Perbedaan Tb Laten Berdasarkan Tingkat Cd4 Pada Penderita HIV
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Aboyans V, Criqui MH, Abraham P, Allison MA, Creager MA, Diehm C dkk.
Measurement and Interpretation of the Ankle_Brachial Index. Circulation.
2012;126:2890-2909.
Aboyans V, Lacroix P, Tran MH, Salamagne C, Galinat S dkk. Subclinical
peripheral arterial disease and incompressible ankle arteries are both longterm prognostic factors in patients undergoing CABG. J Am Coll
Cardiol.2005;46:815-20.
Agnelli G, Cimminniello C, Meneghetti G. Low Ankle-Brachial Index predicts an
adverse 1-year outcome after acute coronary and cerebrovascular events.
Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2006;4:2599-2606.
Alberts MJ, Bhatt DL, Mas JL, Ohman EM, Hirsch AT dkk. Reduction of
atherothrombosis for continued Health Registry Investigators. Eur Heart
J.2009;30:2318-26.
Allison MA, Criqui MH, McClelland RL, Scott JM, McDermott MM dkk. The
effect of novel cardiovascular risk factors on the etnic –specific odds for
peripheral arterial disease in the MESA. J Am Coll Cardiol.2006;48:11907.
Allison MA, Hian WR, Hirsch AT, Coll JR, Criqui MH. A High Ankle-Brachial
Index is associated with increased Cardiovascular Disease morbidity and
lower quality of life. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51:1292-8.
Al-Thani HA, El-Menyar A, Zubaid M, Rashed WA, Ridha M dkk. Peripheral
Arterial Disease in Patients Presenting with Acute Coronary Syndrome in
Six Middle Eastern Countries. International Journal of Vascular Medicine.
2011;1-8.
Anderson TJ, Uehata A, Gerhard MD, Meredith IT, Knab S dkk. Close Relation
of Endothelial Function in the Human Coronary and Peripheral
Circulations. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;26:1235-41.
Antmann EM, Braunwald E. 2008. “ST elevation myocardial infarction :
Pathology, pathophysiology and clinical feature.” Braunwald’s Heart
Disease, a textbook of cardiovascular. Edisi ke-8. Philadelphia : Saunders
Elsevier.
Bender JR, Russel KS, Rosenfeld LE, Chaundry S. 2011. “Coronary artery
disease.” Oxford American handbook of Cardiology. Edisi pertama. New
York : Oxford University Press.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Bertomeu V, Morillas P, Gonzalez-Juanatey JR, Quiles J, Guindo J dkk.
Prevalence and prognostic influence of peripheral arterial disease in
patients 40 years old admitted into hospital following an acute coronary
event. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2008;36:189-96.
Bhatt DL, Peterson ED, Harrington RA, Ou FS, Cannon CP dkk. Prior
polyvascular disease : risk factor for adverse ischaemic outcomes in acute
coronary syndromes. European Heart Journal. 2009;30:1195-1202.
Bonetti PO, Lerman LO, Lerman A. Endothelial Dysfunction : A Marker of
Atherosclerotic Risk. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003;23:168-75.
Cai H, Harrison DG. Endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular disease : the role
of oxidant stress. Circ Res. 2000;87:840-4.
Chang ST, Chen CL, Chu CM, Chung CM, Hsu JT dkk. Ankle-arm index as a
predictor of lession morphology and risk classification for coronary artery
disease undergoing angioplasty. Int J Cardiol. 2006;113:385-90.
Creager MA, Dzau VJ, Loscalzo J. The epidemiology of peripheral arterial
disease. Elsevier. 2006:223-238.
Criqui MH, Ninomiya JK, Wingard DL, Ji M, Fronek A. Progression of peripheral
arterial disease predicts cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality. J
Am Coll Cardiol.2008;52:1736-42.
Criqui MH, McClelland RL, McDermott MM, Allison MA, Blumenthal RS dkk.
The Ankle-Brachial Index and Incident Cardiovascular Events in the
MESA
( Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis ). J Am Coll Cardiol.
2010;56:1506-12.
Dahlan MS. 2011. “Deskriptif, Bivariat dan Multivariat” Statistik Untuk
Kedokteran dan Kesahatan. Edisi ke-5. Jakarta: Salemba Medika.
Dieter RS, Tomasson J, Gudjonsson T, Brown RL dkk. Lower extremity
peripheral arterial disease in hospitalized patients with coronary artery
disease. Vasc Med. 2003;8:233-6.
Diehm C, Lange S, Darius H, Pittrow D, von Stritzky B, Tepohl G dkk.
Association of low ankle brachial index with high mortality in primary
care. Eur Heart J. 2006;27:1743-9.
Doobay AV, Anand SS. Sensitivity and Specificity of the Ankle-Brachial Index to
Predict Future Cardiovascular Outcomes : A Systematic Review.
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005;25:1463-9.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Enrique G, Flammer AJ, Lerman LO, Eligaza J, Lerman A dkk. Endothelial
Dysfunction over the Course of Coronary Artery Disease. European Heart
Journal. 2010;31:2741-8.
Espinola-Klein C, Rupprecht HJ, Bickel C, Lackner K, Savvidis S dkk. Different
Calculations of Ankle Brachial Index and Their Impact on Cardiovascular
Risk Presiction. Circulation. 2008;118:961-7.
Fathi R, Haluska B, Isbel H, Short L, Marwick TH. The Relative Importance of
Vascular Structure and Function in Predicting Cardiovascular Events. J
Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:616-23.
Fichtlscherer S, Rosenberger G, Walter DH, Breuer S, Dimmeler S dkk. Elevated
C-Reactive Protein Levels and Impaired Endothelial Vasoreactivity in
Patients With Coronary Artery Disease. Circulation. 2000;102:1000-6.
Fowkes GR, Low LP, Tuta S, Kozak J. Ankle -Brachial Index and Extent of
Atherothrombosis in 8891 patients with or at risk of Vascular Disease :
results of the international AGATHA Study. European Heart Journal.
2006;27:1861-7.
Franklin HE, Ross R. Atherosclerosis : An Inflammatory Disease. Review Article.
N Engl J Med. 1999;340:115-26.
Frick M, Suessenbacher A, Alber HF, Pachinger O. Endothelial Dysfunction and
Peripheral Arterial Disease. European Heart Journal. 2005;26:363-8.
Golomb BA, Dang TT, Criqui MH. Peripheral arterial disease : morbidity and
mortality implications. Circulation.2006;114:688-99.
Gokce N, Vita JA. Clinical manifestations of endothelial dysfunction. Thrombosis
and Hemorrhage. 2002:685-706.
Gokce N, Keaney JF, Hunter LM, Watkins MT, Nedeljkovic ZS dkk. Predictive
Value of Noninvasively Determined Endothelial Dysfunction for LongTerm Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Peripheral Vascular Disease.
J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:1769-75.
Gregorio B, Silvestro A, Sciano V, Chiariello M. Endothelial Dysfunction and
Cardiovascular Risk Prediction in Peripheral Arterial Disease : Additive
value of Flow-Mediated Dilation to Ankle-Brachial Index. Circulation.
2003;108:2093-8.
Heald CL, Fowkes FG, Murray GD, Price JF. Risk of mortality and cardiovascular
disease associated with the ankle-brachial index : Sistematic review.
Atherosclerosis. 2006;189:61-9.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Karlsberg RP, Tcheng JE, Boris JR, Buxton AE, Dove JT, Fonarow GC, dkk.
ACCF/AHA 2011 Key data elements and definitions of a base
cardiovascular vocabulary for electronic health records. J Am Coll
Cardiol. 2011;58(2):202-222.
Katz S, Globerman A, Avitzour M, Dolfin T. Ankle-brachial index in normal
neonates and infants is significantly lower than in older children and
adults. J Pediatr Surg.1997;32:269-71.
Kownator S, Cambou JP, Cacoub P, Leger P, Luizy F dkk. Prevalence of
unknown Peripheral Arterial Disease in patients with Coronary Artery
Diseae : Data in Primary Care from the IPSILON study. Archives of
Cardiovascular Disease. 2009;102:625-31.
Lamina C, Meisinger C, Heid IM, Lowel H, Rantner B dkk. Association of anklebrachial index and plaques in the carotid and femoral arteries with
cardiovascular events and total mortality. Eur Heart J. 2006;27:2580-7.
Lee AJ, Price JF, Russel MJ, Smith FB, van Wijk MCW dkk. Improved Prediction
of Fatal Myocardial Infarction Using the Ankle Brachial Index in Addition
to Conventional Risk Factor : The Edinburgh Artery Study. Circulation.
2004;110:3075-80.
Leng GC, Fowkes FG, Lee AJ, Donbar J, Housley E dkk. Use of Ankle-Brachial
Pressure index to predict cardiovascular events and death: a cohort study.
BMJ. 1996;313:1440-4.
Libby P, Creager MA. 2009. ” Peripheral Arterial Disease” . Braunwald's Heart
Disease, a textbook of cardiovascular. Edisi ke-8. Philadelphia. Saunders
Elsevier.
Libby P. Current consepts of the pathogenesis of the acute coronary syndromes.
Circulation.2001;104:365-72.
Libby P, Ridker PM, Maseri A. Inflammation and atherosclerosis. Circulation.
2002;105:1135-43.
Loffredo L, Marcoccia A, Pignatelli P, Andreozzi P, Borgia MC dkk. Oxidativestress-mediated arterial dysfunction in patients with peripheral arterial
disease. European Heart Journal. 2007;28:608-12.
Marso SP, Hiatt WR. Peripheral arterial disease patients with diabetes. J Am Coll
Cardiol. 2006;47:921-9.
McKee PA, Castell WP, McNamara PM, Kannel WB. The natural history of
congestive heart failure: the Framingham Study. N Engl J Med. 1971:285
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Morillas P, Quiles J, Cordero A, Guindo J, Sorio F dkk. Impact of Clinical and
Subclinical Peripheral Arterial Disease in Mid-term Prognosis of Patients
With Acute Coronary Syndrome. Am J Cardiol. 2009;104:1494-8.
Mukherjee D, Eagle KA, Kline-Rogers E dkk. Impact of prior peripheral arterial
disease and stroke on outcomes of acute coronary syndromes and effect of
evidence-based therapies (from GRACE Study). Am J Cardiol.
2007;100:1-6.
Mukhtar Z. 2011. “Statistika kedokteran dan uji hipotesis” Desain Penelitian
Klinis dan Statistika Kedokteran. Edisi pertama. Medan: USU Press.
Mundt KA, Chambless LE, Burnham CB, Heiss G. Measuring ankle systolic
blood pressure. Angiology.1992;43:555-66.
Murray CJ, Lopez AD. Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause
1990-2020: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet.1997;349:1498-504.
Newman AB, Shemanski L, Manolio TA, Cushman M, Mittelmark M dkk. Ankle
-Arm Index as a Predictor of Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality in the
Cardiovascular Health Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol.
1999;19:538-45.
Ninomiya JK, Criqui MH, Wingard DL, Ji M, Fronek A. Progression os
Peripheral Arterial Disease Predicts Cardiovascular Disease Morbidity and
Mortality. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:1736-42.
Norgren L, Hiatt WR, Dormandy JA dkk. Inter-Society Consensus for the
Management for Peripheral Arterial Disease (TASC II). J Vasc Surg.
2007. 45:S5.
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Universitas Sumatera Utara
Aboyans V, Criqui MH, Abraham P, Allison MA, Creager MA, Diehm C dkk.
Measurement and Interpretation of the Ankle_Brachial Index. Circulation.
2012;126:2890-2909.
Aboyans V, Lacroix P, Tran MH, Salamagne C, Galinat S dkk. Subclinical
peripheral arterial disease and incompressible ankle arteries are both longterm prognostic factors in patients undergoing CABG. J Am Coll
Cardiol.2005;46:815-20.
Agnelli G, Cimminniello C, Meneghetti G. Low Ankle-Brachial Index predicts an
adverse 1-year outcome after acute coronary and cerebrovascular events.
Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2006;4:2599-2606.
Alberts MJ, Bhatt DL, Mas JL, Ohman EM, Hirsch AT dkk. Reduction of
atherothrombosis for continued Health Registry Investigators. Eur Heart
J.2009;30:2318-26.
Allison MA, Criqui MH, McClelland RL, Scott JM, McDermott MM dkk. The
effect of novel cardiovascular risk factors on the etnic –specific odds for
peripheral arterial disease in the MESA. J Am Coll Cardiol.2006;48:11907.
Allison MA, Hian WR, Hirsch AT, Coll JR, Criqui MH. A High Ankle-Brachial
Index is associated with increased Cardiovascular Disease morbidity and
lower quality of life. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51:1292-8.
Al-Thani HA, El-Menyar A, Zubaid M, Rashed WA, Ridha M dkk. Peripheral
Arterial Disease in Patients Presenting with Acute Coronary Syndrome in
Six Middle Eastern Countries. International Journal of Vascular Medicine.
2011;1-8.
Anderson TJ, Uehata A, Gerhard MD, Meredith IT, Knab S dkk. Close Relation
of Endothelial Function in the Human Coronary and Peripheral
Circulations. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;26:1235-41.
Antmann EM, Braunwald E. 2008. “ST elevation myocardial infarction :
Pathology, pathophysiology and clinical feature.” Braunwald’s Heart
Disease, a textbook of cardiovascular. Edisi ke-8. Philadelphia : Saunders
Elsevier.
Bender JR, Russel KS, Rosenfeld LE, Chaundry S. 2011. “Coronary artery
disease.” Oxford American handbook of Cardiology. Edisi pertama. New
York : Oxford University Press.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Bertomeu V, Morillas P, Gonzalez-Juanatey JR, Quiles J, Guindo J dkk.
Prevalence and prognostic influence of peripheral arterial disease in
patients 40 years old admitted into hospital following an acute coronary
event. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2008;36:189-96.
Bhatt DL, Peterson ED, Harrington RA, Ou FS, Cannon CP dkk. Prior
polyvascular disease : risk factor for adverse ischaemic outcomes in acute
coronary syndromes. European Heart Journal. 2009;30:1195-1202.
Bonetti PO, Lerman LO, Lerman A. Endothelial Dysfunction : A Marker of
Atherosclerotic Risk. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003;23:168-75.
Cai H, Harrison DG. Endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular disease : the role
of oxidant stress. Circ Res. 2000;87:840-4.
Chang ST, Chen CL, Chu CM, Chung CM, Hsu JT dkk. Ankle-arm index as a
predictor of lession morphology and risk classification for coronary artery
disease undergoing angioplasty. Int J Cardiol. 2006;113:385-90.
Creager MA, Dzau VJ, Loscalzo J. The epidemiology of peripheral arterial
disease. Elsevier. 2006:223-238.
Criqui MH, Ninomiya JK, Wingard DL, Ji M, Fronek A. Progression of peripheral
arterial disease predicts cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality. J
Am Coll Cardiol.2008;52:1736-42.
Criqui MH, McClelland RL, McDermott MM, Allison MA, Blumenthal RS dkk.
The Ankle-Brachial Index and Incident Cardiovascular Events in the
MESA
( Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis ). J Am Coll Cardiol.
2010;56:1506-12.
Dahlan MS. 2011. “Deskriptif, Bivariat dan Multivariat” Statistik Untuk
Kedokteran dan Kesahatan. Edisi ke-5. Jakarta: Salemba Medika.
Dieter RS, Tomasson J, Gudjonsson T, Brown RL dkk. Lower extremity
peripheral arterial disease in hospitalized patients with coronary artery
disease. Vasc Med. 2003;8:233-6.
Diehm C, Lange S, Darius H, Pittrow D, von Stritzky B, Tepohl G dkk.
Association of low ankle brachial index with high mortality in primary
care. Eur Heart J. 2006;27:1743-9.
Doobay AV, Anand SS. Sensitivity and Specificity of the Ankle-Brachial Index to
Predict Future Cardiovascular Outcomes : A Systematic Review.
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005;25:1463-9.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Enrique G, Flammer AJ, Lerman LO, Eligaza J, Lerman A dkk. Endothelial
Dysfunction over the Course of Coronary Artery Disease. European Heart
Journal. 2010;31:2741-8.
Espinola-Klein C, Rupprecht HJ, Bickel C, Lackner K, Savvidis S dkk. Different
Calculations of Ankle Brachial Index and Their Impact on Cardiovascular
Risk Presiction. Circulation. 2008;118:961-7.
Fathi R, Haluska B, Isbel H, Short L, Marwick TH. The Relative Importance of
Vascular Structure and Function in Predicting Cardiovascular Events. J
Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:616-23.
Fichtlscherer S, Rosenberger G, Walter DH, Breuer S, Dimmeler S dkk. Elevated
C-Reactive Protein Levels and Impaired Endothelial Vasoreactivity in
Patients With Coronary Artery Disease. Circulation. 2000;102:1000-6.
Fowkes GR, Low LP, Tuta S, Kozak J. Ankle -Brachial Index and Extent of
Atherothrombosis in 8891 patients with or at risk of Vascular Disease :
results of the international AGATHA Study. European Heart Journal.
2006;27:1861-7.
Franklin HE, Ross R. Atherosclerosis : An Inflammatory Disease. Review Article.
N Engl J Med. 1999;340:115-26.
Frick M, Suessenbacher A, Alber HF, Pachinger O. Endothelial Dysfunction and
Peripheral Arterial Disease. European Heart Journal. 2005;26:363-8.
Golomb BA, Dang TT, Criqui MH. Peripheral arterial disease : morbidity and
mortality implications. Circulation.2006;114:688-99.
Gokce N, Vita JA. Clinical manifestations of endothelial dysfunction. Thrombosis
and Hemorrhage. 2002:685-706.
Gokce N, Keaney JF, Hunter LM, Watkins MT, Nedeljkovic ZS dkk. Predictive
Value of Noninvasively Determined Endothelial Dysfunction for LongTerm Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Peripheral Vascular Disease.
J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:1769-75.
Gregorio B, Silvestro A, Sciano V, Chiariello M. Endothelial Dysfunction and
Cardiovascular Risk Prediction in Peripheral Arterial Disease : Additive
value of Flow-Mediated Dilation to Ankle-Brachial Index. Circulation.
2003;108:2093-8.
Heald CL, Fowkes FG, Murray GD, Price JF. Risk of mortality and cardiovascular
disease associated with the ankle-brachial index : Sistematic review.
Atherosclerosis. 2006;189:61-9.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Karlsberg RP, Tcheng JE, Boris JR, Buxton AE, Dove JT, Fonarow GC, dkk.
ACCF/AHA 2011 Key data elements and definitions of a base
cardiovascular vocabulary for electronic health records. J Am Coll
Cardiol. 2011;58(2):202-222.
Katz S, Globerman A, Avitzour M, Dolfin T. Ankle-brachial index in normal
neonates and infants is significantly lower than in older children and
adults. J Pediatr Surg.1997;32:269-71.
Kownator S, Cambou JP, Cacoub P, Leger P, Luizy F dkk. Prevalence of
unknown Peripheral Arterial Disease in patients with Coronary Artery
Diseae : Data in Primary Care from the IPSILON study. Archives of
Cardiovascular Disease. 2009;102:625-31.
Lamina C, Meisinger C, Heid IM, Lowel H, Rantner B dkk. Association of anklebrachial index and plaques in the carotid and femoral arteries with
cardiovascular events and total mortality. Eur Heart J. 2006;27:2580-7.
Lee AJ, Price JF, Russel MJ, Smith FB, van Wijk MCW dkk. Improved Prediction
of Fatal Myocardial Infarction Using the Ankle Brachial Index in Addition
to Conventional Risk Factor : The Edinburgh Artery Study. Circulation.
2004;110:3075-80.
Leng GC, Fowkes FG, Lee AJ, Donbar J, Housley E dkk. Use of Ankle-Brachial
Pressure index to predict cardiovascular events and death: a cohort study.
BMJ. 1996;313:1440-4.
Libby P, Creager MA. 2009. ” Peripheral Arterial Disease” . Braunwald's Heart
Disease, a textbook of cardiovascular. Edisi ke-8. Philadelphia. Saunders
Elsevier.
Libby P. Current consepts of the pathogenesis of the acute coronary syndromes.
Circulation.2001;104:365-72.
Libby P, Ridker PM, Maseri A. Inflammation and atherosclerosis. Circulation.
2002;105:1135-43.
Loffredo L, Marcoccia A, Pignatelli P, Andreozzi P, Borgia MC dkk. Oxidativestress-mediated arterial dysfunction in patients with peripheral arterial
disease. European Heart Journal. 2007;28:608-12.
Marso SP, Hiatt WR. Peripheral arterial disease patients with diabetes. J Am Coll
Cardiol. 2006;47:921-9.
McKee PA, Castell WP, McNamara PM, Kannel WB. The natural history of
congestive heart failure: the Framingham Study. N Engl J Med. 1971:285
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Morillas P, Quiles J, Cordero A, Guindo J, Sorio F dkk. Impact of Clinical and
Subclinical Peripheral Arterial Disease in Mid-term Prognosis of Patients
With Acute Coronary Syndrome. Am J Cardiol. 2009;104:1494-8.
Mukherjee D, Eagle KA, Kline-Rogers E dkk. Impact of prior peripheral arterial
disease and stroke on outcomes of acute coronary syndromes and effect of
evidence-based therapies (from GRACE Study). Am J Cardiol.
2007;100:1-6.
Mukhtar Z. 2011. “Statistika kedokteran dan uji hipotesis” Desain Penelitian
Klinis dan Statistika Kedokteran. Edisi pertama. Medan: USU Press.
Mundt KA, Chambless LE, Burnham CB, Heiss G. Measuring ankle systolic
blood pressure. Angiology.1992;43:555-66.
Murray CJ, Lopez AD. Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause
1990-2020: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet.1997;349:1498-504.
Newman AB, Shemanski L, Manolio TA, Cushman M, Mittelmark M dkk. Ankle
-Arm Index as a Predictor of Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality in the
Cardiovascular Health Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol.
1999;19:538-45.
Ninomiya JK, Criqui MH, Wingard DL, Ji M, Fronek A. Progression os
Peripheral Arterial Disease Predicts Cardiovascular Disease Morbidity and
Mortality. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:1736-42.
Norgren L, Hiatt WR, Dormandy JA dkk. Inter-Society Consensus for the
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