Aplication of Al2O3 nanofluid on sintered copper-powder vapor chamber for electronic cooling.
Advanced Materials Research Vol. 789 (2013) pp 423-428
Online available since 2013/Sep/04 at www.scientific.net
© (2013) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland
doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.789.423
Application of Al2O3 Nanofluid on Sintered Copper-powder Vapor
Chamber for Electronic Cooling
Nandy Putra, Wayan Nata Septiadi, Ranggi Sahmura, Cahya Tri Anggara
Heat Transfer Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering Universitas Indonesia
Kampus UI, Depok 16424
nandyputra@eng.ui.ac.id
Keywords: vapor chamber; nanofluid; sintered copper-powder; CPU cooling
Abstract. The development of electronic devices pushes manufacturers to create smaller microchips
with higher performance than ever before. Microchip with higher working load produces more heat.
This leads to the need of cooling system that able to dissipate high heat flux. Vapor chamber is one of
highly effective heat spreading device. Its ability to dissipate high heat flux density in limited space
made it potential for electronic cooling application, like Central Processing Unit (CPU) cooling
system. The purpose of this paper is to study the application of Al2O3 Nanofluid as working fluid for
vapor chamber. Vapor chamber performance was measured in real CPU working condition. Al2O3
Nanofluid with concentration of 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5%, 1%, 2% and 3% as working fluid of the vapor
chamber were tested and compared with its base fluid, water. Al2O3 nanofluid shows better thermal
performance than its base fluid due to the interaction of particle enhancing the thermal conductivity.
The result showed that the effect of working fluid is significant to the performance of vapor chamber
at high heat load, and the application of Al2O3 nanofluid as working fluid would enhance thermal
performance of vapor chamber, compared to other conventional working fluid being used before.
Introduction
The amount of transistor in single microchips keeps doubling every two years, creating small and
high performance Central Processing Unit (CPU) [1]. As the number of transistor rises, the amount of
heat that is produced also rises [2]. Meanwhile the trend of computer and gadget development goes to
the miniaturization of the product. It made smaller yet with high performance. [3]. These leads to the
need of a compact cooling system that is able to dissipate high heat flux.
Vapor chamber basically is a two phase heat spreading device. Similar to heat pipe, it has excellent
ability of dissipating heat through the working fluid phase change, with advantages over cylindrical
heat pipe as geometry adaptation and ability for much localized heat dissipation. Its flat shape made
vapor chamber ready to be applied as Central Processing Unit (CPU) cooling system [4-6]. Numerous
investigations about vapor chamber with the variation of wick (using sintered copper powder,
grooved and screen mesh) and working fluid (using water, water with surfactant, methanol, acetone,
and refrigerant) have been conducted [7-15].
Meanwhile by the author’s knowledge there are only a few publication studied the use of Al2O3
nanofluid with different concentration as the working fluid of sintered copper-powder vapor chamber.
Nanofluid is fluid consist of base fluid and nanometer-sized particle [16]. Its thermal performance
over the base fluid and its application on several heat exchanging devices like thermosyphon and heat
pipe has already been studied. Suresh et al. [17] studied the heat transfer characteristics of
Al2O3-Cu/water nanofluid. The study revealed that the nanofluid added friction factor to the fluid and
enhanced the convective heat transfer by increasing Nusselt number. The nanofluid application for
heat pipe has been studied [18-22], showing the potential use of it as working fluid.
All rights reserved. No part of contents of this paper may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of TTP,
www.ttp.net. (ID: 152.118.24.10, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia-17/07/14,06:07:25)
424
Advances in Materials, Processing and Manufacturing
This study evaluated the effect of Al2O3-water nanofluid to the thermal performance of sintered
copper-powder wick vapor chamber. The nanofluid were charged at different volume fraction
concentration and the inclination effect of vapor chamber were also tested.
Methods
Preparation of nanofluids and vapor chamber
Al2O3 nanoparticles were dispersed in the base fluid of distilled water by ultrasonicating for 30
minutes in ultrasonic processor. The volume fraction concentration of nanoparticle in nanofluid is
calculated by using equation (1):
% volume fraction = (Wnp/ρnp)/ (Wnp/ρnp + Wbf/ρbf)
(1)
where Wnp and ρnp are the weight and the density of nanoparticle, and Wbf and ρbf are the weight and
the density of base fluid respectively.
Vapor chamber designed for this experiment made from copper with total dimension of 60 mm x 60
mm x 8 mm, assembled of bottom container, top plate and wick structure as can be seen in fig. 1(a)
The evaporator and condenser thickness were 1.2 mm with 2 mm sintered copper-powder wick on the
inner side of both, creating the bottom and the top wick. The sintered copper-powder made from
copper-powder with the mesh of 300 µm. The bottom and the top wick were connected by column
wick, as can be seen in fig. 1(b), providing path for the liquid to flow back from the evaporator to the
condenser. The bottom container and the top plate were welded together, then attached to a standard
heat sink fan. The heat sink was grooved so the vapor chamber can fit in snugly. The working fluid
injected to the vapor chamber has charge volume ratio of 60%.
(a)
(b)
Figure 1. (a) Sintered copper-powder as the wick of vapor chamber ; (b) Vapor chamber assembly for
the experiment
Experimental Setup
The evaluation of vapor chamber thermal performance was conducted by arranging the
experimental setup as shown in fig. 2. At the evaporator of the vapor chamber, central processing unit
(CPU) of Intel® Pentium 4 socket 478 2.4GHz were placed as the heat source. Having 13.1 Watt at
the idle condition and 48.3 Watt at the maximum load condition, the CPU was being loaded by
running software Prime95. The thermocouples being used were the type K thermocouple, and all the
thermocouples were connected to the high precision NI 9213 data acquisition module. The ambience
temperature is being kept at 25 ± 0.5 oC.
Advanced Materials Research Vol. 789
425
The variations of nanofluid volume fraction concentration were 0.1 %, 0.3%, 0.5%, 1%, 2% and
3% to see the effect of concentration to the enhancement of thermal performance. The inclination
angles being used are 0o or horizontal position, 45o and 90o or the vertical position.
Figure 2. Experimental Setup
Result and Discussion
Effect of working fluid to the thermal performance
Firstly, vapor chamber without working fluid was tested at CPU with no load for 10 min, continued
with full load condition for 20 min and back to the no load condition for 10 min. Then, water and
Al2O3-water nanofluid were tested with the same loading condition. The result then compared with
cooling performance of conventional heat sink without vapor chamber. The result is presented in Fig.
3(a).
It can be observed that vapor chambers vividly have better thermal performance than conventional
cooling system heat sink fan, shown by the lower CPU temperature with ∆T around 3oC at no load
condition. But it can be seen that the effect of working fluid has not significantly give impact to the
thermal performance of vapor chamber at no load condition. At this level of load, the heat from the
CPU was not enough to ignite the boiling phenomenon inside the vapor chamber. Thus, the heat
transfer was being conducted mostly by conduction and, in the small amount, by free convection, so
the effect of working fluid becomes less impactful. This also validated by the fact that
nanofluid-charged vapor chamber did not yield better performance than water-charged vapor
chamber.
While at the full load CPU operating condition, the effect of working fluid was greatly impact the
thermal performance of vapor chamber. At this loading condition, it can be seen that vapor chamber
without working fluid shows worse thermal performance than the vapor chamber with working fluid
shown by high CPU temperature. The average CPU temperature for empty vapor chamber and water
charged vapor chamber is 61.36 oC and 59.12 oC respectively. At this loading condition, the heat from
the CPU intensifies the boiling phenomenon inside the vapor chamber, making the heat transfer at the
fluid-charged vapor chamber undergone efficiently. While at the empty vapor chamber, the heat
transfer depended only on conduction, increasing the thermal resistance. It also can be observed that
nanofluid-charged vapor chamber shows better thermal performance than water-charged vapor
chamber at this loading condition, producing average CPU temperature of 57.52 oC. This indicates
that the enhancement of thermal characteristics of nanofluid affected the thermal performance of
vapor chamber at a greater amount on high heat load condition, rather than at low heat load condition.
As the enhancement of thermal conductivity only affected the performance at the small amount, the
other improvement of the nanofluid over its base fluid should be analyzed.
426
Advances in Materials, Processing and Manufacturing
Effect of nanofluid concentration
The volume fraction concentration of 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5%, 1%, 2% and 3% were tested under the
same CPU loading condition. The result is presented in Fig. 3(b). It can be observed that at no load
condition, increment of volume fraction concentration of Al2O3-water nanofluid from 0.1% up to 1%
did not give significant effect on vapor chamber thermal performance as the temperature of CPU
scattered randomly at the temperature range of 29.8 oC – 31.5 oC. But at the volume fraction
concentration of 2% and 3%, significant improvement of thermal performance was noted as CPU
temperature fell below 29 oC. At the concentration of 2% and 3%, there were denser formations of
nanoparticles at the evaporator so the thermal conductivity were greatly increased, reduce the thermal
resistance. This help the heat transfer and reduce the average CPU temperature.
At the full load condition, it can be observed that along with the increment of volume fraction
concentration of nanofluid, the thermal performance increased. The 3% nanofluid concentration
yields the best thermal performance, producing average CPU temperature of 54.64 oC.
(a)
(b)
Figure3. (a) Effect of working fluid and (b) Effect of Al2O3-water nanofluid concentration to the
thermal performance of vapor chamber at no load, and full load condition
The lower nanofluid concentration produces higher average CPU temperature, which is 57.31 oC,
57.52 oC, and 57.94 oC for 2%, 1% and 0.5% volume fraction concentration. The 0.3% and 0.1%
nanofluid concentration produced no significant improvement of thermal performance, showed by the
slight difference in average CPU temperature compared to water as working fluid.
The enhancement brought by the nanofluid were explained by the improvement of boiling
phenomenon at evaporator. As discussed by Qu et al. [19], the nanoparticles suspended at base fluid
can enhance and stabilize the nucleation at the evaporator and increase the bubble release frequency,
decreasing the thermal resistance of evaporator. This phenomenon increased as the concentration of
nanofluid increased. This explained the higher thermal performance showed by the higher nanofluid
concentration.
Effect of Inclination Angle
The investigation conducted by testing vapor chamber with two different nanofluid concentration
at three different inclination angles. The result is presented in Fig. 4.
The result shows that for both concentrations, inclination angle brought similar effect on the thermal
performance of vapor chamber. For 2% nanofluid concentration, inclination angle of 45o only brought
slight increase at the average CPU temperature over the horizontal position. Average temperature of
CPU at horizontal position and at 45o inclination angle is 56.06 oC and 56.34 respectively. While at
the vertical position or 90o inclination angle, vapor chamber produce significantly higher average
CPU temperature as much as 57.32 oC. The same trend happened for the 3% nanofluid concentration.
This is due to the different amount of working fluid available at the evaporator at different inclination
Advanced Materials Research Vol. 789
427
angles. At horizontal position, evaporator is flooded with working fluid, ensuring the availability of
fluid which absorbs heat and doing the phase change process. This made the heat transfer undergone
efficiently and prevented dry-out. At 45o inclination angle, the working fluid of the evaporator
decreased due to gravity, hamper the ability of wick to pump liquid. The phenomenon is getting worse
for the 0o inclination angle since the gravitational force become larger. At this vertical position, there
was very little amount of working fluid left at the evaporator side, letting the heat transfer dominated
by conduction and increasing the thermal resistance.
Figure 4. Effect of inclination angle on thermal performance of vapor chamber
Conclusion
The effect of working fluid on the vapor chamber was investigated. It was revealed that at a lower
heat load, effects of working fluid are small due to the domination of conduction in vapor chamber
heat transfer process. The effects become more and more significant as the higher heat load applied.
The higher heat load intensifies the boiling process and made the heat transfer process undergone
efficiently. The effects of nanofluid concentrations were also observed. It was discussed that higher
concentration of nanofluid enhance the thermal performance of vapor chamber due to the
nanoparticles suspended at the working fluid enhancing and stabilizing the nucleation process,
increasing the bubble release frequency and improving boiling phenomenon at the evaporator. This
reduce thermal resistance and increase the thermal performance of vapor chamber. The inclination
angle was also observed that the effect of gravitational force made the horizontal position as the best
working position for vapor chamber.
Acknowledgment
The Author would like to thank DRPM Universitas Indonesia for the financial support in doing this
research through Hibah Riset Utama 2012 Scheme.
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the PCs with vapor chamber. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 39
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Z.H. Liu, Y.Y. Li. A new frontier of nanofluid research – Application of nanofluid in heat pipes.
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S. Suresh, K.P. Venkitaraj, P Selvakumar, M. Chandrasekar. Effect of Al3O3-Cu/water hybrid
nanofluid in heat transfer. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 38 (2012) 54-60
Y.H. Huang, T.P. Teng, B.G. Lin. Evaluation of the thermal performance of a heat pipe using
alumina nanofluid. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 44 (2013) 504-511
J. Qu, H.Y. Wu, P. Cheng. Thermal performance of an oscillating heat pipe with Al2O3-water
nanofluid. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 37 (2010) 111-115
T.P. Teng, H.G. Hsu, H.E. Mo, C.C. Chen. Thermal efficiency of heat pipe with alumina
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R. Saleh, N. Putra, S.P. Prakoso, W.N. Septiadi. Experimental investigation of thermal
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Advances in Materials, Processing and Manufacturing
10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.789
Application of Al2O3 Nanofluid on Sintered Copper-Powder Vapor Chamber for Electronic Cooling
10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.789.423
DOI References
[4] S.C. Wong, K.C. Hsieh, J.D. Wu, W.L. Han. A novel vapor chamber and its performance. International
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2010.02.001
[10] S.C. Wong, K.C. Hsieh, J.D. Wu, W.L. Han. A novel vapor chamber and its performance. International
Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 53 (2010) 2377-2384.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2010.02.001
Online available since 2013/Sep/04 at www.scientific.net
© (2013) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland
doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.789.423
Application of Al2O3 Nanofluid on Sintered Copper-powder Vapor
Chamber for Electronic Cooling
Nandy Putra, Wayan Nata Septiadi, Ranggi Sahmura, Cahya Tri Anggara
Heat Transfer Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering Universitas Indonesia
Kampus UI, Depok 16424
nandyputra@eng.ui.ac.id
Keywords: vapor chamber; nanofluid; sintered copper-powder; CPU cooling
Abstract. The development of electronic devices pushes manufacturers to create smaller microchips
with higher performance than ever before. Microchip with higher working load produces more heat.
This leads to the need of cooling system that able to dissipate high heat flux. Vapor chamber is one of
highly effective heat spreading device. Its ability to dissipate high heat flux density in limited space
made it potential for electronic cooling application, like Central Processing Unit (CPU) cooling
system. The purpose of this paper is to study the application of Al2O3 Nanofluid as working fluid for
vapor chamber. Vapor chamber performance was measured in real CPU working condition. Al2O3
Nanofluid with concentration of 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5%, 1%, 2% and 3% as working fluid of the vapor
chamber were tested and compared with its base fluid, water. Al2O3 nanofluid shows better thermal
performance than its base fluid due to the interaction of particle enhancing the thermal conductivity.
The result showed that the effect of working fluid is significant to the performance of vapor chamber
at high heat load, and the application of Al2O3 nanofluid as working fluid would enhance thermal
performance of vapor chamber, compared to other conventional working fluid being used before.
Introduction
The amount of transistor in single microchips keeps doubling every two years, creating small and
high performance Central Processing Unit (CPU) [1]. As the number of transistor rises, the amount of
heat that is produced also rises [2]. Meanwhile the trend of computer and gadget development goes to
the miniaturization of the product. It made smaller yet with high performance. [3]. These leads to the
need of a compact cooling system that is able to dissipate high heat flux.
Vapor chamber basically is a two phase heat spreading device. Similar to heat pipe, it has excellent
ability of dissipating heat through the working fluid phase change, with advantages over cylindrical
heat pipe as geometry adaptation and ability for much localized heat dissipation. Its flat shape made
vapor chamber ready to be applied as Central Processing Unit (CPU) cooling system [4-6]. Numerous
investigations about vapor chamber with the variation of wick (using sintered copper powder,
grooved and screen mesh) and working fluid (using water, water with surfactant, methanol, acetone,
and refrigerant) have been conducted [7-15].
Meanwhile by the author’s knowledge there are only a few publication studied the use of Al2O3
nanofluid with different concentration as the working fluid of sintered copper-powder vapor chamber.
Nanofluid is fluid consist of base fluid and nanometer-sized particle [16]. Its thermal performance
over the base fluid and its application on several heat exchanging devices like thermosyphon and heat
pipe has already been studied. Suresh et al. [17] studied the heat transfer characteristics of
Al2O3-Cu/water nanofluid. The study revealed that the nanofluid added friction factor to the fluid and
enhanced the convective heat transfer by increasing Nusselt number. The nanofluid application for
heat pipe has been studied [18-22], showing the potential use of it as working fluid.
All rights reserved. No part of contents of this paper may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of TTP,
www.ttp.net. (ID: 152.118.24.10, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia-17/07/14,06:07:25)
424
Advances in Materials, Processing and Manufacturing
This study evaluated the effect of Al2O3-water nanofluid to the thermal performance of sintered
copper-powder wick vapor chamber. The nanofluid were charged at different volume fraction
concentration and the inclination effect of vapor chamber were also tested.
Methods
Preparation of nanofluids and vapor chamber
Al2O3 nanoparticles were dispersed in the base fluid of distilled water by ultrasonicating for 30
minutes in ultrasonic processor. The volume fraction concentration of nanoparticle in nanofluid is
calculated by using equation (1):
% volume fraction = (Wnp/ρnp)/ (Wnp/ρnp + Wbf/ρbf)
(1)
where Wnp and ρnp are the weight and the density of nanoparticle, and Wbf and ρbf are the weight and
the density of base fluid respectively.
Vapor chamber designed for this experiment made from copper with total dimension of 60 mm x 60
mm x 8 mm, assembled of bottom container, top plate and wick structure as can be seen in fig. 1(a)
The evaporator and condenser thickness were 1.2 mm with 2 mm sintered copper-powder wick on the
inner side of both, creating the bottom and the top wick. The sintered copper-powder made from
copper-powder with the mesh of 300 µm. The bottom and the top wick were connected by column
wick, as can be seen in fig. 1(b), providing path for the liquid to flow back from the evaporator to the
condenser. The bottom container and the top plate were welded together, then attached to a standard
heat sink fan. The heat sink was grooved so the vapor chamber can fit in snugly. The working fluid
injected to the vapor chamber has charge volume ratio of 60%.
(a)
(b)
Figure 1. (a) Sintered copper-powder as the wick of vapor chamber ; (b) Vapor chamber assembly for
the experiment
Experimental Setup
The evaluation of vapor chamber thermal performance was conducted by arranging the
experimental setup as shown in fig. 2. At the evaporator of the vapor chamber, central processing unit
(CPU) of Intel® Pentium 4 socket 478 2.4GHz were placed as the heat source. Having 13.1 Watt at
the idle condition and 48.3 Watt at the maximum load condition, the CPU was being loaded by
running software Prime95. The thermocouples being used were the type K thermocouple, and all the
thermocouples were connected to the high precision NI 9213 data acquisition module. The ambience
temperature is being kept at 25 ± 0.5 oC.
Advanced Materials Research Vol. 789
425
The variations of nanofluid volume fraction concentration were 0.1 %, 0.3%, 0.5%, 1%, 2% and
3% to see the effect of concentration to the enhancement of thermal performance. The inclination
angles being used are 0o or horizontal position, 45o and 90o or the vertical position.
Figure 2. Experimental Setup
Result and Discussion
Effect of working fluid to the thermal performance
Firstly, vapor chamber without working fluid was tested at CPU with no load for 10 min, continued
with full load condition for 20 min and back to the no load condition for 10 min. Then, water and
Al2O3-water nanofluid were tested with the same loading condition. The result then compared with
cooling performance of conventional heat sink without vapor chamber. The result is presented in Fig.
3(a).
It can be observed that vapor chambers vividly have better thermal performance than conventional
cooling system heat sink fan, shown by the lower CPU temperature with ∆T around 3oC at no load
condition. But it can be seen that the effect of working fluid has not significantly give impact to the
thermal performance of vapor chamber at no load condition. At this level of load, the heat from the
CPU was not enough to ignite the boiling phenomenon inside the vapor chamber. Thus, the heat
transfer was being conducted mostly by conduction and, in the small amount, by free convection, so
the effect of working fluid becomes less impactful. This also validated by the fact that
nanofluid-charged vapor chamber did not yield better performance than water-charged vapor
chamber.
While at the full load CPU operating condition, the effect of working fluid was greatly impact the
thermal performance of vapor chamber. At this loading condition, it can be seen that vapor chamber
without working fluid shows worse thermal performance than the vapor chamber with working fluid
shown by high CPU temperature. The average CPU temperature for empty vapor chamber and water
charged vapor chamber is 61.36 oC and 59.12 oC respectively. At this loading condition, the heat from
the CPU intensifies the boiling phenomenon inside the vapor chamber, making the heat transfer at the
fluid-charged vapor chamber undergone efficiently. While at the empty vapor chamber, the heat
transfer depended only on conduction, increasing the thermal resistance. It also can be observed that
nanofluid-charged vapor chamber shows better thermal performance than water-charged vapor
chamber at this loading condition, producing average CPU temperature of 57.52 oC. This indicates
that the enhancement of thermal characteristics of nanofluid affected the thermal performance of
vapor chamber at a greater amount on high heat load condition, rather than at low heat load condition.
As the enhancement of thermal conductivity only affected the performance at the small amount, the
other improvement of the nanofluid over its base fluid should be analyzed.
426
Advances in Materials, Processing and Manufacturing
Effect of nanofluid concentration
The volume fraction concentration of 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5%, 1%, 2% and 3% were tested under the
same CPU loading condition. The result is presented in Fig. 3(b). It can be observed that at no load
condition, increment of volume fraction concentration of Al2O3-water nanofluid from 0.1% up to 1%
did not give significant effect on vapor chamber thermal performance as the temperature of CPU
scattered randomly at the temperature range of 29.8 oC – 31.5 oC. But at the volume fraction
concentration of 2% and 3%, significant improvement of thermal performance was noted as CPU
temperature fell below 29 oC. At the concentration of 2% and 3%, there were denser formations of
nanoparticles at the evaporator so the thermal conductivity were greatly increased, reduce the thermal
resistance. This help the heat transfer and reduce the average CPU temperature.
At the full load condition, it can be observed that along with the increment of volume fraction
concentration of nanofluid, the thermal performance increased. The 3% nanofluid concentration
yields the best thermal performance, producing average CPU temperature of 54.64 oC.
(a)
(b)
Figure3. (a) Effect of working fluid and (b) Effect of Al2O3-water nanofluid concentration to the
thermal performance of vapor chamber at no load, and full load condition
The lower nanofluid concentration produces higher average CPU temperature, which is 57.31 oC,
57.52 oC, and 57.94 oC for 2%, 1% and 0.5% volume fraction concentration. The 0.3% and 0.1%
nanofluid concentration produced no significant improvement of thermal performance, showed by the
slight difference in average CPU temperature compared to water as working fluid.
The enhancement brought by the nanofluid were explained by the improvement of boiling
phenomenon at evaporator. As discussed by Qu et al. [19], the nanoparticles suspended at base fluid
can enhance and stabilize the nucleation at the evaporator and increase the bubble release frequency,
decreasing the thermal resistance of evaporator. This phenomenon increased as the concentration of
nanofluid increased. This explained the higher thermal performance showed by the higher nanofluid
concentration.
Effect of Inclination Angle
The investigation conducted by testing vapor chamber with two different nanofluid concentration
at three different inclination angles. The result is presented in Fig. 4.
The result shows that for both concentrations, inclination angle brought similar effect on the thermal
performance of vapor chamber. For 2% nanofluid concentration, inclination angle of 45o only brought
slight increase at the average CPU temperature over the horizontal position. Average temperature of
CPU at horizontal position and at 45o inclination angle is 56.06 oC and 56.34 respectively. While at
the vertical position or 90o inclination angle, vapor chamber produce significantly higher average
CPU temperature as much as 57.32 oC. The same trend happened for the 3% nanofluid concentration.
This is due to the different amount of working fluid available at the evaporator at different inclination
Advanced Materials Research Vol. 789
427
angles. At horizontal position, evaporator is flooded with working fluid, ensuring the availability of
fluid which absorbs heat and doing the phase change process. This made the heat transfer undergone
efficiently and prevented dry-out. At 45o inclination angle, the working fluid of the evaporator
decreased due to gravity, hamper the ability of wick to pump liquid. The phenomenon is getting worse
for the 0o inclination angle since the gravitational force become larger. At this vertical position, there
was very little amount of working fluid left at the evaporator side, letting the heat transfer dominated
by conduction and increasing the thermal resistance.
Figure 4. Effect of inclination angle on thermal performance of vapor chamber
Conclusion
The effect of working fluid on the vapor chamber was investigated. It was revealed that at a lower
heat load, effects of working fluid are small due to the domination of conduction in vapor chamber
heat transfer process. The effects become more and more significant as the higher heat load applied.
The higher heat load intensifies the boiling process and made the heat transfer process undergone
efficiently. The effects of nanofluid concentrations were also observed. It was discussed that higher
concentration of nanofluid enhance the thermal performance of vapor chamber due to the
nanoparticles suspended at the working fluid enhancing and stabilizing the nucleation process,
increasing the bubble release frequency and improving boiling phenomenon at the evaporator. This
reduce thermal resistance and increase the thermal performance of vapor chamber. The inclination
angle was also observed that the effect of gravitational force made the horizontal position as the best
working position for vapor chamber.
Acknowledgment
The Author would like to thank DRPM Universitas Indonesia for the financial support in doing this
research through Hibah Riset Utama 2012 Scheme.
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