition
even during the producing process. The
Resin 157 BTQN
Resin is a hydrocarbon secretion
many plants, particularly coniferous trees.
catalyst can also lead to excessive product to
fracture of forming rubber material.
Fiber glass
Other liquid compounds found in plants is
like sap, latex, or mucus, sometimes are
Fiberglass or glass fiber is often
confused with the terms above, but they are
translated into molten glass is drawn into
chemically the same. It can be used for the
thin fiber with straight line around 0,005
production of varnishes, adhesives, glass
mm - 0,01 mm. this fiber can be spun into
mixture, as a source of raw materials for
yarn or woven into fabric which is then
organic synthesis, a staple of incense and
impregnate with a resin material so that it
perfumes. In products such as fragrances are
becomes a strong and corrosion-resistant for
often called
use as car bodies and ship building. It is also
“ambered”, resin can be
fossilized and it becomes amber gemstone.
used as a reinforcing agent for many
polymer
products;
resulting
composite
material known as glass-reinforced plastic
(glass-reinforced plastic, GPR) or glass-fiber
reinforced
epoxy
(GRE),
is
called
“fiberglass” in general use.
Impact Test
Impact strength is an important
criterion to determine the brittleness of
polymeric materials. From this test will be
obtained some data of absorbed energy,
energy activation and can be used to
determine the impact value of specimen,
with (Standard ASTM D 256).
Figure 5 random fiber glass
Figure 6 Woven fiber glass
Figure 6 Impact Tool
(1)
Where:
K = Impact value (J/mm2)
A = Cross sectional area (mm2)
W= Energy (J)
Figure 7 unidirectional fiber glass
It should be noted that fiberglass is
Bending Test
Testing
of
flexural
strength
is
not carbon fiber, not glass-reinforced plastic,
intended to determine the resistance of the
although it is similar to both. Carbon fiber
polymer loading. In this method the method
which is made of carbon stands, not as long
used is the three-point bending method. This
as it can be extruded into strands of
test is also intended to determine the
fiberglass
elasticity of a material. Bending test
specimen was set in accordance with ASTM
value changes depending on the rate of
D790.
voltage.
Figure 7 Bending Tool
Figure 8 tensile tool
ε
(2)
100 and
Where:
(3)
σb = Bending Stress (MPa)
P = Max Load (N)
Where:
L = Distance between supporter (mm)
P = Load
b = Width (mm)
A0 = Cross section
d = Thick (mm)
E= Modulus elasticity (kg/mm2)
Tensile Test
Tensile strength is one of the basic
mechanical
properties.
Stress
strain
relationship on the pull gives considerable
σu = Ultimate Stress (MPa)
ε = Strain
Flow Chart of Research
Start
Literature study and field
Material Preparation and Equipments
Material mixture
a. Catalyst + Resin + a Random Fiber Glass
b. Catalyst + Resin + a Woven Fiber Glass
c. Catalyst + Resin + a Unidirectional Ffiber Glass
Yes
Preparation of specimens Standards Compliance of ASTM
Impact Test Standard
ASTM D 256
Tensile Test Standard
ASTM D 638
Bending Test Standard
ASTM D 790
End
Result, discussion and conclusion
Figure 9 Flow Chart of Experiment
The test results and analysis
No
Fiber
Volume
Catalyst
W
Faction (%)
(%)
(J)
0
0
A
K
(mm2)
(J/mm2)
1
Random Fiber Glass
37.1
4.76
12.29
156
146.67
19.46
0.632
2
Woven Fiber Glass
37.1
4.76
14.39
156
145.33
19.46
0.739
3
Unidirectional Fiber
37.1
11.77
156
144.33
Glass
4.76
Table 1 Result of Impact Test
19.46
0.82
No
Fiber
Volume
Catalyst
Width
Thick
L
Faction (%)
(%)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(MPa)
(N)
Pmax
1
Random Fiber Glass
37.1
4.76
13.83
2.21
43
29.81
28.621
2
Woven Fiber Glass
37.1
4.76
13.83
2.21
43
29.89
28.371
3
Unidirectional Fiber
Glass
37.1
4.76
13.83
2.21
43
29.86
28.334
Table 2 Result of Bending Test
No
Fiber
Volume
Catalyst
L0
L1
Faction (%)
(%)
(mm)
(mm)
σu
E
(%)
(MPa)
(kg/mm2)
1
Random Fiber Glass
37.1
4.76
165
172.5
4.545
64.667
142.268
2
Woven Fiber Glass
37.1
4.76
165
172.77
4.757
66
138.760
3
Unidirectional Fiber
37.1
165
172.63
4.626
65.333
141.170
4.76
Glass
Table 3 Result of Tensile Test
number of impact is shown with random
Impact test
fiber glass 0.632 j/mm2 and the value from
0.9
Impact number (J/mm2)
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
Woven fiber glass 0.739 j/mm2 and value of
Random
Fiber
Glass
Woven
Fiber
Glass
Unidirecti
onal Fiber
Glass
unidirectional fiber glass 0.82 j/mm2.
In testing the impact of three
different fibers can determine the strength of
the fiber that gets stronger shock loads.
From impact test fiber one line has a
0.1
strength which is better because the fiber
0
one direction has good fiber which can
Figure 10 Impact test with numbers of
specimen with different fiber
From the figure 10 show the result of
izod testing in 3 different specimens. The
impact loads.
Tensile Test
30
67
66.5
66
65.5
65
64.5
64
63.5
63
62.5
62
61.5
61
60.5
60
Bending Stress (MPa)
29.9
Random
Fiber
Glass
Woven
Fiber
Glass
Unidirecti
onal Fiber
Glass
29.8
29.7
29.6
29.5
29.4
29.3
29.2
29.1
Ultimate tensile strength (MPa)
Bending Test
Random
Fiber Glass
Woven
Fiber Glass
Unidirectio
nal Fiber
Glass
29
Figure 11 Bending test with numbers of
specimen with different fiber
Figure 12 Tensile test with specimen
numbers with different fiber
From the above data in Table 3,
Bending test was conducted by
From the result of tensile test with the
standard testing of ASTM D-790 and the
different specimens, numbers of stress,
result is shown above. And of the three
strain is elastic modulus also (Standard
specimens tested can produce good fiber in
ASTM D-638). Value of stress is shown
bending test.
Can be compared to the
with random fiber glass 64.667 MPa, value
numbers of bending stress are shown with
from Woven fiber glass 66 MPa and value
fiber glass random 29.81 MPa , value of
of unidirectional fiber glass 65.333 MPa,
Woven fiber glass 29.89 MPa and value
and it can be seen from tensile test with
from unidirectional fiber glass 29.86 MPa.
good value is from Woven fiber glass 66
From bending test woven fiber which is
MPa because it has Woven fiber glass so it
good because has neat fiber, and random
has good tensile strength.
fiber used, but for torsion bending test.
Analysis
High
or
low
strength
of
the
composite depends on the fiber used,
because the voltage applied to the composite
initially accepted by the matrix will be
forwarded to the fiber, so the fiber will
1. Composite that has the highest
withstand loads up to maximum load.
impact
strength
Therefore, the fiber must have a tensile
unidirectional fiber glass
with
value
the constituent matrix composites.
Unidirectional fiber glass has a better
of the volume fraction are often used in
communities
with
4.76%
catalyst
composition of 100 ml of resin and fiber. In
testing the impact unidirectional fiber glass
has better strength 0.0433 j/mm2. And in a
bending test of Woven fiber glass that has a
better strength compared to other fibers
29.89 MPa. Woven fiber glass have a tensile
strength of 66 MPa from the test results of
all specimens can be summed kinds of fiber
strength.
J/mm .
energy absorption than others.
2. From the test results mean maximum
bending highest are woven fiber
glass can withstand bending stress
with good value 29.89 MPa.
3. The composite has the highest tensile
strength of woven glass fiber with a
value of 66 MPa. Woven fiber
glass have a tensile strength that is
better than other fibers.
4. From testing all experiments can be
concluded that Unidirectional fiber
glass
In making uses catalyst, resin, and
0.0433
a
2
stress and modulus of elasticity, higher than
Specimens used in the manufacture
of
of
better
used
for variations,
body motorcycle. Because having th
fiber. In making resin and catalyst in the
e absorption of energy that better
same
than the other fibers.
process,
but
in
this
research
differentiate its fiber, from random fiber
glass, Woven fiber glass, and unidirectional
fiber glass. The time is needed to these
variations 75 minutes till dry.
Conclusion
Based on the results of research that has
been conducted, we can take some
conclusions that can be discussed and finally
this research can be concluded:
Further Work
From the experiments that have been
carried out by researchers, there are several
things that needed to be understood in
making the experiment, and make better to
the next research:
1. Using fiber optics that is good for
making body motorcycle we can
compare that we used.
2. Preparing the material and tools as
3. Hopefully for the next research can
well as possible to make better
develop this research with other
result.
types of fiber.
REFERENCES
A Review of Engineering Approaches to Design Against Fracture, American Society of
Mechanical Engineers, New York, 1964.
Agus Hariyanto. 2009, Pengaruh fraksi Volume Komposit serat Kenaf dan serat Rayon
Bermatriks Polister terhadap kekuatan Tarik Dan Impact,Jurusan Teknik Mesin, Fakultas
Teknik Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta.
High Strain Rate testing “Metals Handbook,” 9th ed., vol 8, pp. 187-297, American Society for
Metals, Metals Park, Ohio, 1985.
Knott, J. F.: “Fundamental of Fracture Mechanics,” John Wiley And Sons, Inc., New York, 1973.
Plastik berserat kaca (glass-reinforced plastic – GRP), 2004. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glassreinforced_plastic.
Rapid Inexpensive Tests for Determining Fracture Toughness, National Materials Advisory
Board, Nat. Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., 1976.
Rolfe, S.T. and J. M. Barsom, “Fracture and Fatigue Control in Structures,” Prantice-Hall, Inc.,
Englewood Cliffis, N. J., 1977.
Sifat mekanik bahan dan hubungan antara respons atau deformasi bahan terhadap bahan yang
diberikan. http://ft.unsada.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/bab4-mt.pdf.
Spath, W.: “Impact Testing of Materials.” Thames-Hudson, London 1962.
Tetelman, A. S, and A. J. McEvily, Jr.: “Fracture of Structural Materials,” John Wiley And Sons,
Inc., New York, 1967.
Tipper, C. F.: “ The Brittle Fracture Story,” Cambridge University Press. London, 1962
DIRECTION TOWARD COMPOSITE MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES, FIBERGLASS FIBER WITH POLISTER
MATRIX MATERIAL
PUBLICATION ARTICLE
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Getting Bachelor
Degree of Engineering in Automotive Department
Arranged by:
Roberto Agus Mainaki
D 200 102 016
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
INTERNATIONAL PROGRAM
IN AUTOMOTIVE/MOTORCYCLE ENGINEERING
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
October 2014
VARIATION EFFECT OF FIBER COMPOSITION AND DIRECTION TOWARD
COMPOSITE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES, FIBERGLASS FIBER WITH POLISTER
MATRIX MATERIAL
Ir. Pramuko IP, MT.
Mechanical Engineering Department of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
Jln. A. Yani Pabelan-Kartasura. Tromol Pos I Telp. (0271) 715448 Surakarta
Wijianto, ST.M.Eng.Sc
Mechanical Engineering Department of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
Jln. A. Yani Pabelan-Kartasura. Tromol Pos I Telp. (0271) 715448 Surakarta
Roberto Agus Mainaki
Automotive Engineering Department of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
Jln. A. Yani Pabelan, Kartasura, Tromol Pos I, Telp. (0271) 715448 Surakarta
Email: Roberto.mainaki09@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
With the development of technology, it is found, new technology in modification
motorcycle body, so a lot of people utilize composite for making motorcycle body with the
performance they want.
It is easy to make body of motorcycle in willingness. There are three materials in the
modifications motorcycle body (catalyst, resin and fiberglass). Fiberglass is a light material, and
it is very strong. Though the character of its strength rather lowers that carbon fiber and less stiff,
the material which is usually fragile, and the standard material is cheaper. Missal strength and
weight character of body is also to make more than metal, and it is easy to make with the press.
The purpose of the research is to know the strength of different fibers, from random fiber, woven
fiber, and one direction fiber.
Testing is done by differentiating three fibers (random fiber, woven fiber, and one
direction fiber) with catalyst composite and the same resin. Every fiber tests with impact test that
is based ASTM D - 256, bending test based on ASTM D - 790 and tensile test that is based on
ASTM D - 638.
The composition of a catalyst 4.76 % of a resin used, and use of composite volume
faction 37.1 %. Analysis is done after getting result data of testing. The result from each testing
has a different result. Numbers of height of impact test are gotten from one direction fiber 0.82
J/mm2, flexure stress is gotten from woven fiber 29.89 MPa, tensile strength is gotten from
woven fiber 66 MPa, and elastic modulus from woven fiber 142.268 kg/mm2. The strength to
hold is a strength and character as tenacity, strength, hardness etc, it can be considered by data
which are gotten from the results of the test.
Keywords: catalyst, fiberglass, resin, and impact test, bending test, tension te.
Background
Technology
material
is
now
developing very rapidly. It is propelled by
the needs of a material that can meet
characteristic of certain desired. One of
them is a composite. The ability to easily
molded in accordance with their needs, in
terms of power, in perspective, and its
excellence in the ratio of strength to weight,
encourage the use of composite as an
ingredient of a substitute for material metal
commonly used in a variety of products.
Composite materials made from two
or more different materials. First is the
matrix, which serves as a glue to keep the
fibers together. Both are fiber, which serves
as a composite reinforcement of unification.
Problem Statement
The problem statement that can be
drawn from the problem above is how the
differences in fiber can influence the
mechanical properties of motorcycle body
modification on impact strength, bending
stress and tensile strength.
Objectives
1. Knowing
the
differences
are
fiber
used
quality
to
make
motorcycle body.
2. Knowing
the
good
quality
of
composite is used in modification
motorcycle.
Problem limitation
One type of composites that can be easily
1. The main material used is in the
formed is a hybrid composite. Hybrid
form of resin 157 BTQN, catalyst
composites
and fiberglass.
formed
by
two
or
more
reinforcements, so the modification that the
2. The catalyst used is 4.76% of resin
arrangement and composition, it will be easy
in the composite manufacturing.
to achieve mechanical properties.
In this study the authors will conduct
a research differences fiber, random fibers,
woven fibers, the composition of the
3. The specimens are tested in the
impact test, bending test, and tensile
test.
Basic Theory
mixture catalyst and similar resin. Then the
Composites consist of a matrix
next is analyze the result after test and will
material that is then reinforced with fibers
be compared between each fiber glass.
that can be taken from ceramics, metals, or
polymers. The reinforcing fibers are the
primary load carriers of the material, with
synergism
the matrix component transferring the load
unavailable from the individual constituent
from fiber to fiber. Reinforcement of the
materials, while the wide variety of matrix
matrix material can be achieved in a variety
and strengthening materials allows the
of ways including particles. Fibers may be
designer of the product or structure to
continuous or discontinuous with the matrix
choose an optimum combination.
material usually sourced from one of the
Catalyst
many
available
engineering
plastics/
polymers.
produces
material
properties
A catalyst is a substance that
accelerates a reaction by lowering the active
energy. Catalyst can accelerate chemical
reactions
and
can
be
accelerated
by
increasing the fraction of molecules whose
energy exceeds the energy having active.
Figure 1 Composites
( http://www.aid-n.com/what-are-compositematerials-and-the-function/compositematerials-development/ )
Composites
are
made
up
of
to
as
individual
materials
referred
constituent
materials.
There
are
two
categories of constituent materials: matrix
Figure 2 catalyst
(http://www.easycomposites.co.uk/products/
polyester-vinylester-resin/mekpcatalyst.aspx)
and reinforcement. At least one portion of
each type is required. The matrix material
Without a catalyst, a chemical
surrounds and supports the reinforcement
reaction may never get a faster time to react.
materials by maintaining their relative
When a chemical reaction takes the form of
positions. The reinforcements impart their
mixture of chemical which changes more
special mechanical and physical properties
quickly. When the chemical reaction occurs,
to
enhance
the
matrix
properties.
A
the catalyst itself is not changed and is not
part of the end result.
Figure 4 Resin (butek)
Thermosetting polyester resins and
Figure 3 Comparison of catalysis and noncatalysis
as
with
other
resin,
changes
react
(http://ch302.cm.utexas.edu/images302/Cata
exothermically. Excessive use of catalysts
lyst_effect.png)
can, therefore, cause charring or ignition
even during the producing process. The
Resin 157 BTQN
Resin is a hydrocarbon secretion
many plants, particularly coniferous trees.
catalyst can also lead to excessive product to
fracture of forming rubber material.
Fiber glass
Other liquid compounds found in plants is
like sap, latex, or mucus, sometimes are
Fiberglass or glass fiber is often
confused with the terms above, but they are
translated into molten glass is drawn into
chemically the same. It can be used for the
thin fiber with straight line around 0,005
production of varnishes, adhesives, glass
mm - 0,01 mm. this fiber can be spun into
mixture, as a source of raw materials for
yarn or woven into fabric which is then
organic synthesis, a staple of incense and
impregnate with a resin material so that it
perfumes. In products such as fragrances are
becomes a strong and corrosion-resistant for
often called
use as car bodies and ship building. It is also
“ambered”, resin can be
fossilized and it becomes amber gemstone.
used as a reinforcing agent for many
polymer
products;
resulting
composite
material known as glass-reinforced plastic
(glass-reinforced plastic, GPR) or glass-fiber
reinforced
epoxy
(GRE),
is
called
“fiberglass” in general use.
Impact Test
Impact strength is an important
criterion to determine the brittleness of
polymeric materials. From this test will be
obtained some data of absorbed energy,
energy activation and can be used to
determine the impact value of specimen,
with (Standard ASTM D 256).
Figure 5 random fiber glass
Figure 6 Woven fiber glass
Figure 6 Impact Tool
(1)
Where:
K = Impact value (J/mm2)
A = Cross sectional area (mm2)
W= Energy (J)
Figure 7 unidirectional fiber glass
It should be noted that fiberglass is
Bending Test
Testing
of
flexural
strength
is
not carbon fiber, not glass-reinforced plastic,
intended to determine the resistance of the
although it is similar to both. Carbon fiber
polymer loading. In this method the method
which is made of carbon stands, not as long
used is the three-point bending method. This
as it can be extruded into strands of
test is also intended to determine the
fiberglass
elasticity of a material. Bending test
specimen was set in accordance with ASTM
value changes depending on the rate of
D790.
voltage.
Figure 7 Bending Tool
Figure 8 tensile tool
ε
(2)
100 and
Where:
(3)
σb = Bending Stress (MPa)
P = Max Load (N)
Where:
L = Distance between supporter (mm)
P = Load
b = Width (mm)
A0 = Cross section
d = Thick (mm)
E= Modulus elasticity (kg/mm2)
Tensile Test
Tensile strength is one of the basic
mechanical
properties.
Stress
strain
relationship on the pull gives considerable
σu = Ultimate Stress (MPa)
ε = Strain
Flow Chart of Research
Start
Literature study and field
Material Preparation and Equipments
Material mixture
a. Catalyst + Resin + a Random Fiber Glass
b. Catalyst + Resin + a Woven Fiber Glass
c. Catalyst + Resin + a Unidirectional Ffiber Glass
Yes
Preparation of specimens Standards Compliance of ASTM
Impact Test Standard
ASTM D 256
Tensile Test Standard
ASTM D 638
Bending Test Standard
ASTM D 790
End
Result, discussion and conclusion
Figure 9 Flow Chart of Experiment
The test results and analysis
No
Fiber
Volume
Catalyst
W
Faction (%)
(%)
(J)
0
0
A
K
(mm2)
(J/mm2)
1
Random Fiber Glass
37.1
4.76
12.29
156
146.67
19.46
0.632
2
Woven Fiber Glass
37.1
4.76
14.39
156
145.33
19.46
0.739
3
Unidirectional Fiber
37.1
11.77
156
144.33
Glass
4.76
Table 1 Result of Impact Test
19.46
0.82
No
Fiber
Volume
Catalyst
Width
Thick
L
Faction (%)
(%)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(MPa)
(N)
Pmax
1
Random Fiber Glass
37.1
4.76
13.83
2.21
43
29.81
28.621
2
Woven Fiber Glass
37.1
4.76
13.83
2.21
43
29.89
28.371
3
Unidirectional Fiber
Glass
37.1
4.76
13.83
2.21
43
29.86
28.334
Table 2 Result of Bending Test
No
Fiber
Volume
Catalyst
L0
L1
Faction (%)
(%)
(mm)
(mm)
σu
E
(%)
(MPa)
(kg/mm2)
1
Random Fiber Glass
37.1
4.76
165
172.5
4.545
64.667
142.268
2
Woven Fiber Glass
37.1
4.76
165
172.77
4.757
66
138.760
3
Unidirectional Fiber
37.1
165
172.63
4.626
65.333
141.170
4.76
Glass
Table 3 Result of Tensile Test
number of impact is shown with random
Impact test
fiber glass 0.632 j/mm2 and the value from
0.9
Impact number (J/mm2)
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
Woven fiber glass 0.739 j/mm2 and value of
Random
Fiber
Glass
Woven
Fiber
Glass
Unidirecti
onal Fiber
Glass
unidirectional fiber glass 0.82 j/mm2.
In testing the impact of three
different fibers can determine the strength of
the fiber that gets stronger shock loads.
From impact test fiber one line has a
0.1
strength which is better because the fiber
0
one direction has good fiber which can
Figure 10 Impact test with numbers of
specimen with different fiber
From the figure 10 show the result of
izod testing in 3 different specimens. The
impact loads.
Tensile Test
30
67
66.5
66
65.5
65
64.5
64
63.5
63
62.5
62
61.5
61
60.5
60
Bending Stress (MPa)
29.9
Random
Fiber
Glass
Woven
Fiber
Glass
Unidirecti
onal Fiber
Glass
29.8
29.7
29.6
29.5
29.4
29.3
29.2
29.1
Ultimate tensile strength (MPa)
Bending Test
Random
Fiber Glass
Woven
Fiber Glass
Unidirectio
nal Fiber
Glass
29
Figure 11 Bending test with numbers of
specimen with different fiber
Figure 12 Tensile test with specimen
numbers with different fiber
From the above data in Table 3,
Bending test was conducted by
From the result of tensile test with the
standard testing of ASTM D-790 and the
different specimens, numbers of stress,
result is shown above. And of the three
strain is elastic modulus also (Standard
specimens tested can produce good fiber in
ASTM D-638). Value of stress is shown
bending test.
Can be compared to the
with random fiber glass 64.667 MPa, value
numbers of bending stress are shown with
from Woven fiber glass 66 MPa and value
fiber glass random 29.81 MPa , value of
of unidirectional fiber glass 65.333 MPa,
Woven fiber glass 29.89 MPa and value
and it can be seen from tensile test with
from unidirectional fiber glass 29.86 MPa.
good value is from Woven fiber glass 66
From bending test woven fiber which is
MPa because it has Woven fiber glass so it
good because has neat fiber, and random
has good tensile strength.
fiber used, but for torsion bending test.
Analysis
High
or
low
strength
of
the
composite depends on the fiber used,
because the voltage applied to the composite
initially accepted by the matrix will be
forwarded to the fiber, so the fiber will
1. Composite that has the highest
withstand loads up to maximum load.
impact
strength
Therefore, the fiber must have a tensile
unidirectional fiber glass
with
value
the constituent matrix composites.
Unidirectional fiber glass has a better
of the volume fraction are often used in
communities
with
4.76%
catalyst
composition of 100 ml of resin and fiber. In
testing the impact unidirectional fiber glass
has better strength 0.0433 j/mm2. And in a
bending test of Woven fiber glass that has a
better strength compared to other fibers
29.89 MPa. Woven fiber glass have a tensile
strength of 66 MPa from the test results of
all specimens can be summed kinds of fiber
strength.
J/mm .
energy absorption than others.
2. From the test results mean maximum
bending highest are woven fiber
glass can withstand bending stress
with good value 29.89 MPa.
3. The composite has the highest tensile
strength of woven glass fiber with a
value of 66 MPa. Woven fiber
glass have a tensile strength that is
better than other fibers.
4. From testing all experiments can be
concluded that Unidirectional fiber
glass
In making uses catalyst, resin, and
0.0433
a
2
stress and modulus of elasticity, higher than
Specimens used in the manufacture
of
of
better
used
for variations,
body motorcycle. Because having th
fiber. In making resin and catalyst in the
e absorption of energy that better
same
than the other fibers.
process,
but
in
this
research
differentiate its fiber, from random fiber
glass, Woven fiber glass, and unidirectional
fiber glass. The time is needed to these
variations 75 minutes till dry.
Conclusion
Based on the results of research that has
been conducted, we can take some
conclusions that can be discussed and finally
this research can be concluded:
Further Work
From the experiments that have been
carried out by researchers, there are several
things that needed to be understood in
making the experiment, and make better to
the next research:
1. Using fiber optics that is good for
making body motorcycle we can
compare that we used.
2. Preparing the material and tools as
3. Hopefully for the next research can
well as possible to make better
develop this research with other
result.
types of fiber.
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