AN ERROR ANALYSIS ON WRITING DESCRIPTIVE TEXT MADE BY THE EIGHTH GRADE STUDENTS OF SMP N 3 KARTASURA An Error Analysis On Writing Descriptive Text Made By The Eighth Grade Students Of Smp N 3 Kartasura In 2015/2016 Academic Year.

AN ERROR ANALYSIS ON WRITING DESCRIPTIVE TEXT MADE BY
THE EIGHTH GRADE STUDENTS OF SMP N 3 KARTASURA
IN 2015/2016 ACADEMIC YEAR

RESEARCH PAPER
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for Getting Bachelor Degree of Education
in English Department

by

TATI SARWATI
A320120014

SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
APRIL, 2016

PRONOUNCEMENT

I, whose autograph signed below,

Name

: Tati Sarwati

NIM

: A320120014

Program

: English Education Department

Title

: AN ERROR ANALYSIS ON WRITING
DESCRIPTIVE TEXT MADE BY THE
EIGHTH GRADE STUDENTS OF SMP N 3
KARTASURA IN 2015/2016 ACADEMIC
YEAR

testify that the research paper is the real work of the writer and no
plagiarism of the previous literary work which have been raised to obtain
bachelor degree of a certain university, nor there are opinions or
masterpieces which have been written or published by others, expect those
in which the writing was referred in the manuscript and mention review
and bibliography.
Hence later, if it is proven that there are some untrue statements in this
testimony, I will be fully responsible.

Surakarta, 26 April 2016
The Writer

Tati Sarwati
A320120014

ii

APPROVAL

AN ERROR ANALYSIS ON WRITING DESCRIPTIVE TEXT MADE BY

THE EIGHTH GRADE STUDENTS OF SMP N 3 KARTASURA
IN 2015/2016 ACADEMIC YEAR

RESEARCH PAPER

by
TATI SARWATI
A320120014

Approved to be Examined by Consultant

Surakarta, April 26, 2016

Consultant I

Consultant II

Prof. Dr. Endang Fauziati, M.Hum.

Dr. Anam Sutopo, M.Hum.

NIK: 274

NIK: 849

iii

ACCEPTANCE
AN ERROR ANALYSIS ON WRITING DESCRIPTIVE TEXT MADE BY
THE EIGHTH GRADE STUDENTS OF SMP N 3 KARTASURA IN
2015/2016 ACADEMIC YEAR

by
TATI SARWATI
A320120014
Accepted and Approved by Board of Examiners
School of Teaching Training and Education
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
on April 26, 2016

Team of Examiners:
1. Prof. Dr. Endang Fauziati, M.Hum. (

)

(Chair Person)
2. Dr. Anam Sutopo, M.Hum.

(

)

(

)

(Secretary)
3. Djoko Srijono, Drs., M.Hum.
(Member)

Dean,

Prof. Dr. Harun Joko Prayitno, M.Hum.
NIP. 196504281993031001

iv

MOTTO

Learning is a treasure that will follow its owner everywhere.
(Chinese Proverb)
Don’t be afraid of trying something, if you think to fail then you fail to think.
(The Writer)

v

DEDICATION

This research paper is proudly and gratefully dedicated to:




My beloved grandmother, Pariyem,



My beloved sister, Siti Khumairoh, and



My beloved mother, Purwanti and father, Sarah Iwan Susanto,

My best friend, Didik Prasetyo.

vi

ABSTRAK
Sarwati, Tati. A320120014. Analisis Kesalahan dalam Menulis Teks Deskriptif
oleh Siswa Kelas Delapan di SMP N 3 Kartasura Tahun Ajaran 2015/2016.

Skripsi, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Muhammadiyah
Surakarta. April, 2016.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan jenis kesalahan siswa
dalam menulis teks deskriptif yang dibuat oleh siswa kelas delapan di SMP N 3
Kartasura tahun ajaran 2015/2016. Terdapat 5 tujuan penelitian terdiri dari 1)
mengklasifikasikan jenis kesalahan morphologi, 2) mengidentifikasi kesalahan
sintaktikal, 3) mendeskripsikan jenis kesalahan discourse, 4) mendeskripsikan
frekuensi jenis kesalahan, dan 5) menjelaskan sumber kesalahan. Jenis penelitian
ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif. Data dalam penelitian ini yaitu kalimat salah yang
terdapat di dalam teks deskriptif, dan sumber data penelitian ini adalah teks
deskriptif yang dibuat oleh siswa kelas delapan. Peneliti menggunakan teknik
elitication sebagai teknik untuk mengumpulkan data. Tedapat 4 langkah untuk
mengumpulkan data diantaranya; peneliti masuk ke kelas sesuai dengan jadwal
pelajaran bahasa Inggris di kelas delapan, peneliti meminta siswa untuk menulis
sebuah teks deskriptif, kemudian peneliti menunggu siswa sampai mereka
menyelesaikan tulisan mereka, peneliti mengumpulkan data dari tulisan siswa,
kemudian membaca, dan menandai jenis kesalahan yang terjadi pada tulisan
siswa, peneliti mendokumentasikan kalimat yang salah, kemudian
mengklasifikasikan jenis kesalahan berdasarkan kategori lingusitik dan strategi
permukaan. Peneliti menggunakan teori dari James untuk mengklasifikasikan

kesalahan, peneliti menggunakan teori dari Slamet untuk menghitung frekuensi
tiap kesalahan dan peneliti menggunakan teori dari Brown, Corder, dan Richard
untuk menemukan sumber kesalahan. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini
menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 170 data yang terdiri dari 3 jenis kesalahan yaitu
kesalahan morpologikal, kesalahan sintaktikal, dan kesalahan discourse.
Pertama, terdapat 72 data atau 42, 35% di kesalahan morphologikal, kedua,
terdapat 93 data atau 54, 70% di kesalahan sintaktikal, ketiga, terdapat 5 data
atau 2, 94% di kesalahan discourse, keempat, frekuensi dari jenis kesalahan yang
dominan yaitu kesalahan ejaan dengan jumlah kesalahan 52 atau 30, 58%,
terakhir, terdapat 2 sumber kesalahan yaitu intralingual transfer dan interlingual
transfer. Siswa kelas delapan di SMP N 3 Kartasura, mereka harus lebih
mempelajari tentang bagaimana membuat kalimat yang benar dan juga
membedakan ejaan bahasa ibu mereka (bahasa Indonesia) dengan ejaan bahasa
kedua mereka (bahasa Inggris), karena jenis kesalahan yang dominan yang
dibuat oleh siswa yaitu kesalahan ejaan di kesalahan morphologikal.
Kata Kunci: analisis kesalahan berbahasa, teks deskriptif, kategori linguistik,
sumber kesalahan berbahasa

vii

ABSTRACT
Sarwati, Tati. A320120014. AN ERROR ANALYSIS ON WRITING
DESCRIPTIVE TEXT MADE BY EIGHTH GRADE STUDENTS OF SMP
N 3 KARTASURA IN 2015/2016 ACADEMIC YEAR. Research Paper, School
of Teacher Training and Education, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
April, 2016.
The purpose of this study is to describe the types of learners’ error on
writing descriptive text by eighth grade students of SMP N 3 Kartasura in
2015/2016 academic year. There are five objectives of the study consists of 1)
classifying the type of morphological error, 2) identifying the type of syntactical
error, 3) describing the type of discourse error, 4) describing the frequency of
types of error, and 5) explaining the sources of error. The type of this study is
descriptive qualitative research. The data of this study is erroneous sentence in
descriptive text and the data source of this study is document of descriptive text
made by eighth grade students. The researcher uses elicitation technique as a
technique of collecting the data. There are four steps to collect the data; the
researcher comes to the class appropriate with the English schedule of eighth
grade students, the researcher asks to write a descriptive text and the researcher
waits the students until finish their works, the researcher collects the data of
students’ writing, then reads and marks the type of errors that occurs in students’

writing. The researcher identifies the erroneous sentence, and then classifies the
types of errors based on linguistic category and surface strategy taxonomy. The
researcher uses James’s theory to classify of error, the researcher uses Slamet’s
theory to count the frequency of type of error, and the researcher uses the theory
from Brown, Corder, and Richard to find the sources of error. The result of this
research shows that 170 data divided into three types of error namely
morphological error, syntactical error, and discourse error. First, there are 72
data or 42, 35% belong to morphological error, second, there are 93 data or 54,
70% belong to syntactical error, and third, there are 5 data or 2, 94% belong to
discourse error, fourth, the frequency of type of error is wrong spelling in
morphological error with total number of error 52 or 30, 58%, finally, there are
two sources of error namely intralingual and interlingual transfer. In the eighth
grade students of SMP N 3 Kartasura, they have to more learn about how to make
the correct sentence and also distinguish between the spelling of word in their
mother tongue (Indonesian language) with the spelling of word in their second
language (English language), because the dominant of type of error made by the
student is wrong spelling in morphological error.
Key Words: error analysis, descriptive text, linguistic category, source of error

viii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Assalamualaikum, Wr. Wb

Alhamdulillahirobbil’alamin, all praises to Allah, the lord of the universe,
king of the king, who does give us mercy and blessing to complete this research
paper entitled “An Error Analysis on Writing Descriptive Text by Eighth Grade
Students of SMP N 3 Kartasura in 2015/2016 Academic Year” as one of the
requirements for getting bachelor degree of English Education Department of
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta. Peace and mercy is upon to our prophet
Muhammad SAW, the last messenger who guides us from the darkness to
lightness.
The researcher realizes that many people had given their help and useful
suggestion for finishing the research paper. Therefore, she would like to express
her greatest gratitude to the following people:
1. Prof. Dr. Harun Joko Prayitno, M.Hum., the Dean of School of Teacher
Training and Education of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, for
approving this research paper,
2. Mauly Halwat Nikmat S.Pd,. M.Hum., Ph.D, Head of English Education
Department,
3. Prof. Dr. Endang Fauziati, M.Hum., as the first consultant who always gives
great spirit to finish the research paper, and who has already guided and
advised patiently in connecting and correct till the end of this research,
4. Dr. Anam Sutopo, M.Hum., as the second consultant who has guided and
advised in the process of doing this research and gives correct till the end of
this research paper,
5. All lecturers in English Education Department of Muhammadiyah University
of Surakarta who have given her knowledge, support, and experience, thanks
for useful knowledge and guidance,
6. Drs. Suwarto, M.Pd. as the headmaster of SMP N 3 Kartasura for giving the
writer permission to conduct the observation in his institution,

x

7. Mayar Wiyono, S.Pd. and Nurjannah, S.Pd as English teachers of SMP N 3
Kartasura, and also the eighth grade students of SMP N 3 Kartasura who have
given time and permission for the writer to conduct observation in this school.
8. Her beloved grandmother (Pariyem) who is patient to hear her finishing in this
research paper soon and also her pray, love, and support the writer.
9. Her beloved parents: father (Sarah Iwan Susanto) and her mother (Purwanti)
who are patient to see her finishing in this research paper soon and also their
pray, love, support and motivation,
10. Her sister, Siti Khumairoh who always give spirit and pray for the writer,
11. Her best friend, Didik Prasetyo who always give good advices for the writer,
12. Her best partner, Adhe and Anis who always give help, advice, and share
everything,
13. Her friendship, Adhe, Alvy, Devi, Elsa, Iin, Ima, Khasa, Mita, and Putri who
give her motivation and support,
14. All the writer’s boarding house friends in Dewi Muning 3 at Jl. Pabelan no.1
“Puji, Gina, Via, Anggi, Mila, Eva, Nuji, Cha-cha, Iik, Beti, Fani, and Eri”
thanks for being best and be nice friend, and
15. All of families, friend, and teacher that cannot be mentioned one by one, who
give support the writer.
She realizes that this research paper is far being perfect because of limited
capability. Thus, revision, suggestion, and structural criticism are hoped for the
perfection of this work. She wishes this research paper should be hopeful and
useful for the reader.
Wassalamu’alaikum. Wr. Wb.

Surakarta, 26 April 2016

The Writer

TABLE OF CONTENT
Page
COVER ........................................................................................................ i
PRONOUNCEMENT ................................................................................. ii
APPROVAL ................................................................................................ iii
ACCEPTANCE ........................................................................................... iv
MOTTO ....................................................................................................... v
DEDICATION ............................................................................................ vi
ABSTRAK .................................................................................................. vii
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................. viii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT .......................................................................... ix
TABLE OF CONTENT .............................................................................. xi
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study................................................. 1
B. Limitation of the Study ................................................... 3
C. Problem Statement .......................................................... 4
D. Objective of the Study..................................................... 4
E. Significance of the Study ................................................ 5
F. Research Paper Organization .......................................... 5
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
A. Previous Study ............................................................... 7
B. Error Analysis ................................................................ 17
1. Notion of Error Analysis ........................................... 17
2. The Significance of Error Analysis ........................... 18
3. Algorithm for Conducting Error Analysis ................. 19
4. Error and Mistake ...................................................... 20
5. Classification of Error ............................................... 21
a. Linguistic Category .............................................. 21
1) Phonology ........................................................ 21
2) Morphology ...................................................... 23
3) Syntax............................................................... 24
4) Discourse .......................................................... 25
b. Surface Strategy Taxonomy ................................. 28
1) Omission........................................................... 28

xii

2) Addition ............................................................ 28
3) Misformation .................................................... 30
4) Misordering ...................................................... 31
c. Comparative Taxonomy ........................................ 31
1) Developmental Error ........................................ 31
2) Interlingual Error .............................................. 31
3) Ambiguous Error .............................................. 32
d. Communicative Effect .......................................... 32
1) Global Error ..................................................... 32
2) Local Error ....................................................... 33
6. Source of Error .......................................................... 33
a. Interlingual Error ................................................. 33
b. Intralingual Error ................................................. 33
c. Context of Learning ............................................ 34
d. Communicative Effect ........................................ 35
C. English Text ................................................................... 36
1. The Notion of Text .................................................... 36
2. Types of the Text ...................................................... 36
a. Anecdote .............................................................. 37
b. Analytic ............................................................... 37
c. Descriptive .......................................................... 37
d. Discussion ............................................................ 37
e. Explanation .......................................................... 37
f. Hortatory.............................................................. 37
g. Narrative ............................................................. 38
h. News Item ............................................................ 38
i. Procedure ............................................................. 38
j. Recount ................................................................. 38
k.Report ................................................................... 38
l. Review .................................................................. 38
m. Spoof ................................................................... 39
3. Notion of Descriptive Text...................................... 39
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHOD
A. Type of the Study ......................................................... 41
B. Subject and Object of the Study ................................... 41
C. Data and Data Source ................................................... 42
D. Method of Collecting Data ........................................... 42
E. Data Validity ................................................................ 43
F. Technique for Analyzing Data ..................................... 44
CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION
A. Description of SMP N 3 Kartasura .............................. 46
B. Research Finding ......................................................... 47
1.Type of Morphological Error .................................... 47
a. False Friend .......................................................... 47

xiii

b. Wrong Spelling ..................................................... 48
c. Code Mixing ......................................................... 49
2.Type of Syntactical Error .......................................... 50
a. Be as Predicate ...................................................... 51
b. Preposition ............................................................. 52
c. Article ................................................................... 53
d. Conjunction ............................................................ 54
e. –s in Plural Marker................................................. 55
f. –s in Possessive Pronoun ....................................... 56
3. Type of Discourse Error ............................................ 57
a. Reference................................................................ 57
4. The Frequency of Type of Error ............................... 59
5. Source of Error .......................................................... 61
a. Interlingual Transfer............................................... 61
b.Intalingual Transfer ................................................ 63
C. Discussion .................................................................... 64
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION, PEDAGOGICAL IMPLICATION, AND
SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion ...................................................................... 76
B. Pedagogical Implication .................................................. 77
C. Suggestion ....................................................................... 80
BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................... 82
VIRTUAL REFERENCE........................................................................... 82
APPENDIX .................................................................................................. 85