Competitive Positioning: A Strategy of Marketing Bali as Creative Destination.

Competitive Positioning: A Strategy of
Marketing Bali as Creative Destination
I Nyoman, Sudiarta, SE., M.Par
Tourism Faculty of Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia
email: sudiarta.nyoman@yahoo.co.id
Abstract
This paper tries to develop a model of competitive positioning of Bali as a creative
destination as a strategy of anticipating the competition which is getting tighter. This paper aims
at exploring the results of the studies related to competitive destination, image of destination, and
discussing the indicators used to investigate destinations and to create models of development of
creative tourist destinations as an attempt to win competition. It is expected that the result of the
study will be useful to academicians to create concepts or models of creative tourist
destinations.Models of destination can be divided be three such as CulFest, NatFest and
CulNatFest.
Introduction
Globalization has created a new opportunity for the growth of tourism and the
development of technology and transportation ( Echter and Ritchie, 1991: 2). Globalization has
also affected information and the speed of reservation. In addition, it has also made the travelling
cost cheaper; as a result, more and more people are getting interested in visiting tourist
destinations. The United Nation World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) (UNWTO, 2012: 1)
has predicted that the world’s tourism keep growing although there has been a slight decrease

recently. It has been predicted that tourism has grown from three to four percent per year.
Moreover, it has been predicted that there will be a great increase in regard to the number
of tourists visiting Asian and Pacific regions. Bali has been an international as well as domestic
tourist destination. Since the Bali Bomb blast the number of tourists visiting Bali has fluctuated.
Between 2004 and 2009 the number of tourists visiting Bali grew by 16%. From 1994 to 2010
the foreign tourists visiting Bali totaled 2,493,058 (Dinas Pariwisata Provinsi Bali, 2010: 22).
Research Problem, Objectives and Plan
The research problem is “the competition in tourism industry is extremely tight (Kozak,
and Rimmington, 1999; Pike and Ryan, 2004: 2; Ritchie and Crouch, 2010). The consequence is
that every country, region, destination, and city is in a competitive position in giving quality
services to consumers or tourists. Based on the issues described above, this study aims at
exploring and describing various phenomena taking place. The descriptive research tries to
answer the questions starting with “who” and “how”, whereas the explorative research tries to
answer the question starting with “what” (Jennings, 2009). The problems of the present study are
formulated in the following questions; in what fields competition takes place in its relationship to
the tourist destination positioning (in this case, Bali as the case); what strategies are applied to
1

marketing the tourist destinations; what indicators are used in the study of a tourist destination;
and who does it.

Objectives: this paper has four objectives related to the tourist destination positioning.
First, it aims at exploring the destination positioning; second, exploring the strategy used to
marketing a tourist destination; investigating the indicator usually used to assess a tourist
destination; four, describing the positioning model of a destination as a strategy used to market
the tourist destination and winning the competition.
Research Plan: this is an initial study using a qualitative approach combined with a
quantitative approach so that the results may be used in any further research dominantly using
quantitative approach. It is hoped that this study will be a model for any further studies related to
tourist destinations and may be applied in another location.
Literature review
Marketing as an Essential Thing
Tourism marketing has been defined by many researchers such as Kotler and Keller,
2009). They concluded that marketing is a highly important activity in every business or non
business organization, educational institution, and tourist destination. According to Middleton
and Clarke (2001), there are five propositions in marketing; they are 1) marketing is a
management orientation or philosophy; 2) marketing comprises three main elements linked
within a system of exchange transactions; 3) marketing is concerned with long term strategies
and short term tactics; 4) marketing is especially relevant to analyzing the twenty-first century
market condition and can make a major contribution to sustainable development; 5) marketing
facilitates the efficient and effective conduct of business.

What Is Destination and Creative Destination?
Destination by Richardson and Fluker (2004:48) is a significant place visited during a
trip. They emphasized destination from the perspective of the place and significance or
adequacy. Destination should be beneficial for consumers as well as the available range of
attributes, especially infrastructure and tourism facilities. While Kotler and Keller (2009) says
that destination is a place with various forms of real or perceived by consumers. Various
attributes of the expected and desired by travelers to a destination and at the same time the image
of a tourist destination has been identified as factors that influence decision making by travelers
(Mohamed, 2009). According to Pike (2008:24), destination is a place which is interesting for
travelers to stay in.
According to Creative Cities Network (2006), downloaded on 7 July 2012, 3: 28 pm,
creative tourism involves access to culture or history (less museums, more squares). It involves
doing something experientially, and an authentic engagement in the real cultural life of the city.
In a report prepared by the Creative Cities Network (2006), it is defined that “Creative Tourism”
is a new generation of tourism; the first generation is “beach tourism” in which people come to a
place for relaxation and leisure; and the second is “cultural tourism”, which is oriented towards
museum and cultural tours. However, “Creative Tourism” involves more interactions in which
the visitor has an educational, emotional, social and participative interaction with the place, its
living culture, and the people who live there. They feel like citizens. The third generation
requires that managers are also involved, recognizing the creativity within their city as resource,

and providing new opportunities to meet the evolving interests of tourists.

2

The study entitled “Festival as Creative Destination” and conducted by Prentice and
Andersen (2003) describes that a festival is one of the current and future tourist attractions, as
exemplified by “Edinburg Festival” which is a combination of traditional arts and international
arts termed as Contemporary Performing Arts. This festival could attract foreign tourists
(Prentice and Andersen, 2003). This means that a creative destination is a destination which can
create various unique tourist attractions using culture as the foundation. Developing a festival as
a tourist attraction is one of the ways of increasing new markets of one destination.
Positioning as Strategy of Marketing Destination
According to Middleton and Clarke (2001: 189), marketing strategy is a dominant
element in corporate strategy because of its focus on balancing delivery of customer satisfaction
and value with sales – revenue generation. According to them, the strategy of marketing
includes: (1) Goals and objectives (the goal and target which are intended to be achieved within a
particular period of time) (2) Images, positioning and branding (how to create image for
customers)(3) Strategies and programs (the actions done including the development of products
and investment needed to achieve the goal and target).(4) Budget (the resources needed to
achieve the goal)(5) Review and evaluation (how to evaluate what is achieved within the context

of competition and external environment)
Positioning is the final part of a series of marketing strategy, which is made up of the
elements of segmentation, targeting and positioning or STP Kotler and Keller Segmentation
means dividing a market into more homogenous market segmentations which can be analyzed
from the aspects of geography, psychology and behavior. Targeting means aiming at what
markets can be fulfilled by a company or organization in a superior way (Kotler and Keller,
2009: 292).
The term positioning was firstly made popular by Al Ries and Jack Trout in 1972. They
wrote a book entitled Positioning: the Battle for Your Mind (Tjiptono, 1997:109). Positioning is
a strategy which tries to create a unique differentiation in the consumer mind so that the image of
a more superior product than another is created (Tjiptono, 1997: 109-113).

Developing the Research and Hypothesis
Methodology
This initial study tried to explore various resources such as articles and books related to
it. Then they were analyzed and conclusions were drawn. The results of the exploration were
then compared to the results of the studies of culture-based tourism conducted by the Department
of Tourism of Bali Province and the results of the surveys made by the students of the Faculty of
Tourism concerning the Bali tourist attractions. It was expected that the results of the surveys
could strengthen the results obtained from the exploration of the articles and books.

In this study, the judgment sampling method was used as, according to rules and
usefulness, this method would suit the current explorative study (Cooper and Emory, 1997: 245).
This method was stated to be a good method of selection, as it was frequently used by companies
to test new products. According to the writer, this method was accurate to identify what the
students’ opinion about the culture-based tourism, motivations and tourist attractions.
This present study is a dominantly qualitative one, supported by quantitative method. It
tried to answer what, why and who (Jenning, 2009). It was expected that the result of the study

3

could be used to build a new model for marketing a destination using culture as the basis of
development.
Data analysis and model testing
The results of the exploration of the articles related to the present study such as
destination competitiveness, destination image, positioning destination, and creative destination
can be described as follows: a) Destination competitiveness (DC): (1) Tanja, et al (2011),
Integrated Model of Destination Competitiveness, (2) Crouch, Geoffrey I (2007), “Modeling
destination competitiveness. A survey and analysis of the impact of competitiveness
attributes”.(3) Dwyer, and Kim (2003). “Destination Competitiveness: Determinants and
Indicators”, (4) Enright, and Newton (2005). “Determinant of Tourism Destination

Competitiveness in Asia Pacific: Competitiveness and Universality”.(5) Kim, and Dwyer (2003).
“Destination Competitiveness and Bilateral Tourism Flows between Australia and Korea”, (6)
Kim, and Wicks. (2010). “Rethinking Tourism Cluster Development Models for Global
Competitiveness”. International CHRIE Conference – Refereed Track, 28, (7) Kozak, and
Rimmington, (1999). “Measuring Tourist Destination Competitiveness: Conceptual
Consideration and Empirical Findings, (8) Mazanec, et al (2007). “Tourism Destination
Competitiveness: from Definition to Explanation?”, (9) Mohamed, et al (2009). “Measuring the
Competitiveness of Malaysian Tourism Cities through the Application of Multi Dimensional
Scaling Analysis”.(10) Ritchie and Crouch (2010). “A Model of Destination
Competitiveness/Sustainability: Brazilian Perspectives”.
b) Destination Image (DI): (1) Aksoy, and Kiyci (2011). “A destination image as a type
of image and measuring destination image in tourism (Amasra Case)”, (2) Altintas, et al (2010),
“Destination Images of visitors attending to travel expo in key markets of Turkey”.(3) Echer, and
Ritchie ( 1991). “The Meaning and Measurement of Destination Image”.(4) Govers, and Go
(2003). “Deconstructing Destination Image in the Information Age”.(5) Kastenhoiz, (2010).
“Cultural Proximity as a Determinant of Destination Image”.(6) Lertputtarak, (2012). “The
Relationship between Destination Image, Food Image, and Revisiting Pattaya, Thailand”.(7)
Lopez (2011). “Destination Image: Origin, Development and Implications”. (8) Rodrigues, et al
(2011) “A Multidisciplinary Approach on Destination Image Construct.”, (9) Vazquez, et al
(2005). “Role of Bulgarian Country Image as International Rural Tourism Destination”.(10)

Stancioiu, et al (2011). “The Image of the Destination – a Supporting Element in the
Development of the Regional Tourism Brand Study Case: Muntenia.
c) Destination positioning such as : (1) Njuguna, (2009). “A Strategy Positioning for
Sustainable Competitive Advantage: An Organizational Approach”, (2) Pike, and Ryan (2004).
“Destination Positioning Analysis through a Comparison of Cognitive, Affective, and Conative
Perception, (3) Sainaghi, and Canali (2011) Exploring the effects of destinatio’s positioning on
hotel’s performance. (d) Creative Destination: Prentice, and Andersen, (2003). “Festival as
Creative Destination”. The result of the exploration of 26 articles published from 1999 to 2011
showed that the study of the strategy of marketing through the image of destination was highly
important.
The indicators frequently used to evaluate a destination are the results of the studies
conducted by Echtner and Ritchie (2003), from Functional (physical, measurable to
Psychological (abstract ) such as: 1) Scenery/Natural attraction, 2) Cost/Price levels, 3) Climate,
4) Tourist sites/activities, 5) Nightlife and entertainment, 6) Sports facilities/activities, 7)

4

National park/wilderness activities, 8) Local infrastructure/Transportation, 9)
Architecture/building, 10) Historical site/museum, 11) Beach, 12) Shopping facilities, 13)
Accommodation facilities, 14) Cities, 15) Fair, Exhibits, Festival, 16) Facilities for information

and tours, 17) Crowdedness, 18) Cleanliness, 19) Personal safety, 20) Economic, 21)
development/AffluenceAccesssibility, 22) Degree of urbanization, 23) Extent of
commercialization, 24) Political stability, 25) Hospitality/Friendliness/Receptiveness, 26)
Different customs/culture,27)Different cuisine/food and drink, 28)Restful/relaxing,
29)Atmosphere(familiar vs exotic), 30) Opportunity for adventure, 31) Opportunity to increase
knowledge, 32) Family or adult oriented, 33) Quality of service, and 34) reputation
The study conducted by Mohamed et al. (2009) evaluated 11 Malaysian cities such as
Kuching, Bahru, Kinabalu, Kuala Terengganu, Penang, Kuala Lumpur, Cameron Highland,
Lumut, Taiping and Port Dikson. He used five variables such as 1) Tourist attraction; 2)
Facilities and services; 3) Infrastructure; 4) Cost; 5) Hospitality and 40 attributes or indicators.
The result showed that Kuching was wonderful as a cultural destination (92%), as a natural
attraction (88%), as a city of interesting local arts and crafts (86%). Compared to Kuala Lumpur,
the image was 1) a shopping paradise (85%), 2) as a city of good nightlife and entertainment (73,
4%), and as a city of skyscrapers (71%). The respondents were foreign and domestic tourists,
tourism stakeholders, tourism academicians and tourism postgraduate students based on an
online and administrative survey.
Culture as Foundation of Creative Destination
The issues of innovation and creativeness have been seriously paid attention to in
different parts of the world including Indonesia and Bali, proved by the establishment of the
Ministry of Creative Economy. The studies conducted within the context of tourism by

Covarrubias (1972); Jaya (2002); Picard (2006); Jaya (2002) observed Bali within the contexts of
nature, culture and tourism. Furthermore, Picard (2006) referred to Bali as the last paradise, the
island of naked chests, the island of artists, the island of Gods and bad spirits, and the lost
paradise (Picard, 2006: 34-46). He reaffirmed that the image of Bali was highly determined by
the Balinese culture. The study conducted by Mohamed (2009) discussed that culture was one of
the important elements of the current development of tourism in Malaysia.Olsen and Timothy
(2006) observed a new trend from the consumers who liked spirituality as a tourist attraction as
the continuation of a religious journey.
Balinese Students’ Understanding of a destination of culture-based tourism
The result of the study investigating 50 students coming from different parts of Indonesia
showed that Bali was still a culture-based tourist attraction as well as a nature-based tourism or
the combination of the two for the students. However, according to them, festivals did not
become tourist attractions yet as they were not popular yet. In addition, their marketing was
separated from the other packaged activities such as staying overnight, flight packages and so
forth. The result of the survey can be described as follows.
47 students (94%) stated that they understood what was meant by culture-based tourism;
however, 3 (6%) stated that they did not understand it. This meant that the students understood
what was meant by culture-based tourism as the European and Australian tourists who also liked
culture-based tourism although there was a decrease in regard to it. To the stakeholders, the
students were the potential market and important element used to educate and develop the

people’s understanding of the culture-based tourism both theoretically and empirically.

5

The understanding of culture-based tourism attraction was not only within the context of
definition but also within the practical context as it was related to the attractions that would be
visited. The culture-based attraction within the context of the number of tourists in the last three
years can be described as follows.(a) 14 students (28%) stated that they had visited the culturebased tourist destinations between one and three times;(b). 18 students (36%) stated they had
visited the culture-based tourist destinations between 4 and six times within the last three
years;(c) 4 students (6%) stated that they had visited the culture-based tourist destinations
between 7 and 9 times;(d) 14 students (28%) stated that they had visited the culture-based tourist
destinations more than 10 times.
As comparation in 2010 the Department of Tourism of Bali Province stated that the
35.9% of the domestic tourists visiting Bali liked culture and 35.4% liked the beauty of the
nature. Based on the data obtained in 2005, 32.75% of the tourists liked culture and 22.18% liked
the nature. This meant that there was a change with respect to the behavior of the students who
liked the nature and culture. The result of the present study was identical with the one conducted
in Australia and Europe that culture as main attracted tourist visiting of destination (McDonnell,
and Burton, 2005).
Model Development of Creative Destination.
The model of development of creative destination can be described as follows.The
creative tourist destination could be based on culture, which then could be developed into a
unique tourist attraction or the combination of the nature, heritage and spiritualism; however,
attention was still paid to preservation. All the stakeholders such as the government, the private
community and the higher-educational institutions participated in supporting the development of
creative tourism destinations, which could be in the form of concepts and touchable and
marketable products for foreign and domestic tourists. Any kinds of festival resulted by creative
destination such as: Cultural festival (CulFest), Natural Festival (NatFest) and Combination
(CulnatFest)
Figure 1. Model of Bali as Creative Destination

Beach
/natural

Creative
Destination =
Festival

• Cultural Festival
• Natural Festival
• Combination
(Culnat ) Festival

As a
Concept

As a
Product

Heritage/
site

Culture as
Based

Spiritual/
activities
Conservation

Preservation

1. Government minfullness
2. Community participation
3. Tourism takeholders
support
4. Academic institution
supporting and
interdepedency

6

Conclusions
Based on the results of the study as discussed above, several conclusions could be drawn
as follows. Any study related to tourism marketing in general and tourist destinations in
particular are highly important. Many researchers have conducted the studies of image as one of
the strategies which can be used to attract tourists to come to a tourist destination.
Several indicators are used to evaluate destinations with various potentials. The model
creative destinations are made based on the concept of culture-based creative tourism. Bali has
been one of creative destinations as it has developed culture-based tourism. In addition, various
festivals have been developed such as Bali Art Festival, Kite Festival, Food Festival,
Agricultural Festival, Nusa Dua Festival, Sanur Festival, Kuta Festival, Mask Festival, Barong
Festival, Legian Festival and so forth. The Model of Creative Destination can be made as
follows ; Cultural Festival (CulFest), Natural Festival (NatFest), and combination of cultural and
natural (CulNatFest).
Limitation and Further research
It is expected that this initial study may be used as a reference referred to by further
research using quantitative method with a larger number of sample, and random method
sampling so that the conclusions drawn will be general. Being a qualitative study, the conclusion
is only limited to the case of Bali. As the creative destination is based on culture used as a tourist
attraction in different parts of the world, the implication of the present study may be part of the
global tourism activities.
Acknowledgment
In this opportunity, the author would like to thank Mr Putu Sudana for translating this
article.The Director of Bali Government Tourism Office and Staff for fully appreciates any
suggestion this work.
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Eliyana, Anis
Associate Professor
Department of Management
Faculty of Economic and Business
University of Airlangga
Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
Team Climate and Individual Attitude as Antecedent
of Knowledge Sharing Behavior

Author(s): Anis Eliyana, Bram Nuranto, Ria Mardiana Yusuf
Handayani, Esti
Ph.D. Student
Graduate School
Airlangga University
Jogjakarta, Indonesia
Internalization Process of Organization’s Value: Its Impact to the Organizational
Commitment and Job Involvement

Author(s): Esti Handayani
Jaw, Yi-Long
Professor
National Taiwan University
Taipei, Taiwan
Exploring the Antecedents of Entrepreneurial Orientation in Family Firms

Author(s): Yi-Long Jaw, Min-Der Hsieh

Page 2 of 15

Kawabata, Yuki
Assistant Professor
International University of Japan
Minami Uonuma-shi, Niigata, Japan
Inter-Organizational Collaboration for Providing Training Program for New
Employee: A Case of the Shipbuilding Industry in Japan

Author(s): Yuki Kawabata, Kumiko Nishio
Mayasari, Elisabeth
Lecturer
Sanata Dharma University
Yogyakarta, Indonesia
The Effect of Trust in Management and Employability on the Commitment to
Change

Author(s): Elisabeth Mayasari, Sito Meiyanto
Nazrul, Islam
Professor and Dean
School of Business and Social Studies
State University of Bangladesh
Dhanmondi, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Job Satisfaction of Private University Faculty Members of Bangladesh

Author(s): Islam Nazrul, Huq Farzana, Atif Anwar Kazi
Nichols, Austin
Assistant Professor
Euromed Management
Marseille, PACA, France
Dominance versus Cooperation: Does Leadership Experience Affect the
Characteristics Valued in Other Leaders?

Author(s): Austin Nichols, Catherine Cottrell
Paoloni, Paola
Faculty of Economics
Università Telematica delle Scienze Umane
Rome, Italy
Corporate Governance in the Italian SMEs: Hypothesis of a Model

Author(s): Paola Paoloni, Fabio Fortuna
Purnomo, Ratno
Department of Management
Economic Faculty
Jenderal Soedirman University
Purwokerto, Central Java, Indonesia
Consequences of Justice Climate: Multifoci Approach and Cross-Level Analysis

Author(s): Ratno Purnomo, BM Purwanto, Amin Wibowo, Tarsisius H. Handoko
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Sy, Thomas
Assistant Professor
Department of Psychology
University of California
Riverside, USA
Influence of Implicit Followership Theories on Follower Performance

Author(s): Thomas Sy
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Page 4 of 15

International Business
Dao, Li
Assistant Professor
Aalborg University
Aalborg, Danmark
A Cultural Sensemaking Perspective on International Joint Ventures: Insights
from Danish - Vietnamese Cases

Author(s): Li Dao
Han, Thaung
Associate Instructor
College of Business Administration
University of Texas at El Paso
El Paso, Texas, USA
Social Capital, Dynamic Capabilities and Strategic Flexibility in Transition
Economies

Author(s): Thaung Han, Fernando Parra, Joseph O'Connor
Hanoteau, Julien
Associate Professor
Euromed Management
Marseille, France
How do Institutions Affect Entrepreneurship? Indonesian Evidences

Author(s): Julien Hanoteau, Frederic Prevot, Virginie Vial
Kang, Hsin-Hong
National Cheng Kung University
Taiwan, Taiwan
Spatial and Temporal Location of Taiwanese Firms within China after Accession
to the WTO: The First Stage of Western Development

Author(s): Hsin-Hong Kang, Wen-Hsiang Wang
Prevot, Frederic
Associate Professor
Euromed Management
Marseille, France
The Effect of Corruption on Foreign Direct Investment Survival in Emerging
Economies: Empirical Evidence from Indonesia

Author(s): Frederic Prevot, Virginie Vial
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Page 5 of 15

Strategic Management
Crispeels, Thomas
Research Associate
Department of Business (BUSI)
Faculty of Economic, Social and Political Sciences
Vrije Universiteit Brussel
Brussels, Belgium
The Development and Commercialization of Personalized Medicine Applications

Author(s): Thomas Crispeels, Ilse Scheerlinck
Han, Thaung
Associate Instructor
College of Business Administration
University of Texas at El Paso
El Paso, Texas, USA
Social Capital, Dynamic Capabilities and Strategic Flexibility in Transition
Economies

Author(s): Thaung Han, Fernando Parra, Joseph O'Connor
Hartono, Widjaja
Department of International Business Management
Ciputra University
Surabaya, Indonesia
Indonesia: Entrepreneurship for The Nation, Ciputra Way Case Study

Author(s): Widjaja Hartono
Hongphisanvivat, Somdee
Associate Professor
Department of Marketing
Thammasat Business School
Thammasat University
Bangkok, Thailand
The Opportunities and Marketing Strategies of Functional Drink for Sustainable
Growth

Author(s): Somdee Hongphisanvivat, Nirin Navasinlawat
Jha, Shishir
Associate Professor
Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Compulsory Licensing of Medicines: A Public Policy Intervention

Author(s): Shishir Jha, Sheetal Menon

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Nagy, Charles
Mekar Entrepreneur Network
Jakarta, Indonesia
Generating Entrepreneurial Activity: The Challenges of Creating a Sustainable
Movement

Author(s): Charles Nagy, Zen Parry, Nord Sovik
Quttainah, Majdi
Assistant Professor
College of Business Administration
University of Kuwait
Safat, Kuwait
The Impact of Shari’ah Supervisory Boards and Corporate Boards on Islamic
Banks Performance

Author(s): Majdi Quttainah
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Page 7 of 15

Marketing Management
Almobaireek, Wafa N.
King Saud University
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Using E-Shopping in the Middle East Country: A Case Study of Egypt and
Saudi Arabia

Author(s): Wafa N. Almobaireek, Ahmed A. Alshumaimeri
Chulikavit, Kittinoot
Assistant Professor
Maejo University
Chiang Mai, Thailand
Online Service Quality of Tourism Operators in Chiang Mai, Thailand

Author(s): Kittinoot Chulikavit
Hongphisanvivat, Somdee
Associate Professor
Department of Marketing
Thammasat Business School
Thammasat University
Bangkok, Thailand
The Opportunities and Marketing Strategies of Functional Drink for Sustainable
Growth

Author(s): Somdee Hongphisanvivat, Nirin Navasinlawat
Rai Utama, I Gusti Bagus
Dean
Universitas Dhyana Pura
Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
Motivation and Satisfaction of Senior Tourist for Travelling Overseas

Author(s): I Gusti Bagus Rai Utama
Sudiarta, I Nyoman
Ph.D. Student
Tourism Faculty
Udayana University
Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
Competitive Positioning : A Strategy to Marketing Bali as Creative Destination

Author(s): I Nyoman Sudiarta
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Page 8 of 15

Human Resource Management
Baral, Rupashree
Assistant Professor
Department of Management Studies
Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Chennai, India
Predicting Work-Family Conflict: Comparison between Situation and PersonBased Predictors

Author(s): Rupashree Baral
Christy, Angeline
Ph.D. Student
Department of Management Studies
Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Chennai, India
Examining the Factors Influencing ERP Usage and Its Impact on Panoptic
Empowerment and End User Performance

Author(s): Angeline Christy, Rupashree Baral
Francescutti, Louis H.
Professor
School of Public Health
University of Alberta
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Doctors Working Long Hours and Being Effective at Work Does the Choice of
Medical Specialty Matter?

Author(s): Louis H. Francescutti, Kent V. Rondeau
Hanafi, Susminingsih
University Islam Indonesia
Jogjakarta, Indonesia
Exchange Relationship between Employee and Employer: Beyond Social
Exchange Theory

Author(s): Susminingsih Hanafi, Achmad Sobirin
Ilies, Remus
Professor
Department of Management and Organisation
Faculty of Business
National University of Singapore
Singapore, Singapore
How Was Your Day? Capitalizing on Positive Work Events by Sharing them with
Family

Author(s): Remus Ilies, Jessica Keeney, Chen Goh Wan

Page 9 of 15

L.R., Aishwarya
Ph.D. Student
Department of Management Studies
Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Chennai, India
Comparing the Competencies of Indian Software Professionals across
Generations

Author(s): Aishwarya L.R., Rupashree Baral
Mardiana Yusuf, Ria
Lecturer
Department of Management
Faculty of Economic and Business
Hasanuddin Universuty
Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
The Analysis of Performance’s Antecedents: Case Study of Nickel Mining’s
Company, Indonesia

Author(s): Ria Mardiana Yusuf, Nurdjannah Hamid, Anis Eliyana, Syamsul Bahri,
Antonius Sudarisman
Ravindran, Bharathi
Ph.D. Student
Department of Management Studies
Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Chennai, Tamilnadu
Women's Career Exit and Reentry: A Qualitative Study

Author(s): Bharathi Ravindran, Rupashree Baral
Rini, Tjipto
Ph.D. Student
Airlangga University Surabaya
Jogjakarta, Indonesia
The Effect of Organizational Commitment on Responsive Culture and Their
Implications on Medical Analysts' Competencies in State-owned and Private
Medical Laboratories

Author(s): Tjipto Rini
Rondeau, Kent
Associate Professor
School of Public Health
University of Alberta
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Organizational Culture and Performance in Canadian Emergency Departments

Author(s): Kent Rondeau

Page 10 of 15

Zhang, Xiaozheng
Lecturer
Nottingham Trent University
Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, United Kingdom
The Dynamics of Guanxi in Internationalised Higher Education

Author(s): Xiaozheng Zhang, Alistair Cheyne, John Loan-Clarke
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Page 11 of 15

Technology Management
Chiu, Wen-Hong
Assistant Professor
Department of Business Administration
Asia University
Taichung, Taiwan
Improving Radical Innovation in Established Firms: Dynamic Capabilities
Perspective

Author(s): Wen-Hong Chiu, Hui-Ru Chi, Yuan-Chieh Chang, Ming-Huei Chen
Methe, David T.
Professor
Kwansei Gakuin University
Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
Risk and the Interaction of Customer Relations and Finance: Voices of High
Technology Entrepreneurs in Japan

Author(s): David T. Methe
Taji, Noriko
Professor
Hosei University
Tokyo, Japan
Resource Acquisition in High-Tech Startup Global Strategies

Author(s): Noriko Taji, Emiko Tsuyuki
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Page 12 of 15

Management Studies
Ko, Hsiu-Chia
Assistant Professor
Chaoyang University of Technology
Taichung, Taiwan
The Impact of Audience Diversity and Information Sensitivity on Facebook
Users' Self-Disclosure

Author(s): Hsiu-Chia Ko, Huang-Yu Chi
Tutino, Marco
Assistant Professor
Department of Business Studies
Faculty of Economics
Roma Tre University
Roma, Italy
Going Dark in Italy: Empirical Evidence on Last Decade

Author(s): Marco Tutino, Ida Claudia Panetta, Enrico Laghi
Ulhøi, John P.
Professor and Center Director,
Department of Busines and Social Sciences
The CORE Research Centre
Aarhus, Denmark
Shared Leadership. A Review and Re-synthesis

Author(s): John P. Ulhøi, Sabine Müller
Vial, Virginie
Associate Professor
Euromed Management
Marseille, France
Does Entrepreneurship Improve Well-Being?

Author(s): Virginie Vial, Julien Hanoteau, Frederic Prevot
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Page 13 of 15

Management of Social Issues

No Paper submitted on this subject during this conference
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Page 14 of 15

Education Management

Albari
Ph.D. Student
Graduate School
Universitas Islam Indonesia
Jogjakarta, Indonesia
The Impact of Education Service Quality on the Long-Term Relationship

Author(s): Albari, Anas Hidayat
Stanley, Tracy
U21 global Graduate School
Singapore, Singapore
Is Online Learning an Effective Way to Undertake an MBA?

Author(s): Tracy Stanley
Swartz, John R.
Associate Dean
Department of Productive Activities
St. George's, Grenada
Sequentially Linked Cases: Increasing Understanding through Case Studies

Author(s): John Swartz, S. Bruce Thomson
Tixier, Daniel
Professor
ESSEC Business School
Cergy Pontoise, France
Comparative Study of Chairs in Management Schools

Author(s): Daniel Tixier
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Page 15 of 15