Kuliah Umum Scott Younger, Ph.D (Glasgow University, Scotland)
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
WITH INDONESIAN PERSPECTIVE
Eur. Ing Dr J S Younger OBE PhD MS BSc (Hons) CEng FICE
Chairman: Glendale Partners & PT Nusantara Infrastructure Tbk. Indonesia
UK Charities Trust for East Bali Poverty Project
Honorary Research Fellow, Glasgow University
20th October 2011
PROLOGUE
The Universal Scale & Sustainable Development
Tragedy of the Commons
Collapse of Civilisation
Issues
The tragedy of the commons
Today s
... Living wihin a finite world, encapsulated by the universal image of
the earth seen from space ...
2
PROLOGUE
Tragedy (Greek) an inevitable consequence of actions
The scene:
a) Finite nature of the world
b) Biological energetics of human survival
c) Difficulties in defining optimum populations
d) Complexities of quantifying standards of living
e) Questioning the desirability of total individual freedoms
Imagine an unfenced pasture open to all a common!
3
INTRODUCTION
MAIN ISSUES TO BE DISCUSSED IN LECTURE
Water, Food and Energy
Impact of changes in Population and Demography
Sustainable Development and Sustainability and Jurisdictional
Responsibilities
Climate Change
Education for Sustainable Development
Vital issues of water and sanitation
Problems of rural and peri-urban poverty alleviation and
development
Cities as a force for good , a new concept
Designing for sustainability
4
WATER, FOOD AND ENERGY
Water
Population
Food
Energy
5
POPULATION: Current Situation
Current world population has reached 7bn, compared to 2.2bn in
the mid 20th Century.
Then less pressing interactions and fewer numbers of humankind
problems.
Explosion of life and livelihood opportunities brought about by
the discovery of the silicon chip.
Explosion of population due to advances in medicine that have
greatly lengthened lifespan (aided by silicon chip).
6
POPULATION: Current Situation
(Cont d)
Indonesia s average life expectancy still remains under the level
of highly developed nations, although dramatic improvement has
been achieved
Social pressures faced by the next generations demographic
shift towards older generation and levelling of population growth.
But OK for next 25 years
Population decline that will require changes to life patterns and
supporting infrastructure in the decades ahead (Next generation
problem).
Impact on Water, Food and Energy
7
POPULATION: Current Situation
(Cont d)
Life Expectation
Improved 50% from 1970 value of 47.2years
Still have many improvements to achieve in health
standards compared to a developed nation
Ranks at 131 out of 178 surveyed nations
Note: In developed countries significant numbers will live to
100 years by mid-century)
Figure 1. Life Expectancy in Indonesia
Source: WHO Health Report on Indonesia + Indonesian Health
Department March 2008
Infant Mortality
Improved 50% from 1970 value of 47.2years
Still has much improvements to achieve in health
standards compared to a developed nation
Ranks at 131 out of 178 surveyed nations
Figure 2. Mortality Rate in Indonesia
Source: WHO Health Report on Indonesia + Indonesian Health
Department March 2008
8
POPULATION: Urbanization
Population Growth with time
2008 : Urban / Rural ratio ~ 50/50
2030 : Urban / Rural ratio ~ 70/30
Region
Population
%
Sumatera
48,504,717
22%
Java / Bali
140,643,520
60%
NTT / NTB
8,842,789
4%
Kalimantan
12,618,693
5%
Sulawesi
16,403,378
7%
Maluku / Papua
4,955,939
2%
231,969,035
100%
TOTAL
Figure 3. Indonesia Population 1940 2045
9
POPULATION: Urbanization
(Cont.)
Declining growth peak
demonstrates
how
population will peak
Rate is an overall figure
which masks difference
between urban and rural
growth.
Urban growth is currently
assessed at 4% and rural
growth is assessed to be
under 1.3% and is
declining steadily.
Figure 4. Indonesia Average National Growth Rate 2000 2025P
Source: NCE, 2010
10
POPULATION: Urbanization
(Cont.)
Significant changes to expanding urban environment which needs
immediate attention.
A key feature of urbanization is impact on water demand profile
specifically in Java and Sumatra where population density is high.
Population density of Java exceeds 982 persons/km2, while the
total for the country is only 118 persons/km2 and is much less in
remote areas.
Differing solutions for densely populated areas compared with
those with sparse populations.
11
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Definition:
The development and utilization of natural resources for economic growth
with the exploitation of those resources held compatible with sensible
conservation of the environment such that future generations are not
impoverished .
(Younger 2007)
Control Process
Current process
Desired process
(Need both)
Figure 5. Development Controlled
by Central Government
Figure 6. Sustainability with
Emphasis at Community Level
12
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT:
Jurisdictional Structures and Responsibilities
Table 1. Levels of Jurisdiction
No
Level
Responsibility
Execution
1
Mega
Global
UN, IPCG. WTO. etc
2
Macro
National
Cental Gov t Cabinet, Legislature,
Planning & Line Ministries
3
Meso 1
Provincial
Provincial Governor, Local Legislature,
Provincial Gov t Office
4
Meso 2
District / City
Regent, Mayor and Legislature
5
Micro 1
Village / Community
Village Representative
6
Micro 2
Personal
Personal/Family
Four interacting areas concerning the governing of a society: social, economic,
environmental and political (SEEP).
Current process in many countries (including Indonesia) is broadly top-down
form of governance, while a more desirable process for regional growth is
placed on a bottom-up approach.
13
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT:
Jurisdictional Structures and Responsibilities
Table 2. Sustainable
Development at Meso Level
Leadership and Bureaucracy
Budget Allocation
Operations & maintenance
New development
Table 3. Sustainable
Development at Micro Level
Usually starting from low base
(poverty)
Engaging and empowering
Requiring holistic solutions
Structuring and Scheduling
Development
Health: Access (if required);
learning/teaching (education)
approach
Improving & Forming Family /
Community structures
self
enterprise Community growth.
14
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT:
Jurisdictional Structures and Responsibilities
Table 4. Importance of SEEP Issues
No
Level
Social (1)
Economic
Environmental
Political
Comment
1
Mega
b/c
a
a
a
Umbrella
2
Macro
b
a (2)
b (3)
a
Top-Down
3
Meso
a/b
a/b
a/b
a/b
Condition
4
Micro
a
b/c
a
a
Bottom-Up
Note:
(1) Includes religion Issues
(2) Measured as macro-economic indicator e.g. GDP
(3) As usually perceived, climate change could raise important issues in some
jurisdictions
a. Essential
b. Important
c. Less important
15
CLIMATE CHANGE
Climate change has dominated many global discussions over the past
decade and will continue to influence these
Climate change impacts could have major influences over the
environment throughout this century and possibly greatly affect the
social and economic situations of several countries perceived as
vulnerable.
Is climate now in a period of unprecedented change as a result of major
expansion of human activities in the past half century? Debate/historical
perspective
Will noted increase in greenhouse gases especially CO2 have a permanent
impact over the planetary environment as experienced today?
Changes are gradual and historically have been frequently revised.
16
CLIMATE CHANGE
(Cont d)
Climate change issue has raised salutary points which would fit well into
responsible sustainable development:
Expansion in the use of renewable energy solutions.
Reforestation, proper husbanding of forest preserves and application of
REDD Scheme.
Reducing energy usage of cities and towns, the real hotspots of the world.
It is important to understand that climate is always changing But major
changes take place over longer time periods than has been taken into
account for any particular structure or multi faceted development .
Planning is usually or should be looking ahead for given periods of
50-100 years, with robust safety factors built in to meet extraordinary
events.
17
EDUCATION
Using Schon s assessment (1987), sustainable development falls into the
category of the messy problem of the swampland compared for
example with the structural analysis of a building which is narrowly
focused and very much on the high ground.
Professionals have a major part to play in developing and maintaining
sustainable projects and university education should emphasise this in
the curriculum for the 21st century graduate.
Key issues in a changing environment concern:
Population and demography issues,
The social environmental impact of urbanization,
The deployment of resources,
Mitigating pollution; re-use solutions/biomass energy,
Addressing possible and time dependent climate issues, and
Question of immediate to long term requirements for water and energy, and
food demand.
18
EDUCATION
(Cont d)
Example:
New focus on Civil Engineering education
A new focus: Much wider education needed by civil engineers of today As
recognised by the Institution of Civil Engineers
Many UK key universities now have established and built up sub departments
dealing with issues contained in Sustainable Development and Sustainability
Tony Ridley: A 21st century is not the one I was educated to be in the 20th
Century attention drawn by Schon (1987)
Jowitt (2006) also referred to this and said that: In the varied topography of
professional practice, there is a high, hard ground overlooking a swamp. On the
high ground, manageable problems lend themselves to solution through the
application of research based theory and technique. In the swampy lowland,
messy, confusing problems defy technical solution. The irony of this situation is
that the problems of the high ground tend to be relatively unimportant to
individuals or society at large, however great their technical interest may be,
while in the swamp lie the problems of greatest human concern .
19
WATER THE FOUNDATION OF LIFE:
Water and Sanitation in General
Many nations of the world face a daunting challenge in delivering clean
water to their populations - Arguably, the availability of clean water is the
most serious global crisis of the 21st century (Chairman, Nestle).
Over 1 billion people (approx. 17% of the world population) remain
without clean water.
More than 1.6 million die every year as result of water-borne diseases.
Approx. 2.6 billion people (about 40% of the world population) do not
have access to a basic (clean) and safe form of sanitation (WHO 2005).
Water and sanitation related diseases account for 10% of global ill health
involving over US$7 billion in healthcare costs (probably a low figure).
20
WATER THE FOUNDATION OF LIFE
(Cont d)
One of Indonesia s MDGs set out in 2000 is to halve the number of
people without access to clean water and sanitation by 2015. New
sanitation almost did not make the list of priorities set out in the MDGs
due to the low esteem held by sanitation activities.
In 1999, Indonesia devolved responsibility for provision of water services
to the regions, even though certain functions regarding political cross
boundary jurisdictional issues or technical matters are still referred to
central government.
Approaches towards use of water are well within the scope of sustainable
development. Depending on function, planning or implementation and
size of responsibility, provision of water would be handled at either the
meso or micro community level.
21
WATER THE FOUNDATION OF LIFE:
Water Indonesia (Cont d)
Indonesia, like most developing countries, realises that it will not achieve
its MDG goals; however, positive steps are being taken in a number of
regencies where there is awareness of the MDG targets.
These include issues on gender, women empowerment and other
plausible aims as well as targets for provision of clean water and
sanitation.
Healthier people contribute to the betterment of communities there is
absolutely no reason why most people in the world (Indonesia in
particular) cannot have access to clean water and sanitation.
Not a question of money, rather, it is a question of empowering people
who are going to be directly benefitted from actions taken bottom-up
sustainable development.
22
WATER THE FOUNDATION OF LIFE
(Cont d)
Indonesia is well blessed with water with availability of some 3,085 billion
m3/year (not always evenly distributed) Only about 0.55% of overall
water resources has been developed.
Some 89% of the water harnessed has been used for rice irrigation and
support for other crops emphasising dependence on agriculture sector
balance used for domestic, municipal and industrial (DMI) purposes.
In Java, usage ratio is changing due to paddy land being converted to real
estate and industrial developments at rate of approx. 37,000 ha/annum.
(Java produces 60% of rice crop)
Significant damage to the majority (75%) of Indonesia s 131 water basins
(International Standards: 14,000m3 / person / year
safe level,
5,000m3/person/year critical level; and 1,000 m3/person/year very
serious condition) e.g.:
Ciliwung Cisadane water balance only amounts to 504m3/person/year
Jratun Seluna water balance amounts to 880m3/person/year
Bengawan Solo water balance only amounts to 1,810m3/person/year
23
WATER THE FOUNDATION OF LIFE:
Water Indonesia (Cont d)
Figure 7. Water Balance Profile of Six Key River Basin in Java
24
WATER THE FOUNDATION OF LIFE:
Water Indonesia (Cont d)
Figure 8. Key Water Sector Indicators
25
WATER THE FOUNDATION OF LIFE:
Water - Indonesia (Cont d)
Lengthy periods without rain now cause problems for these and other
smaller river catchments, particularly in drier areas such as East Java.
The most important river basin, the Citarum, is one of the most polluted
in the world.
Government has been trying to push ahead plans to construct a series of
water storage reservoir in the Greater Bandung Upper Citarum area, in
addition to the already existing reservoirs.
Combination of more storage with stabilization of deforested areas will
be necessary to prevent rapid siltation of the reservoirs from erosion.
Upstream deforestation is prime reason for wet season downstream
flooding uncontrolled stripping of forest areas for building on slopes in
the Puncak area.
Uncontrolled groundwater abstraction in Jakarta has increased flooding
in the past 20 years Resultant subsidence of more than 2m in some
places.
26
WATER THE FOUNDATION OF LIFE:
Water - Indonesia (Cont d)
Once soils have been subject to consolidation, there is no reversing the
subsidence that has taken place (Younger et al, 1990)
High proportion of natural disasters related to flooding significantly
from deforestation.
Landslides commonly triggered by uncontrolled runoff; 58% of recorded
disasters can be related to water.
Regional government should have disaster emergency systems in place to
undertake responses to occurence of localised flooding or landslide
disasters (ADB 1990; Younger 2009).
UN estimates in 2004 (considered optimistic to some)
Overall population access to water 74%; distribution in urban areas 89%,
distribution in rural areas 64%
Overall population access to sanitation facilities 59%, distribution in urban
areas 74%, distribution in rural areas 52%
27
WATER THE FOUNDATION OF LIFE:
Water Indonesia (Cont d)
Figure 9. Relative Importance of Flood and Other
Disasters in Indonesia
28
WATER THE FOUNDATION OF LIFE:
Sanitation
There has been and are ongoing a number of initiatives in the sanitation sector
over the past decade, however progress in the rural or peri-urban area has
been slow.
Lack of sanitation and treatment of waste and wastewater provides a
foundation for disease and sickness without containment is also a recipe for
epidemic spread to other areas.
Ignoring these issues seriously undermines local government plans for
development to cope with rapid urbanization taking place at the country s
main city centres.
Rural poverty levels remain particularly high with lack of sanitation being a
major contributory factor long way yet to achieve MDGs across the world,
particularly sanitation MDG (To meet this goal, 95,000 toilets must be installed
every day, one toilet per second, every day for the next 5 years; George, 2009).
While sanitation message is gradually getting through to people at the bottom
end of society, this has not really got through to the legislators, who usually
live in conditions unaffected by poor sanitation.
29
WATER THE FOUNDATION OF LIFE:
Sanitation (Cont d)
Sanitation development has different emphasis between government
jurisdictions Reflecting different needs and priorities and stages of
development, and varying degrees of understanding of how to improve
the issues being faced in dealing with sanitation and solid waste.
From review of local government, jurisdictions are often aware of the
aims of the MDGs. Some are satisfyingly strong on all the aims and the
importance of cleaning up the environment for their inhabitants, but
others are less so.
Table 5 shows different arrangements for combined water supply and
sanitation for various levels of development in poverty alleviation
programmes options set out and variations of these are being put
under several local government initiatives.
Key to successful operations is the direct involvement of the communities
concerned, sustainable development from the bottom up.
30
WATER THE FOUNDATION OF LIFE:
Sanitation (Cont d)
Type of Water Supply
Sanitation Options
Notes
Public standpipes
Community managed sanitation
blocks
Assumed that individual
household sanitation
facilities are available
Standpipe
cooperatives
Community managed sanitation
blocks on site systems or condominial
sewerage
Choice depends on space
availability and costs
Yard-tap cooperatives
On site systems or condominial
sewerage
Choice depends on space
availability and costs
In-house multiple tap
cooperatives
Condominial sewerage
In low density non-poor
areas on-site septic tank
systems may be used
Table 5. Feasible Water Supply and sanitation combinations
(Mara & Alabaster 2008)
31
WATER THE FOUNDATION OF LIFE:
Sanitation (Cont d)
Figure 10. Sponsored Toilets programme in
East Bali Poverty Project
ALLEVIATING POVERTY:
A Rural Case
Private funded East Bali Poverty Project (started 1999) has completely
transformed the lives of 17,000-people community living in 19
villages/hamlets to the north of Mt. Agung in Desa Ban of Karangasem
regency. 7,000ha mountainous area.
Early undertakings concerned providing much better access and bringing in
clean water eliminating many hours of walking required by villagers for its
collection.
Water: catching rain water in 400 liter cubangs (water tanks built by the
communities) with carbon filter arrangement. With help of Thames Water,
then tapped water from springs emanating from Mt. Agung and Mt. Abang.
Today, 75% of the people in the Desa have immediate reasonable access to
clean water, while work is proceeding to extend coverage to the remaining
areas.
Key to overall success has been empowerment of the communities and
emphasising ownerships to various developments. Many lessons can be
learned and applied to other undeveloped rural areas in this bottom-up
approach to sustainable development.
33
ALLEVIATING POVERTY:
A Rural Case (Cont d)
Figure 11. Map of Bali (left)
Figure 12. Layout of Desa Ban (right)
34
ALLEVIATING POVERTY:
A Rural Case (Cont d)
Figure 13. Aerial photograph of terrain for
communities at higher elevations (above)
Figure 14. Conditions of People at the Beginning (right)
Iodine Deficiency Disorder and cretinism (top)
Endemic impertigo affecting children (bottom)
35
ALLEVIATING POVERTY:
A Rural Case (Cont d)
Figure 15. Virtuous Cycle for
Sustainable Development
Figure 16. Stages of Cubang Construction for
Typical Hamlet Family of 5 People
36
ALLEVIATING POVERTY: A Rural Case
(Cont d)
Figure 17. Pipe Laying Across Dirt Road for Supplying the Community Reservoirs from
Mountain Spring
37
ALLEVIATING POVERTY: A Rural Case
(Cont d)
Figure 18 Profile of Cost and Development at EBPP (15,000 people)
38
KECAMATAN DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
(1998 2003+)
Carried on from mid 1990 s government initiative
Integrated approach to small community development, including
roads (and water, schools, etc)
Empowerment of villages
Highly successful
KECAMATAN DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
(1998 2003+)
Figure 19. Short road and bridge
in Sumedang, West Java
Figure 20. Bridge over railway track
in Garut, West Java
KECAMATAN DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
(1998 2003+)
Figure 21. Bridge in Desa Tanjung,
Kabupaten Wonogiri, Central Java
ALLEVIATING POVERTY:
The Peri-Urban Challenge
Peri urban problems have become a major issue worldwide with large
population growth and rapid urbanization affecting areas of Jakarta, for
example, usually (not exclusively) along river banks.
While there will be significant and steady increase in middle-class numbers,
there will also be an expansion in the numbers at the lower income level.
When catering for property demand at the higher end of the social scale,
there will be a substantial requirement to accomodate a growing number of
people at the bottom end of the social scale.
Provision of low lost housing is a serious responsibility for the city
government and a politically sensitive issue for the central government. City
of Jakarta has drawn up plans for low cost housing with mid rise structures
included in the mix.
During the 20th century, the developed world had a massive rebuild
programme to overcome the depredations of WWII and earlier waste issues
from the industrial period with many socio-environmental mistakes and
distinctly variable construction standards in the haste for rapid construction
42
ALLEVIATING POVERTY:
The Peri-Urban Challenge (Cont d)
The overriding lesson that later 20th century planners and developers had to
learn was the need to involve the community in the resolution of new works,
not just in provision of basic hard infrastructure.
For succesful development at the lower income level and to encourage
communities to not only look after their areas of responsibility in soft and
hard infrastructure, the social infrastructure has to be properly defined in a
holistic manner.
Properly carried out, this can provide the foundation for a community to
better itself and take pride in so doing.
In principle the problems and solutions do not vary in substance from those
for rural community development; in either case the emphasis is on bottom
up development, with empathetic care and assistance provided by mid-level
government.
When planning and developing a peri-urban or lower income development, it
is important that plans and execution take a fully integrated approach with
the communities being a wholesome part of the decision making processes.
43
CITIES AS A FORCE FOR GOOD
The concept of the City as a force for Good or CFG, is comparatively
new and has evolved from an attempt to encapsulate something of the
benignity of sustainability. The essential challenge of CFG is therefore:
How can a city s water infrastructure be re-engineered to restore the natural
capital and ecosystem services of the nature that occupied the land before
the city?
How can urban infrastructure be re-engineered to enable the city to act as a
force for good, deliberately to compensate for the often negative impacts of
the rest of man s iterventions in nature, such as, for example, the non-urban
structures of dams and diversions for agricultural irrigation?
The critical importance of water is highlighted how a city handles its
water infrastructure is key to its sustainable future.
BAPPENAS have thought of implementing a permanent solution to the
steadily sinking north of the city through the construction of a long
protective sea wall and the locking in of fresh water as a basis of water
supply for north city developments
44
SUGGESTED WATER SUPPLY FOR
FUTURE JAKARTA
45
CITIES AS A FORCE FOR GOOD
(Cont d)
The captured fresh water can be treated and provide the basis of water
supply for housing and commercial developments that already exist and
which are or could be planned for the north area of the city.
The BedZED project in London, was designed to take on board a fulsome
sustainable development approach to a new residential community.
Much was learned both good and unsatisfactory from the Project, and it
serves as a basis for further future energy efficient developments. The
key features and recommendations put forward have been:
Most of the problems in the project related to contractual and commercial
issues and the administration structure adopted.
Vital to understand the water supply-demand balance of the development.
Need to develop a nationally accepted green water quality standard
applicable to non-potable water systems.
(Singapore view of waste water)
46
CITIES AS A FORCE FOR GOOD
(Cont d)
The other key areas for sustainable cities concern energy demand and
how to make very much more efficient use of energy; and transportation.
Both the water and power considerations can be integrated into a master
plan that should follow the new Green Building Code, with energy use
balance, and application of comparatively new concepts to deal with
solid waste for use as fertilizer (Hydroponic vegetables).
With regards to sanitation, the thinking for treatment in the future is
moving away from main line major treatment works.
In summary, all this is still only largely not much beyond the concept
stage and considerable work is required to take these ideas to fruition
But it is time to start thinking more strategically while incorporating
solutions to the many environmental problems that currently exist and
building them into a long term condition of sustainability.
47
DESIGNING FOR SUSTAINABILITY
The discussion has primarily concentrated on sustainable development,
the issues and the importance of engaging society in solutions.
The type of professionals needed to play an influential part in hard and
soft infrastructure development and in the sustaining of it would need a
completely different form of education from that considered appropriate
a half century ago.
There is interesting work going on across the world wherein engineers
and architects are now designing today s structures with efficiency in use
of energy and water as the underpinning principles in the design.
This work will attract a different approach with neutral energy balance as
the underwriting principle.
This new specialist professional is in contrast to the sustainable
development generalist dealing with the messy problems referred to
above, and equally needs a different training to that served in the 20th
century.
48
CONCLUDING REMARKS
Sustainable development and sustainability have only become
fashionable ideas over the past 20 years.
A combination of huge population expansion over the past 60 years in
parallel with advances in medicine has put large pressures on resources,
and led to many arguments as to the sustainability of the way we live.
In the past decade there has been increasing interest and practical
demonstration on how the manner in which we live can be much more
efficiently undertaken. Solutions usually need to integrate several
technologies, along with social factors, and there remains much to do in
this process and its management.
Population expansion has led to greater numbers of the world population
in poverty, a problem that mankind has never seemed able to resolve.
49
CONCLUDING REMARKS
The argument is presented that alleviating poverty and working towards
sustainable development at the poorest end of society requires the
energy and enthusiasm of these communities and results can be quite
spectacular.
Water resources, their use, and rapid urbanization are live problems of
today and all fit into the need to find sustainable solutions for human
living in the years ahead.
Protection of water resources is fundamental to optimising food
production.
The pressure will be particularly felt over the next half century, although
delay in taking action at this juncture to address problems will cause an
unnecessary stress on use of resources and greater costs.
50
CONCLUDING REMARKS (Cont d)
The expertise to manage sustainable development that we need in the
years ahead requires a different approach to advanced education and
training than adopted for most of the 20th century.
The huge ability of computers to tackle very complex problems now
offers the opportunity to provide a solid foundation to the solution of
complex problems in sustainable development and sustainability.
Practical judgements and decisions must remain, however, with
engineering technocrats and a significant number of counterpart
disciplines, well-educated for dealing with 21st century problems.
World Delta Summit (Jakarta, 21-24 November 2011)
51
THANK YOU FOR YOUR
ATTENTION /
TERIMA KASIH ATAS
PERHATIANNYA
52
WITH INDONESIAN PERSPECTIVE
Eur. Ing Dr J S Younger OBE PhD MS BSc (Hons) CEng FICE
Chairman: Glendale Partners & PT Nusantara Infrastructure Tbk. Indonesia
UK Charities Trust for East Bali Poverty Project
Honorary Research Fellow, Glasgow University
20th October 2011
PROLOGUE
The Universal Scale & Sustainable Development
Tragedy of the Commons
Collapse of Civilisation
Issues
The tragedy of the commons
Today s
... Living wihin a finite world, encapsulated by the universal image of
the earth seen from space ...
2
PROLOGUE
Tragedy (Greek) an inevitable consequence of actions
The scene:
a) Finite nature of the world
b) Biological energetics of human survival
c) Difficulties in defining optimum populations
d) Complexities of quantifying standards of living
e) Questioning the desirability of total individual freedoms
Imagine an unfenced pasture open to all a common!
3
INTRODUCTION
MAIN ISSUES TO BE DISCUSSED IN LECTURE
Water, Food and Energy
Impact of changes in Population and Demography
Sustainable Development and Sustainability and Jurisdictional
Responsibilities
Climate Change
Education for Sustainable Development
Vital issues of water and sanitation
Problems of rural and peri-urban poverty alleviation and
development
Cities as a force for good , a new concept
Designing for sustainability
4
WATER, FOOD AND ENERGY
Water
Population
Food
Energy
5
POPULATION: Current Situation
Current world population has reached 7bn, compared to 2.2bn in
the mid 20th Century.
Then less pressing interactions and fewer numbers of humankind
problems.
Explosion of life and livelihood opportunities brought about by
the discovery of the silicon chip.
Explosion of population due to advances in medicine that have
greatly lengthened lifespan (aided by silicon chip).
6
POPULATION: Current Situation
(Cont d)
Indonesia s average life expectancy still remains under the level
of highly developed nations, although dramatic improvement has
been achieved
Social pressures faced by the next generations demographic
shift towards older generation and levelling of population growth.
But OK for next 25 years
Population decline that will require changes to life patterns and
supporting infrastructure in the decades ahead (Next generation
problem).
Impact on Water, Food and Energy
7
POPULATION: Current Situation
(Cont d)
Life Expectation
Improved 50% from 1970 value of 47.2years
Still have many improvements to achieve in health
standards compared to a developed nation
Ranks at 131 out of 178 surveyed nations
Note: In developed countries significant numbers will live to
100 years by mid-century)
Figure 1. Life Expectancy in Indonesia
Source: WHO Health Report on Indonesia + Indonesian Health
Department March 2008
Infant Mortality
Improved 50% from 1970 value of 47.2years
Still has much improvements to achieve in health
standards compared to a developed nation
Ranks at 131 out of 178 surveyed nations
Figure 2. Mortality Rate in Indonesia
Source: WHO Health Report on Indonesia + Indonesian Health
Department March 2008
8
POPULATION: Urbanization
Population Growth with time
2008 : Urban / Rural ratio ~ 50/50
2030 : Urban / Rural ratio ~ 70/30
Region
Population
%
Sumatera
48,504,717
22%
Java / Bali
140,643,520
60%
NTT / NTB
8,842,789
4%
Kalimantan
12,618,693
5%
Sulawesi
16,403,378
7%
Maluku / Papua
4,955,939
2%
231,969,035
100%
TOTAL
Figure 3. Indonesia Population 1940 2045
9
POPULATION: Urbanization
(Cont.)
Declining growth peak
demonstrates
how
population will peak
Rate is an overall figure
which masks difference
between urban and rural
growth.
Urban growth is currently
assessed at 4% and rural
growth is assessed to be
under 1.3% and is
declining steadily.
Figure 4. Indonesia Average National Growth Rate 2000 2025P
Source: NCE, 2010
10
POPULATION: Urbanization
(Cont.)
Significant changes to expanding urban environment which needs
immediate attention.
A key feature of urbanization is impact on water demand profile
specifically in Java and Sumatra where population density is high.
Population density of Java exceeds 982 persons/km2, while the
total for the country is only 118 persons/km2 and is much less in
remote areas.
Differing solutions for densely populated areas compared with
those with sparse populations.
11
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Definition:
The development and utilization of natural resources for economic growth
with the exploitation of those resources held compatible with sensible
conservation of the environment such that future generations are not
impoverished .
(Younger 2007)
Control Process
Current process
Desired process
(Need both)
Figure 5. Development Controlled
by Central Government
Figure 6. Sustainability with
Emphasis at Community Level
12
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT:
Jurisdictional Structures and Responsibilities
Table 1. Levels of Jurisdiction
No
Level
Responsibility
Execution
1
Mega
Global
UN, IPCG. WTO. etc
2
Macro
National
Cental Gov t Cabinet, Legislature,
Planning & Line Ministries
3
Meso 1
Provincial
Provincial Governor, Local Legislature,
Provincial Gov t Office
4
Meso 2
District / City
Regent, Mayor and Legislature
5
Micro 1
Village / Community
Village Representative
6
Micro 2
Personal
Personal/Family
Four interacting areas concerning the governing of a society: social, economic,
environmental and political (SEEP).
Current process in many countries (including Indonesia) is broadly top-down
form of governance, while a more desirable process for regional growth is
placed on a bottom-up approach.
13
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT:
Jurisdictional Structures and Responsibilities
Table 2. Sustainable
Development at Meso Level
Leadership and Bureaucracy
Budget Allocation
Operations & maintenance
New development
Table 3. Sustainable
Development at Micro Level
Usually starting from low base
(poverty)
Engaging and empowering
Requiring holistic solutions
Structuring and Scheduling
Development
Health: Access (if required);
learning/teaching (education)
approach
Improving & Forming Family /
Community structures
self
enterprise Community growth.
14
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT:
Jurisdictional Structures and Responsibilities
Table 4. Importance of SEEP Issues
No
Level
Social (1)
Economic
Environmental
Political
Comment
1
Mega
b/c
a
a
a
Umbrella
2
Macro
b
a (2)
b (3)
a
Top-Down
3
Meso
a/b
a/b
a/b
a/b
Condition
4
Micro
a
b/c
a
a
Bottom-Up
Note:
(1) Includes religion Issues
(2) Measured as macro-economic indicator e.g. GDP
(3) As usually perceived, climate change could raise important issues in some
jurisdictions
a. Essential
b. Important
c. Less important
15
CLIMATE CHANGE
Climate change has dominated many global discussions over the past
decade and will continue to influence these
Climate change impacts could have major influences over the
environment throughout this century and possibly greatly affect the
social and economic situations of several countries perceived as
vulnerable.
Is climate now in a period of unprecedented change as a result of major
expansion of human activities in the past half century? Debate/historical
perspective
Will noted increase in greenhouse gases especially CO2 have a permanent
impact over the planetary environment as experienced today?
Changes are gradual and historically have been frequently revised.
16
CLIMATE CHANGE
(Cont d)
Climate change issue has raised salutary points which would fit well into
responsible sustainable development:
Expansion in the use of renewable energy solutions.
Reforestation, proper husbanding of forest preserves and application of
REDD Scheme.
Reducing energy usage of cities and towns, the real hotspots of the world.
It is important to understand that climate is always changing But major
changes take place over longer time periods than has been taken into
account for any particular structure or multi faceted development .
Planning is usually or should be looking ahead for given periods of
50-100 years, with robust safety factors built in to meet extraordinary
events.
17
EDUCATION
Using Schon s assessment (1987), sustainable development falls into the
category of the messy problem of the swampland compared for
example with the structural analysis of a building which is narrowly
focused and very much on the high ground.
Professionals have a major part to play in developing and maintaining
sustainable projects and university education should emphasise this in
the curriculum for the 21st century graduate.
Key issues in a changing environment concern:
Population and demography issues,
The social environmental impact of urbanization,
The deployment of resources,
Mitigating pollution; re-use solutions/biomass energy,
Addressing possible and time dependent climate issues, and
Question of immediate to long term requirements for water and energy, and
food demand.
18
EDUCATION
(Cont d)
Example:
New focus on Civil Engineering education
A new focus: Much wider education needed by civil engineers of today As
recognised by the Institution of Civil Engineers
Many UK key universities now have established and built up sub departments
dealing with issues contained in Sustainable Development and Sustainability
Tony Ridley: A 21st century is not the one I was educated to be in the 20th
Century attention drawn by Schon (1987)
Jowitt (2006) also referred to this and said that: In the varied topography of
professional practice, there is a high, hard ground overlooking a swamp. On the
high ground, manageable problems lend themselves to solution through the
application of research based theory and technique. In the swampy lowland,
messy, confusing problems defy technical solution. The irony of this situation is
that the problems of the high ground tend to be relatively unimportant to
individuals or society at large, however great their technical interest may be,
while in the swamp lie the problems of greatest human concern .
19
WATER THE FOUNDATION OF LIFE:
Water and Sanitation in General
Many nations of the world face a daunting challenge in delivering clean
water to their populations - Arguably, the availability of clean water is the
most serious global crisis of the 21st century (Chairman, Nestle).
Over 1 billion people (approx. 17% of the world population) remain
without clean water.
More than 1.6 million die every year as result of water-borne diseases.
Approx. 2.6 billion people (about 40% of the world population) do not
have access to a basic (clean) and safe form of sanitation (WHO 2005).
Water and sanitation related diseases account for 10% of global ill health
involving over US$7 billion in healthcare costs (probably a low figure).
20
WATER THE FOUNDATION OF LIFE
(Cont d)
One of Indonesia s MDGs set out in 2000 is to halve the number of
people without access to clean water and sanitation by 2015. New
sanitation almost did not make the list of priorities set out in the MDGs
due to the low esteem held by sanitation activities.
In 1999, Indonesia devolved responsibility for provision of water services
to the regions, even though certain functions regarding political cross
boundary jurisdictional issues or technical matters are still referred to
central government.
Approaches towards use of water are well within the scope of sustainable
development. Depending on function, planning or implementation and
size of responsibility, provision of water would be handled at either the
meso or micro community level.
21
WATER THE FOUNDATION OF LIFE:
Water Indonesia (Cont d)
Indonesia, like most developing countries, realises that it will not achieve
its MDG goals; however, positive steps are being taken in a number of
regencies where there is awareness of the MDG targets.
These include issues on gender, women empowerment and other
plausible aims as well as targets for provision of clean water and
sanitation.
Healthier people contribute to the betterment of communities there is
absolutely no reason why most people in the world (Indonesia in
particular) cannot have access to clean water and sanitation.
Not a question of money, rather, it is a question of empowering people
who are going to be directly benefitted from actions taken bottom-up
sustainable development.
22
WATER THE FOUNDATION OF LIFE
(Cont d)
Indonesia is well blessed with water with availability of some 3,085 billion
m3/year (not always evenly distributed) Only about 0.55% of overall
water resources has been developed.
Some 89% of the water harnessed has been used for rice irrigation and
support for other crops emphasising dependence on agriculture sector
balance used for domestic, municipal and industrial (DMI) purposes.
In Java, usage ratio is changing due to paddy land being converted to real
estate and industrial developments at rate of approx. 37,000 ha/annum.
(Java produces 60% of rice crop)
Significant damage to the majority (75%) of Indonesia s 131 water basins
(International Standards: 14,000m3 / person / year
safe level,
5,000m3/person/year critical level; and 1,000 m3/person/year very
serious condition) e.g.:
Ciliwung Cisadane water balance only amounts to 504m3/person/year
Jratun Seluna water balance amounts to 880m3/person/year
Bengawan Solo water balance only amounts to 1,810m3/person/year
23
WATER THE FOUNDATION OF LIFE:
Water Indonesia (Cont d)
Figure 7. Water Balance Profile of Six Key River Basin in Java
24
WATER THE FOUNDATION OF LIFE:
Water Indonesia (Cont d)
Figure 8. Key Water Sector Indicators
25
WATER THE FOUNDATION OF LIFE:
Water - Indonesia (Cont d)
Lengthy periods without rain now cause problems for these and other
smaller river catchments, particularly in drier areas such as East Java.
The most important river basin, the Citarum, is one of the most polluted
in the world.
Government has been trying to push ahead plans to construct a series of
water storage reservoir in the Greater Bandung Upper Citarum area, in
addition to the already existing reservoirs.
Combination of more storage with stabilization of deforested areas will
be necessary to prevent rapid siltation of the reservoirs from erosion.
Upstream deforestation is prime reason for wet season downstream
flooding uncontrolled stripping of forest areas for building on slopes in
the Puncak area.
Uncontrolled groundwater abstraction in Jakarta has increased flooding
in the past 20 years Resultant subsidence of more than 2m in some
places.
26
WATER THE FOUNDATION OF LIFE:
Water - Indonesia (Cont d)
Once soils have been subject to consolidation, there is no reversing the
subsidence that has taken place (Younger et al, 1990)
High proportion of natural disasters related to flooding significantly
from deforestation.
Landslides commonly triggered by uncontrolled runoff; 58% of recorded
disasters can be related to water.
Regional government should have disaster emergency systems in place to
undertake responses to occurence of localised flooding or landslide
disasters (ADB 1990; Younger 2009).
UN estimates in 2004 (considered optimistic to some)
Overall population access to water 74%; distribution in urban areas 89%,
distribution in rural areas 64%
Overall population access to sanitation facilities 59%, distribution in urban
areas 74%, distribution in rural areas 52%
27
WATER THE FOUNDATION OF LIFE:
Water Indonesia (Cont d)
Figure 9. Relative Importance of Flood and Other
Disasters in Indonesia
28
WATER THE FOUNDATION OF LIFE:
Sanitation
There has been and are ongoing a number of initiatives in the sanitation sector
over the past decade, however progress in the rural or peri-urban area has
been slow.
Lack of sanitation and treatment of waste and wastewater provides a
foundation for disease and sickness without containment is also a recipe for
epidemic spread to other areas.
Ignoring these issues seriously undermines local government plans for
development to cope with rapid urbanization taking place at the country s
main city centres.
Rural poverty levels remain particularly high with lack of sanitation being a
major contributory factor long way yet to achieve MDGs across the world,
particularly sanitation MDG (To meet this goal, 95,000 toilets must be installed
every day, one toilet per second, every day for the next 5 years; George, 2009).
While sanitation message is gradually getting through to people at the bottom
end of society, this has not really got through to the legislators, who usually
live in conditions unaffected by poor sanitation.
29
WATER THE FOUNDATION OF LIFE:
Sanitation (Cont d)
Sanitation development has different emphasis between government
jurisdictions Reflecting different needs and priorities and stages of
development, and varying degrees of understanding of how to improve
the issues being faced in dealing with sanitation and solid waste.
From review of local government, jurisdictions are often aware of the
aims of the MDGs. Some are satisfyingly strong on all the aims and the
importance of cleaning up the environment for their inhabitants, but
others are less so.
Table 5 shows different arrangements for combined water supply and
sanitation for various levels of development in poverty alleviation
programmes options set out and variations of these are being put
under several local government initiatives.
Key to successful operations is the direct involvement of the communities
concerned, sustainable development from the bottom up.
30
WATER THE FOUNDATION OF LIFE:
Sanitation (Cont d)
Type of Water Supply
Sanitation Options
Notes
Public standpipes
Community managed sanitation
blocks
Assumed that individual
household sanitation
facilities are available
Standpipe
cooperatives
Community managed sanitation
blocks on site systems or condominial
sewerage
Choice depends on space
availability and costs
Yard-tap cooperatives
On site systems or condominial
sewerage
Choice depends on space
availability and costs
In-house multiple tap
cooperatives
Condominial sewerage
In low density non-poor
areas on-site septic tank
systems may be used
Table 5. Feasible Water Supply and sanitation combinations
(Mara & Alabaster 2008)
31
WATER THE FOUNDATION OF LIFE:
Sanitation (Cont d)
Figure 10. Sponsored Toilets programme in
East Bali Poverty Project
ALLEVIATING POVERTY:
A Rural Case
Private funded East Bali Poverty Project (started 1999) has completely
transformed the lives of 17,000-people community living in 19
villages/hamlets to the north of Mt. Agung in Desa Ban of Karangasem
regency. 7,000ha mountainous area.
Early undertakings concerned providing much better access and bringing in
clean water eliminating many hours of walking required by villagers for its
collection.
Water: catching rain water in 400 liter cubangs (water tanks built by the
communities) with carbon filter arrangement. With help of Thames Water,
then tapped water from springs emanating from Mt. Agung and Mt. Abang.
Today, 75% of the people in the Desa have immediate reasonable access to
clean water, while work is proceeding to extend coverage to the remaining
areas.
Key to overall success has been empowerment of the communities and
emphasising ownerships to various developments. Many lessons can be
learned and applied to other undeveloped rural areas in this bottom-up
approach to sustainable development.
33
ALLEVIATING POVERTY:
A Rural Case (Cont d)
Figure 11. Map of Bali (left)
Figure 12. Layout of Desa Ban (right)
34
ALLEVIATING POVERTY:
A Rural Case (Cont d)
Figure 13. Aerial photograph of terrain for
communities at higher elevations (above)
Figure 14. Conditions of People at the Beginning (right)
Iodine Deficiency Disorder and cretinism (top)
Endemic impertigo affecting children (bottom)
35
ALLEVIATING POVERTY:
A Rural Case (Cont d)
Figure 15. Virtuous Cycle for
Sustainable Development
Figure 16. Stages of Cubang Construction for
Typical Hamlet Family of 5 People
36
ALLEVIATING POVERTY: A Rural Case
(Cont d)
Figure 17. Pipe Laying Across Dirt Road for Supplying the Community Reservoirs from
Mountain Spring
37
ALLEVIATING POVERTY: A Rural Case
(Cont d)
Figure 18 Profile of Cost and Development at EBPP (15,000 people)
38
KECAMATAN DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
(1998 2003+)
Carried on from mid 1990 s government initiative
Integrated approach to small community development, including
roads (and water, schools, etc)
Empowerment of villages
Highly successful
KECAMATAN DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
(1998 2003+)
Figure 19. Short road and bridge
in Sumedang, West Java
Figure 20. Bridge over railway track
in Garut, West Java
KECAMATAN DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
(1998 2003+)
Figure 21. Bridge in Desa Tanjung,
Kabupaten Wonogiri, Central Java
ALLEVIATING POVERTY:
The Peri-Urban Challenge
Peri urban problems have become a major issue worldwide with large
population growth and rapid urbanization affecting areas of Jakarta, for
example, usually (not exclusively) along river banks.
While there will be significant and steady increase in middle-class numbers,
there will also be an expansion in the numbers at the lower income level.
When catering for property demand at the higher end of the social scale,
there will be a substantial requirement to accomodate a growing number of
people at the bottom end of the social scale.
Provision of low lost housing is a serious responsibility for the city
government and a politically sensitive issue for the central government. City
of Jakarta has drawn up plans for low cost housing with mid rise structures
included in the mix.
During the 20th century, the developed world had a massive rebuild
programme to overcome the depredations of WWII and earlier waste issues
from the industrial period with many socio-environmental mistakes and
distinctly variable construction standards in the haste for rapid construction
42
ALLEVIATING POVERTY:
The Peri-Urban Challenge (Cont d)
The overriding lesson that later 20th century planners and developers had to
learn was the need to involve the community in the resolution of new works,
not just in provision of basic hard infrastructure.
For succesful development at the lower income level and to encourage
communities to not only look after their areas of responsibility in soft and
hard infrastructure, the social infrastructure has to be properly defined in a
holistic manner.
Properly carried out, this can provide the foundation for a community to
better itself and take pride in so doing.
In principle the problems and solutions do not vary in substance from those
for rural community development; in either case the emphasis is on bottom
up development, with empathetic care and assistance provided by mid-level
government.
When planning and developing a peri-urban or lower income development, it
is important that plans and execution take a fully integrated approach with
the communities being a wholesome part of the decision making processes.
43
CITIES AS A FORCE FOR GOOD
The concept of the City as a force for Good or CFG, is comparatively
new and has evolved from an attempt to encapsulate something of the
benignity of sustainability. The essential challenge of CFG is therefore:
How can a city s water infrastructure be re-engineered to restore the natural
capital and ecosystem services of the nature that occupied the land before
the city?
How can urban infrastructure be re-engineered to enable the city to act as a
force for good, deliberately to compensate for the often negative impacts of
the rest of man s iterventions in nature, such as, for example, the non-urban
structures of dams and diversions for agricultural irrigation?
The critical importance of water is highlighted how a city handles its
water infrastructure is key to its sustainable future.
BAPPENAS have thought of implementing a permanent solution to the
steadily sinking north of the city through the construction of a long
protective sea wall and the locking in of fresh water as a basis of water
supply for north city developments
44
SUGGESTED WATER SUPPLY FOR
FUTURE JAKARTA
45
CITIES AS A FORCE FOR GOOD
(Cont d)
The captured fresh water can be treated and provide the basis of water
supply for housing and commercial developments that already exist and
which are or could be planned for the north area of the city.
The BedZED project in London, was designed to take on board a fulsome
sustainable development approach to a new residential community.
Much was learned both good and unsatisfactory from the Project, and it
serves as a basis for further future energy efficient developments. The
key features and recommendations put forward have been:
Most of the problems in the project related to contractual and commercial
issues and the administration structure adopted.
Vital to understand the water supply-demand balance of the development.
Need to develop a nationally accepted green water quality standard
applicable to non-potable water systems.
(Singapore view of waste water)
46
CITIES AS A FORCE FOR GOOD
(Cont d)
The other key areas for sustainable cities concern energy demand and
how to make very much more efficient use of energy; and transportation.
Both the water and power considerations can be integrated into a master
plan that should follow the new Green Building Code, with energy use
balance, and application of comparatively new concepts to deal with
solid waste for use as fertilizer (Hydroponic vegetables).
With regards to sanitation, the thinking for treatment in the future is
moving away from main line major treatment works.
In summary, all this is still only largely not much beyond the concept
stage and considerable work is required to take these ideas to fruition
But it is time to start thinking more strategically while incorporating
solutions to the many environmental problems that currently exist and
building them into a long term condition of sustainability.
47
DESIGNING FOR SUSTAINABILITY
The discussion has primarily concentrated on sustainable development,
the issues and the importance of engaging society in solutions.
The type of professionals needed to play an influential part in hard and
soft infrastructure development and in the sustaining of it would need a
completely different form of education from that considered appropriate
a half century ago.
There is interesting work going on across the world wherein engineers
and architects are now designing today s structures with efficiency in use
of energy and water as the underpinning principles in the design.
This work will attract a different approach with neutral energy balance as
the underwriting principle.
This new specialist professional is in contrast to the sustainable
development generalist dealing with the messy problems referred to
above, and equally needs a different training to that served in the 20th
century.
48
CONCLUDING REMARKS
Sustainable development and sustainability have only become
fashionable ideas over the past 20 years.
A combination of huge population expansion over the past 60 years in
parallel with advances in medicine has put large pressures on resources,
and led to many arguments as to the sustainability of the way we live.
In the past decade there has been increasing interest and practical
demonstration on how the manner in which we live can be much more
efficiently undertaken. Solutions usually need to integrate several
technologies, along with social factors, and there remains much to do in
this process and its management.
Population expansion has led to greater numbers of the world population
in poverty, a problem that mankind has never seemed able to resolve.
49
CONCLUDING REMARKS
The argument is presented that alleviating poverty and working towards
sustainable development at the poorest end of society requires the
energy and enthusiasm of these communities and results can be quite
spectacular.
Water resources, their use, and rapid urbanization are live problems of
today and all fit into the need to find sustainable solutions for human
living in the years ahead.
Protection of water resources is fundamental to optimising food
production.
The pressure will be particularly felt over the next half century, although
delay in taking action at this juncture to address problems will cause an
unnecessary stress on use of resources and greater costs.
50
CONCLUDING REMARKS (Cont d)
The expertise to manage sustainable development that we need in the
years ahead requires a different approach to advanced education and
training than adopted for most of the 20th century.
The huge ability of computers to tackle very complex problems now
offers the opportunity to provide a solid foundation to the solution of
complex problems in sustainable development and sustainability.
Practical judgements and decisions must remain, however, with
engineering technocrats and a significant number of counterpart
disciplines, well-educated for dealing with 21st century problems.
World Delta Summit (Jakarta, 21-24 November 2011)
51
THANK YOU FOR YOUR
ATTENTION /
TERIMA KASIH ATAS
PERHATIANNYA
52