Application of Al2O3 Nanofluid on Sintered Copper-powder Vapor Chamber for Electronic Cooling.
¡¢£¤¥¦ §¦£¨ ©ª¥« ¬®¼¼¼«
¯°±²¦³´¤ µµ¢ ¤¶½°¤³«·¶°¢
¸
¥
¤
¤
¥
¹
¥
¦
¤
°
±
²
³
º
»
µ
º
±
¶
¢
¾ ¯°±²³´ ¿£¦ ¿¨ ÀÁ¹¥¤¢¤ª¦Â »¼¤¢Ã£¥
ª¤Ä²±«¶±°º¼¼¼«¦¤¢¤½¤«¢º¡§«±«¶°³
12234567489
8
13
69834
89
497
82228
628
6
8
3578945
88349
!"#$%&'(#)" #&#*+,&-!-(#. //-#*01%'(#20"#3'-#4 //'##
5+' 67+'#89:'&:'"(#;+,'&1+ :7##? /-++'-/#@ -A+'6-&6#B!: +6-#
C1,%6#@B(#;+,:D#EFGHG#
!",%&'I+ /J%-J=J-!#
#
KL8MN#A,:'#=019+'O# :7>%-!O#6-&+'+!#=:,,+'P,:Q!+'O#2$@#=::>-/R
S
TUVWXYZW[\]^_^`^abcd^efbg^a^hfibejh_^`jh^kclk]^kdmelgmhfli^ikfbhi^mf^kdmaa^idjhibh]jck
njf]]jo]^ic^igbidmeh^f]me^`^ip^gbi^qrjhibh]jcnjf]]jo]^inbisjeoabm_cib_lh^kdbi^]^mfq
\]jka^m_kfbf]^e^^_bghbbajeoktkf^df]mfmpa^fb_jkkjcmf^]jo]]^mfgaluqvmcbih]mdp^ijkbe^bg
]jo]at^gg^hfj`^]^mfkci^m_jeo_^`jh^qwfkmpjajftfb_jkkjcmf^]jo]]^mfgalu_^ekjftjeajdjf^_kcmh^
dm_^jfcbf^efjmagbi^a^hfibejhhbbajeomccajhmfjbexajs^y^efimazibh^kkjeo{ejf|yz{}hbbajeo
ktkf^dq\]^clicbk^bgf]jkcmc^ijkfbkfl_tf]^mccajhmfjbebg~amebgalj_mknbisjeogalj_gbi
`mcbih]mdp^iqvmcbih]mdp^ic^igbidmeh^nmkd^mkli^_jei^mayz{nbisjeohbe_jfjbeq~a
mebgalj_njf]hbeh^efimfjbebgq xq xq x x me_ mknbisjeogalj_bgf]^`mcbi
h]mdp^in^i^f^kf^_me_hbdcmi^_njf]jfkpmk^galj_xnmf^iq~aemebgalj_k]bnkp^ff^if]^idma
c^igbidmeh^f]mejfkpmk^galj__l^fbf]^jef^imhfjbebgcmifjha^^e]mehjeof]^f]^idmahbe_lhfj`jftq
\]^i^klafk]bn^_f]mff]^^gg^hfbgnbisjeogalj_jkkjoejgjhmeffbf]^c^igbidmeh^bg`mcbih]mdp^i
mf]jo]]^mfabm_xme_f]^mccajhmfjbebg~aemebgalj_mknbisjeogalj_nbla_^e]meh^f]^idma
c^igbidmeh^bg`mcbih]mdp^ixhbdcmi^_fbbf]^ihbe`^efjbemanbisjeogalj_p^jeolk^_p^gbi^q
WXZW
\]^mdblefbgfimekjkfbijekjeoa^djhibh]jcks^^ck_blpajeo^`^itfnbt^mikxhi^mfjeokdmaame_
]jo]c^igbidmeh^y^efimazibh^kkjeo{ejf|yz{}q~kf]^eldp^ibgfimekjkfbiijk^kxf]^mdblefbg
]^mff]mfjkcib_lh^_makbijk^kqr^men]ja^f]^fi^e_bghbdclf^ime_om_o^f_^`^abcd^efob^kfb
f]^djejmflijmfjbebgf]^cib_lhfqwfdm_^kdmaa^it^fnjf]]jo]c^igbidmeh^qq\]^k^a^m_kfbf]^
e^^_bgmhbdcmhfhbbajeoktkf^df]mfjkmpa^fb_jkkjcmf^]jo]]^mfgaluq
vmcbih]mdp^ipmkjhmaatjkmfnbc]mk^]^mfkci^m_jeo_^`jh^qjdjamifb]^mfcjc^xjf]mk^uh^aa^ef
mpjajftbg_jkkjcmfjeo]^mff]iblo]f]^nbisjeogalj_c]mk^h]meo^xnjf]m_`mefmo^kb`^ihtaje_ijhma
]^mfcjc^mko^bd^fitm_mcfmfjbeme_mpjajftgbidlh]abhmaj^_]^mf_jkkjcmfjbeqwfkgamfk]mc^dm_^
`mcbih]mdp^ii^m_tfbp^mccaj^_mky^efimazibh^kkjeo{ejf|yz{}hbbajeoktkf^dqld^iblk
je`^kfjomfjbekmpblf`mcbih]mdp^injf]f]^`mijmfjbebgnjhs|lkjeokjef^i^_hbcc^icbn_^ix
oibb`^_me_khi^^ed^k]}me_nbisjeogalj_|lkjeonmf^ixnmf^injf]kligmhfmefxd^f]mebaxmh^fbe^x
me_i^gijo^imef}]m`^p^^ehbe_lhf^_q
r^men]ja^ptf]^mlf]biksebna^_o^f]^i^mi^beatmg^nclpajhmfjbekfl_j^_f]^lk^bg~a
emebgalj_njf]_jgg^i^efhbeh^efimfjbemkf]^nbisjeogalj_bgkjef^i^_hbcc^icbn_^i`mcbih]mdp^iq
mebgalj_jkgalj_hbekjkfbgpmk^galj_me_emebd^f^ikj^_cmifjha^qwfkf]^idmac^igbidmeh^
b`^if]^pmk^galj_me_jfkmccajhmfjbebek^`^ima]^mf^uh]meojeo_^`jh^kajs^f]^idbktc]beme_]^mf
cjc^]mkmai^m_tp^^e kfl_j^_qli^k] ^fmaqkfl_j^_f]^]^mffimekg^ih]mimhf^ijkfjhkbg
~aylnmf^iemebgalj_q\]^kfl_ti^`^ma^_f]mff]^emebgalj_m__^_gijhfjbegmhfbifbf]^galj_me_
^e]meh^_f]^hbe`^hfj`^]^mffimekg^iptjehi^mkjeolkk^afeldp^iq\]^emebgalj_mccajhmfjbegbi
]^mfcjc^]mkp^^ekfl_j^_xk]bnjeof]^cbf^efjmalk^bgjfmknbisjeogalj_q
ÅÆ
ÆÇÈÉÊÌËÌÔÌÍÑØÇÈÎÎÌÍÑÇÎáÈâãä
ÏÎÇÐåÑæÇÒÓ
ÌÎØÉÏÌÍÎÇÈÓÍÖÉÇÌÌÚËÇÉÓÍÖÇÇÔâØÕÐÔÓÎØÈÇÎÙÕ
ÎÇÔÈÎÓÔìÈàÓÇâÐØÜÐ×ÓÎØÐÎÇÍÓÉÕÈÇíÌÈêÕîØïêÍÙÉ
ÝÝÝÑ
çÑåÇÔåÕèÈÑçÌÇéÓÑÖåÇ×êÓàØÇëØ
ÍÉÕÚàÇÇÛãÎ
ðïåÌÌñÎàÐåÇêÉØäåÇÕðØäñÚêÇÖòÓÈÙÇÓÈÇÛÚÇÕØÚÇÙÎÕØÍÇÝÉÌËÓÜÌÇÌËÎÇÝÈÉÌÌÎØÇÔÎÈÙÉÍÍÉÓØÇÓÖÇÞÞßà
pqp
rstuvwxyz{vz|u}x~{uyz~wxyy{vzuvsz|uv uw}~{v
1234456789
65975299
95
59
63755295299
9
435997
9793
29129
63799297573
995
69
53
9553752933539
95
29994594597
!"#$%
&'()')*"+%",%+)+",-.*#$%)+#%/)("'%0!)12'
5394997349497352949
637
7345397598654353
3
3659436543944129
69
539553
5393
63734
65978643946535678
9:;?@:ABCDEFMHNEOP>KA=NE>JGE@C?EM=NIHNK>JO=WE
0
12
3!
24&$'5'($466*$49+
1553X6116X 636 68
9
9#99
8
6
15$3Y6976,
6ZCFGDEHJECP=EL>MHNEOP>KA=NEQ@CPEN=IN@R=N>JCE[\]^]AE>?EQHNS@JREIBF@GE
IHNE_``EOHHB@JR60
8
2
3!
4% &$'5$(
5++%*5+2$
15432656U362689#8606U
,6165#6aP=NK>BEM=NIHNK>JO=EHIEMB>C=\I@JEL>MHNEOP>KA=NE
P=>CE?@JS?WE0
8
2
3!
46&$'5'(645*649
15+37686,#76b62#-6862
96c=NIHNK>JO=EC=?C?EHJE>EJHL=BEL>MHNEOP>KA=N6
!9
"#
#&$'55(5626*56)$
1523Y6976,#
76,
6dJECP=ECP=NK>BEOHHB@JREHIEO=JCN>BEMNHO=??@JREFJ@CEHIE
CP=Ece?EQ@CPEL>MHNEOP>KA=N60
8
2
3!
4%
&$'5$(55)2*55)9
15)3f626U5656U6VEJ=QEINHJC@=NEHIEJ>JHIBF@GEN=?=>NOPEgEVMMB@O>C@HJEHIEJ>JHIBF@GE@JEP=>CEM@M=?WE
0
12
3!
22&$'5$()69)*)6%6
1563767
9-6Y6.
hY7
3689
6iII=OCEHIEVBjdj\eFkQ>C=NEPDAN@GE
J>JHIBF@GE@JEP=>CECN>J?I=NWE"8
!9
b7
49&$'5$(2+*)'
159356262#!6Y6!
#76:6U6iL>BF>C@HJEHIECP=ECP=NK>BEM=NIHNK>JO=EHIE>EP=>CEM@M=EF?@JRE
>BFK@J>EJ>JHIBF@GW"8
!9
b7
++&$'54(2'+*255
15%316;2656,Y689
#6aP=NK>BEM=NIHNK>JO=EHIE>JEH?O@BB>C@JREP=>CEM@M=EQ@CPEVBldj\Q>C=NE
J>JHIBF@GWE0
8
2
3!
46&$'5'(555*552
1$'3!6Y6!
#26:6226"63868689
6aP=NK>BE=II@O@=JODEHIEP=>CEM@M=EQ@CPE>BFK@J>E
J>JHIBF@GWE1 82'+2&$'5'(249'*249+
1$53m67
96Y
76Y6Y,667
6inM=N@K=JC>BE@JL=?C@R>C@HJEHIECP=NK>BE
OHJGFOC@L@CDE>JGEP=>CEM@M=ECP=NK>BEM=NIHNK>JO=EHIEoJdEJ>JHIBF@GW0
1
!9
7
)4&$'54(5$2*54$
1$$36Y
,667
26m9m6096aP=NK>BEM=NIHNK>JO=EHIE?ON==JEK=?PEQ@OSE
P=>CEM@M=?EQ@CPEJ>JHIBF@G"8
!9
b7
+'&$'5$(5'*56
0123456794
3693
7567794341
343594
!"#!"$%&
0''
953940
()*34
914+94661,''6-.16/3',031263
65495,
94
!"#!"$%&)
¯°±²¦³´¤ µµ¢ ¤¶½°¤³«·¶°¢
¸
¥
¤
¤
¥
¹
¥
¦
¤
°
±
²
³
º
»
µ
º
±
¶
¢
¾ ¯°±²³´ ¿£¦ ¿¨ ÀÁ¹¥¤¢¤ª¦Â »¼¤¢Ã£¥
ª¤Ä²±«¶±°º¼¼¼«¦¤¢¤½¤«¢º¡§«±«¶°³
12234567489
8
13
69834
89
497
82228
628
6
8
3578945
88349
!"#$%&'(#)" #&#*+,&-!-(#. //-#*01%'(#20"#3'-#4 //'##
5+' 67+'#89:'&:'"(#;+,'&1+ :7##? /-++'-/#@ -A+'6-&6#B!: +6-#
C1,%6#@B(#;+,:D#EFGHG#
!",%&'I+ /J%-J=J-!#
#
KL8MN#A,:'#=019+'O# :7>%-!O#6-&+'+!#=:,,+'P,:Q!+'O#2$@#=::>-/R
S
TUVWXYZW[\]^_^`^abcd^efbg^a^hfibejh_^`jh^kclk]^kdmelgmhfli^ikfbhi^mf^kdmaa^idjhibh]jck
njf]]jo]^ic^igbidmeh^f]me^`^ip^gbi^qrjhibh]jcnjf]]jo]^inbisjeoabm_cib_lh^kdbi^]^mfq
\]jka^m_kfbf]^e^^_bghbbajeoktkf^df]mfmpa^fb_jkkjcmf^]jo]]^mfgaluqvmcbih]mdp^ijkbe^bg
]jo]at^gg^hfj`^]^mfkci^m_jeo_^`jh^qwfkmpjajftfb_jkkjcmf^]jo]]^mfgalu_^ekjftjeajdjf^_kcmh^
dm_^jfcbf^efjmagbi^a^hfibejhhbbajeomccajhmfjbexajs^y^efimazibh^kkjeo{ejf|yz{}hbbajeo
ktkf^dq\]^clicbk^bgf]jkcmc^ijkfbkfl_tf]^mccajhmfjbebg~amebgalj_mknbisjeogalj_gbi
`mcbih]mdp^iqvmcbih]mdp^ic^igbidmeh^nmkd^mkli^_jei^mayz{nbisjeohbe_jfjbeq~a
mebgalj_njf]hbeh^efimfjbebgq xq xq x x me_ mknbisjeogalj_bgf]^`mcbi
h]mdp^in^i^f^kf^_me_hbdcmi^_njf]jfkpmk^galj_xnmf^iq~aemebgalj_k]bnkp^ff^if]^idma
c^igbidmeh^f]mejfkpmk^galj__l^fbf]^jef^imhfjbebgcmifjha^^e]mehjeof]^f]^idmahbe_lhfj`jftq
\]^i^klafk]bn^_f]mff]^^gg^hfbgnbisjeogalj_jkkjoejgjhmeffbf]^c^igbidmeh^bg`mcbih]mdp^i
mf]jo]]^mfabm_xme_f]^mccajhmfjbebg~aemebgalj_mknbisjeogalj_nbla_^e]meh^f]^idma
c^igbidmeh^bg`mcbih]mdp^ixhbdcmi^_fbbf]^ihbe`^efjbemanbisjeogalj_p^jeolk^_p^gbi^q
WXZW
\]^mdblefbgfimekjkfbijekjeoa^djhibh]jcks^^ck_blpajeo^`^itfnbt^mikxhi^mfjeokdmaame_
]jo]c^igbidmeh^y^efimazibh^kkjeo{ejf|yz{}q~kf]^eldp^ibgfimekjkfbiijk^kxf]^mdblefbg
]^mff]mfjkcib_lh^_makbijk^kqr^men]ja^f]^fi^e_bghbdclf^ime_om_o^f_^`^abcd^efob^kfb
f]^djejmflijmfjbebgf]^cib_lhfqwfdm_^kdmaa^it^fnjf]]jo]c^igbidmeh^qq\]^k^a^m_kfbf]^
e^^_bgmhbdcmhfhbbajeoktkf^df]mfjkmpa^fb_jkkjcmf^]jo]]^mfgaluq
vmcbih]mdp^ipmkjhmaatjkmfnbc]mk^]^mfkci^m_jeo_^`jh^qjdjamifb]^mfcjc^xjf]mk^uh^aa^ef
mpjajftbg_jkkjcmfjeo]^mff]iblo]f]^nbisjeogalj_c]mk^h]meo^xnjf]m_`mefmo^kb`^ihtaje_ijhma
]^mfcjc^mko^bd^fitm_mcfmfjbeme_mpjajftgbidlh]abhmaj^_]^mf_jkkjcmfjbeqwfkgamfk]mc^dm_^
`mcbih]mdp^ii^m_tfbp^mccaj^_mky^efimazibh^kkjeo{ejf|yz{}hbbajeoktkf^dqld^iblk
je`^kfjomfjbekmpblf`mcbih]mdp^injf]f]^`mijmfjbebgnjhs|lkjeokjef^i^_hbcc^icbn_^ix
oibb`^_me_khi^^ed^k]}me_nbisjeogalj_|lkjeonmf^ixnmf^injf]kligmhfmefxd^f]mebaxmh^fbe^x
me_i^gijo^imef}]m`^p^^ehbe_lhf^_q
r^men]ja^ptf]^mlf]biksebna^_o^f]^i^mi^beatmg^nclpajhmfjbekfl_j^_f]^lk^bg~a
emebgalj_njf]_jgg^i^efhbeh^efimfjbemkf]^nbisjeogalj_bgkjef^i^_hbcc^icbn_^i`mcbih]mdp^iq
mebgalj_jkgalj_hbekjkfbgpmk^galj_me_emebd^f^ikj^_cmifjha^qwfkf]^idmac^igbidmeh^
b`^if]^pmk^galj_me_jfkmccajhmfjbebek^`^ima]^mf^uh]meojeo_^`jh^kajs^f]^idbktc]beme_]^mf
cjc^]mkmai^m_tp^^e kfl_j^_qli^k] ^fmaqkfl_j^_f]^]^mffimekg^ih]mimhf^ijkfjhkbg
~aylnmf^iemebgalj_q\]^kfl_ti^`^ma^_f]mff]^emebgalj_m__^_gijhfjbegmhfbifbf]^galj_me_
^e]meh^_f]^hbe`^hfj`^]^mffimekg^iptjehi^mkjeolkk^afeldp^iq\]^emebgalj_mccajhmfjbegbi
]^mfcjc^]mkp^^ekfl_j^_xk]bnjeof]^cbf^efjmalk^bgjfmknbisjeogalj_q
ÅÆ
ÆÇÈÉÊÌËÌÔÌÍÑØÇÈÎÎÌÍÑÇÎáÈâãä
ÏÎÇÐåÑæÇÒÓ
ÌÎØÉÏÌÍÎÇÈÓÍÖÉÇÌÌÚËÇÉÓÍÖÇÇÔâØÕÐÔÓÎØÈÇÎÙÕ
ÎÇÔÈÎÓÔìÈàÓÇâÐØÜÐ×ÓÎØÐÎÇÍÓÉÕÈÇíÌÈêÕîØïêÍÙÉ
ÝÝÝÑ
çÑåÇÔåÕèÈÑçÌÇéÓÑÖåÇ×êÓàØÇëØ
ÍÉÕÚàÇÇÛãÎ
ðïåÌÌñÎàÐåÇêÉØäåÇÕðØäñÚêÇÖòÓÈÙÇÓÈÇÛÚÇÕØÚÇÙÎÕØÍÇÝÉÌËÓÜÌÇÌËÎÇÝÈÉÌÌÎØÇÔÎÈÙÉÍÍÉÓØÇÓÖÇÞÞßà
pqp
rstuvwxyz{vz|u}x~{uyz~wxyy{vzuvsz|uv uw}~{v
1234456789
65975299
95
59
63755295299
9
435997
9793
29129
63799297573
995
69
53
9553752933539
95
29994594597
!"#$%
&'()')*"+%",%+)+",-.*#$%)+#%/)("'%0!)12'
5394997349497352949
637
7345397598654353
3
3659436543944129
69
539553
5393
63734
65978643946535678
9:;?@:ABCDEFMHNEOP>KA=NE>JGE@C?EM=NIHNK>JO=WE
0
12
3!
24&$'5'($466*$49+
1553X6116X 636 68
9
9#99
8
6
15$3Y6976,
6ZCFGDEHJECP=EL>MHNEOP>KA=NEQ@CPEN=IN@R=N>JCE[\]^]AE>?EQHNS@JREIBF@GE
IHNE_``EOHHB@JR60
8
2
3!
4% &$'5$(
5++%*5+2$
15432656U362689#8606U
,6165#6aP=NK>BEM=NIHNK>JO=EHIEMB>C=\I@JEL>MHNEOP>KA=NE
P=>CE?@JS?WE0
8
2
3!
46&$'5'(645*649
15+37686,#76b62#-6862
96c=NIHNK>JO=EC=?C?EHJE>EJHL=BEL>MHNEOP>KA=N6
!9
"#
#&$'55(5626*56)$
1523Y6976,#
76,
6dJECP=ECP=NK>BEOHHB@JREHIEO=JCN>BEMNHO=??@JREFJ@CEHIE
CP=Ece?EQ@CPEL>MHNEOP>KA=N60
8
2
3!
4%
&$'5$(55)2*55)9
15)3f626U5656U6VEJ=QEINHJC@=NEHIEJ>JHIBF@GEN=?=>NOPEgEVMMB@O>C@HJEHIEJ>JHIBF@GE@JEP=>CEM@M=?WE
0
12
3!
22&$'5$()69)*)6%6
1563767
9-6Y6.
hY7
3689
6iII=OCEHIEVBjdj\eFkQ>C=NEPDAN@GE
J>JHIBF@GE@JEP=>CECN>J?I=NWE"8
!9
b7
49&$'5$(2+*)'
159356262#!6Y6!
#76:6U6iL>BF>C@HJEHIECP=ECP=NK>BEM=NIHNK>JO=EHIE>EP=>CEM@M=EF?@JRE
>BFK@J>EJ>JHIBF@GW"8
!9
b7
++&$'54(2'+*255
15%316;2656,Y689
#6aP=NK>BEM=NIHNK>JO=EHIE>JEH?O@BB>C@JREP=>CEM@M=EQ@CPEVBldj\Q>C=NE
J>JHIBF@GWE0
8
2
3!
46&$'5'(555*552
1$'3!6Y6!
#26:6226"63868689
6aP=NK>BE=II@O@=JODEHIEP=>CEM@M=EQ@CPE>BFK@J>E
J>JHIBF@GWE1 82'+2&$'5'(249'*249+
1$53m67
96Y
76Y6Y,667
6inM=N@K=JC>BE@JL=?C@R>C@HJEHIECP=NK>BE
OHJGFOC@L@CDE>JGEP=>CEM@M=ECP=NK>BEM=NIHNK>JO=EHIEoJdEJ>JHIBF@GW0
1
!9
7
)4&$'54(5$2*54$
1$$36Y
,667
26m9m6096aP=NK>BEM=NIHNK>JO=EHIE?ON==JEK=?PEQ@OSE
P=>CEM@M=?EQ@CPEJ>JHIBF@G"8
!9
b7
+'&$'5$(5'*56
0123456794
3693
7567794341
343594
!"#!"$%&
0''
953940
()*34
914+94661,''6-.16/3',031263
65495,
94
!"#!"$%&)