AN ANALYSIS OF LEXICAL RELATIONS OF WORDS IN SURAH AN - NISA' TRANSLATED BY ABDULLAH YUSUF ALI.

AN ANALYSIS OF LEXICAL RELATIONS OF
WORDS IN SURAH AN – NISA’ TRANSLATED
BY ABDULLAH YUSUF ALI
THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Sarjana
Degree in English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities State
Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya

By:
Imroatun Chasanah
A83212164

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL
SURABAYA
2016

AN ANALYSIS OF LEXICAL RELATIONS OF
WORDS IN SURAH AN – NISA’ TRANSLATED
BY ABDULLAH YUSUF ALI

THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Sarjana
Degree in English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities State
Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya

By:
Imroatun Chasanah
A83212164

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL

SURABAYA
2016

ABSTRACT

Chasanah, Imroatun. 2016. An Analysis of Lexical Relations of Words in Surah An
– Nisa’ Translated by Abdullah Yusuf Ali. Thesis. English Department,

Faculty of Act and Humanities, State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel
Surabaya.
Advisor: M. Thoriqussu’ud, M. Pd.
Key Words: Semantics, lexical relation, meaning relation

This paper examines about the analyze lexical relations of words in Surah
An – Nisa’ translated by Abdullah Yusuf Ali. The research is aimed to know the
types of lexical relations in this surah and to know their meaning relations. So
that, we know the lexical meaning of the surah and know about the real meaning
clearly. In analyze the data, it certainly refers with the two theories, those are the
types of Lexical Relations theory by Saeed, John (2016). And the principles of
Meaning Relations theory by Nida, Eugene (1975).
By doing this analysis, the writer uses qualitative approach. The steps are
collecting the data, reducing the data, display the data and the last is verification
and conclusion.
After doing the analysis, the finding of this research as many as 66 cases
of lexical relations. Those consist of 44 cases of synonym (66, 66%), 11 cases of
antonym (16,66%), 5 cases of meronymy (7,57%), 4 cases of hyponymy (4,06%),
1 case of homonymy (1,51%) and 1 case also of polysemy (1,51%). Therefore, the
mostly finding of lexical relations in Surah An – Nisa’ translated by Abdullah

Yusuf Ali is synonym and the meanings that have relation are homonymy and
polysemy and also hyponymy and meronymy.

xi

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INTISARI

Chasanah, Imroatun. 2016. An Analysis of Lexical Relations of Words in Surah An
– Nisa’ Translated by Abdullah Yusuf Ali. Thesis. English Department,
Faculty of Act and Hmanities, State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel
Surabaya.
Pembimbing: M. Thoriqussu’ud, M. Pd.
Kata Kunci: Semantik, hubungan kata, hubungan makna

Skripsi ini membahas analisis tentang hubungan kata yang ada di dalam
Surat An – Nisa terjemahan dari Abdullah Yusuf Ali. Penelitian ini bertujuan
untuk mengetahui tipe hubungan kata dari Surat An – Nisa’ yang diterjemahkan
oleh Abdullah Yusuf Ali dan untuk mengetahui makna – makna yang saling

berhubungan. Dengan demikian, kita dapat mengetahui arti atau makna kata yang
dimaksud dari surat tersebut dengan jelas. Pada analisis data, teori yang
diperlukan adalah sebagai berikut, yang pertama menggunakan teori hubungan
kata dari Saeed, John (2016). Teori yang kedua adalah hubungan makna dari
Nida, Eugene (1975).
Dalam mengerjakan analisis tersebut, penulis menggunakan pendekatan
kualitatif. Langkah – langkahnya adalah yang pertama mengkoleksi data, yang
kedua meringkas data, setelah itu memaparkan data dan yang terakhir adalah
verifikasi dan kesimpulan.
Setelah melakukan penelitian, penulis menemukan 66 kasus hubungan
kata. Semua itu terdiri dari 44 kasus sinonim (66, 66%), 11 kasus antonym
(16,66%), 5 kasus meronim (7,57%), 4 kasus hiponim (4,06%), 1 kasus homonym
((1,51%) dan juga 1 kasus polisemi (1,51%). Jadi, penemuan yang paling banyak
dari hubungan kata di Surat An – Nisa’ terjemahan dari Abdullah Yusuf Ali
adalah sinonim. Dan makna – makna yang berhubungan adalah homonim dan
polisemi dan juga hiponim dan meronim.

xii

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ABSTRACT

Chasanah, Imroatun. 2016. An Analysis of Lexical Relations of Words in Surah An
– Nisa’ Translated by Abdullah Yusuf Ali. Thesis. English Department,
Faculty of Act and Humanities, State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel
Surabaya.
Advisor: M. Thoriqussu’ud, M. Pd.
Key Words: Semantics, lexical relation, meaning relation

This paper examines about the analyze lexical relations of words in Surah
An – Nisa’ translated by Abdullah Yusuf Ali. The research is aimed to know the
types of lexical relations in this surah and to know their meaning relations. So
that, we know the lexical meaning of the surah and know about the real meaning
clearly. In analyze the data, it certainly refers with the two theories, those are the
types of Lexical Relations theory by Saeed, John (2016). And the principles of
Meaning Relations theory by Nida, Eugene (1975).
By doing this analysis, the writer uses qualitative approach. The steps are
collecting the data, reducing the data, display the data and the last is verification
and conclusion.

After doing the analysis, the finding of this research as many as 66 cases
of lexical relations. Those consist of 44 cases of synonym (66, 66%), 11 cases of
antonym (16,66%), 5 cases of meronymy (7,57%), 4 cases of hyponymy (4,06%),
1 case of homonymy (1,51%) and 1 case also of polysemy (1,51%). Therefore, the
mostly finding of lexical relations in Surah An – Nisa’ translated by Abdullah
Yusuf Ali is synonym and the meanings that have relation are homonymy and
polysemy and also hyponymy and meronymy.

xi

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INTISARI

Chasanah, Imroatun. 2016. An Analysis of Lexical Relations of Words in Surah An
– Nisa’ Translated by Abdullah Yusuf Ali. Thesis. English Department,
Faculty of Act and Hmanities, State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel
Surabaya.
Pembimbing: M. Thoriqussu’ud, M. Pd.
Kata Kunci: Semantik, hubungan kata, hubungan makna

Skripsi ini membahas analisis tentang hubungan kata yang ada di dalam
Surat An – Nisa terjemahan dari Abdullah Yusuf Ali. Penelitian ini bertujuan
untuk mengetahui tipe hubungan kata dari Surat An – Nisa’ yang diterjemahkan
oleh Abdullah Yusuf Ali dan untuk mengetahui makna – makna yang saling
berhubungan. Dengan demikian, kita dapat mengetahui arti atau makna kata yang
dimaksud dari surat tersebut dengan jelas. Pada analisis data, teori yang
diperlukan adalah sebagai berikut, yang pertama menggunakan teori hubungan
kata dari Saeed, John (2016). Teori yang kedua adalah hubungan makna dari
Nida, Eugene (1975).
Dalam mengerjakan analisis tersebut, penulis menggunakan pendekatan
kualitatif. Langkah – langkahnya adalah yang pertama mengkoleksi data, yang
kedua meringkas data, setelah itu memaparkan data dan yang terakhir adalah
verifikasi dan kesimpulan.
Setelah melakukan penelitian, penulis menemukan 66 kasus hubungan
kata. Semua itu terdiri dari 44 kasus sinonim (66, 66%), 11 kasus antonym
(16,66%), 5 kasus meronim (7,57%), 4 kasus hiponim (4,06%), 1 kasus homonym
((1,51%) dan juga 1 kasus polisemi (1,51%). Jadi, penemuan yang paling banyak
dari hubungan kata di Surat An – Nisa’ terjemahan dari Abdullah Yusuf Ali
adalah sinonim. Dan makna – makna yang berhubungan adalah homonim dan

polisemi dan juga hiponim dan meronim.

xii

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Inside Cover ...............................................................................................................i
Declaration Page ........................................................................................................ii
Dedication Page .........................................................................................................iii
Motto ..........................................................................................................................iv
Advisor’s Approval Page ...........................................................................................v
Examiner’s Approval Page ........................................................................................vi
Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................vii
Table of Contents .......................................................................................................ix
Abstract ......................................................................................................................xi
Intisari ........................................................................................................................xii

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1.Background of the study ......................................................................................1

1.2.Research of Problems ...........................................................................................8
1.3.Objectives of the Study ........................................................................................8
1.4.Significance of Study ...........................................................................................9
1.5.Scope and Limitation ...........................................................................................9
1.6.Operational Definitions ........................................................................................10

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1. Semantics ............................................................................................................11
2.2. Semantics and Linguistics ...................................................................................12
2.3. Lexical Relation ..................................................................................................12
2.3.1. Homonymy................................................................................................13
2.3.2. Polysemy ...................................................................................................14
2.3.3. Synonymy .................................................................................................15
2.3.4. Antonymy..................................................................................................16
2.3.5. Hyponymy.................................................................................................17
2.3.6. Meronymy .................................................................................................18
2.3.7. Member collection ....................................................................................18
2.3.8. Portion – mass ...........................................................................................18
2.4. Meaning Relation ................................................................................................19
2.4.1. Inclusion ....................................................................................................19

2.4.2. Contiguity .................................................................................................20
2.4.3. Complementation ......................................................................................21
2.4.4. Overlap ......................................................................................................21

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
3.1. Research Design .................................................................................................22
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3.2. Instrument ...........................................................................................................23
3.3. Data and Data Sources ........................................................................................24
3.4. Data collection ....................................................................................................24
3.5. Data analysis .......................................................................................................25
3.5.1. Collecting the data................................................................................26
3.5.2. Reduction the data ................................................................................26
3.5.2. Display the data ....................................................................................27
3.5.3. Verification and conclusion .................................................................29

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1. Findings ...............................................................................................................31
4.1.1. Types of Lexical Relations .................................................................32
4.1.1.1. Homonymy............................................................................32
4.1.1.2. Polysemy ...............................................................................33
4.1.1.3. Synonymy .............................................................................34
4.1.1.4. Antonymy..............................................................................55
4.1.1.5. Hyponymy .............................................................................59
4.1.1.6. Meronymy .............................................................................62
4.2. Discussions..........................................................................................................64

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION
5.1. Conclusion ..........................................................................................................66
5.2. Suggestion ...........................................................................................................67

REFERENCES .........................................................................................................68
APPENDIX ...............................................................................................................70

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1

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter describes the introduction of this study. They are background
of the study, focuses of the study, significances of the study, scope and limitation
of the study and operational definition.
1.1.Background of The Study
Holy Quran is the holy scripture of Islam. Muhammad Ali ash-Shabuni
said that Holy Quran is the one and only of God’s word, revealed to the Prophet
Muhammad through the angel Gabriel. It is written on being periodic. The
mankind who recites and learns the Holy Quran continuously is worship. Holy
Quran is one of the law sources of Islam. Holy Quran has 30 sections. Abdul
Djalal said that Holy Quran consists of 114 surah and 6236 verses (Tim Penyusun
MKD IAIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya, 2012: 3, 109-110).
The excellences of Holy Quran as follows: the prophet Muhammad said in
the muttafaqalaih that mankind who usually recites the Holy Quran will get the
reward inhereafter. (At – Tuwaijry, 2007: 2). In addition, there are twovirtues to
mankind who recites continuously the Holy Quran,thefirst is virtue cause of
reading and the second is rewardforhardreading. (Al-Utsaimin, 2012: 6). There
was a story about the obligation of reciting Holy Quran. Once upon a time, there
was a man named Thalhah asked to Rasulullah about the obligation about Holy
Quran. Then, he answered for always recite the Holy Quran (Kitabullah). That is
one of his commands to mankind (Muttafaq Alaih in At Tuwaijry, 2007: 2).
1

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As explained above about the verses of Holy Quran, it has 114 surah by
their different title and meaning. Some of them explain about woman. And one of
them is Surah An – Nisa’.
In this research, the writer uses Surah An – Nisa’. It is one of surah which
tells about the woman. It consists of 176 verses which are Madaniyah surah. The
writer is interested in analyzing Surah An – Nisa’ because the writer wants to
show the reader that Surah An – Nisa’ is one of the evidences of Allah and Islam
that very glorifying of the woman. The evidences as follows:
“If ye fear that ye shall not be able to deal justly with the orphans,
Marry women of your choice, Two or three or four; but if ye fear that
ye shall not be able to deal justly (with them), then only one, or (a
captive) that your right hands possess, that will be more suitable, to
prevent you from doing injustice”. (Surah An – Nisa’: 3)
There are some the main ideas of Surah An – Nisa’: Islam secures the
privilege of men and women, some regulations household, obligations towards
God and fellow human beings, the holiness of the inner and outer in prayer,
people who are not sacred inner and threat for them, the basic rule of government,
tactics objectives and methods of warfare, according to Islam, must be ready to
face the enemy, the attitude of the hypocrites in the face of war, liabilities to war
and somehow, how to face the hypocrites, law about extinguish fellow Muslims,
must carefully take action, the differences who strive and that is not struggle or to
exhaust one's effort to please God because obstacle, and that is not do it, the
obligation emigrated in the way of Allah and its payback, liabilities the pray, shall
maintain justice and righteousness, shirk ugliness and influence incubus
retaliation in accordance with the act, granting of rights to the weak and how to

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3

resolve the case ofhouseholds, must be cautious and religious unity of God.
(Akhun, Naf’an, 2007: 111-148).
The Holy Quran was written in Arabic. But the world has many countries
and languages. It was translated in many languages, includes English. Thereby,
the people can easily understand the meaning and the content of Holy Qur’an. In
this research, the writer uses Holy Quran translated by Abdullah Yusuf Ali.
Abdullah Yusuf Ali was born on 4 April 1872 in Surat, Gujarat in the
western India. He always pounds of his father, Yusuf ali Allahbuksh. His
education began in Anjuman school which majority Muslim people.In that time,
the Islamic background is forceful his life. He continued his study in Wilson
College and Bombay University obtaining a first class BA. His brilliant academic
record made it possible for him to get a government scholarship to read law at
Cambridge. It was here that he sat for the legendary Indian Civil Service (ICS)
examination and succeeded. (Thajudeen, Sanofer 2013: 1-4).
Abdullah Yusuf Ali is best known for his English translation of the Quran
which is used in the English-speaking Muslim world. He was actively involved in
public services advocating British rule, contributing seriously to the field of
education and Islamic scholarship. His works are: The Times Literary Supplement,
it explained about how important for him to act. The Holy Quran, The Holy
Qur’an – Text, Translation and Commentary, The Meaning of The Holy Qur’an,
etc. (Sherif, 1994: 173-179).
There are some previous studies which are relevant with this topic of study
to support and being the referral of the analysis. It is explained in the following:

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4

Sutadi (2013) in his research of UIN Sunan Kalijaga entitled: “An Analysis of
Lexical Relations in Abdullah Yusuf Ali’s Translation of Surah Ya-sin of the Holy
Qur’an”. He analyzed the lexical relations in surah Ya-sin translated by Abdullah
Yusuf Ali. He analyzed the types and the dominant type of lexical relation theory
by Saeed, John (1997) in surah Ya-Sin. The methodologies were qualitative
quantitative approach in his analysis. And the techniques of data analysis used
descriptive analysis. Descriptive qualitative approach was used by giving the
description of lexical relation types. And descriptive quantitative was used by
counting the dominant type. The final result of data analysis was 543 cases of
lexical relation . They were 217 cases antonymy (39,90%), 212 cases of
synonymy (39,00%), 86 cases of homonymy (15,80%), 10 cases of member
collection (1,82%), 9 cases of meronymy (1,65), 9 cases of polimesy (1,65%), 1
case of portion mass (0,18%), and 0 case of hyponymy (0%).
The second previous researcher wasSurianto (2009) in his research of
Universitas Sumatra Utara entitled: An Analysis of Lexical Relation in Slected
Surah of 30th section of Holy Qur’an translated by Abdullah Yusuf Ali. He was
also analyzing the types and the dominant type of lexical relation in the 30th
section of holy Quran. He followed the lexical relation theory by Saeed (1997).
The methodology was library research, thosewere collecting the data and
categorizing the type of lexical relation that relation with surah in 30th section of
holy Quran. His final result were: homonymy (7,1%), synonymy 20 cases
(35,7%), opposites (antonymy) 24 cases (42,9%), hyponymy 5 cases (8,9%),

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5

meronymy 1 case (1,8%), member collection 1 case (1,8%), portion mass 1 case
(1,8%).
The third researcher was Aginta, Windy (2009) in her research of
Universitas Sumatera Utara entitled: An Analysis of Lexical Relations and
Meaning Properties in Articles in The Jakarta Post Daily Newspaper. She
analyzed the types of lexical relation and meaning properties and also the type
most occurs in the articles in the Jakarta Post daily newspaper. She followed the
lexical relation theory by F.R.Palmer (1976) and Geoffrey Leech (1981). She also
used library study methodology that is collecting the data about lexical relation
and meaning properties in the Jakarta Post daily newspaper. And her final result
was: There were 18 Lexical Relations that include 8 antonyms (44,4%), 8
synonyms (44,4%), 2 hyponyms (11,1%), 0 homonyms (0%), 0 meronyms (0%)
and 321 Meaning Properties that include 319 meaningfulness (99,3%), 1
contradictory (0,31%), 1 anomaly (0,31%), 0 ambiguity (0%), 0 redundancy (0%).
The fourth previous researcher was Riantika, Nelvira (2009) in her thesis
of Andalas University entitled: An Analysis of Lexical Relations in Sidney
Sheldon’s “Memories of Midnight”. She analyzed lexical relations theory by
George Yule in the novel “Memories of Midnight” by Sidney Sheldon. She used
qualitative and distributional identity method. It meant, the writer tried to find out
and to take a not the aspect of lexical relation. She used types of lexical relation as
follow: Synonymy, antonym, Hyponym, Homophony, Homonymy, and
polysemy. And her result: the majority type of lexical relation was found in the

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6

novel was synonym. She concluded that it made the readers will not bore with the
same words in the next sentences, that way the author used synonymy.
By the explanation above, majority of the previous researchers have been
analyzed in the types of lexical relation and its dominant type. In the following
explanation, the writer examines the differences between those previous studies
and this present study.
The first and the second previous research have not been explaining about
another theory in their analyses. The third previous research has been explaining
the second another problem and its theory, but she did not explain the relationship
between the two theories. And the fourth previous research also has been
explaining the second another problem, but she did not include the theory. In this
research, the writer continuous the study of lexical relation in surah An – Nisa’
translated by Abdullah Yusuf Ali by add the problem and its theory. It is the
meaning relation theory by Eugene Albert Nida (1975).
Those are the gaps of this research with the previous studies. The writer
focuses on the types of lexical relation and those relation meanings. The first
problem of the research is the type of lexical relation, the writer chooses in the
recent lexical relation theory. The writer is going to explain about the reasons of
using lexical relations theory by John Saeed (2016) by describing a leftover and a
shortage to each author: Frank Robert Palmer theory was in the 1976 year. But his
theory had leftover, he included types that were not included by other, they were:
rational opposites and component types. The next other author was George Yule

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7

in 2006 year. His theory also had leftover, he included types that were not
included by other, and they were: homophony, collocation and prototypes.
The second problem is the principle of meaning relation theory. Because,
after described the relation of words, the writer wants to continue describing about
their meaning relation. In this theory, the writer follows the theory by Nida,
Eugene. A. (1975). The principle of meaning relation is important to be the next
analysis or discussion because it is to know the relationship of the types of lexical
relation.
The topic theory which is chosen by the writer is lexicalrelation. It is the
partof thesemantics. Semantics is studying about meaning. The first pioneer of
semantics is Aristoteles (384-322 BM). He was a first philosopher from Greek
who using term „meaning’. Meaning is the part of language. And semantics is the
part of linguistics. As like a sound and grammar, the meaning component also
occupy in certain level. The first level of component is sound, the second level of
component is grammar and the last level is meaning (Palmer, 1981: 5 in
Aminuddin, 2015: 15).
Lexical relation describes the meaning of each word relationships. It
includes phonetic relationship (such as rhyme or alliteration), the relationship
morphology (such as inflectional variations), and morpho-syntactic relationships
(such as co-membership in a grammatical category) (Murphy, 2003:9).
Talking about lexical relation, it is interesting to be learned because it has
relation with Holy Quran. Lexical relation is the word that has relation meaning to
other words. While in Holy Quran, each surah also has relation with another

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8

surah, because Holy Quran was not sent down completely. They were sent down
periodically. It is called Asbabun Nuzul. It is the reason of Holy Quran was sent
down (Tim Penyusun MKD IAIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya, 2012: 167). In this
research, the writer uses one of surah which explains more about the obligation
and human’s right of woman, it is surah An – Nisa’.
Therefore, the writer tries to find words in Surah An – Nisa’ that have the
meaningofeachwordrelationships which called lexical relation. And so, the writer
tries to find the principles of those lexical relations. The types of lexical relation
as follow: homonymy, polysemy, synonymy, antonym, hyponymy, meronymy,
member-collection, and portion mass (Saeed, John 2016). The principles of
relation meaning are: included, overlap, complementation, and contiguity (Nida,
1975).
1.2.Problems of Study
1.

What are the types of lexical relations that appear in Surah An-Nisa’
translated by Abdullah Yusuf Ali?

2.

How is one lexical meaning related to other that appear in Surah An-Nisa’
translated by Abdullah Yusuf Ali?

1.3.Objectives of Study
1.

The writer wants to describe the types of lexical relations that appear in
Surah An-Nisa’ translated by Abdullah Yusuf Ali.

2.

The writer wants to describe the relationship of lexical meaning that
appear in Surah An-Nisa’ translated by Abdullah Yusuf Ali.

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9

1.4.Significances of Study
The significances of this research are divided into two types. The first type
is theoretically. The writer hopes that the explanation about lexical relation in this
research will be useful for the reader. The reader will be easily to understand
about that theory, especially for the students in English and linguistics program.
And also, the writer hopes, people who read this research will understand about
the content of surah An-Nisa’ easily.
The second significance is about practically. After the reader understands
about the content, the writer hopes, the reader will practice to recite this surah and
other of the Holy Quran.
1.5.Scope and Limitation of Study
In order to avoid the extended discussion, it is important the writer limits
the discussion. Cause of many surah in the Holy Quran and many versions of
Yusuf Ali’s Holy Quran translation, the limitation of this research is surah An –
Nisa of Holy Quran translated by Abdullah Yusuf Ali publisher in London
published by “The Islamic Computing Centre, London”. And the writer focuses in
the types and principles of lexical relations. The writer follows lexical relation
theory by (Saeed, John 2016) and Nida, Eugene. A. (1975). The types are
homonymy, polysemy, synonymy, antonym, hyponymy, meronymy, membercollection,

and

portion

mass.

The

principles

are

included,

overlap,

complementation, and contiguity.
In this research, the writer also limits the type of lexical relation. The
writer only discusses homonymy, polysemy, synonymy, antonym, hyponymy and

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meronymy. Because the aim of this research is to know which one the words and
meanings that have relationship to the others. Whereas, member-collection and
portion mass are not included in the principle of lexical relation.
1.6.Definition of Key Terms
Semantics is the study about language meaning. In language, there are words,
phrases and sentences. Beside, semantics also discusses about usual meaning or it
called implicit meaning (Yule, 2010: 112).
Lexical relation explains each word having relation meaning to other words. In
this research, the writer analyzes the verse and verse of words, phrases, and
sentences (Yule, 2010: 116-117).
Meaning is the thing or idea that a word, sentence, etc represent. In this research,
the writer uses “Oxford dictionary” to know the meaning of each words in
translation of surah An – Nisa’ (Oxford, 2008: 273).
An – Nisa is one of the surah in the holy Quran that more explains about the
woman (Akhun, Naf’an, 2007: 109).

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CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter describes the theoretical bases of this research; they are
semantics, the relation between semantics and linguistics, lexical meaning and
lexical relations.
2.1.Semantics
The word „semantics’ has the technique term that refer to study about
meaning (Pateda, 2010: 2). Coseriu and Geckeler (1981: 8) in Pateda, 2010: 3 said
that the term semantics was firstly known around year 50. It was showed by M.
Breal who was intellectual of France in 1883.
Semantics is the branch of linguistics of the some kind as the phonetics
and or grammar. Semantics is the “systematic study of meaning and linguistic
semantics is the study of how languages organize and express meanings”
(Kreidler, 2002: 3). “Semantics is the technical term used to refer to the study of
meaning”. Unfortunately, semantics envelops the kinds of aspect of language. But
there is no general agreement about what its meaning is and how to describe it
(Palmer, 1976: 1). “Semantics is the study of meaning communicated through
language” Saeed, John (2009: 3).
Another hand, there was Yule, George (2006: 115) said that semantics is
the study about word, phrase and sentence’s meaning. It is not focusing on the
speaker’s word desiring, but semantics endeavors to examine and to focus in the
intention words and meaning. This approach is used for emphasize the goal and
11

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general. Linguistic semantics relevant with conventional meaning, it means
semantics is conveyed by using word by word and sentence of language.
From the explanation above, the writer tries to give conclusion about the
definition of semantics by combine the authors’ explanations. Semantics is the
study about language meaning. In language, there are words, phrases and
sentences. And also, semantics discuss about usual meaning or it called implicit
meaning.
2.2.Semantics and Linguistics
Aminuddin (2015: 26) gives opinion about the relation between semantics
and linguistics. The meaning is the element that accompanies long before the
sound aspect is present in communication activities. As an element attached to the
sound, meaning also accompanies the system and relations and combinations of
sounds in units’ larger structure such that finally materialized in a communication.
From those explanations, meaning and symbol as well as semantic and
grammatical aspect is an element that cannot be separated. The linguists also
differ in determining the relationship between semantic and linguistic. Bloomfield
(1933) and Harris (1951) said that semantics is external study of linguistics.
2.3.Lexical relation
Murphy (2003: 9) gives idea about lexicalrelation; it is apartof the
semantics describes the meaning of each word relationships. Lexical relations
include phonetic relationship (such as rhyme or alliteration), the relationship
morphology

(such

as

inflectional

variations),

and

morpho-syntactic

relationships(such as co-membership in a grammatical category).Yule, George

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(2006: 118) said that “not only can words be treated as containers or as fulfilling
roles, they can also have relationships”. It means that words are not only having
roles but they are also having relationship.
By the explanation above, the writer tries to conclude lexical relation by
combining some authors’ opinion. Lexical relation explains each word having
relation meaning to other words.
The writer will use the types of lexical relations to point at Saeed, John
(2016: 59-67). The types of lexical relations are:
2.3.1. Homonymy
Homonyms are the meaning that unrelated but the same phonological
word. Related to homonyms, there are homophony and homograph. Homophony
is the words that have same sound but different written and meaning. Homograph
is the words that have same written but different sound and meaning. Saaed
distinguish the different types of homonymy:
2.3.1.1.Lexemes of the same syntactic category, and which with the same spelling.
For example: lap „circuit of the course’ and lap „part of the body’.
2.3.1.2.Of the same category but different spelling. Verb „ring’ and „wring’.
2.3.1.3.Of the different category but same spelling. „verb bear’ and „noun bear’.
2.3.1.4.Of the different category and different spelling. For example „not’ and
„knot’.
Not only had that, in other hand said that several words that has same way
to pronounce but spelled differently are also called homonymy. For example the
words “click and clique” or “talk and torque”.

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Another example and their explanation are shown below:
But if good fortune comes to you from God, they would be
sure to say - as if there had never been Ties of affection
between you and them - "Oh! I wish I had been with them;
a fine thing should I then have made of it!" (Surah AnNisa’: 73)
They are (men) whom God hath cursed: And those whom
God Hath cursed, thou wilt find, have no one to help.
(Surah An-Nisa’: 52)
The words fine and find are called homonymy because they are same
phonological words. They are in different category and different spelling.
2.3.2. Polysemy
The similarity between homonymy and polysemy, both have some
meanings and same phonological words. But polysemy is called if the senses are
related or same. It is important to differences between homonymy and polysemy,
because there are polysemous senses under the same lexical access, while
homonymous senses are given separate entries.
The example of polysemy is explained in various senses of hook as
follows: hook (hk) as a noun has some meanings, they are 1) „a piece of material,
usually metal, curved or bent and used to suspend’. 2) short for fish-hook 3) a trap
or snare 4) Chiefly 5) something resembling a hook in design or use, etc.
Another example and explanation are shown below:
“. . . . . and what your right hands possess: For God loveth
not the arrogant, the vainglorious;” (Surah An-Nisa’: 36)
“. . . . . then take for yourselves clean sand or earth, and
rub therewith your faces and hands. For God doth blot out
sins and forgive again and again.” (Surah An-Nisa’: 43)
The first hand means servant (hamba sahaya) and the second hand is the
denotation meaning of hand, it is part of body.

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2.3.3. Synonymy
Synonymy are the words that different phonological but have same or
similar meaning. An important source of synonym is taboo areas where a range of
euphemisms may occur. In synonym, the words may have the different registers.
It means those styles of language, colloquial, formal, literary, and so on, that have
the different situations. From Roget's 21stCentury Thesaurus, look at the synonym
of adjective „big’: full, sizeable, hefty, fat, colossal, considerable, enormous, etc.
Look at another example below:
O mankind! reverence your Guardian-Lord, who created
you from a single person, created, of like nature, His mate,
and from them twain scattered (like seeds) countless men
and women;- reverence God, through whom ye demand
your mutual (rights), and (reverence) the wombs (That
bore you): for God ever watches over you. (Surah AnNisa’: 1)
How then if We brought from each people a witness, and
We brought thee as a witness against these people! (Surah
An-Nisa’: 41)
Mankind and people are called synonym because their
meaning are related, it is citation to call or say about human.

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2.3.4. Antonym
Opposite (antonymy) are the words that have the opposite meaning to other
words. There are the kinds of antonym, they are:
2.3.4.1.Complementary antonyms. It means the relation between words such that
the negative of one implies the positive of the other. For example
dead/alive (animal); pass/fail (a test) ; hit/miss (a target).
2.3.4.2.Gradable antonyms. It is a relationship between opposites where the
positive of one term does not necessarily imply the negative of the other,
for example rich/poor, fast/slow, young/old, beauty/ugly.
2.3.4.3.Reverses, it means the relation between terms describeing movement,
where one term describes movement in one direction and the other the
same movement in the opposite direction, for example the terms push and
pull on swing door. Come/go, go/return, etc.
2.3.4.4.Converses. These are terms which describe a relation between two entities
from alternate viewpoint, for example in a pairs own/belong to ;
above/below ; employer/employee, etc.
2.3.4.5.Taxonomic Sisters. It is the term antonymy is sometimes used to describe
words which are at the same level in taxonomy. Taxonomy is hierarchical
classification systems. For example: red orange yellow green blue purple
brown.
Another example of antonym are explained below:
“. . . . . . If ye take a dislike to them it may be that ye
dislike a thing, and God brings about through it a great
deal of good.” (Surah An-Nisa’: 19)

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“. . . . . . . This (permission) is for those among you who
fear sin; but it is better for you that ye practise selfrestraint. And God is Oft-forgiving, Most Merciful.”
(Surah An-Nisa’: 25)
The words forbidden and permission are called antonym
because their meaning are unrelated.
2.3.5. Hyponymy
Hyponymy are the relation participation. Hyponymy are the general words
which have the specific words. Hyponymy includes the meaning of more general
words. For example: dog and cat are hyponyms of animal. Sister and mother are
hyponymy of woman.
Another example of hyponymy are explained below:
O mankind! reverence your Guardian-Lord, who created
you from a single person, created, of like nature, His mate,
and from them twain scattered (like seeds) countless men
and women;- reverence God, through whom ye demand
your mutual (rights), and (reverence) the wombs (That
bore you): for God ever watches over you. (Surah AnNisa’: 1)
Mankind is the general word. Mankind has specific words,
they are men and women.

Mankind

Men

Women

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2.3.6. Meronymy
Different with hyponymy, meronymy are the words which describe another
words or things. The differences between hyponymy and meronymy are hyponymy are
always transitive but meronymy may or may not be. For example the transitive
meronymy: nail as a meronym of finger, and finger of hand. And we could say „a hand
has nails’. A non-transitive meronymy is: pane is a meronym of window. And we could
say „a window has a pane’. Look at another example below:
“Some of them believed, and some of them averted their faces from him: And enough is
Hell for a burning fire.” (Surah An-Nisa’: 55)

The word hell and fire are called meronymy because if this surah explain
about hell, of course it includes to explain or talk about the fire.
2.3.7. Member-collection
Member-collection is a place that the thing or unit collected. For example:
Ship

Fleet

Tree

Forest

Fish

Shoal

Table 2.1

Another example of member-collection are explained below:
“They (his dupes) will have their dwelling in Hell, and from it they will find no
way of escape.” (Surah An-Nisa’: 121). In the sentence means the place of human
who are lied is in the hell.
2.3.8. Portion mass

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“portion-mass is the relation between a mass noun and the usual unit of
measurement or division”. Portion-mass explains about unit, a count noun, is
added to the mass noun, making the resulting noun phrase into a count nominal.
Look at the example below:
Drop

Of

Liquid

Grain

Of

Salt/sand/wheat

Sheet

Of

Paper

Lump

Of

Coal

Strand

Of

Hair

Table 2.2

Another example of portion mass are explained below:
“ God (thus) directs you as regards your Children's (Inheritance): to the male, a
portion equal to that of two females: if only daughters, two or more, their share is
two-thirds of the inheritance; if only one, her share is a half. . . . . . .” (Surah AnNisa’: 11)
The underlined sentence is called portion mass because they explains
about the unit of the thing.
2.4.Meaning relation theory
The writer will use the meaning relation theory to point at (Nida, 1975: 1520). There are four principle ways in which the meanings to different semantics

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units may be related to one another: inclusion, overlapping, complementation and
contiguity.
2.4.1. Inclusion.
Inclusion principle is “one word includes meaning to other”. If you call a
particular word has been included to another without giving an explanation. This
principle is the human mind to facilitate the call something. Pateda explained the
principle of inclusion is due to: The man quickly want to express what he wants;
the inability of the user to name an object that he has in mind; consider friends
talk already understand what he meant. (Pateda, Mansoer, 2010: 240).
2.4.2. Contiguity
Contiguity meaning is representing the relations closely related meaning to
be a well-defined. Each meaning is part of other related meaning by at least
having the important feature.
Pateda (2010: 242) adds the opinion that contiguous meaning could be
seen from the distinguishing factors, for example alive or not, countable or
uncountable, function, familiar with human, character, size, and colors.
The more explanation is explained by the example the words: bench, seat,
chair, and sofa. The distinguishing factor are the material (wood or cork), there is
a hand chair or not, expensive or cheap. The differences can be seen in this sketch:
Wood
Hand

Expensive

material

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Bench

+

-

-

Chair

+

+

-

Seat

-

-

+

Sofa

-

+

+

Table 2.3
In this research, the differences factor could be seen at Oxford dictionary. May be
it is a noun, verb, adjective, adverb, or etc.

2.4.3. Complementation
Complementation principle is “the words that involve the number of
shared of features of meaning but show certain marked contrast and often opposite
meaning”. The mark of complementation principle is contrast, but sometime
opposite. There are three types of meaning relations that has complementation;
they are opposite, reversives, and conversives. The opposite word has related to
quality (good x bad); quantity (many x few); circumstance (single x marriage);
time (day x night), etc. The reversives word is the word that could be converted
the former circumstance. For example quarrel x peace. And the conversives word
could be seen with the movement of the actor, for example selling x buying; take
x give.
2.4.4. Overlap
Overlap principle is “one of the most obvious features of relatedness of
meaning is the tendency for meaning to overlap. It is, one word explainsor has the

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different meaning. It also called same sound but different meaning. Usually, the
words pairing is called synonym. But overlap is not synonym because they are
unrelated in meaning. For example: the word “head” has any meanings. The first
meaning is about our part of body. The second, if the word “head” adds suffix
“headmaster”, the meaning is change to be the leader of the school.

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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD
This chapter describes about the research method of the research. They are
research design, research instrument, data and data source of the research, data
collection of the research and data analysis of the research.
3.1. Research Design
This research used descriptive qualitative approach. Descriptive qualitative
research were exploring, understanding and representing of social or human
problem. It was treated by questions and procedures. The typically of this research
were collected in the participant’s setting, built from the general to specific theme
and the researcher making interpretations the meaning of the data (adapted from
Creswell, 2007 in Creswell, 2009: 4). It related to Raco’s opinion that descriptive
qualitative was also called interpretative research. He said that because the acting
part of researcher is interpreting and giving the meaning in the data or information
getting. So that why, this research type were considerable influenced by the
researcher. Maybe their personalities, creativities social background orthe abilities
of researcher (Raco, 2010: 10).
The writer used qualitative approach because this research focuses on the
analysis of the English translation of Surah An-Nisa’ of the holy Quran. Other
characteristics of qualitative research were explained by Tracy (2013: 5), they
were analyzing variously and holistics; giving the continuously process; focusing
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