Directory UMM :Data Elmu:jurnal:E:Environmental Management and Health:Vol09.Issue5.1998:

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Enviro nme ntal Manage me nt and He alth

9 / 5 [1998] 2 0 0 –2 0 8 © MCB Unive rs ity Pre s s [ISSN 0956-6163]

Ef fect of pond ash on ground water quality: a case

study

I.V. Suresh

Dis as te r Manage me nt Ins titute (DMI), Paryavaran Paris ar, Bho pal, India

C. Padmakar, Prabha Padmakaran, M .V.R.L. M urthy, C.B. Raju and R.N. Yadava

Re gio nal Re s e arc h Labo rato ry (CSIR), Bho pal, India

K. Venkata Rao

Vijayawada The rmal Po we r Statio n (VTPS), Ibrahimpatnam, India

The potential problems and their consequences due to fl y ash disposal have been well studied around the world. Ash pond is a common available disposal facility for thermal power plants. The pond ash is subjected to weathering and the ions present in ash migrate to the soil and subse-quently to the ground water over a period of time. A study has been carried out at Vijayawada Thermal Power Station (VTPS), Andhra Pradesh, India, to monitor the ground water quality in order to determine the potential impact of ash ponds. It has been found that ground water quality is deteriorated due to the presence of fl y ash ions (macro and micro such as Fe, Ca, Mg etc.) which were leached out from the ash up to some extent. The contami-nation is likely to increase in the case of toxic and other ions with the passage of time. The presence of vegetative cover and plant growth on the down stream slope and fl y ash ponds which are covered by soil may effectively control the leaching of ions.

Introduction

F ly a s h is p r od u ced a s a r es u lt of coa l com -bu st ion in t h er m a l p ow er p la n t s a n d d is ch a r ged in a s h p on d s. In t h er m a l p ow er p la n t b oiler s, t h e in or ga n ic m in er a l con t en t of coa l is con ver t ed in t o a m or p h ou s gla s sy m a t er ia l d u e t o com bu s t ion of coa l a t 1,300-1,350°C a n d d ev it r ifi ed a s a r es u lt of h igh v is cos it y. Cu r r en t ly, m or e t h a n 60 m illion t on n es of a s h p er a n n u m a r e p r od u ced fr om d iffer en t t h er m a l p ow er s t a t ion s in In d ia , w h ich w ill t ou ch t h e fi gu r e of 100 m illion t on n es by t h e n ext cen t u r y. T h e p r ed om in a n t m et h od s for fl y a s h d is p osa l in d evelop in g cou n t r ies a r e a s h s et t lin g t a n k s, d u m p in g or d ir ect d isp os a l in loca l w a t er w ay s. T h ese p on d w a t er s con t a in m a n y s olu ble ca t ion s/ a n ion s t h a t a r e r elea sed fr om t h e gla s s m a t r ix of t h e a s h . Aft er s et t lin g, w a t er w it h it s h igh er q u a n t it y of t ot a l d is s olved solid s (TDS) m ay eit h er en t er in t o r iver or s t r ea m or p a r t ly s ee p in t o t h e gr ou n d w a t er.

It h a s b een r e p or t ed by Ma lek et a l. (1983) t h a t fl y a s h con t a in s h igh er con cen t r a t ion s of B, Co, Cr, Cd , Mo, N i, As, a n d Se t h a n

n or m a lly fou n d in soils. T h e m os t en v ir on -m en t a l con cer n co-m es fr o-m t h e a b ove a for e-sa id h eav y m et a ls in fl y a sh . T h e lea ch in g p ot en t ia l of t h ese h eav y m et a ls fr om a n op en sy s t em (fl y a sh p on d s ) is exp ect ed t o b e gr ea t er d u e t o d iu r n a l a n d sea son a l va r ia -t ion s in -t em p er a -t u r e, m ois -t u r e con -t en -t , a n d ot h er p a r a m et er s.

Sin ce a ll t h e m et a ls of fl y a sh a r e in t h e p r ior it y p ollu t a n t s lis t (USE PA, 1993), t h eir su it a b ilit y a n d lea ch in g p ot en t ia ls w ill b e exp ect ed t o b e h igh . It h a s b een d et er m in ed by Ru s s el (1981) t h a t lon gt er m lea ch in g of fl y a s h u s in g low p H w a t er r elea s ed su b s t a n t ia l a m ou n t s of N a , K, Al, S, As, M o, Se, a n d V in t o t h e s olu t ion p h a se. Ot h er st u d ies by N a t u s ch et a l. (1975) in d ica t e t h a t N a , S0₄, As, Se, M o, Cr, a n d P b levels w er e h igh er in fl y a sh a ffect ed gr ou n d w a t er t h a n in s a m p les fr om u n a ffect ed a r ea s.

Ou t of m a n y t y p es of p a r t icles p r esen t in a sh , t h e gla ss-lik e p a r t icles a r e r ela t ively in solu ble in w a t er. Bu t , t h e en r ich ed su r fa ce elem en t s on t h ese p a r t icles is s olu ble a n d h en ce ava ila ble t o t h e en v ir on m en t on lea ch -in g. Toxicit y s t u d ies su gges t t h a t t h r ou gh lea ch in g fl y a sh m ay a dver sely a ffect w a t er ecosy st em s, w h ile t h e solid m a t er ia ls em it t ed t o t h e a t m osp h er e m ay b e h a za r d ou s t o t er r est r ia l ecosy s t em s by d ir ect ext er n a l r ea ct ion s (s k in , eyes et c.) or by r ea ct ion s in t h e r esp ir a t or y t r a ct .

In t h e d evelop ed n a t ion s s u ch a s USA, t h e gr ou n d w a t er q u a lit y m a p s a r e r ecor d ed fr om t im e t o t im e a n d w ell m a in t a in ed t o k ee p a close w a t ch on t h e w a t er q u a lit y in or d er t o en for ce en v ir on m en t a l p r ot ect ion law s (Ch u gh , 1996). ln t h e p r esen t st u dy it h a s b een p r op osed t h a t it is ver y a p p r op r ia t e t o in it ia t e sim ila r s t u d ies in a ll t h er m a l p ow er st a t ion s t h r ou gh ou t In d ia t o k ee p a ch eck on gr ou n d w a t er q u a lit y t o fu lfi l t h e r eq u ir em en t s of en v ir on m en t a l p r ot ect ion law s.

Study area

T h e Vijayaw a d a T h er m a l P ow er St a t ion (VTP S) is loca t ed a t Ib r a h im p a t n a m , 16Km aw ay fr om t h e Ra ilw ay cit y, ca lled

Vijayaw a d a , An d h r a P r a d esh , In d ia . VTP S a sh p on d sit e t oget h er w it h 13 sa m p lin g st a -t ion s a r e p r esen -t ed in F igu r e 1.

M ethods and materials

T h e fl y a sh u n d er s t u dy w a s collect ed fr om t h e a sh p on d of Vijayaw a d a T h er m a l P ow er St a t ion , Vijayaw a d a (VTP S). Soil a n d gr ou n d w a t er sa m p les w er e collect ed fr om d iffer en t loca t ion s cover in g a b ou t 10k m s fr om t h e a sh p on d of VTP S. Ch em ica l con st it u en t s of t h e soil, a sh a n d w a t er sa m p les w er e ca r r ied by w ell est a blish ed m et h od s u s in g a t om ic a b sor p t ion s p ect r op h ot om et er (AAS), d ir ect cu r r en t p la sm a (DCP ) em is sion sp ect r om et er, a n d fl a m e p h ot om et er. Wa t er a n a ly sis k it w a s u sed for m ea su r in g p H a n d elect r ica l con d u c-t iv ic-t y a c-t c-t h e sic-t e. Den sic-t y w a s m ea su r ed by t h e sp ecifi c gr av it y b ot t le m et h od .

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I.V. Sure s h, C. Padmakar, Prabha Padmakaran, M.V.R.L. Murthy, C.B. Raju, R.N. Yadava and

K. Ve nkata Rao

Effe c t o f po nd ash o n gro und wate r quality: a c ase study Enviro nme ntal Manage me nt and He alth

9 / 5 [1 9 9 8 ] 2 0 0 –2 0 8

Ava ila ble N, P, S a n d exch a n gea ble K in soil a n d fl y a s h sa m p les w er e exa m in ed by t h e st a n d a r d m et h od s (J a ck s on , 1973; Su bb a Ra o, 1993). Ava ila ble Cu , Fe, Zn a n d M n w er e d et er -m in ed by t h e DTPA (d iet h y len e t r ia -m in e p en t a a cet ic a cid ) ext r a ct ion m et h od (Gu p t a , 1993; Lin d s ay a n d N or vell, 1978). Ab ou t 10gm fl y a s h w a s sh a k en w it h 20 m l DTPA ext r a ct -in g s olu t ion . T h e solu t ion w a s fi lt er ed a n d t h e con s t it u en t s d et er m in ed u sin g AAS a n d DCP.

X-r ay p ow d er d iffr a ct ion a n a ly sis w a s ca r r ied ou t by t h e P h illip s d iffr a ct om et er m od el 1710 u sin g Cu K r a d ia t ion a n d n ick el fi lt er a t 40KV a n d 20m A. T h e id en t ifi ca t ion of m in er a l p h a ses w a s d on e w it h t h e h elp of Min er a l P ow d er Diffr a ct ion fi le J CP DS a n d ASTM d iffr a ct ion d a t a . In fr a r ed sp ect r op h o-t om eo-t er m od el 984 G of M / s P er k in -E lm er, UK

w a s u sed for m ea su r in g IR sp ect r a l lin es by con ven t ion a l KBr p ellet m et h od .

Results and discussions

Che mic al c o mpo s itio n o f po nd as h

T h e ch em i ca l com p os i t i on of p on d a s h i s s h ow n i n Ta b le I w h i ch h a s a lk a li s (N a₂O + K₂O) i n t h e r a n ge of 1.5 – 2.3 w t p er cen t a n d a lk a li n e r a r e ea r t h ’s (Ca O + M gO) les s t h a n 3.0 w t p er cen t (P r a b h a et a l., 1994). T h e m a jor con s t i t u en t s a r e Si O₂(59 – 61 w t % ) a n d a lu m i n a (28 – 29 w t % ). Fe₂O₃d oes n ’t exceed 5.5 w t % . In a d d i t i on t o t h e a b ove, p on d a s h s a m p les h ave m i cr o-n u t r i en t s s u ch a s Cu , F e, Zn , M n a n d m a cr o-n u t r i en t s li k e av a i la b le n i t r o gen (n i t r i t es ), p h os p h or u s, p ot a s s i u m , s od i u m a n d s u lp h u r (Ta b le II). T h e v a lu es i n Ta b le II s h ow s om e of t h e

Hillocks

AGRICULTURAL LAND

VUAYAWADA CAPITAL

THERMAL POW ER STATION

TRILOCHANAPURAM

KOTA MULAPADU

MULAPADU GUDEM

J UPUDI

J UPUDI EAST

QUALITY STONE CRUSHER

SDA SCHOOL 10

3 9

NH 9 NH 9

Fly as h Pond (About 180 Acres )

HYDRABAD

Figure 1

Lo c atio n map o f s ampling s tatio ns ne ar as h po nd

Table I

Che mic al c o mpo s itio n o f po nd as h s ample s o f VTPS (wt%)

LOI SiO₂ Al₂O₃ Fe₂O₃ Na₂O K₂O CaO M gO

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I.V. Sure s h, C. Padmakar, Prabha Padmakaran, M.V.R.L. Murthy, C.B. Raju, R.N. Yadava and

K. Ve nkata Rao

Effe c t o f po nd ash o n gro und wate r quality: a c ase study Enviro nme ntal Manage me nt and He alth

9 / 5 [1 9 9 8 ] 2 0 0 –2 0 8

t ot a l m i cr o-n u t r i en t s s u ch a s Cu , Fe, Zn a n d Mn w h ich a r e in t h e for m of b ot h lea ch a ble a n d n ot ea sily lea ch a ble ion s r esp ect ively.

Mine ralo gy and mic ro -struc ture o f fly ash

F ly a sh con sist s of m ost ly a m or p h ou s gla ssy p h a ses of SiO₂a n d a lu m in o-silica t e in t h e p oor ly cr y st a llin e m u llit e for m . X-r ay p ow d er d iffr a ct ion a n a ly sis a n d IR s p ect r op h ot om e-t r y h ave con fi r m ed e-t h e p r esen ce of a lp h a q u a r t z a n d m u llit e (F igu r e 2 a n d 3). Fe is p r esen t m ost ly in t h e for m of Ma gn et it e h av -in g d (Å) = 2.5 (F igu r e 3). A p a r t of it is -in m olt en st a ge a n d for m s a coa t in g on t h e su r -fa ce of t h e a lu m in o-silica t e cen o-s p h er es (F igu r e 4). T h e ch a n ces of m olt en ir on p r e-sen t in sp h er ica l sh a p e ca n n ot b e r u led ou t . Sca n n in g elect r on m icr o-gr a p h s of va r iou s sa m p les su ggest t h e p r esen ce of sp h er ica l a n d n ea r sp h er ica l sh a p e p a r t icles w it h h a r d ly a n y cr y s t a llin e s t r u ct u r e or p h a se se p a r a t ion (F igu r e 4).

10 20 30 40 50 60 70

2∅

Key

MULLITE QUARTZ MAGNETITE –

– –

(

)

Figure 2

X-ray diffrac tio n patte rns o f fly as h s ample s fro m VTPS

3000 1900

3800 1100

Wave Number (Cm– 1₎

Abs orption

300 1092

790 540 495

394

Figure 3

Infrare d s pe c tra o f re pre s e ntative fly as h s ample s fro m VTPS

Table II

Available mac ro -nutrie nts and mic ro -nutrie nts in po nd as s ample s o f VTPS

Name of Total Name of Total Available

macro-nutrient (ppm) micro-nutrient (wt%) (ppm)

Available N2 1 5 5 – 1 8 0 Cu 0 .0 8 7 – 0 .1 0 2 0 .4 0 – 0 0 .7 6

– do – P 0 1 4 – 0 4 5 Fe 1 .9 0 – 3 .8 4 .0 – 1 4 .5 0

– do – K 0 0 7 – 0 1 9 Z n 0 .0 0 8 – 0 .0 4 2 0 .6 – 2 0

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I.V. Sure s h, C. Padmakar, Prabha Padmakaran, M.V.R.L. Murthy, C.B. Raju, R.N. Yadava and

K. Ve nkata Rao

Effe c t o f po nd ash o n gro und wate r quality: a c ase study Enviro nme ntal Manage me nt and He alth

9 / 5 [1 9 9 8 ] 2 0 0 –2 0 8

Crystal struc ture

T h e SiO₂r ich p h a se is cr y s t a llin e a n d h a s t h e t et r a h ed r a l st r u ct u r e a s sh ow n in F igu r e 5. T h e cr y s t a l s t r u ct u r e of t h e s p h er ica l p a r t i-cles ca n b e exp ect ed t o b e m ost ly d is or d er ed b eca u s e of t h e a m or p h ou s n a t u r e of t h e m a t e-r ia l w h ich foe-r m ed a s a e-r es u lt of s u p ee-r coolin g of t h e p a r t ia lly fu sed silica t e/ a lu m in o-s ilica t e p r es en t in t h e coa l. Alu m in o siliilica t e n et

-wor k h old s m a n y ca t ion s a n d a n ion s in t h e va ca n t sp a ces (F igu r e 6). T h e va r iou s ca t ion s lik e N a , K, B, Ca , Mg, Zn , Cu , N i, P b a n d As a r e a t t a ch ed t o Si/ Al t h r ou gh oxygen “O”. At t h e sa m e t im e, som e of t h ese ca t ion s occu py va ca n t sp a ces a s s h ow n in t h e F igu r e 6.

Si-O-M or Al-O-M; w h er e M – N a , K, B, Ca , Mg, Zn , Cu , N i, P b, As.

X-r ay p ow d er d iffr a ct ion p a t t er n (F igu r e 2) a n d IR sp ect r a (F igu r e 3) h ave clea r ly sh ow n t h e a b sen ce of ca r b on a t es or sp in a l. H en ce t h e F igu r e 5 a n d 6 r e p r esen t s t h e t r u e st r u c-t u r e of fi y a sh .

We athe ring o f fly ash and its e ffe c t o n so il and gro und wate r in the vic inity o f ash po nd

It h a s b een n ot iced t h a t p H of p on d a sh va r ies fr om 7.09 t o 8.63, elect r ica l con d u ct iv it y r a n ges fr om 0.017 t o 0.036m m h os/ cm , sp ecifi c gr av it y 1.63 t o 1.83 a n d or ga n ic m a t t er 0.73 t o 1.94 w t % w it h a n in cr ea se in d ist a n ce u p t o 650/ 700 m et r es aw ay fr om t h e d isp os a l p oin t t h a t is cover in g t h e en t ir e b r ea d t h of t h e p on d (Ta ble III a n d F igu r e 1). It w a s r e p or t ed ea r lier t h a t t h e ch lor id e, su lp h a t es, b ica r b on -a t es, or g-a n ic m -a t t er, w -a t er ext r -a ct -a ble solid s a n d elect r ica l con d u ct iv it y va lu es of fl y a sh a r e d ecr ea sed p r ogr essively fr om t h e su r fa ce of t h e p on d w it h a n in cr ea se in d e p t h of t h e a sh p on d (Ra ju , 1993). Su ch a sit u a t ion sh ow s t h e p oss ib ilit y of w a t er con t a m in a t ion w h en -ever t h e w a t er t a ble r is es h igh .

T h e t est r esu lt s of gr ou n d w a t er sa m p les collect ed fr om a b ou t 13 st a t ion s over a d is-t a n ce of 10k m fr om is-t h e a sh p on d of VTP S a r e given in Ta ble IV. T h e TDS of gr ou n d w a t er h a s b een p r esen t ed in F igu r e 7 a s con t ou r s. An a ly sis of t h es e r esu lt s sh ow a n in cr ea se in t h e ca lciu m h a r d n ess (96298p p m ), t ot a l h a r d -n ess (168-904p p m ), Ma g-n esiu m (17-147p p m ), Cl¯ (56-499p p m ) a n d t ot a l a lk a lin it y

105-10µm Figure 4

SEM mic ro graph o f flyas h (VTPS)

: Si : O₂ Key Figure 5

Crys tal s truc ture ne two rk o f s ilic a

: M : Si (or) Al Key

∅

: O₂

Figure 6

Crys tal s truc ture o f alumino s ilic ate glas s in flyas h

Table III

Phys ic o Che mic al analys is re s ults o f po nd as h VTPS

Samples

distance from Electrical Organic Organic

disposal point conductivity Specific carbon matter

(meters) pH (mmhos/ cm) gravity (wt%) (wt%)

700 8 .6 3 0 .0 3 6 1 .8 3 6 0 .4 2 5 0 .7 3 3

650 8 .5 4 0 .0 3 2 1 .7 5 5 0 .4 6 1 0 .7 9 4

550 7 .2 4 0 .0 2 5 1 .7 0 2 0 .5 0 3 0 .8 6 7

400 7 .0 9 0 .0 2 1 1 .6 6 0 0 .7 1 3 1 .2 2 9

300 7 .1 0 0 .0 1 7 1 .6 3 0 0 .7 5 4 1 .2 2 9

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I.V. Sure s h, C. Padmakar, Prabha Padmakaran, M.V.R.L. Murthy, C.B. Raju, R.N. Yadava and

K. Ve nkata Rao

Effe c t o f po nd ash o n gro und wate r quality: a c ase study Enviro nme ntal Manage me nt and He alth

9 / 5 [1 9 9 8 ] 2 0 0 –2 0 8

533p p m (Ta ble IV). A m a r gin a l r is e in t h e con cen t r a t ion of Zn (0.01 t o 1.30p p m ) a n d P b (0.01-0.05p p m ) a r e n ot iced . H igh er va lu es of Fe u p t o 4p p m sh ow t h a t t h e lea ch a b ilit y of Fe is a s h igh a s 40 t im es. T h e effect of p on d a s h on a lk a li ion s N a a n d K in gr ou n d w a t er a p p ea r s t o b e n ot ver y sign ifi ca n t (Ta ble IV). T h is m ay p r ob a bly b e d u e t o h igh er ion ic r a d ii of N a a n d K ion s w h ich a r e r ea d ily exch a n ged t o t h e soil a n d w a t er s lu r r y. F r om t h e lea ch in g s t u dy of fl y a s h a n d ch em ica l a n a ly s is of t h is w a t er s olu ble m a t er ia l, it h a s

b een n ot ed t h a t a ll of t h e m a jor elem en t s p r es en t in t h e fl y a sh a r e a ls o p r es en t in it s w a t er solu ble fr a ct ion s. T h e a m ou n t of w a t er solu ble fr a ct ion s in d iffer en t a sh es va r ies sign ifi ca n t ly. T h er e is n o sign ifi ca n t cor r ela -t ion b e-t w een -t h e com p osi-t ion of a sh a n d w a t er solu ble fr a ct ion of a sh .

T h e m ovem en t of t h e ca t ion s Ca a n d Mg a n d t h e t ot a l h a r d n ess follow a n in cr ea sin g t r en d a t t h e loca t ion s in t h e or d er 5 > 1 > 6 w h er ea s ch lor id e h a p p en s t o b e a t it s m a xi-m u xi-m va lu e a t t h e loca t ion -l w h ich xi-m ea n s, Cl¯ Table IV

Charac te ris tic s o f gro und wate r ne ar as h po nd s ite (VTPS)

Regulatory body Number of

Desirable samples

limit USEPA ISI exceeding

Elements M in. M ax. M ean (ppm) (1976) ES (1983) limits

Z n 0 .0 1 1 .3 0 0 .1 7 5 .0 0 – – 1 1 5 Nil

Pb 0 .0 1 0 .0 5 0 .0 3 0 .0 5 – – NR Nil

Fe 0 .1 0 4 .2 0 1 .3 0 0 .3 0 – – 1 .0 0 5

Na 1 0 0 1 5 5 1 2 2 .8 – 2 0 0 1 7 5 – Nil

K 2 0 1 7 0 8 1 .1 8 – – 1 2 – Nil

Ca 3 8 .6 1 2 9 .5 8 5 .7 2 7 5 2 0 0 – 2 0 0 Nil

Ca hardness 9 6 .6 2 9 8 2 1 4 .1 8 3 0 0 – – 6 0 0 Nil

Total hardness1 6 8 9 0 4 4 5 7 .4 5 3 0 0 – 1 0 0 -5 0 0 6 0 0 3

M g 1 7 .4 1 4 7 5 9 .2 2 – 1 2 5 1 2 5 1 2 5 1

Chloride 5 6 .8 4 9 9 2 7 0 .3 0 2 5 0 2 5 0 2 5 0 1 ,0 0 0 Nil

Total alkalinity1 0 5 5 3 3 3 1 4 .2 2 0 0 – – 6 0 0 Nil

pH 6 .5 7 .5 7 .0 6 .5 –8 .5 6 .5 –8 .0 6 .5 –8 .0 6 .5 –9 .2

Notes:

US = US standards; ES = European standards; ISI = Indian standards; NR = no relaxation

29.20

25.23

21.26

17.29

13.31

9.34

5.37

1.40

0.40 4.40 8.40 12.40 16.40 20.40 24.40 28.40 32.40 36.40 40.40 44.40 48.40 0.40 4.40 8.40 12.40 16.40 20.40 24.40 28.40 32.40 36.40 40.40 44.40 48.40

1

2

3

4

8

9

5

TDS

29.20

25.23

21.26

17.29

13.31

9.34

5.37

1.40 Figure 7

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I.V. Sure s h, C. Padmakar, Prabha Padmakaran, M.V.R.L. Murthy, C.B. Raju, R.N. Yadava and

K. Ve nkata Rao

Effe c t o f po nd ash o n gro und wate r quality: a c ase study Enviro nme ntal Manage me nt and He alth

9 / 5 [1 9 9 8 ] 2 0 0 –2 0 8

is m or e loca lized h er e t h a n a t loca t ion s 5 a n d 6 (F igu r es 8 a n d 9). If w e con s id er t h e loca -t ion s 7, 4, 3, 9 a n d 8 -t h er e is a r e gu la r -t r en d in t h e p r es en ce of b ot h ca t ion s a n d a n ion s (F ig-u r es 10-11). In gen er a l, loca t ion N o. 3 h a s m a xim u m q u a n t it ies of ca t ion s a n d a n ion s a s com p a r ed t o t h e ot h er loca t ion s. Wh en t h e loca t ion s 8, 9 a n d 3 a r e on ly con s id er ed it is seen t h er e is a r e gu la r fa ll in t h e con cen t r a -t ion s of Cl¯, Ca , Mg a n d -t o-t a l h a r d n es s a s 8 &l-t; 9

< 3. T h ese r esu lt s a r e sh ow n in F igu r es 6-12 a n d t h e m ovem en t of t h e ion s h a s som e b ea r -in g on t h eir ion ic r a d iu s, ion exch a n ge ca p a c-it y, geologica l t er r a in a n d p H of t h e fl y a sh . T h e b igger t h e ion ic r a d iu s of elem en t s, t h e h igh er is t h e r a t e of t h eir exch a n ge.

Ap a r t fr om sligh t solu b ilit y in w a t er, fl y a sh is ch em ica lly ver y st a ble a n d t h er e is n o d et e-r ioe-r a t ion on exp osu e-r e t o t h e a t m osp h ee-r e. F u r t h er m or e, sin ce t h e s olu ble con t en t b ecom es fi xed by p a r t icip a t ion in t h e p oz-zola n ic a ct ion , w a t er p a ssin g over or t h r ou gh t h e a sh is u n lik ely t o p ick u p sign ifi ca n t q u a n t it ies of a n y com p ou n d t h a t wou ld low er t h e q u a lit y of st r ea m or gr ou n d w a t er.

T h e p a r a m et er s t h a t gr ea t ely a ffect t h e lea ch in g p r ocess a lso in clu d e soil t ext u r e, p H , p a r t icle s ize, t h e p r es en ce of ch ela t in g a gen t s in soil, r a t io of fl y a sh t o t h e solu t ion ’s t em p er a t u r e, p r es en ce of lea ch a t e collect ion sy st em s a n d t h e or igin of fl y a sh .

Exc hange of ions from soil/ fly ash to plants

Con cen t r a t ion of solu ble elem en t s in soil h ave sh ow n a n u pw a r d t r en d by a d d in g m or e fl y a sh t o it (P a ge et a l., 1979). It is es sen t ia lly d u e t o t h e fa ct t h a t t h e s olu ble fr a ct ion of elem en t s com in g fr om fl y a sh a r e r ea d ily a b sor b ed a n d r et a in ed by t h e s oil in or d er t o en h a n ce gr ow t h of p la n t s. Soy b ea n , la dy ’s fi n ger, p ea s a n d b en ga l gr a m h ave sh ow n en cou r a gin g gr ow t h r a t e in t h e fl y a s h (30 – 90 w t % ) a m en d ed soil (RRL, Bh op a l, 1996). T h e ed ible p a r t s of t h e t h ese p la n t s w er e a n a ly zed for Fe, Mg, N i, Cu , Zn , N a , K w h ich h ave sh ow n h igh er u p t a k e of t h ese ion s w h en com

-800

600

400

200

Conc e ntra tion (mg/I)

0 2 4 6 8 10

Sa mpling points Key

Ca Na

T.ha rdne K

Mg Cl–

Figure 8

Mo ve me nt o f mac ro nutrie nts (a)

Concentration (mg/I)

0 2 4 6 10

Sampling points

Key

Pb Fe

Figure 1 0

Mo ve me nt o f mic ro nutrie nts (a)

500

400

300

200

100

Concentration (mg/I)

0 2 4 6 8 10

Sampling points

Key

Ca Na

T.hard K

Mg Cl–

Figure 9

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I.V. Sure s h, C. Padmakar, Prabha Padmakaran, M.V.R.L. Murthy, C.B. Raju, R.N. Yadava and

K. Ve nkata Rao

Effe c t o f po nd ash o n gro und wate r quality: a c ase study Enviro nme ntal Manage me nt and He alth

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p a r ed t o t h e cr op s gr ow n on con t r ol s oil (Ta ble V). In a d d it ion t o t h e h igh er con cen t r a -t ion of -t h e a b ove ion s in -t h e ed ible p a r -t s of t h es e p la n t s, t h e r a t e of u p t a k e of t h e

elem en t s va r ied fr om p la n t t o p la n t . T h is m ay b e d u e t o m et a b olic r ea ct ion s a t t h e r oot s of t h es e p la n t s a n d by con t r ollin g a ss im ila t ion of s olu ble elem en t s by p la n t s (Ad r ia n o et a l., 1980). F u r t h er, a d d it ion of m in er a ls s u ch a s

low gr a d e r ock p h osp h a t e en h a n ced t h e gr ow t h p a t t er n of p ea s a n d ot h er p la n t s ow in g t o t h e in t er a ct ion of p h os p h a t e ion w it h s om e of t h es e elem en t s lea d in g t o a n in cr ea se in t h eir lea ch a b ilit y. T h e a b ove st u d -ies in d ica t e a p ossible m et h od of con t r ollin g t h e see p a ge of va r iou s ion s t o t h e gr ou n d w a t er by select ive ve get a t ion a n d s y st em a t ic p la n t gr ow t h on a sh p on d s a n d fl y a sh a m en d ed soils. T h is exer cise w ill fu r t h er r ed u ce t h e p ollu t ion of gr ou n d w a t er.

T h e en v ir on m en t a l p a t h w ay s of a ll p ollu -t a n -t s ca n b e p r ed ic-t ed a s a s er ies of even -t s. On ce t h e con s t it u en t s a r e r elea sed t o t h e a q u eou s p h a se, t h ey m ay d ir ect ly b e a b sor b ed by p la n t r oot s or t h ey m ay lea ch t o t h e su b -s u r fa ce. If t h ey a r e a b -s or b ed by t h e p la n t -s, t h en t h ey w ill r em a in fi xed u n t il t h e p la n t s a r e con su m ed by a n im a ls or d ecom p osed . In t h e la t t er ca s e t h e con st it u t en t s a r e r elea sed b a ck t o t h e soil. If t h e con st it u en t s a r e r elea s ed in t o t h e su b su r fa ce en v ir on m en t , t h ey p a r t icip a t e in sever a l ch em ica l a n d h yd r ologic p r ocess. T h e com b in ed effect s of s u ch p h y sica l, ch em ica l a n d h yd r ody n a m ic p r ocesses con t r ibu t e t o d ecr ea se t h e con cen -t r a -t ion of -t h e s olu -t es r elea sed fr om -t h e w a s-t e a s a fu n ct ion of d ist a n ce fr om t h e p oin t of a p p lica t ion .

T h e t r a n sp or t of p a r t icu la r ch em ica l s p ecies in t er r est r ia l sy st em s is of in t er est t o a va r iet y of scien t ist s (Bow er a n d Wilcox, 1965; Cole, 1980), sin ce m ea su r em en t or r e p or t in g of t ot a l con cen t r a t ion of a p a r t icu -la r in or ga n ic com p ou n d (E n fi eld et a l., 1980) in t h e soil m ay b e m islea d in g in m a n y en v i-r on m en t a l m a n a gem en t sit u a t ion s. Toxic effect s of t r a ce m et a ls m ay b e a ffect ed m or e by t h eir ch em ica l for m t h a n by t h eir t ot a l con cen t r a t ion (F lor en s, 1977). T h er efor e m a t h em a t ica l m od els ca p a ble of s im u la t in g t h e d ist r ibu t ion of in or ga n ic p ollu t a n t sp ecies in soil a n d gr ou n d w a t er sy s t em s a r e va lu a ble t ools for a n a ly sin g con t a m in a n t p a t h w ay s. An eva lu a t ion of t h e fa t e of in or -ga n ic com p ou n d s in s oil a n d gr ou n d w a t er r eq u ir es a d et a iled con s id er a t ion of t h e p h y si-ca l, ch em isi-ca l a n d b iologisi-ca l p r oces ses a n d r ea ct ion s in volved su ch a s com p lexa t ion , a d sor p t ion , p r ecip it a t ion , oxid a t ion -r ed u c-t ion (Ma h ier ec-t a l., 1980), ch em ica l sp ecia c-t ion a n d b iologica l r ea ct ion s (F igu r e 12) t o d et er -m in e t h e fr ee -m et a l con cen t r a t ion in soil solu t ion s. T h es e p r ocesses ca n a ffect su ch ch a r a ct er ist ics a s sp ecies solu b ilit y, ava ila b il-it y for b iologica l u p t a k e p h y sica l t r a n sp or t a n d cor r os ion p ot en t ia l (Ly m en et a l., 1982; P r ick et t et a l., 1981)

E n v ir on m en t a l m on it or in g com p r isin g collect ion a n d a n a ly sis of gr ou n d w a t er, su r -fa ce r u n -off, a n d t h e lea ch a t e a n a ly sis of a sh t a k en fr om w it h in t h e a sh p on d sh ow s t h a t fl y

Concentration (mg/I)

0 2 4 6 10

Sampling points Key

Pb Fe

Figure 1 1

Mo ve me nt o f mic ro nutrie nts (b)

Ion Exchange

and Ads orption

Redox Reaction

Biological Reaction

Precipitation & Dis s olution

of Solids

Acid-Bas e Reaction

Complex Formation Free Metal

Concentration in s oil s olution Mas s Trans fer Figure 1 2

Princ ipal c o ntro ls o f fre e me tal c o nc e ntratio ns in s o il s o lutio ns (adapte d fro m Mattigo d e t al., 1 9 8 1 )

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I.V. Sure s h, C. Padmakar, Prabha Padmakaran, M.V.R.L. Murthy, C.B. Raju, R.N. Yadava and

K. Ve nkata Rao

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a s h p on d d oes n ot n ecess a r ily d et r im en t a lly a ffect gr ou n d w a t er con cen t r a t ion s. H ow ever, p ot en t ia l im p a ct of fl y a s h p on d on t h e loca l en v ir on m en t m ay gen er a lly a r ise ou t of w in d er os ion , s u r fa ce w a t er er os ion , d is solu t ion by su r fa ce r u n off, r a in a n d s u b seq u en t p er cola -t ion -t o gr ou n d w a -t er. P er cola -t ion of w a -t er t h r ou gh fl y a sh p on d s gen er a lly y ield h igh a lk a lin e solu t ion (p H : 8-10) t h a t w ill r es t r ict h eav y m et a l lea ch in g. T h e con cer n , h en ce, lies on t h e lon gev it y of t h is s u ffer in g con t in -u a l r a in fa ll in fi lt r a t ion or gr o-u n d w a t er in t r u s ion . Acid ext r a ct ion p r oced u r es, s u ch a s t h e USE PA, E P -t oxicit y t es t (s im u la t es t h is lon gt er m con d it ion in a n a ggr es s ive b a t ch -eq u ilib r iu m lea ch in g t est ) in d ica t e t h a t t h e efflu en t fr om t h ese fl y a sh p on d s a r e w ill w it h in lim it s a s p r es cr ib ed by USE PA (1976) by a t lea s t on e or d er of m a gn it u d e for a ll m et a ls of con cer n exce p t ir on .

In or d er t o m in im ize t h e occu r r en ces of su ch en v ir on m en t a l p r oblem s w it h st r u c-t u r a l fl y a sh p on d , ic-t is a dv isa ble c-t o r es c-t r icc-t t h e r a t e of w a t er p er cola t ion by a p r op er ly d esign ed d r a in a ge a n d collect ion s y s t em .

Conclusions

• N ea r t h e a s h p on d t h e gr ou n d w a t er q u a lit y is ch a n ged ow in g t o t h e lea ch in g of s olu ble ion s p r es en t in fl y a sh .

• Ad d it ion of fl y a s h t o t h e n a t ive soil lea d t o a n in cr ea se in t h e ava ila b ilit y of n u t r ien t ion s lik e Cu , N i, Zn , Fe, P, K a n d N a a n d en h a n ced gr ow t h of p la n t s.

• E xt er n a l er os ion d u e t o w in d , r a in a n d w ave a ct ion ca n a ls o b e con t r olled by a s u it a ble ve get a t ive cover on t h e d ow n s t r ea m slop e w h ile p r ot ect in g t h e u p s t r ea m slop e. Ad eq u a t e s p illw ay or r u n -off d iver sion s m u st b e p r ov id ed a n d w ill b e m a in t a in ed p r op er ly.

• Select ion of p a r t icu la r t y p e of p la n t s a n d t h eir p la n n ed gr ow t h , wou ld con t r ol t h e m igr a t ion of m et a llic ion s t o t h e gr ou n d w a t er.

Avoid in g h igh in p u t s of fl y a sh in soil a m en d -m en t sch e-m es for b et t er cr op gr ow t h a n d in t r od u ct ion of m et a b olic m ech a n ism s wou ld con t r ol t h e lea ch a b ilit y of s olu ble ion s a n d r ed u ce m igr a t ion of va r iou s elem en t s t o t h e gr ou n d w a t er.

References

Ad r ia n o, D.C., Wood lor d , T.A. a n d Cir avelo, T.G. (1978), J E n v ir on qu a lity, Vol. 7, p. 416. Ad r ia n o, D.C., P a ge, A.L., E lseew i, A.A., Ch a n g,

A.C. a n d St r a u gh a n , I. (1980), “Ut iliza t ion a n d Dis p os a l of fl y a s h a n d ot h er coa l r esid u es in t er r es t r ia l ecos y st em – a r ev iew ”, J E n v ir on Qu a lity, Vol. 9, p. 33.

Am er ica n Societ y of Civ il E n gin eer s (1979), “Solid Wa s t e r es ea r ch n eed s for em er gin g coa l t ech -n ologies ”, i-n Pr oc of th e A S CE, P RC-E P RI Wor k s h op, Sa n Die go, CA, ASCE P RC, N ew Yor k , N Y.

Bow er, C.A. a n d Wilcox, L.V. (1965), “Solu ble sa lt s in m et h od s of soil a n a ly sis”, Bla ck , C.A. (E d .), A m er ica n S ociety of A g r on om y, Ma d ison , WI, p p. 947-8.

Cen t r a l Boa r d of Ir r iga t ion a n d P ow er (1995), Wor k s h op on “F ly As h Ut ilisa t ion ”, 11-12 M a r ch , N ew Delh i, In d ia .

Cen t r a l Boa r d of Ir r iga t ion a n d P ow er (1996), Sem in a r on “F ly As h Ut iliza t ion ”, 26-27 M a r ch , N ew Delh i, In d ia a n d US Agen cy for In t er n a t ion a l Develop m en t .

Ch u gh , P. (1996), “F ly a sh u t iliza t ion in USA”, P r es en t ed in t h e sem in a r on ‘fl y a sh u t ilisa -t ion ’, 26-27 Ma r ch 1996, h eld a -t N ew Delh i (In d ia ).

Cole, C.R. (1980), In for m a t ion in t h e MMT/ VVT M od el, Ba t t lle P a cifi c N or t h w est La b or a t or y, Rich la n d , Wa sh . 99352.

E n fi eld , C.G., Ca r s el, R.F., Coh en , S.Z., P h a n , T. a n d Wa lt er s, D.M. (1980), A p p r ox im a tin g

Table V

Elemental c onc entration (ppm) in edible portions of c rops grown on pure soil and 9 0 per c ent fly ash

Soybean Lady’s finger Peas Bengal gram

Elements Control F.A. Control F.A. Control F.A. Control F.A.

Calcium 9 0 0 8 5 0 1 ,9 0 0 2 ,2 0 0 1 ,1 0 0 2 ,7 5 0 1 ,5 0 0 2 ,7 0 0

M agnesium 2 ,0 0 0 2 ,1 0 0 1 ,8 2 0 1 ,8 5 0 1 ,4 0 0 2 ,3 0 0 1 ,7 0 0 1 ,5 0 0

Sodium 3 ,0 2 0 3 ,8 2 0 1 ,0 5 0 1 ,2 0 0 4 ,5 0 0 1 ,8 0 0 1 ,4 3 5 3 ,3 1 5

Potassium 2 ,5 0 0 4 ,8 5 0 4 ,5 5 0 4 ,7 0 0 1 ,4 3 5 3 ,3 1 5 3 ,1 0 0 3 ,7 5 0

M anganese 7 0 5 0 1 3 2 5 3 0 2 3 8 0 6 1

Iron 4 2 5 3 0 0 1 7 5 2 0 0 2 3 5 1 5 0 3 5 0 1 0 0

Nickel 1 0 2 1 8 1 0 1 0 1 5 8 2 1

Copper 1 6 3 1 1 1 1 6 1 9 1 3 1 3 1 7

Z inc 4 0 7 0 3 2 3 7 7 7 3 5 4 5 3 0

Notes:

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I.V. Sure s h, C. Padmakar, Prabha Padmakaran, M.V.R.L. Murthy, C.B. Raju, R.N. Yadava and

K. Ve nkata Rao

Effe c t o f po nd ash o n gro und wate r quality: a c ase study Enviro nme ntal Manage me nt and He alth

9 / 5 [1 9 9 8 ] 2 0 0 –2 0 8

p ollu ta n t tra n sp or t to Gr ou n d Wa ter, USE PA, RSKE RL, a d a , Ok la

F lor en s, T.M. (1977), “T r a ce m et a l s p ecies in fr es h w a t er s”, Wa ter R es. Vol. 11, p p. 681-7.

Gu p t a , V.K. (1993), “An a ly s is of s oils for ava ila ble m a jor n u t r ien t s”, in Ta n d on , H .L.S. (E d .), M eth od s of A n a lysis of S oils, Pla n ts, Wa ter a n d Fer tiliz er , Fer t ilizer Develop m en t a n d Con su l-t a l-t ion Or ga n isa l-t ion , N ew Delh i, p p. 36-48. ISI (1983), Dr in k in g Wa ter S ta n d a rd s, In d ia n

St a n d a r d In st it u t e P u blica t ion N o. 10500 J a ck son , M.L. (1973), S oil Ch em ica l A n a lysis,

P r en t ice-H a ll of In d ia P r iva t e Lim it ed , N ew Delh i.

Lin d say, W.L. a n d N or vell, W.A. (1978), “Develop m en t of DTPA soil t est for zin c, ir on , m a n -ga n ese a n d cop p er ”, S oil S ci. S oc. A m . J., Vol. 42, p. 421.

Ly m en , W.J ., Reeh l, W.F. a n d Ros en bla n t , D.H . (1982), H a n d b ook of Ch em ica l Pr op er ty M eth -od s, Mc Gr aw -H ill, N ew Yor k , N Y.

Ma h ier, R.J ., Bin gh a m , F.T., Sp os it o, G. a n d P a ge, A.L. (1980), “Ca d m iu m en r ich ed s ew a ge slu d ge a p p lica t ion t o a cid a n d ca lca r eou s soils: r ela t ion b et w een t r ea t m en t ca d m iu m in sa t u r a t ed ext r a ct s a n d ca d m iu m u p t a k e”, J. E n v ir on . Qu a l., Vol. 9, p p. 359-64.

Ma lek , R.I.A., Lica st r o, P.H . a n d Roy, D.M . (1983), M a ter ia ls R esea rch S ociety Pr oceed in gs S ym -p osia , P it t sbu r g, PA, Vol. 65, -p -p. 269-84. Ma t t igod , S.V., Sp osit o, G. a n d P a ge, A.L. (1980),

“F a ct or s a ffect in g t h e s olu b ilit ies of t r a ce m et a ls in soils”, Ch em istr y in th e

E n v ir on m en t, Am er ica n Societ y of Agr on om y, Soil Scien ce Societ y of Am er ica , ASA Sp ecia l P u blica t ion N o. 40.

Na tu sch , D.F.S., Ba u er, C.F., Ma tu siew icz, H., E va n s, C.A., Ba k er, J., Lok , A. a n d Lin ton , R.W. (1975), Proceed in gs of th e In ter n a tion a l Con feren ce on

Hea vy M eta ls in En viron m en t, Tor on to, Ca n a da , pp. 553-76.

P a ge, A.L., E lseew i, A.A. a n d St r a u gh a n , I. (1979), R es id u e R ev , p. 71.

P r a b h a P a d m a k a r a n , Ra ju , C.B. a n d Su bb a Ra o, A. (1994), “Ch a r a ct er isa t ion of fl y a sh t o a s ses it s s u it a b ilit y for Agr icu lt u r a l p u r p oses”, Cla y R esea rch , Vol. 13, p p. 30-7.

P r ick et t , T.A., N ay m ik , T.G. a n d Lon q u is t , C.G. (1981), A Ra n d om Wa lk Solu t e T r a n s p or t M od el for Select ed Gr ou n d w a t er Qu a lit y E va lu a t ion s, Bu llet in 65, Illin ois St a t e Wa t er Su r vey, Ch a m p a ign , IL.

Ra ju , M .V.S. (1993), In d ia n J. E n v ir on . H lth , Vol. 35 N o. 1, p p. 9-14.

Re gion a l Res ea r ch La b or a t or y (1996), F in a l r e p or t of t h e p r oject “F ly a sh Ch a r a ct er isa t ion a n d Ut iliza t ion ” sp on s or ed by CBIP, Bh op a l, N ew Delh i.

P lu m b, R., J r (1981), P r oceed in gs for H a n d lin g a n d Ch em ica l An a ly sis of Sed im en t a n d Wa t er Sa m p les. USE PA/ Cor p s of E n gin eer s Tech n i-ca l Com m it t ee on Cr it er ia for d r ed ged a n d fi ll m a t er ia l, Vick sbu r g, MI.

Su bb a Ra o, A. (1993), “An a ly sis of soils for ava il-a ble m il-a jor n u t r ien t s”, in Til-a n d on , H .L.S. (E d .), M eth od s of A n a lysis of S oils, Pla n ts, Wa ter a n d Fer tiliz er , Fer t ilizer Develop m en t a n d Con su l-t a l-t ion Or ga n is a l-t ion , N ew Delh i, p p. 13-35. USE PA (1976), Qu a lity Cr iter ia for Wa ter , Wa sh

-in gt on , DC.

USE PA (1993), St a n d a r d s for t h e Use or Disp os a l of Sew a ge s lu d ge: F in a l r u les. 58 F R 9391-9392. Office of t h e Fed er a l Re gis t er. N a t ion a l Ar ch ives a n d Recor d s Ad m in is t r a t ion , Wa sh -in gt on , DC.

Wor ld Hea lth Or ga n isa tion (WHO) (1984), Gu id e-lin es for Drin k in g Wa ter Qu a lity, Vol. 1, Gen eva .

The authors express their sincere thanks to Professor T.C. Rao, Director, CSIR, for his kind permission to pub-lish the work. The authors are also highly thankful to the Environmental Engineers of VTPS for their co-opera-tion and the Central Board of Irrigation and Power, New Delhi for fi nancial support of this project.

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I.V. Sure s h, C. Padmakar, Prabha Padmakaran, M.V.R.L. Murthy, C.B. Raju, R.N. Yadava and

K. Ve nkata Rao

Effe c t o f po nd ash o n gro und wate r quality: a c ase study Enviro nme ntal Manage me nt and He alth

9 / 5 [1 9 9 8 ] 2 0 0 –2 0 8

Crystal struc ture

Si-O-M or Al-O-M; w h er e M – N a , K, B, Ca , Mg, Zn , Cu , N i, P b, As.

We athe ring o f fly ash and its e ffe c t o n so il and gro und wate r in the vic inity o f ash po nd

105-10µm Figure 4

SEM mic ro graph o f flyas h (VTPS)

: Si : O₂

Key

Figure 5

Crys tal s truc ture ne two rk o f s ilic a

: M : Si (or) Al

Key

∅

: O₂

Figure 6

Crys tal s truc ture o f alumino s ilic ate glas s in flyas h

Table III

Phys ic o Che mic al analys is re s ults o f po nd as h VTPS Samples

distance from Electrical Organic Organic

disposal point conductivity Specific carbon matter

(meters) pH (mmhos/ cm) gravity (wt%) (wt%)

700 8 .6 3 0 .0 3 6 1 .8 3 6 0 .4 2 5 0 .7 3 3

650 8 .5 4 0 .0 3 2 1 .7 5 5 0 .4 6 1 0 .7 9 4

550 7 .2 4 0 .0 2 5 1 .7 0 2 0 .5 0 3 0 .8 6 7

400 7 .0 9 0 .0 2 1 1 .6 6 0 0 .7 1 3 1 .2 2 9

300 7 .1 0 0 .0 1 7 1 .6 3 0 0 .7 5 4 1 .2 2 9

(2)

I.V. Sure s h, C. Padmakar, Prabha Padmakaran, M.V.R.L. Murthy, C.B. Raju, R.N. Yadava and

K. Ve nkata Rao

Effe c t o f po nd ash o n gro und wate r quality: a c ase study Enviro nme ntal Manage me nt and He alth

9 / 5 [1 9 9 8 ] 2 0 0 –2 0 8

Charac te ris tic s o f gro und wate r ne ar as h po nd s ite (VTPS)

Regulatory body Number of

Desirable samples

limit USEPA ISI exceeding

Elements M in. M ax. M ean (ppm) (1976) ES (1983) limits

Z n 0 .0 1 1 .3 0 0 .1 7 5 .0 0 – – 1 1 5 Nil

Pb 0 .0 1 0 .0 5 0 .0 3 0 .0 5 – – NR Nil

Fe 0 .1 0 4 .2 0 1 .3 0 0 .3 0 – – 1 .0 0 5

Na 1 0 0 1 5 5 1 2 2 .8 – 2 0 0 1 7 5 – Nil

K 2 0 1 7 0 8 1 .1 8 – – 1 2 – Nil

Ca 3 8 .6 1 2 9 .5 8 5 .7 2 7 5 2 0 0 – 2 0 0 Nil

Ca hardness 9 6 .6 2 9 8 2 1 4 .1 8 3 0 0 – – 6 0 0 Nil

Total hardness1 6 8 9 0 4 4 5 7 .4 5 3 0 0 – 1 0 0 -5 0 0 6 0 0 3

M g 1 7 .4 1 4 7 5 9 .2 2 – 1 2 5 1 2 5 1 2 5 1

Chloride 5 6 .8 4 9 9 2 7 0 .3 0 2 5 0 2 5 0 2 5 0 1 ,0 0 0 Nil

Total alkalinity1 0 5 5 3 3 3 1 4 .2 2 0 0 – – 6 0 0 Nil

pH 6 .5 7 .5 7 .0 6 .5 –8 .5 6 .5 –8 .0 6 .5 –8 .0 6 .5 –9 .2 Notes:

US = US standards; ES = European standards; ISI = Indian standards; NR = no relaxation

29.20

25.23

21.26

17.29

13.31

9.34

5.37

1.40

0.40 4.40 8.40 12.40 16.40 20.40 24.40 28.40 32.40 36.40 40.40 44.40 48.40 0.40 4.40 8.40 12.40 16.40 20.40 24.40 28.40 32.40 36.40 40.40 44.40 48.40

1

2

3

4

8

9

5

TDS

29.20

25.23

21.26

17.29

13.31

9.34

5.37

1.40 Figure 7

(3)

I.V. Sure s h, C. Padmakar, Prabha Padmakaran, M.V.R.L. Murthy, C.B. Raju, R.N. Yadava and

K. Ve nkata Rao

Effe c t o f po nd ash o n gro und wate r quality: a c ase study Enviro nme ntal Manage me nt and He alth

9 / 5 [1 9 9 8 ] 2 0 0 –2 0 8

Exc hange of ions from soil/ fly ash to plants

600

400

200

Conc e ntra tion (mg/I)

0 2 4 6 8 10

Sa mpling points

Key

Ca Na

T.ha rdne K

Mg Cl–

Figure 8

Mo ve me nt o f mac ro nutrie nts (a)

Concentration (mg/I)

0 2 4 6 10

Sampling points Key

Pb Fe

Figure 1 0

Mo ve me nt o f mic ro nutrie nts (a)

500

400

300

200

100

Concentration (mg/I)

0 2 4 6 8 10

Sampling points

Key

Ca Na

T.hard K

Mg Cl–

Figure 9

(4)

I.V. Sure s h, C. Padmakar, Prabha Padmakaran, M.V.R.L. Murthy, C.B. Raju, R.N. Yadava and

K. Ve nkata Rao

Effe c t o f po nd ash o n gro und wate r quality: a c ase study Enviro nme ntal Manage me nt and He alth

9 / 5 [1 9 9 8 ] 2 0 0 –2 0 8

E n v ir on m en t a l m on it or in g com p r isin g collect ion a n d a n a ly sis of gr ou n d w a t er, su r -fa ce r u n -off, a n d t h e lea ch a t e a n a ly sis of a sh t a k en fr om w it h in t h e a sh p on d sh ow s t h a t fl y 5

Concentration (mg/I)

0 2 4 6 10

Sampling points

Key

Pb Fe

Figure 1 1

Mo ve me nt o f mic ro nutrie nts (b)

Ion Exchange

and Ads orption

Redox Reaction

Biological Reaction

Precipitation & Dis s olution

of Solids

Acid-Bas e Reaction

Complex Formation Free Metal

Concentration in s oil s olution Mas s Trans fer Figure 1 2

Princ ipal c o ntro ls o f fre e me tal c o nc e ntratio ns in s o il s o lutio ns (adapte d fro m Mattigo d e t al., 1 9 8 1 )

(5)

I.V. Sure s h, C. Padmakar, Prabha Padmakaran, M.V.R.L. Murthy, C.B. Raju, R.N. Yadava and

K. Ve nkata Rao

Effe c t o f po nd ash o n gro und wate r quality: a c ase study Enviro nme ntal Manage me nt and He alth

9 / 5 [1 9 9 8 ] 2 0 0 –2 0 8

Conclusions

• N ea r t h e a s h p on d t h e gr ou n d w a t er q u a lit y is ch a n ged ow in g t o t h e lea ch in g of s olu ble ion s p r es en t in fl y a sh .

• Select ion of p a r t icu la r t y p e of p la n t s a n d t h eir p la n n ed gr ow t h , wou ld con t r ol t h e m igr a t ion of m et a llic ion s t o t h e gr ou n d w a t er.

References

Ad r ia n o, D.C., Wood lor d , T.A. a n d Cir avelo, T.G. (1978), J E n v ir on qu a lity, Vol. 7, p. 416. Ad r ia n o, D.C., P a ge, A.L., E lseew i, A.A., Ch a n g,

A.C. a n d St r a u gh a n , I. (1980), “Ut iliza t ion a n d Dis p os a l of fl y a s h a n d ot h er coa l r esid u es in t er r es t r ia l ecos y st em – a r ev iew ”, J E n v ir on

Qu a lity, Vol. 9, p. 33.

Bow er, C.A. a n d Wilcox, L.V. (1965), “Solu ble sa lt s in m et h od s of soil a n a ly sis”, Bla ck , C.A. (E d .),

A m er ica n S ociety of A g r on om y, Ma d ison , WI,

p p. 947-8.

Cen t r a l Boa r d of Ir r iga t ion a n d P ow er (1995), Wor k s h op on “F ly As h Ut ilisa t ion ”, 11-12 M a r ch , N ew Delh i, In d ia .

Ch u gh , P. (1996), “F ly a sh u t iliza t ion in USA”, P r es en t ed in t h e sem in a r on ‘fl y a sh u t ilisa -t ion ’, 26-27 Ma r ch 1996, h eld a -t N ew Delh i (In d ia ).

Cole, C.R. (1980), In for m a t ion in t h e MMT/ VVT M od el, Ba t t lle P a cifi c N or t h w est La b or a t or y, Rich la n d , Wa sh . 99352.

E n fi eld , C.G., Ca r s el, R.F., Coh en , S.Z., P h a n , T. a n d Wa lt er s, D.M. (1980), A p p r ox im a tin g Table V

Elemental c onc entration (ppm) in edible portions of c rops grown on pure soil and 9 0 per c ent fly ash

Soybean Lady’s finger Peas Bengal gram

Elements Control F.A. Control F.A. Control F.A. Control F.A.

Calcium 9 0 0 8 5 0 1 ,9 0 0 2 ,2 0 0 1 ,1 0 0 2 ,7 5 0 1 ,5 0 0 2 ,7 0 0

M agnesium 2 ,0 0 0 2 ,1 0 0 1 ,8 2 0 1 ,8 5 0 1 ,4 0 0 2 ,3 0 0 1 ,7 0 0 1 ,5 0 0

Sodium 3 ,0 2 0 3 ,8 2 0 1 ,0 5 0 1 ,2 0 0 4 ,5 0 0 1 ,8 0 0 1 ,4 3 5 3 ,3 1 5

Potassium 2 ,5 0 0 4 ,8 5 0 4 ,5 5 0 4 ,7 0 0 1 ,4 3 5 3 ,3 1 5 3 ,1 0 0 3 ,7 5 0

M anganese 7 0 5 0 1 3 2 5 3 0 2 3 8 0 6 1

Iron 4 2 5 3 0 0 1 7 5 2 0 0 2 3 5 1 5 0 3 5 0 1 0 0

Nickel 1 0 2 1 8 1 0 1 0 1 5 8 2 1

Copper 1 6 3 1 1 1 1 6 1 9 1 3 1 3 1 7

Z inc 4 0 7 0 3 2 3 7 7 7 3 5 4 5 3 0

Notes:

(6)

I.V. Sure s h, C. Padmakar, Prabha Padmakaran, M.V.R.L. Murthy, C.B. Raju, R.N. Yadava and

K. Ve nkata Rao

Effe c t o f po nd ash o n gro und wate r quality: a c ase study Enviro nme ntal Manage me nt and He alth

9 / 5 [1 9 9 8 ] 2 0 0 –2 0 8

p ollu ta n t tra n sp or t to Gr ou n d Wa ter, USE PA,

RSKE RL, a d a , Ok la

F lor en s, T.M. (1977), “T r a ce m et a l s p ecies in fr es h w a t er s”, Wa ter R es. Vol. 11, p p. 681-7.

Gu p t a , V.K. (1993), “An a ly s is of s oils for ava ila ble m a jor n u t r ien t s”, in Ta n d on , H .L.S. (E d .),

M eth od s of A n a lysis of S oils, Pla n ts, Wa ter a n d Fer tiliz er , Fer t ilizer Develop m en t a n d Con su

l-t a l-t ion Or ga n isa l-t ion , N ew Delh i, p p. 36-48. ISI (1983), Dr in k in g Wa ter S ta n d a rd s, In d ia n

St a n d a r d In st it u t e P u blica t ion N o. 10500 J a ck son , M.L. (1973), S oil Ch em ica l A n a lysis,

P r en t ice-H a ll of In d ia P r iva t e Lim it ed , N ew Delh i.

Lin d say, W.L. a n d N or vell, W.A. (1978), “Develop m en t of DTPA soil t est for zin c, ir on , m a n -ga n ese a n d cop p er ”, S oil S ci. S oc. A m . J., Vol. 42, p. 421.

Ly m en , W.J ., Reeh l, W.F. a n d Ros en bla n t , D.H . (1982), H a n d b ook of Ch em ica l Pr op er ty M eth

-od s, Mc Gr aw -H ill, N ew Yor k , N Y.

E n v ir on . Qu a l., Vol. 9, p p. 359-64.

Ma lek , R.I.A., Lica st r o, P.H . a n d Roy, D.M . (1983),

M a ter ia ls R esea rch S ociety Pr oceed in gs S ym -p osia , P it t sbu r g, PA, Vol. 65, -p -p. 269-84.

Ma t t igod , S.V., Sp osit o, G. a n d P a ge, A.L. (1980), “F a ct or s a ffect in g t h e s olu b ilit ies of t r a ce m et a ls in soils”, Ch em istr y in th e

E n v ir on m en t, Am er ica n Societ y of Agr on om y,

Soil Scien ce Societ y of Am er ica , ASA Sp ecia l P u blica t ion N o. 40.

Na tu sch , D.F.S., Ba u er, C.F., Ma tu siew icz, H., E va n s, C.A., Ba k er, J., Lok , A. a n d Lin ton , R.W. (1975),

Proceed in gs of th e In ter n a tion a l Con feren ce on

Hea vy M eta ls in En viron m en t, Tor on to, Ca n a da ,

pp. 553-76.

P a ge, A.L., E lseew i, A.A. a n d St r a u gh a n , I. (1979),

R es id u e R ev , p. 71.

P r a b h a P a d m a k a r a n , Ra ju , C.B. a n d Su bb a Ra o, A. (1994), “Ch a r a ct er isa t ion of fl y a sh t o a s ses it s s u it a b ilit y for Agr icu lt u r a l p u r p oses”,

Cla y R esea rch , Vol. 13, p p. 30-7.

Ra ju , M .V.S. (1993), In d ia n J. E n v ir on . H lth , Vol. 35 N o. 1, p p. 9-14.

Re gion a l Res ea r ch La b or a t or y (1996), F in a l r e p or t of t h e p r oject “F ly a sh Ch a r a ct er isa t ion a n d Ut iliza t ion ” sp on s or ed by CBIP, Bh op a l, N ew Delh i.

Su bb a Ra o, A. (1993), “An a ly sis of soils for ava il-a ble m il-a jor n u t r ien t s”, in Til-a n d on , H .L.S. (E d .),

M eth od s of A n a lysis of S oils, Pla n ts, Wa ter a n d Fer tiliz er , Fer t ilizer Develop m en t a n d Con su

l-t a l-t ion Or ga n is a l-t ion , N ew Delh i, p p. 13-35. USE PA (1976), Qu a lity Cr iter ia for Wa ter , Wa sh

-in gt on , DC.

Wor ld Hea lth Or ga n isa tion (WHO) (1984), Gu id

e-lin es for Drin k in g Wa ter Qu a lity, Vol. 1, Gen eva . The authors express their

sincere thanks to Professor T.C. Rao, Director, CSIR, for his kind permission to pub-lish the work. The authors are also highly thankful to the Environmental Engineers of VTPS for their co-opera-tion and the Central Board of Irrigation and Power, New Delhi for fi nancial support of this project.

Directory UMM :Data Elmu:jurnal:E:Environmental Management and Health:Vol09.Issue5.1998:

Ef fect of pond ash on ground water quality: a case

study

I.V. Suresh

C. Padmakar, Prabha Padmakaran, M .V.R.L. M urthy, C.B. Raju and R.N. Yadava

K. Venkata Rao

Introduction

∅

1

2

3

4

8

9

5

Conclusions

References

∅

1

2

3

4

8

9

5

Conclusions

References

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Directory UMM :Data Elmu:jurnal:E:Environmental Management and Health:Vol09.Issue5.1998:

Ef fect of pond ash on ground water quality: a case

study

I.V. Suresh

C. Padmakar, Prabha Padmakaran, M .V.R.L. M urthy, C.B. Raju and R.N. Yadava

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Introduction

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