Measured PD Pulses in Vegetable-Oil-Impregnated Insulation System.
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A
A Micr o Elect r o- fr eezing Chip Used in t he Cr y st allizat ion of Aqueous Solut ions under AC Elect r ic Field
3 . 7 . 1 3
Yahong Ma, Lisheng Zhong, Huiyu Hu, Qinyue Yu, Yew en Zhang, China
A Mult iple Regr ession Model for The Est im at ion of Moist ur e in Oil I m pr egnat ed Paper I nsulat ion ( OI P)
1 . 6 . 1
Manoj Mandlik, T S Ram u Sast ry
A New Com bined Shielding St ruct ure for Com posit e I nsulat or s on 1100kV UHVAC Pow er Lines in
China 3 . 2 . 5
Peng Liu, Tian- xi Xie, j ing Li, Zong- ren Peng, China
A New St r uct ur e of Full Opt ical Fiber Cur r ent Sensor
3 . 5 . 3
Dai Wan, Lisheng Zhong, Qinxue Yu, George Chen, China
A novel m et hod t o det ect super - fast det r apping space char ge
2 . 5 . 2
Feihu Zheng, Chen Lin, Chuandong Liu, Yewen Zhang, Zhenlian An, China
A St udy on Diagnost ics of Wat er Tr ee in XLPE Cable based on Loss Cur r ent Har m onics Measur em ent
w it h Fr equency Resonance HV Supply 2 . 2 . 5
Zhonghua Li, Li Zhou, Zhen Gao, Yu Chen, China
A St udy on Dielect ric Pr oper t ies of Oil- paper I nsulat ion at Low Tem per at ur e
3 . 1 . 3
Wenm in Guo, Ming Ao, Chong Zhao, Zhonghua Li, China
AC Dielect ric Charact erizat ion Param et ers of Nonlinear I nsulat ing Dielect rics and Their
Measurem ent 2 . 7 . 1 8
Huan ZHENG, Zhonghua Li, Yu Chen, China
Aging And Lifet im e Pr edict ion I n Mineral Oil Of Rubber
1 . 7 . 1 8
Kang Peng, Mingzhu Xiao, Zhibin Zeng, China
An At t em pt t o I nvest igat e t he Transfor m er Failur e by using DGA and SFRA Analy sis
2 . 7 . 4
Shubhangi Pat il, Sushil Chaudhari, I ndia
Analy sis on t he Longit udinal Tem per at ur e and Com put at ion of Am pacit y of 10k V Cables in Pipes
Cr ossing Ther m ally Unfav orable Regions - Yan- Ling Zheng, Zhi- liang Xu, Guan 3 . 3 . 3 Jun Zhang, China
Applicat ion of a Class of Nanofluids t o I m prove loadabillit y of pow er t ransform ers
1 . 1 . 1
T.S.Ram u sast ry, B.K.Keshavan Belur, K.N.Balasubram anya Murt hy,I ndia
Applicat ion Of A New Sensor Cir cuit Model I n The Oil Dissolv ed Gas Monit or ing
2 . 4 . 5
Ying- feng Zhao, China
Applicat ion of Neur al Net w or k s for Tr ansfor m er Fault Diagnosis
2 . 7 . 1 1
Venkat asam i At hikkan, Lat ha Mut huraj , Kasiraj an Kasipandian, I ndia
Applicat ion Of RVM Technique To St udy t he Polar isat ion And Depolarisat ion Char act er ist ics Associat ed
Wit h Ther m al Ageing Of Epox y Mica Com posit e 3 . 5 . 1
Nageshwar Rao B, Sundara Raj an J, Ram achandra B, I ndia
Assessing Sm oke & Fir e Hazar ds Of Burning Elect r ic Cables
2 . 7 . 6
(3)
Assessm ent Of Wat er Logged Cables By Ver y Low Fr equency Tan Delt a Test ing Technique
2 . 2 . 6
NAGESHWAR RAO B, MALLI KARJUNAPPA K, I ndia
B
Behaviour of w at er dr oplet s on polym er sur face
1 . 7 . 1 9
Nagaraj HP Panchakshariah, Vasudev N, Ravi. KN, I ndia
Bor on Nit r ide filled I m m iscible Blends of Poly et hylene and Et hy lene- Viny l Acet at e Copolym er :
Mor phology and Dielect r ic Pr oper t ies 3 . 7 . 9
– Wenzhe Dong, Zhidong Han, Baozhong Han, China
Br eakdow n Per for m ance of Low Densit y Polyet hy lene Nanocom posit es
1 . 1 . 6
Guilai Yin, Shengt ao Li, Jianying Li, China
C
Chem ilum inescence as a Clear Diagnost ic Tool of Poly m er Oxidat ion
2 . 2 . 1
Yoshim ichi Ohki, Naoshi Hirai, Japan
Com par at iv e Per for m ance of Silicone Rubber I nsulat or s w it h I EC st ipulat ed t est m et hods
1 . 7 . 2 1
Vasudev N, Vynat heya S, Sent hil Kum ar R K, I ndia
Condit ion Assessm ent of in- sit u Gener at or Tr ansfor m er s by Fr equency Dom ain Analy sis using Tim e Dom ain dat a
2 . 7 . 1
Subrat a Sarkar, Tarun Sharm a, Arij it Baral, Biswendu Chat erj ee, Debangshu Dey, Sivaj i Chakravort i, I ndia
Cont r ol Of Elect r ic Field And Volt age Dist r ibut ion Of A 765k v Sy st em Polym er ic I nsulat or Used I n
I ndian Tr ansm ission Syst em s 3 . 7 . 5
Kanya kum ari, M, Shivakum ara Aradhya R. S, Hem ant h Jangalwa, I ndia
Curing Kinet ics and Dielect r ic Pr oper t ies of Epox y Resin Based Nanocom posit es
2 . 3 . 1
Huichun Zhao, Xianyou Zhang, Zhidong Han, China
D
DC Conduct ion and Space Char ge Pr oper t ies of SiO2/ LDPE Nanocom posit e
2 . 1 . 3
Jiam ing Yang, xuan Wang, Changj i Zheng, China
Degr adat ion analy sis of insulat ion used in high pow er t r ansfor m er s by m eans of
Polarizat ion/ Depolar izat ion Cur r ent ( PDC) 2 . 7 . 2 1
Doina Elena Gavrila, I lies Ciprian, Rom ania
De- noising and Pat t ern Recognit ion of Par t ial Dischar ges in an I nsulat or using Wav elet Tr ansfor m
1 . 2 . 5
Padm a Veerappan, V. Srinivasa Raghavan, I ndia
Denoising Neut r al Cur r ent of a Pow er Transfor m er Measur ed Dur ing I m pulse Test by Fr am elet
Technique 2 . 7 . 2
Rit am Misra, Arij it Baral, Abhij it Lahiri, I ndia
Design of gr ading r ing for 624k V Gapless Zinc Ox ide Sur ge Arr est er –
3 . 2 . 4
Kanyakum ari M, Shivakum ar a Aradhya R. S, Raj aiah B, Kondala Rao S, I ndia
Design Of Opt im um Tor oid Configur at ion For The 1200kv Syst em Solid Cor e Bus Post I nsulat or
-2 . 6 . 4
Kanyakum ari M, Shivakum ara Ar adhya R. S, Vikas Khosla, Chaudhari D. B, Kem paraj u , I ndia
Det er m inat ion of t em per at ur e dist r ibut ion and r educt ion of life of a Dr y t ype t hr ee phase t r ansfor m er
1 . 5 . 4
(4)
Dev elopm ent of HDPE/ Silicon nit r ide nanocom posit es using HDPE- g- Dibut y l m aleat e as com pat ibilizer
2 . 3 . 2
Sailaj a R R N, Deept hi M V, Sam pat hkum aran P, Seet haram u S, Vynat heya S, I ndia
Diagnosis and I dent ificat ion of Transform er Winding Fault s from Fr equency Response Dat a by t he
Applicat ion of ANN Technique 2 . 4 . 2
Pram eela Madala, Radhakrishna Murt hy G, Pradeep Nirgude, I ndia
Dielect r ic char act er izat ion using pat ch ant ennas
3 . 5 . 5
Aparna Sheila- Vadde, I ndia
Dielect r ic Nanocom posit es pr epar ed by Gaseous I nfusion –
2 . 3 . 4
Hui L, Keit h Nelson, Schadler L. S, Prybyla S G, Vargo T G, Peifer W. R, UK
Dielect r ic Per for m ance of CaCu3Ti4O12 Cer am ics Synt hesized by a Sim plified Copr ecipit at ion Met hod
3 . 4 . 6
Ran Jia, Xue- Tong Zhao, Jian- Ying Li, China
Dielect r ic Per m it t ivit y Charact erist ic of Mesopor ous- Alum ina/ Epoxy Com posit e
1 . 3 . 3
Muneaki Kurim ot o, Hidenori Suzuki, Tom ohiro Kawashim a, Yoshinobu Murakam i, Masayuki Nagao, Japan
Dielect r ic pr oper t ies of cacu3t i4o12 film s synt hesis by t ape- cast ing t echnique
3 . 6 . 4
Wang Hui, Shengt ao Li, Jianying Li, China
Dielect r ic pr oper t ies of Poly( m et hyl m et hacr ylat e) ( PMMA) / CaCu3Ti4O12 com posit es
3 . 4 . 7
P. Thom as, Ernest Ravindran, K.B.R. Varm a, I ndia
Dielect r ic Pr oper t ies of Silica Hollow Spher es/ Epox y Nanocom posit es
1 . 3 . 2
Hong Zhou, Zhim in Dang, Junwei Zha, China
Dielect r ic spect r a pr oper t ies of Low - densit y Polyet hy lene( LDPE) / Zeolit e Nanoscale Com posit e –
1 . 7 . 2
Bai Han, Zhi Sun, Dong Zhang, Lin Li, Xuan Wang, Qingquan Lei, China
Different ial Tim e- Dom ain Spect r oscopy Technique Based on Polarizat ion and Depolar izat ion Curr ent
and Their Applicat ions in Oil- Paper I nsulat ion Est im at ion - 1 . 5 . 3
Jian- Lin Wei, Hao Xu, Guan- Jun Zhang, China
Design of Cor ona Cont r ol Rings For Ehv/ Uhv Har dw ares
3 . 2 . 2
Sreenit a Chat t erj ee, Udaya Kum ar, I ndia
Dy nam ic Modelling of a Spar k gap Sw it ch
1 . 7 . 1 3
Bindu S, Magalvedeker H. A, Sachin Um berker, Archana Sharm a, Chakravart i D. P, Saroj P.C, K. C. Mit t al, I ndia
E
Effect of coupling agent on PD resist iv it y of unsat urat ed poly est er –
2 . 7 . 1 3
alum ina nano- com posit es – Ram Shar m a, I ndia
Effect of differ ent t her m al im idizat ion t em per at ure on t he proper t ies of PI - EP com posit es
3 . 3 . 4
- Yufei Chen, Wei Yue, Zongzhen Bian, China
Effect of Diffusion on Space Charge Form at ion under St eady st at e DC Condit ions
-2 . 7 . 1 5
Chakradhar Reddy Chandupat la, I ndia
Effect of filler cont ent ( ATH filler ) on t he perform ance of Silicone Rubber I nsulat ing Mat erial for
Different Envir onm ent al St r esses by I nclined Plane Tr ack ing & Erosion t est 3 . 3 . 5 Vasudev N, Ganga S, Lalit ha Pai B, I ndia
Effect of m agnet ic field t r eat m ent on dielect r ic proper t ies of LDPE com posit es filled w it h car bon
nanot ube and nano gr aphit e 1 . 1 . 4
Baozhong Han, Sim ing Gao, Bingquan Wang, Wei Wang, China
Effect of Nanopart icles Dispersion on Dielect ric Proper t ies of Al2O3- Silicon Rubber Nanocom posit es –
2 . 1 . 2
(5)
Effect of Nanopar t icles on Track ing Failur e of Epoxy / Al2O3 Nanocom posit es under DC St ress –
1 . 7 . 6
Boxue Du, China
Effect of nanosilica on t he t r ap dist ribut ion in LDPE/ siliananocom posit e
1 . 5 . 6
Jiandong Wu, Li Lan, Yi Yin, Zhe Li, China
Effect of surface m odificat ion on t he form ulat ion of space char ge in LDPE/ silica nanocom posit e –
2 . 5 . 4
Yi Yin, Jiandong Wu, Li Lan, Xuguang Li, China
Effect s oEffect of Therm al Conduct ion on Tracking Failure of Epoxy/ BN Com posit e under DC
Pulse St ress 1 . 4 . 2
Boxue Du, China
Effect of TiO2 and oMMTnanofiller on Ther m al Conduct ivit y and Heat Deflect ion Tem per at ur e of Nanodielect rics
1 . 3 . 5
Rashm i Aradhya, Nij agal Renukappa, M Manj unat ha, Kunigal Shivakum ar, P Sam pat h kum aran, I ndia
Effect s of Oil Therm al Aged St at es on t he Space Charge Behav ior in Oil- paper I nsulat ion
1 . 4 . 6
Da Wang, China
Elect r ic Field Calculat ion and Opt im izat ion of t he UHVDC Conver t er Valv e Shield Case
1 . 6 . 2
Jianw ei Cheng, Zongren Peng, Jialong Wang, China
Elect r ic Field Dist r ibut ion on Four - Bundle Conduct or s in 750 kV AC Subst at ion –
1 . 7 . 2 4
Jint ao Liao, Zongren Peng, Liangxian Zhang, Shiling Zhang, Naiyi Li, Jing Li, China
Elect r ical aging m ar k er s for low - v olt age cable insulat ion w ir ing nuclear pow er plant s
2 . 4 . 6
Luca Verardi, Davide Fabiani, Gian Carlo Mont anari, Andrea Cavallini, I t aly
Elect r ical degr adat ion due t o t r eeing in nanocom posit e dielect r ic m at er ials w it h im pur it ies
2 . 6 . 3
Despoina Pit sa, Michael Danikas, Greece
Elect rical Propert ies of nano- SiO2 and nano- Al2O3 collaborat ive m odified Silicone PSAs
3 . 4 . 4
Ming Yan Zhang, Ying Li, Zai Fang Li, Peng yu, China
Est im at ion and Com put at ion of Tr ansfer Funct ion Param et ers from FRA Dat a for Analyzing
Tr ansfor m er Winding Defor m at ion and Displacem ent s 2 . 4 . 1
Pram eela Madala, Sahit ya Yadav, Radhakrishna Murt hy G, Pradeep Nirgude, I ndia
Evaluat ion and failure analy sis of high- r esist ance collar coat ing of varist or
3 . 2 . 6
Ar indam Paul, Sem an Saravanan, Nit in Jha, John Yesur aj , Janam ej ay Nem ade, I ndia
Evaluat ion Of Fire Gases Fr om Poly m eric Mat erials
2 . 7 . 5
Nageshw ar Rao B, Arunj ot hi R, Srinivasan A. R, I ndia
Experim ent al I nvest igat ion of t he Dielect r ic St r engt h of Hot SF6 Gas –
3 . 3 . 2
Philipp Sim ka, Mart in Seeger, Torst en Vot t eler, Sw it zerland
Experim ent al inv est igat ions of iso- par affinic oil for applicat ion in high volt age pow er t r ansfor m er s
3 . 1 . 4
Um ashankar B, Sushil Chaudhari, Anilkum ar Bhat ia, I ndia
Experim ent al St udy of I nsulat ion Diagnosis Met hod Based on Analy sis of Tim e- Frequency Dom ain
Dielect r ic Response 2 . 2 . 3
Ji Liu, Xinlao Wei, Jing Dai, Ling Huang, China
Experim ent al St udy on Per m it t ivit y of Acr ylic Dielect r ic Elast om er –
3 . 7 . 8
Bipul Pram anik, Raj kum ar Sahu, Shovan Bhaum ik, Karali Pat ra, Arvind Pandey, Dipak Set ua, I ndia
Experim ent al St udy on t he AC Dielect r ic pr oper t ies of SiC/ LDPE I nsulat ing Non- linear Com posit e
3 . 4 . 5
Zhonghua Li, Zhipeng huang, Huan ZHENG, Yu Chen, China
Experim ent al St udy on t he Fact ors Det erm ining t he Part ial Discharge Resist ance of Poly m ers
1 . 7 . 9
Yuka Hasegaw a, I sam u I keda, Yoshim ichi Ohki, Japan
(6)
1 . 5 . 2
Sushil Chaudhari, Shubhangi Pat il, Rahul Zam bare, I ndia
F
Fabr icat ion and Charact erizat ion of Elect rospun Com posit e Mat erials
1 . 3 . 6
Shanshan Bian, Shesha Jayaram , Edward Cherney, Canada
Fabr icat ion and charact erist ics of sub- m icrom et er v er t ical t ype or ganic sem iconduct or Copper
Pht halocyanine t hin film t r ansist or 3 . 7 . 1 0
Dongxing Wang, Xiaolin Wang, Changhao Wang, Chao Pang, Jinghua Yin, Hong Zhao, China
Failur e analysis of Medium Volt age Cable Accessories during Qualificat ion t est s
2 . 7 . 8
Meena K. P, Thirum urt hy, Raj a G. K, Nageshwar Rao B, I ndia
Fault pr edict ion based on dissolved gas concent r at ion fr om insulat ing oil in pow er t r ansfor m er using
Neur al Net w or k 2 . 2 . 2
I ysw arya Annapoorani K, B.Um am ahesw ari, I ndia
Fem Appr oach To Design Funct ionally Graded Transform er Bushing
3 . 7 . 4
Ganga S, Kanyakum ari M, Shivakum ara Aradhya R. S, I ndia
Field Ex per iences Using Radio Fr equency Scanning ( RFS) t o Det ect Par t ial Dischar ge ( PD) in Bus Duct
and Met al Clad Sw it chgear of Elect rical Generat ing and Transm ission Subst at ions - 3 . 5 . 6 Javier Enrique Acevedo Acevedo, Colom bia
G
Gr ading Ring Opt im izat ion for Tension Por celain I nsulat or St r ing on Double Cir cuit Tension Tow er in
1000 kV AC Transm ission Lines 3 . 2 . 3
Xi Yang, Zongren Peng, Jingt ao Liao, China
Gr am schm idit or t honor m alized m et hod for locat ion of part ial dischar ge pulse in t r ansfor m er w indings
1 . 2 . 6
Jeyabalan Velandy, I ndia
H
High dielect r ic per for m ance poly m er com posit es based on gr aphene- TiO2 hy br id
1 . 7 . 5
Chao Wu, China
I
I m pact of Sm all Voids in Solid I nsulat ing Mat er ials
3 . 1 . 7
M. Lerchbacher, C. Sum ereder, G. Lem esch, F. Ram sauer, M. Muhr, Aust ria
I m pr oved Per form ance Of Silicone Rubber I nsulat ion Wit h Nano Filler s
1 . 3 . 4
Ganga S, Visw anat h G. R, Shivakum ara Aradhya R. S, I ndia
I m pulse Test ing of Pow er Tr ansfor m er and I t 's Char act er ist ics
2 . 7 . 2 0
Hem ant Saw arkar, Ranj ana Shing, I ndia
I nfluence of Com pat ibilizer on Wat er Tr ee Pr oper t y of Cr osslink ed
Poly et hylene/ Mont m or illonit eNanocom posit es 1 . 3 . 1
Xiufeng Li, Xin Liu, Man Xu, Xiaolong Cao, Darong Xie, Xiaoqiang Wang, Huaj un Liu, China
I nfluence of Or ganically Modified Mont m or illonit enano filler in Epox y on Elect r ical and Ther m al
Degr adat ion of Nanodielect rics 1 . 1 . 3
Rashm i Aradhya, Nij agal Renukappa, Kunigal Shivakum ar, M Manj unat h, I ndia
I nfluence of Sur face Roughness on Hy dr ophobic St abilit y of Silicone Rubber Com posit es in Dy nam ic Drop Test
2 . 5 . 5
Muneaki Kurim ot o, Mohd Arif Bin Mohd Azm an, Risyun Kin, Yoshinobu Murakam i, Masayuki Nagao, Japan
(7)
I nhibit ion of elect r ical t r ee init iat ion inside high- v olt age cross- linked polyet hylene cable w it h nonlinear
shielding layer 3 . 1 . 1
Baozhong Han, Qingqiang Huang, Yang Zhang, Wei Wang, Chuang Zhou, China
I nsight int o SFRA responses & I nt erpret at ions
2 . 4 . 7
Arun Yargole, I ndia
I nsulat ion Assessm ent of Transform er Oil Based on Wide Fr equency Dielect r ic Spect roscopy
2 . 7 . 3
Ji Liu, Jing Dai, Xinlao Wei, China
I nsulat ion degr adat ion in t he field aged XLPE Pow er cable –
1 . 7 . 2 2
A key concern for ut ilit ies - im provem ent opport unit ies – Milind Chavan, Pradeep Shew ale, I ndia
I nt er nal Char ging in Low Densit y Poly et hylene I r r adiat ed by Ener get ic Elect r ons
1 . 7 . 1 6
Ni Zhao, Dao- Min Min, Shengt ao Li, China
I nt er nat ional Specificat ions of Liquid Dielect r ics under use in Pow er Equipm ent w it h a special focus on very high volt age t ransm ission sy st em s and high am bient t em per at ure based t ropical count ries – 3 . 3 . 6 Virappa Pat t anshet t i, I ndia
I nt er pr et at ion of Recov er y Volt age m echanism s in Per for m ance of solid insulat ion sy st em in pow er
t ransfor m er - 2 . 7 . 9
Aruna.M Kiran, Ravi. K. N, N. Vasudev, I ndia
I nt erpret ing t he frequency dom ain responses of PD signals for locat ion of PD in t r ansform er w indings
using St at ist ical and num er ical evaluat ion t echniques - 1 . 2 . 7
Jeyabalan Velandy, I ndia
I nvest igat ion of Hy dr ophobic and opt ical pr oper t ies of hfo2 coat ing on ceram ic I nsulat or
3 . 6 . 1
Vikram adit ya Dave, Hari Om Gupt a, Ram esh Chandra, I ndia
I nvest igat ion of Light ning I m pulse Volt age Charact erist ics and ot her Ther m o- phy sical Charact erist ics
of Veget able Oils for Power Appar at us Applicat ions 3 . 7 . 1
Dij in Divakaran, Kalaivanan C, I ndia
I nvest igat ions on t he Suit abilit y of I ndigenous Nat ur al Est ers as Liquid Dielect r ics
3 . 6 . 3
Nagashree A. N, Vasudeva Murt hy S, Cham pa V, Sum angala B. V, I ndia
K
k - Nearest Neighbor algorit hm based classificat ion and localizat ion of sev en different t y pes of disc- t
o-disc im pulse insulat ion failures in pow er t r ansform er 2 . 7 . 7
Kunal Ray, Raj am ani P, Abhij it Mukherj ee, I ndia
M
Measur ed PD Pulses in Veget able- Oil- I m pr egnat ed I nsulat ion Syst em
1 . 7 . 1 0
Wayan Ariast ina, Toan Phung, Trevor Blackburn, I ndonesia
Micr obial grow t h r educt ion in t om at o j uice using elect rical pulses
3 . 6 . 5
Kayalvizhi Sat hiyanat han, Gowri Sree Varadaraj an, Raj i Sundararaj an, I ndia
Micr oscopic St udy of t he Br eakdow n Volt age of Solid I nsulat ing Mat er ials under DC and AC condit ions
2 . 7 . 1 0
Sanj eeb Mohant y, Saradindu Ghosh, Prafulla Chandra Panda, I ndia
Modeling and Sim ulat ion Based St udy for On- line Det ect ion of Par t ial Dischar ge I n Solid Dielect r ic
1 . 2 . 3
Fasil Vaniyakoly, Susm it a Kar, Subrat a Karm akar, I ndia
Modeling PD I ncept ion Volt age of Epoxy Resin Post I nsulat or s using Art ificial Neur al Net w or k s
2 . 6 . 2
Saradindu Ghosh, Raka Sarkar, Monica Priyadarshini, I ndia
(8)
1 . 5 . 1
T.S. Ram u Sast ry, B.K.Keshavan Shim oga, Anuradha M
Mont e Car lo sim ulat ion of secondary elect ron em ission depended on sur face char ge of space char ge of
space m at erials 1 . 7 . 2 3
Na Feng, Sheng- Sheng Yang, Yi- Feng Chen, China
N
New Approaches For Transform er Test ing On Sit e And I n The Fact ory Based On St at ic Fr equency
Conver t er s 2 . 4 . 4
Andreas Dipl.- Wirt . - I ng. Horet h, Germ any
Nov el Solid I nsulat ion sy st em in power t r ansform er
3 . 3 . 1
Aruna.M Kiran, V. V. Pat t anshet t i, K. N Ravi, N. Vasudev, I ndia
O
On t he t herm al br eak dow n of AC Cables and Tr ansfor m er Bushings
1 . 7 . 1 1
Chakradhar Reddy Chandupat la, I ndia
On- sit e t est ing of ex t r uded AC and DC cables above 36 k V and up t o 500 k V - Som e t hought s about
t he physics behind it , st andar ds and t est t echniques 2 . 4 . 3
Ralf Dr. rer. nat . Piet sch, Andreas Dipl.- Wirt .- I ng. Horet h, Germ any
Opt im izat ion of corona rings for st at ion post insulat ors used in EHV/ UHV sy st em
1 . 6 . 6
Gunasekaran Balakam at chi, Pradeep Nirgude, I ndia
P
Par t ial Dischar ge Localizat ion in Tr ansfor m er s Using Monopole and Log- Spiral UHF Sensor s
3 . 3 . 7
Herm an Sinaga, Aust ralia
Per for m ance Ev aluat ion of Silicone Rubber Com posit es in t he I nclined Plane Track ing/ Er osion Test for
DC Out door I nsulat ion 1 . 4 . 1
Refat Ghunem , Shesha Jayaram , Edward Cherney, Canada
Per for m ance of capacit or dielect r ics dur ing som e of t he im por t ant t est s of I EC st andar ds
2 . 7 . 1 9
Nagam ani H. N, Bhavani Shanker T, Vaidhyanat han V, Neelakant an S, Govinda Rao G, I ndia
Perform ance of insulat ion sy st em s for low v olt age APFC panels during t em perat ur e rise t est at
elev at ed am bient t em per at ur es 3 . 7 . 2
Vaidhyanat han V, Bhavani Shanker T, Govinda Rao G, Nagam ani H. N, I ndia
Per for m ance of Telecom m unicat ion m odules t o 0.5µs- 100kHz Ring Wave Surges
3 . 5 . 4
Subba Reddy B, Udaya Kum ar, I ndia
Phy sicochem ical Pr oper t ies I nv est igat ion in Nano Sized SiO2 Filled Silicone Rubber for High Volt age
I nsulat ion Applicat ions 3 . 1 . 6
Loganat han Nachim ut hu, Chandrasekar Subram aniyam , I ndia
Poly Ar yl Et her Ket one based Nov el nano com posit es as dielect ric m at erial for power –
3 . 6 . 2
Virappa Pat t anshet t i, I ndia
Pot ent ial and Elect r ic Field dist r ibut ion in a Cer am ic disc I nsulat or St r ing w it h fault y insulat or s
1 . 6 . 5
Subba Reddy B, Sat ish Naik B, Udaya Kum ar, Sat ish L, I ndia
Prelim inar y St udy on Dependence of Space Char ge Polar it y on Elect r ic Field I nt ensit y of LDPE
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1 . 7 . 1 4
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Measured PD Pulses in Vegetable-Oil-Impregnated Insulation System
W. G. Ariastina
1*, B. T. Phung
2and T. R. Blackburn
21 Department of Electrical Engineering
Udayana University
Bali – 80362, Indonesia
2
School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications
The University of New South Wales
Sydney, NSW – 2052, Australia
*Email: w.ariastina@ee.unud.ac.id
Abstract:
Results of PD tests in vegetable oil
impregnated insulating system are discussed in this
paper. The main objective of the study is to investigate
the PD behaviour in the particular insulating systems at
elevated temperature. Two different sample
arrangements of electrical pressboard and insulating
paper were used to simulate insulation defects. The
sample was placed in a glass cell and was fully
immersed in vegetable oil. The initiated PDs were
detected and analysed using a wide band PD detector.
The PD waveforms were picked up by means of a
HFCT sensor and displayed using a digital oscilloscope.
Investigation results show that there are some
differences in intrinsic characteristics of PD pulses
measured from the two different sample configurations.
Keywords:
partial discharge, vegetable oil,
impregnated insulating system.
INTRODUCTION
Mineral oil was introduced as a transformer insulating
system more than a century ago, and is used extensively
at the present time. Besides being an insulating material,
transformer oil also functions as a cooling media.
Mineral oil is produced by distillation of crude oil,
which is obtained by degassing, dehydrating and
desalination of the raw product. The characteristics of
the mineral oils and their performance during service
have been well-documented [1].
Further development in the transformer insulation
systems resulted in the introduction of synthetic
dielectric liquids, such as PCBs, silicon oils and
synthetic ester. Compared to the organic mineral oils,
the synthetic oils have several superior properties [2].
However, the main disadvantage in using these oils is
negative environmental impact; hence they are not
recommended for large utilisation in power systems
apparatus.
Research into biodegradable oils applications to replace
mineral oils has been carried out for more than a decade.
The biodegradable oils are usually produced from
castor-seed, rape-seed, sunflower-seed or coconut.
These vegetable oils have been proof to have less
environmental impacts compare to mineral and
synthetic oils. These facts therefore have made the oils
been an interesting topic for investigations [3,4,5].
A number of studies to uncover the physical, chemical
and thermal characteristics of the vegetable oils have
been carried out. A number of experiments to look at
interactions between the oils and the cellulose based
insulating materials have also been completed [6,7].
Although recent investigations have shown that the
vegetable insulation liquids provide promising results
for wide applications, a large number of investigations
are still required to understand the long time properties
and ageing characteristics of these oils, in particular of
their impregnated systems.
This paper discusses the characteristics of measured PD
pulses in pressboard-paper insulation immersed in
vegetable oil. The results presented here are further
analysis of our previous publications [8,9]. The main
objective of the study is to look at the effects of
temperature variation to the PD properties. The
exploration has been focused to the properties of
measured PD pulses in common fault modes of
liquid-filled transformers at different temperature. The
individual PD pulse was detected using an RF current
probe and was displayed in a wideband digital
oscilloscope. The measured PD waveforms then are
corresponded to the associated PD patterns.
PD TEST
The test configurations basically simulated a cavity
defect within pressboard-paper insulation, as shown in
Fig. 1. Trapped air bubbles exist within the void and
between sample layers. This arrangement is compared
against that without void defect. Details of these
arrangements can be seen in [9].
The paper and pressboard samples were impregnated in
transformer grade vegetable oil. The two different test
configurations are indicated by Test Configuration 1
and 2. Sample arrangement for Test Configuration 1 is
shown in Fig. 2. PD tests were carried out at room and
at elevated temperature. Further details related to the
experimental procedure can be seen in [9].
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Fig. 1. Paper and pressboard samples
Fig. 2. Sample arrangement for Test Configuration 1
The PD tests follow procedures according to the
IEC-60270 Standard [10]. The typical measurement
bandwidth was ~350-650kHz. To facilitate a
comparative study of PD characteristics measured using
conventional and higher frequency bandwidth, an
additional high frequency bandwidth of 500kHz-
1500kHz was also implemented [8,9].
A clip-on RF current probe (HFCT) with a frequency
range of ~10kHz–250MHz was used to pick up the
radiated high frequency PD current pulse. Discharge
pulses picked up by the HFCT were displayed by means
of a 500MHz digital storage oscilloscope. The intrinsic
discharge characteristics of the individual PD pulse (e.g.
pulse rise-time, decay time, frequency content) can be
observed accordingly. Note that due to a narrower
bandwidth of the HFCT, the measured PD pulses were
determined by the bandwidth of the HFCT. Fig. 3
shows the frequency response of the current probe.
Fig. 3. Frequency response of the HFCT [11]
Fig 4 and 5 show typical measured PD pulses for Test
Configuration 1 and at a temperature of 35°C. The
figures show fast PD pulses with positive and negative
fronts and a wide oscillation on their tails. Each half
cycle of the PD pulses consists of multiple peaks with a
first peak rise time of about 5 ns. The magnitude of the
positive pulse is nearly 150 mV, while that of the
negative pulse is slightly higher than 100mV.
The associated PD patterns for Test Configuration 1 at
35°C are depicted in Fig 6. Note that Fig 6 shows the
PD pattern detected using a frequency bandwidth of
500kHz-1.5MHz. The fast PD pulses then were band
limited by the frequency bandwidth of the PD detector.
There are somewhat differences between the PD
patterns measured using the two different bandwidths.
The PD magnitude of the two is relatively similar,
however the PD number detected using a higher
bandwidth is slightly lower than that detected using a
conventional bandwidth [8,9].
Fig. 4. Typical PD pulse at 35°C (Positive front)
Fig. 5. Typical PD pulse at 35°C (Negative front)
Fig. 6. Typical PD pattern at 35°C (500kHz-1.5MHz)
Frequency (MHz)
Gain (dB
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similar to those depicted in Figs 3 and 4 (at 35°C). The
main difference is the magnitude of the pulses. At 60°C,
the magnitude increases to 400mV for positive and
negative front pulses. Note that the test voltage level
and frequency were not changed. It is clear that the
magnitude of the PD pulses increases with the
temperature.
The increase in pulse magnitude is correspondingly
indicated by an increase in detected PD distribution as
shown in Fig. 9. The PD magnitude at 60°C reaches 1
nC compared to that at 35°C which is only slightly
above 300pC. Compared to that at 35°C, the PD number
at 60°C is also significantly higher. Detail observation
on the test results shows that the PD distributions vary
as the temperature increases [8,9].
Fig. 7. Typical PD pulse at 60°C (Positive front)
Fig. 8. Typical PD pulse at 60°C (Negative front)
Fig. 9. Typical PD pattern at 60°C (350-650kHz)
Test Configuration 2
Typical PD pulses for Test Configuration 2 and at a
temperature of 35°C are shown in Fig. 10 and Fig. 11.
of the positive pulse is 30 mV, while that of the
negative pulse is nearly 50mV.
The pulse magnitude is reasonably smaller compared to
that of Test Configuration 1. This condition is expected
because there is no air-filled void as a discharge source.
The PDs are mainly initiated by small trapped air
bubbles between insulation layers. Consequently, the
associated PD magnitude is also small (Fig. 12).
Different PD distributions from those in Configuration
1 are detected due to different sources of PDs.
When the test temperature passes 55°C, small air
bubbles start to release from the paper-pressboard
samples. The number of released air bubbles increases
with the temperature. The development of the smaller
size of air bubbles thus initiates more small PDs. This
fact is indicated by smaller magnitude of measured PD
pulses as shown in Figs. 13 and 14.
Fig. 10. Typical PD pulse at 35°C (Positive front)
Fig. 11. Typical PD pulse at 35°C (Negative front)
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surface discharges is indicated by the detected PD
patterns as shown in Fig. 15. Compared to that at 35°C,
the PD distribution at 60°C poses a comparatively lower
magnitude but a higher repetition rate.
CONCLUSIONS
Different properties of PD pulses were observed from
different test configurations. The characteristic of the
pulses changes with the temperature. These facts are
confirmed with the detected PD distributions. PD
distribution of Configuration 1 differs from that of
Configuration 2, due to occurrence of different types of
PDs. PD distributions are also changes with temperature
indicating a change in how PDs are initiated.
The investigation results presented here is still
premature and potentially continued. PD mechanisms in
aged biodegradable oil-impregnated insulating system
may differ from those in new one, thus providing
further area of investigations.
Fig. 13. Typical PD pulse at 60°C (Positive front)
Fig. 14. Typical PD pulse at 60°C (Negative front)
Fig. 15. Typical PD pattern at 60°C (350-650kHz)
Education, Ministry of National Education, Republic of
Indonesia under 2009 Program of Academic
Recharging. Research facilities were provided by the
University of New South Wales. Special thanks are
addressed to Mr. Z. Liu, Dr. K. X. Lai, Mr. H. H.
Sinaga, and Mr. W. Yan for sharing their knowledge
during fellowship program.
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(1)
Som e aspect s of locat ion ident ificat ion of PD sour ce using AE signals by an it er at iv e m et hod
2 . 2 . 7 Gururaj Punekar, Priyanka Jadhav, Bhavani shanker T, Nagam ani H. N, I ndia
Space Char ge Accum ulat ion in Epox y Resin and Poly et hylene
2 . 7 . 1 6 Supriyo Das, Nandini Gupt a, I ndia
Space Charge Charact erist ics of Epoxy- creped Paper Com posit es
1 . 4 . 5 Xin Ning, Zhen Xiang, Shaoqing Chen, Zongren Peng, China
Space Char ge Dist r ibut ion in Oil I m pregnat ed Paper s under Tem per at ur e Gr adient
2 . 5 . 3 Qingdong Zhu, Kai Wu, Xi Chen, Xia Wang, Yonghong Cheng, Shengt ao Li, China
Spect r oscopic Analysis Of Tr ack ed Silicone Rubber I nsulat ion
1 . 2 . 4 Ganga S, Vasudev N, Asait ham bi V, Vynat heya S, Visw anat h G. R, Shivakum ara Aradya R.
S, I ndia
St r uct ur e Charact er ist ics and Dielect r ic Pr oper t ies of PI / MMT Nanocom posit e Film s
2 . 1 . 1 Jinghua Yin, Wenbin Bu, Fuqiang Tian, Minghua Chen, Xiaoxu Liu, Guang Li, Yunan Kong,
Qingquan Lei, China
St udy of high field conduct ivit y pr oper t y in cr oss- link ed polyet hy lene
3 . 1 . 5 Li Lan, Yi Yin, Ulf. H. Nilsson, Hakan Lennart sson Alex Zhou, China
St udy of int er face behav ior on dielect r ic pr oper t ies of epoxy - silica nanocom posit es
2 . 1 . 5
Veena My sor e Gur usw am y , Renuk appa Nij agal Mar ulaiah, Shivak um ar Kunigal N, Seet har am u S, I ndia
St udy of t he Conduct ivit y of Dielect r ic under High Ener gy Elect r on I r r adiat ion
1 . 7 . 1 2 Yifeng Chen, Xiaogang Qin, Shengsheng Yang, China
St udy on Cur ing Pr ocess, Sur face St r engt h and Ther m al Diffusiv it y of Epox y Nanocom posit es
1 . 7 . 3 Feng Xu, Zhidong Han, Haoran Zhou, China
St udy on Dielect ric and Pr opert ies of Epox y / Mult i- w alled car bon Nanot ubes / Mont m or illonit e
Com posit es 2 . 3 . 3
Mingyan ZHANG, Zhaokun REN, Rui SUN, San SUI , Jinyu CHEN, China
St udy on Elect r ic Field Dist r ibut ion of Cage- t ype Rigid Jum per for 500 kV AC Tr ansm ission Lines
1 . 6 . 3 Haohui Cai, Zongren Peng, Xi Yang, China
St udy on I m pulse St r ess Gr ading for St at or Winding of HV Explosion- pr oof Mot or
2 . 6 . 1 Cong Wei, Xuezhong Liu, Xiaosheng Liu, Hongyan Li, Guoqun Tian, China
St udy on m echanism and pr oper t ies of Alcohol- based polyur et hane adhesiv es
3 . 7 . 1 1 Yufei Chen Fangliang Li, Jiashan Yin Fangliang Li, Ying Sun Fangliang Li, China
St udy on Mult i- fact or Aging Char act er ist ics of St at or I nsulat ion for Wind Tur bine Gener at or
1 . 7 . 2 0 Xiaoxia Ding, Xuezhong Liu, Jianj un Zhang, Tianlong Zhang, Yonggang Bai, China
St udy on Preparat ion and Propert ies of Polyim ide / MWNTs t ernary Hybrid Films
3 . 4 . 3 Ming- yan Zhang, Hai- xia Chen, Yu- liang Ma, Qiong Wu, Chang Liu, China
St udy on Surface Modificat ion of Basalt Fiber and Pr oper t ies of BF/ EP- PU Com posit es
2 . 7 . 1 4 Yufei Chen Guangx ue Yuan, Yiyue Xiao Guangxue Yuan, Xu Zhang Guangxue Yuan, China
St udy on t he Pulsed Flashov er Charact erist ics of Solid- solid I nt er face in Elect r ical Devices Pour ed by Epox y Resin
1 . 7 . 1 7 Man- Ping Li, Kai Wu, Zhan- Ping Yang, Man Ding, Xin Liu, Yong- Hong Cheng, Ke Ma, Zepeng
Lv, China
Sur face Elect r ical Pr oper t ies of t he Fluor inat ed Epoxy Resin and I nfluence of Relat ive Hum idit y on I t s
Sur face Conduct ivit y 1 . 4 . 4
Yaqiang Liu, Zhenlian An, Jun Cang, Feihu Zheng, Yewen Zhang, China Surface Flashov er Char act erist ics of Modified Poly im ide Under DC Volt age in Vacuum
1 . 4 . 3 Zhen- j un Zhang, Jiang Wu, Jin- feng Wang, Wen- bin Wu, Xiao- quan Zheng, China
Page 9 of 10
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Sur face flashover of t he ATH/ epoxy under t he nanosecond volt age pulse
2 . 7 . 1 2 Qingzhou Wu, Zongren Peng, Yuan Jiang, China
Synt hesis Of Viny l Est er And I t Blending Wit h Upr To Pr epar ed Elect r ically I nsulat ing Com posit e Wit h
I m pr oved Mechanical Pr opert ies 3 . 7 . 1 2
Subhendu Bhat t acharya, I ndia
T
Ter ahert z Spect r oscopic Obser vat ion of Cr oss- link ed Polyet hy lene Aged Sim ult aneously by Heat and
Gam m a- r ay s 2 . 2 . 4
Marina Kom at su, Yoshim ichi Ohki, Maya Mizuno, Kaori Fukunaga, Japan The Dielect r ic Pr oper t ies of Elect r opor at ed Hum an Br east Cancer Cells
3 . 7 . 1 4 Raj i Sundararaj an, Funian Xiao, Kevin Ot t o, I gnacio Cam arillo, USA
The effect of CaCu3Ti3.95Zr 0.05O12 filler s on m icr ost r uct ur e and dielect r ic behav iour of
CaCu3Ti3.95Zr 0.05O12/ Polyim ide com posit es 3 . 7 . 1 5
Q.G.Chi, L.Gao, J.Sun, X.Wang, Q.Q.Lei, China
The influence of wat er cont ent on t her m al conduct ivit y of paper used as t r ansfor m er w indings
insulat ion 3 . 1 . 2
Zbigniew Nadolny, Radoslaw Lopat kiewicz, Piot r Przybylek, Poland
The Thick ness Dependence of Space Charge Accum ulat ion in LDPE and it s Nanocom posit es
2 . 1 . 4
Zepeng LV, Kai Wu, Xia Wang, XI Chen, Yonghong Cheng, Leonard A. Dissado, China
Therm al effect s on acoust ic em ission based PD in t r ansfor m er oil: A st udy
1 . 2 . 2 Bhavani Shanker T, Nagam ani H. N, Punekar G. S, I ndia
Thick ness Dependence of Br eak dow n Field of ZnOVarist ors: Effect of I m pulse Current Degradat ion
1 . 5 . 5 Huan Li, Xuet ong Zhao, Jianying Li, China
Tr ansfor m at ion of elect rical t r ee fr om w at er t r ee degr adat ion in cr oss- linked poly et hylene
1 . 2 . 1 Jin- feng Wang, Jiang Wu, Zhen- j un Zhang, Xiao- quan Zheng, China
Tr ee Pr opagat ion Speeds in Epox y Nanocom posit es
1 . 1 . 2 Toshikat su Tanaka, Japan
U
Under st anding elect r ical t r eeing phenom ena in gam m a r ay ir r adiat ed XLPE cable insulat ion
1 . 4 . 7 R Sarat hi, B Aryanandiny, Toshikat su Tanaka, I ndia
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Measured PD Pulses in Vegetable-Oil-Impregnated Insulation System
W. G. Ariastina1*, B. T. Phung2 and T. R. Blackburn21 Department of Electrical Engineering Udayana University
Bali – 80362, Indonesia
2School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications
The University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW – 2052, Australia *Email: w.ariastina@ee.unud.ac.id Abstract: Results of PD tests in vegetable oil
impregnated insulating system are discussed in this paper. The main objective of the study is to investigate the PD behaviour in the particular insulating systems at elevated temperature. Two different sample arrangements of electrical pressboard and insulating paper were used to simulate insulation defects. The sample was placed in a glass cell and was fully immersed in vegetable oil. The initiated PDs were detected and analysed using a wide band PD detector. The PD waveforms were picked up by means of a HFCT sensor and displayed using a digital oscilloscope. Investigation results show that there are some differences in intrinsic characteristics of PD pulses measured from the two different sample configurations. Keywords: partial discharge, vegetable oil, impregnated insulating system.
INTRODUCTION
Mineral oil was introduced as a transformer insulating system more than a century ago, and is used extensively at the present time. Besides being an insulating material, transformer oil also functions as a cooling media. Mineral oil is produced by distillation of crude oil, which is obtained by degassing, dehydrating and desalination of the raw product. The characteristics of the mineral oils and their performance during service have been well-documented [1].
Further development in the transformer insulation systems resulted in the introduction of synthetic dielectric liquids, such as PCBs, silicon oils and synthetic ester. Compared to the organic mineral oils, the synthetic oils have several superior properties [2]. However, the main disadvantage in using these oils is negative environmental impact; hence they are not recommended for large utilisation in power systems apparatus.
Research into biodegradable oils applications to replace mineral oils has been carried out for more than a decade. The biodegradable oils are usually produced from castor-seed, rape-seed, sunflower-seed or coconut. These vegetable oils have been proof to have less
environmental impacts compare to mineral and synthetic oils. These facts therefore have made the oils been an interesting topic for investigations [3,4,5]. A number of studies to uncover the physical, chemical and thermal characteristics of the vegetable oils have been carried out. A number of experiments to look at interactions between the oils and the cellulose based insulating materials have also been completed [6,7]. Although recent investigations have shown that the vegetable insulation liquids provide promising results for wide applications, a large number of investigations are still required to understand the long time properties and ageing characteristics of these oils, in particular of their impregnated systems.
This paper discusses the characteristics of measured PD pulses in pressboard-paper insulation immersed in vegetable oil. The results presented here are further analysis of our previous publications [8,9]. The main objective of the study is to look at the effects of temperature variation to the PD properties. The exploration has been focused to the properties of measured PD pulses in common fault modes of liquid-filled transformers at different temperature. The individual PD pulse was detected using an RF current probe and was displayed in a wideband digital oscilloscope. The measured PD waveforms then are corresponded to the associated PD patterns.
PD TEST
The test configurations basically simulated a cavity defect within pressboard-paper insulation, as shown in Fig. 1. Trapped air bubbles exist within the void and between sample layers. This arrangement is compared against that without void defect. Details of these arrangements can be seen in [9].
The paper and pressboard samples were impregnated in transformer grade vegetable oil. The two different test configurations are indicated by Test Configuration 1 and 2. Sample arrangement for Test Configuration 1 is shown in Fig. 2. PD tests were carried out at room and at elevated temperature. Further details related to the experimental procedure can be seen in [9].
2012 IEEE 10th International Conference on the Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials July 24-28, 2012, Bangalore, India
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Fig. 1. Paper and pressboard samples
Fig. 2. Sample arrangement for Test Configuration 1 The PD tests follow procedures according to the IEC-60270 Standard [10]. The typical measurement bandwidth was ~350-650kHz. To facilitate a comparative study of PD characteristics measured using conventional and higher frequency bandwidth, an additional high frequency bandwidth of 500kHz- 1500kHz was also implemented [8,9].
A clip-on RF current probe (HFCT) with a frequency range of ~10kHz–250MHz was used to pick up the radiated high frequency PD current pulse. Discharge pulses picked up by the HFCT were displayed by means of a 500MHz digital storage oscilloscope. The intrinsic discharge characteristics of the individual PD pulse (e.g. pulse rise-time, decay time, frequency content) can be observed accordingly. Note that due to a narrower bandwidth of the HFCT, the measured PD pulses were determined by the bandwidth of the HFCT. Fig. 3 shows the frequency response of the current probe.
Fig. 3. Frequency response of the HFCT [11]
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Test Configuration 1
Fig 4 and 5 show typical measured PD pulses for Test Configuration 1 and at a temperature of 35°C. The figures show fast PD pulses with positive and negative fronts and a wide oscillation on their tails. Each half cycle of the PD pulses consists of multiple peaks with a first peak rise time of about 5 ns. The magnitude of the positive pulse is nearly 150 mV, while that of the negative pulse is slightly higher than 100mV.
The associated PD patterns for Test Configuration 1 at 35°C are depicted in Fig 6. Note that Fig 6 shows the PD pattern detected using a frequency bandwidth of 500kHz-1.5MHz. The fast PD pulses then were band limited by the frequency bandwidth of the PD detector. There are somewhat differences between the PD patterns measured using the two different bandwidths. The PD magnitude of the two is relatively similar, however the PD number detected using a higher bandwidth is slightly lower than that detected using a conventional bandwidth [8,9].
Fig. 4. Typical PD pulse at 35°C (Positive front)
Fig. 5. Typical PD pulse at 35°C (Negative front)
Fig. 6. Typical PD pattern at 35°C (500kHz-1.5MHz)
Frequency (MHz)
Gain (dB
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Typical measured PD pulses for Test Configuration 1 and at a temperature of 60°C are shown in Fig 7 and 8. The PD waveforms in these two figures are fairly similar to those depicted in Figs 3 and 4 (at 35°C). The main difference is the magnitude of the pulses. At 60°C, the magnitude increases to 400mV for positive and negative front pulses. Note that the test voltage level and frequency were not changed. It is clear that the magnitude of the PD pulses increases with the temperature.
The increase in pulse magnitude is correspondingly indicated by an increase in detected PD distribution as shown in Fig. 9. The PD magnitude at 60°C reaches 1 nC compared to that at 35°C which is only slightly above 300pC. Compared to that at 35°C, the PD number at 60°C is also significantly higher. Detail observation on the test results shows that the PD distributions vary as the temperature increases [8,9].
Fig. 7. Typical PD pulse at 60°C (Positive front)
Fig. 8. Typical PD pulse at 60°C (Negative front)
Fig. 9. Typical PD pattern at 60°C (350-650kHz) Test Configuration 2
Typical PD pulses for Test Configuration 2 and at a temperature of 35°C are shown in Fig. 10 and Fig. 11.
Compared to that of Test Configuration 1, the front pulses of Test Configuration 2 have fewer ripples. The pulse rise time is approximately 30 ns. The magnitude of the positive pulse is 30 mV, while that of the negative pulse is nearly 50mV.
The pulse magnitude is reasonably smaller compared to that of Test Configuration 1. This condition is expected because there is no air-filled void as a discharge source. The PDs are mainly initiated by small trapped air bubbles between insulation layers. Consequently, the associated PD magnitude is also small (Fig. 12). Different PD distributions from those in Configuration 1 are detected due to different sources of PDs.
When the test temperature passes 55°C, small air bubbles start to release from the paper-pressboard samples. The number of released air bubbles increases with the temperature. The development of the smaller size of air bubbles thus initiates more small PDs. This fact is indicated by smaller magnitude of measured PD pulses as shown in Figs. 13 and 14.
Fig. 10. Typical PD pulse at 35°C (Positive front)
Fig. 11. Typical PD pulse at 35°C (Negative front)
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An increase in amount of trapped bubbles between sample interfaces initiates tracking path which is further introducing surface discharge. The occurrence of surface discharges is indicated by the detected PD patterns as shown in Fig. 15. Compared to that at 35°C, the PD distribution at 60°C poses a comparatively lower magnitude but a higher repetition rate.
CONCLUSIONS
Different properties of PD pulses were observed from different test configurations. The characteristic of the pulses changes with the temperature. These facts are confirmed with the detected PD distributions. PD distribution of Configuration 1 differs from that of Configuration 2, due to occurrence of different types of PDs. PD distributions are also changes with temperature indicating a change in how PDs are initiated.
The investigation results presented here is still premature and potentially continued. PD mechanisms in aged biodegradable oil-impregnated insulating system may differ from those in new one, thus providing further area of investigations.
Fig. 13. Typical PD pulse at 60°C (Positive front)
Fig. 14. Typical PD pulse at 60°C (Negative front)
Fig. 15. Typical PD pattern at 60°C (350-650kHz)
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This study was funded by General Directorate of Higher Education, Ministry of National Education, Republic of Indonesia under 2009 Program of Academic Recharging. Research facilities were provided by the University of New South Wales. Special thanks are addressed to Mr. Z. Liu, Dr. K. X. Lai, Mr. H. H. Sinaga, and Mr. W. Yan for sharing their knowledge during fellowship program.
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