The Occurrence of Humour Due To The Non-Observance of Gricean Maxims in 'Everybody Loves Raymond' TV Series.

Maranatha Christian University

ABSTRACT

Dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, acapkali penutur diperhadapkan kepada suatu situasi tutur yang di dalamnya ia gagal menerapkan bidal yang merupakan hasil pemikiran dari H.P. Grice. Kegagalan menerapkan suatu bidal dalam bertutur dapat menciptakan suatu atmosfer tertentu. Berkaitan dengan hal tersebut, dalam tugas akhir ini, saya hendak mengkaji penerapan bidal tertentu yang memiliki peranan penting dalam menciptakan suatu atmosfer tertentu dalam situasi tutur, khususnya humor. Saya melakukan penelitian tentang penerapan bidal dalam berkomunikasi dengan cara menganalisis komedi situasi Amerika berjudul Everybody Loves Raymond.

Saya mengumpulkan teori mengenai bidal pemikiran H.P. Grice dari berbagai sumber, yakni internet, dan berbagai buku dari perpustakaan. Saya juga mengaplikasikan teori yang berkaitan dengan Pragmatik dan juga teori spesifik mengenai bidal, yang disebut dengan Non-Observance Of Gricean Maxim. Bidal mempunyai empat tipe yakni bidal kualitas, bidal kuantitas, bidal relevansi, dan bidal perilaku. Kesemua bidal tersebut akan saya analisa dengan menggunakan serial komedi Amerika berjudul Everybody Loves Raymond. Selain itu sayajuga akan menganalisa jenis bidal yang sering di langgar dalam serial komedi Amerika

Maranatha Christian University Everybody Loves Raymond dan penyebab hal tersebut terjadi. Salah satu temuan penting yang saya peroleh dari menganalisis bidal dalam Everybody Loves Raymond adalah bahwa humor acapkali muncul dikarenakan pelanggaran terhadap bidal kuantitas.

Maranatha Christian University

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... i

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... ii

ABSTRACT ... iii

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study ... 1

1.2 Statement of the Problem ... 4

1.3 Purpose of the Study ... 4

1.4 Methods of Research ... 4

1.5 Organization of the Thesis ... 5

CHAPTER TWO: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK... 6

CHAPTER THREE: ANALYSIS THE OCCURRENCE OF HUMOUR DUE TO THE NON-OBSERVANCE OF GRICEAN MAXIM IN EVERYBODY LOVES RAYMOND TV SERIES ... 14

CHAPTER FOUR: CONCLUSION ... 33

BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 38

39

APPENDIX

UTTERANCES TYPE OF

MAXIM

TYPE OF

NON-OBSERVAN CE

Data 1:

Debra : Be happy you’re home for my birthday, that’s all I can say.

Maxim of quantity

Maxim of quality

Flouting of a maxim

Ray : What? Of course I’m home

for your birthday. Are you kidding? Your birthday… Ray and Debra

(speak together)

: Is Sunday.

Ray : That’s right.

Debra : How old am I gonna be.

Ray : I know that.

Debra : Ray how old?

Ray : All right, I just have to backtrack. Let’s see, when I proposed you were 23, you said no.

Debra : Right.

Ray : Then I proposed, you were 24.

Ray and Debra (speak together)

40

Ray : Right. Then I took a year off to regroup.

Debra : Yeah.

Ray : Then I came back with a job. Boom. Married. That would make you 32-ish. Debra : All right I’ll accept that. Data 2:

Leo : Hey, want to go to Nemo’s,

get a slice. Maxim of

relation Flouting of a

maxim Ray : Leo, my kids aren’t fish,

you can’t just sprinkle food over their crib and leave.

Data 3:

Marie : Your birthday gift to me finally came this morning. Did you know you sent me a box of pears?

Maxim of quantity

Flouting of a maxim

Ray : Yeah…

Marie : From a place called fruit of the month?

Ray : That’s right, how are they?

Marie : They’re very nice pears. But there are so many of them. There are over a dozen of pears. What am I supposed to do with all that pears?

Data 4:

Bernie’s wife (Ray and Debra

: Don’t you love Nemo at night? The candles.

41 friend)

Maxim of manner

Maxim of quantity

Flouting of a maxim Debra : Yeah, twinkly light.

Bernie’s wife : I know.

Debra : Such a romantic

atmosphere.

Ray : Yeah… That is why the pope eats here.

Hey, You think He really said “to my buddy nemo,

Your pizza is infallible”.

(pointing a pope’s picture that hanging on the wall). Bernie’s wife : Hey, he is good luck.

Bernie : Yeah. We’ve got a picture of him down at the shop riding a jet ski.

Data 5:

Debra : Hey, you know what I think is really sexy?

Maxim of manner

Flouting of a maxim

Ray : What?

Debra : A man who does the dishes. Ray : No, does nothing for me.

You know what does it for me?

Debra : What?

Ray : A woman who does the

dishes with another

woman. Data 6:

Debra : Hello…

Yes, he is. May I ask who is calling?

42

Okay just a minute. Angelina…

Maxim of manner

Maxim of quality

Maxim of quantity

Flouting of a maxim

Infringing of a maxim

Ray : Angelina? Do not know

anyone by that name. Debra : Does he know what this is

regarding?

Okay, yeah. Thanks for calling, bye-bye.

She is got your wallet.

Ray : What? My wallet?

Debra : Yeah, it is at Nemo’s. Ray : I didn’t go to Nemo’s Debra : Well, your wallet made it

there somehow.

Do you have your wallet? Ray, she said she just waited on you.

Ray : Oh, Nemo’s… Nemo’s… Nemo’s…

Might have been a

waitress over there.

Even though usually we go to the counter, but today Nemo forced us into table, where the waitresses go. So we had to have a waitress. Not “have” a

waitress. We had a

waitress service. Data 7:

Debra : Ooh, you’re all wet, what happen to you?

43

Ray : Yeah, I was in the Giants locker room…. I ended up in the shower with Joe

Taggart. I was doing

interviews, but listen to this. It’s after practice, right, and everyone’s pretty much cleared out, and I hear the shower still going, so I look in.

Maxim of manner

Flouting of a maxim

Frank : What are you looking in for?

Data 8:

Robert : So Raymond, what is the problem?

Suspending a maxim Ray : Hey Robert, this is a pretty

good game we should just shut up and watch it, right? Frank : What problem? What are

you talking about? Ray : Nothing dad, nothing.

Robert : Sounds like Raymond

having a little trouble south of the border.

Frank : O yeah? Mr. Johnson not showing up for work.

Data 9:

Ray : If you set it every twenty years.

Suspending Robert : Hey… Hey… Hey a little

respect here.

44

right. Listen sonny, if you’re having trouble making the

wee-wacky-woo-hoo…

You did not get from me.

a maxim

Data 10:

Roy Firestone : Our subject tonight : athletes and steroids.

As you might know, there’s an increasing use of steroids among amateur athletes. Ray, you wrote a very interesting article about that.

Infringing a maxim

Ray : Yes, I did Roy.

Roy Firestone : Why don’t you tell us about that Ray?

Ray : It’s a growing problem... it’s

a growing problem, steroid... I’d say it’s even gotten to be a bit of a... James Worthy : Epidemic...

Ray : No, it’s not an epidemic. It’s

out of control. It’s kinda like a... epidemic...

James Worthy : Yeah... epidemic, That’s right.

Ray : What they did was they took a group of olympic athletes and they axed them if using steroids would guarantee you a gold medal... But would also kill you in five years, would you still do it?

45 64% of them said yes. Data 11:

Ray : Okay, so let me get this straight Dad. Everything you said after the show last night was a lie and behind my back you’ve been talking about how bad i was. You think i stunk... you think i stunk...

Maxim of quantity

Flouting of a maxim

Marie : What difference? does it make what we think.

They asked you back.

Frank : But keeps in mind the things we told you. Because i got to see people during the day.

Marie : Oh my God...

The supermarket... Data 12:

Marie : How’s your book coming?

Maxim of quantity

Flouting of a maxim

Ray : Good, yeah…

Marie : It is so exciting to see you writing a book.

Ray : Thanks, thank you mom. Marie : Does it have to be about

sport?

Ray : Yeah, well, It’s either that

or about mother who can’t let go.

Marie : Oh... God.

Data 13:

46

Robert : Hey, hi... hi... , how’s it hanging?

Suspending a maxim Ami : You, guys are home early.

Debra : Uh-huh.

Ray : Imagine our surprised to find you two on the couch pap... pap... pap... pap... pap... pa...

Data 14:

Ray : Listen... Robert.

Maxim of relation

Maxim of manner

Violating a

maxim

Suspending a maxim Robert : Yeah...

Ray : Do you ever have a

hamburger and the whole time you’re eating it you’re imagining that it’s steak.

Robert : I have, yes i have.

(Ray gives Debra’s Aerobic instructor picture to Robert)

Ray : That’s the steak.

Robert : What?

Ray : I think this guy is the reason that i’m having more sex. Data 15:

Debra : Listen Ray, I don’t get this. You work all the time and you have to go on road trips, and when you come back, you run off and play and now you got to be captain.

Maxim of relation

Flouting of a maxim

Ray : Listen. I’ve been playing

47

school and we’ve never come close to winning a championship, this time we’re close and if I can be captain, I know we can go all the way.

Maxim of manner

Suspending a maxim

Debra : And winning is more

important than spending time with your family?

Ray : Apples and oranges.

Debra : Apples and oranges?. What you mean Ray?

Data 16:

Robert : Ha... ha... very funny that’s a good one. I got salads and wings too, all for the big game, huh, Ray? So fire up the satelite because the food’s gonna be here any minute.

Maxim of quality

Violating of a maxim

Ray : Oh... man, Robert, I

completely forgot about this. Me and Andy... we gotta go to work.

Robert : What? On a Saturday? Ray : Yeah, Saturday, tell me

about it we lost our columns in the computer, apparently some janitor, he spilled

coffee on the...

motherboard.

48

Hope next Saturday you’ll not go anywhere.

1 Maranatha Christian University

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Communication is one of the important things in our life. As it is a process that allows people to exchange information by several methods, in this case language. Communication by two or more people is called conversation. (http://www.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia.html).

Communication is the process sending a message. “Communication is the production and exchange of information and meaning by use of signs and

symbols” (http://www.highbeam.com). “It involves encoding and sending messages, receiving and decoding them, and synthesizing information and meaning” (http://www.highbeam.com). “Communication also refers to the transmission of information (a message) between a source and a receiver, using a signalling system” (McArthut, 238). “In linguistic studies, the system involved is a language and the idea of response to feedback, a message holds a central place” (McArthur, 238). Communication is said to have taken place if the information

2 Maranatha Christian University Our communication in our utterance sometimes may indicate a meaning different from the meaning we want to deliver. Thus, our utterance may lead to the occurence of misunderstanding. Usually, the situation, mood and context of the conversation make us produce an utterance that contains more or less information or does not straight to the point, is irrelevant, ambiguous and sometimes has an obscure expression.

In our conversation, sometimes the utterance that we produce has different or additional meanings. Thus, we have to have more awareness of interpreting

people’s intention within their utterances. This failure to observe a maxim is the topic that I would like to discuss for my thesis. I hope to be able to understand

other people’s intention in their utterances. If we do not understand one’s utterances properly, we may miss getting what the speaker actually wants to say.

In this thesis, I would like to observe the utterances of the characters in a TV series. There are different genres of TV series, such as mystery, comedy, action and romance. For my thesis, I am going to use a situational comedy series as my data source. The reason why I use a film entitled Everybody Loves Raymond as my data source is because the characters in the film often fail to observe a maxim that creates funny atmosphere around them. Each characters in this film has a unique personality, one of them whom very humorous person and who is fond of making jokes from every condition that he has. The other character likes replacing some words to become more polite but funny at the same time. Also, there is a character who is a little bit slow in thinking; because of those reasons, the film becomes so funny, and thus the particular film is appropiate to be

3 Maranatha Christian University analyzed. Besides that, I choose Everybody Loves Raymond TV series because it is one of the comedy series that is quite popular and funny. Besides, this film is quite representative and appropriate for my source of data because the characters in this film often fail to use maxim several times, which ends up in humours. I choose to watch TV series to make my research become easier to be conducted as it consists of serial series. Thus, the significance of my study is to analyse that the non-observance of Gricean maxims may result in humours, the proof of which is seen in Everybody Loves Raymond as one of the examples in our daily lifes. In our daily life we often find that we do not observe maxim, as a result of which humors occurs

Since the topic of my thesis is The Occurrence of Humours due to the

Non-Observance of the Gricean maxims in Everybody Loves Raymond TV series,

I will limit my research and analysis only about the non-observance of the Gricean maxim, although Everybody Loves Raymond is analysable through other Pragmatic linguistic fields, such as speech acts and politeness strategies.

My topic falls under the study of Pragmatics. “Pragmatics is concerned

with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker (or writer) and interpreted by a listener (or reader)” (Yule 3). Specifically, I would like to focus on Gricean maxims as one of the subfields of pragmatics. According to H.P. Grice there are five categories of non-observance of the conversational maxim which people usually fail to observe. They are flouting a maxim, violating a maxim, opting out of a maxim, suspending a maxim and infringing a maxim (Thomas, Jenny 64).

4 Maranatha Christian University Word Count : 717 word

1.2 Statement of the Problem

In this thesis I would like to discuss the following problems:

1. What types of non-observance Gricean maxim found in Everybody Loves Raymond?.

2. How does non-observance of the Gricean maxim result in humour?.

1.3 Purpose of the Study:

1. To know what types of non-observance Gricean maxim found in Everybody Loves Raymond.

2. To know how non-observance of the Gricean maxim results.

1.4 Methods of Research

In analyzing my topic, I watch Everybody Loves Raymond TV series and then I select the data, in which non-observance of the Gricean maxim fail to observe. Afterwards, I search for the theory from the Internet and read some books concerned with flouting of the maxim. I also read some references related to my topic. Finally, I analyze the flouting of the maxim in Everybody Loves

5 Maranatha Christian University 1.5 Organization of the Thesis

This thesis consists of four chapters. The first chapter is the Introduction, which consists of the Background of the Study, Statement of the Problem, Purpose of the Study, Methods of Research and Organization of the Thesis. Chapter two contains the Theoretical Framework as a basis used to analyze the data. The discussion of Non Gricean of maxims in Everybody Loves Raymond TV series is presented in chapter three. Subsequently, it is followed by chapter four which is the Conclusion. Eventually, the thesis ends with the Bibliography and the Appendix.

33 Universitas Kristen Maranatha

CHAPTER FOUR

CONCLUSION

In this chapter, I would like to present my conclusion based on my findings. Having analyzed the data, I notice that there are a number of factors which can create humors in comedy situation Everybody Loves Raymond TV series, especially maxim, because there are lots of communications which involve conversation that contains maxim. Maxims make communication become more understandable and more attractive to be observed.

In my data analysis, I focus on the failure to observe non-observance of Gricean maxim in conversation. There are a lot of things that can result in the failure to observe observance of Gricean maxim. What makes a failure to observe non-observance of Gricean maxim is that: at first, the speaker wishes to prompt the hearer to look for a meaning which is different from or in addition to the expressed meaning. Secondly, the speaker wants to mislead and divert the hearer into the other thought. Thirdly, the speaker has an imperfect command of language and the speaker’s performance is impaired in some way. Fourth, the speaker is unwilling to cooperate

34 Universitas Kristen Maranatha With the hearer. Fifth, the speaker replaces the taboo word with the more polite word. Moreover, the failure to observe non-observance of Gricean maxim can lead to the occurrence of humor.

From the data I have analyzed, I find out that there are two types of the failure to observe the non-observance of Gricean maxim that are often found in Everybody Loves Raymond TV series and that create a funny atmosphere. They are flouting a maxim and suspending a maxim. I have collected sixteen data for my thesis. From the sixteen data, I find ten data that contain flouting a maxim, five data that contain suspending a maxim, three data that contain violating a maxim, two data that contain infringing a maxim, and I could not find a data that contain opting out of a maxim.

I think the purpose of using flouting of the maxim in Everybody Loves Raymond TV series is to avoid somebody’s anger via the speaker’s utterances. While the purpose of suspending a maxim in this Everybody Loves Raymond TV series is quite unique, because suspending a maxim in Everybody Loves Raymond has a contradictory function. What I mean by being contradictory is that suspending a maxim in Everybody Loves Raymond TV series is used to make taboo words become more polite and appropriate to be said. It is also used to make the words less offensive; on the other hand, sometimes this suspending a maxim is also used to satirize other people, to make other people offended. This contradictory function of suspending a maxim on Everybody Loves Raymond TV series make suspending a maxim become unique.

35 Universitas Kristen Maranatha On the whole, humors that occur due to the flout of the maxim of quality in Everybody Loves Raymond TV series is when the speaker feels under pressured by the hearer’s question. When the speaker offends the hearer by making a joke about the hearer or the speaker wants to avoid the hearer is existence, or in other words when the speaker does not want to spend their time with the hearer. For example: Ray lies to Robert when he does not want to spend his weekend with Robert, as we can see in data 16.

On the whole, humors that occurs due to the flout of maxim of quantity in Everybody Loves Raymond TV series is when the speaker shows his or her dislikeness to the hearer indirectly or when the speaker feels under pressured by the hearer’s question or when the speaker wants to have more time for themselves to think about something or when the speaker tries to describe and make the hearer feel what the speaker feels. For example: Ray gives further information to Debra when he tries to have more time for himself to think about something, which in this case is thinking about Debra’s age, as we can see it in data 1.

On the whole, humors that occurs because of the flouting of maxim of relation in Everybody Loves Raymond TV series is when the speaker has a wrong perception with what the hearer says and when the speaker does not get what the hearer intents to say. For example: When Ray does not get what Leo, Ray’s friend says and it causes Ray to have a wrong perception about Nemo that Leo has said, we can see in data 2.

36 Universitas Kristen Maranatha On the whole, humors that occurs because of the flouting of maxim of manner in Everybody Loves Raymond TV series is when the speaker wants to change the subject of the conversation without hurting the hearer’s feeling or when the speaker wants to refuse what the hearer asks smoothly, when the speaker wants to tease and tempts the hearer or when the speaker feels under pressured by the hearer’s question, when the speaker is too excited to tell something to the hearer or when the speaker wants to tell something which is private and a little bit taboo to be uttered with the hearer. For example: when Ray does not want to help Debra clean the dishes, as we can see in data 5.

In my analysis about non-observance of Gricean maxim in Everybody Loves Raymond TV series, I can not find an opting out of a maxim that creates funny atmosphere. I find the opting out of a maxim in Everybody Loves Raymond. Yet, it does not create or help build a funny atmosphere that leads to the occurrence of humor. There is no one unwilling to cooperate intentionally and make the unwillingness to result in the funny situation

Violating maxim rarely happens in Everybody Loves Raymond TV series. It is because the characters in this Everybody Loves Raymond TV series more often fails to observe Non-Observance Of Gricean Maxim by chance without having any intention to mislead the other people. Besides, it does not end in humours. When the characters lied in the scene, the characters may flout and violating. It depends on the the effect to the hearer. If the speaker lies to the hearer but the hearer is not mislead it would not violate a maxim, but simply flouts it.

37 Universitas Kristen Maranatha For further researcher, I hope to be able to use what I write as a references and to be compared with their research. For everyone who has the same topic as me, I suggest their choosing a serial film that has a lot of seasons to be their data source, because the more season the film has, the more data we can get. There are many other film genre to be analyzed, aside from a comedy film such as: horror, tragedy, action, romance and etcetera. The researcher can also analyze the atmosphere that occurs when the characters in the film fail to observe non-observance of Gricean maxim.

38 Maranatha Christian University

BIBLIOGRAPHY

References

Thomas, Jenny. Meaning In Interaction : An Introduction To Pragmatics. New York: Longman, 1995.

Yule, George. Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996

McArthur, Tom. The Oxford Companion To The English Language. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.

Internet websites

http://www.highbeam.com//, 20 September 2009

http://www.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia.html), 25 September2009

Source of Data

33 Universitas Kristen Maranatha

CHAPTER FOUR

CONCLUSION

In this chapter, I would like to present my conclusion based on my findings. Having analyzed the data, I notice that there are a number of factors which can create humors in comedy situation Everybody Loves Raymond TV series, especially maxim, because there are lots of communications which involve conversation that contains maxim. Maxims make communication become more understandable and more attractive to be observed.

In my data analysis, I focus on the failure to observe non-observance of Gricean maxim in conversation. There are a lot of things that can result in the failure to observe observance of Gricean maxim. What makes a failure to observe non-observance of Gricean maxim is that: at first, the speaker wishes to prompt the hearer to look for a meaning which is different from or in addition to the expressed meaning. Secondly, the speaker wants to mislead and divert the hearer into the other thought.

Thirdly, the speaker has an imperfect command of language and the speaker’s

34 Universitas Kristen Maranatha

With the hearer. Fifth, the speaker replaces the taboo word with the more polite word. Moreover, the failure to observe non-observance of Gricean maxim can lead to the occurrence of humor.

From the data I have analyzed, I find out that there are two types of the failure to observe the non-observance of Gricean maxim that are often found in Everybody Loves Raymond TV series and that create a funny atmosphere. They are flouting a maxim and suspending a maxim. I have collected sixteen data for my thesis. From the sixteen data, I find ten data that contain flouting a maxim, five data that contain suspending a maxim, three data that contain violating a maxim, two data that contain infringing a maxim, and I could not find a data that contain opting out of a maxim.

I think the purpose of using flouting of the maxim in Everybody Loves Raymond TV series is to avoid somebody’s anger via the speaker’s utterances. While the purpose of suspending a maxim in this Everybody Loves Raymond TV series is quite unique, because suspending a maxim in Everybody Loves Raymond has a contradictory function. What I mean by being contradictory is that suspending a maxim in Everybody Loves Raymond TV series is used to make taboo words become more polite and appropriate to be said. It is also used to make the words less offensive; on the other hand, sometimes this suspending a maxim is also used to satirize other people, to make other people offended. This contradictory function of suspending a maxim on Everybody Loves Raymond TV series make suspending a maxim become unique.

35 Universitas Kristen Maranatha

On the whole, humors that occur due to the flout of the maxim of quality in Everybody Loves Raymond TV series is when the speaker feels under pressured by

the hearer’s question. When the speaker offends the hearer by making a joke about

the hearer or the speaker wants to avoid the hearer is existence, or in other words when the speaker does not want to spend their time with the hearer. For example: Ray lies to Robert when he does not want to spend his weekend with Robert, as we can see in data 16.

On the whole, humors that occurs due to the flout of maxim of quantity in Everybody Loves Raymond TV series is when the speaker shows his or her dislikeness to the hearer indirectly or when the speaker feels under pressured by the

hearer’s question or when the speaker wants to have more time for themselves to

think about something or when the speaker tries to describe and make the hearer feel what the speaker feels. For example: Ray gives further information to Debra when he tries to have more time for himself to think about something, which in this case is

thinking about Debra’s age, as we can see it in data 1.

On the whole, humors that occurs because of the flouting of maxim of relation in Everybody Loves Raymond TV series is when the speaker has a wrong perception with what the hearer says and when the speaker does not get what the hearer intents to say. For example: When Ray does not get what Leo, Ray’s friend says and it causes Ray to have a wrong perception about Nemo that Leo has said, we can see in data 2.

36 Universitas Kristen Maranatha

On the whole, humors that occurs because of the flouting of maxim of manner in Everybody Loves Raymond TV series is when the speaker wants to change the

subject of the conversation without hurting the hearer’s feeling or when the speaker

wants to refuse what the hearer asks smoothly, when the speaker wants to tease and tempts the hearer or when the speaker feels under pressured by the hearer’s question, when the speaker is too excited to tell something to the hearer or when the speaker wants to tell something which is private and a little bit taboo to be uttered with the hearer. For example: when Ray does not want to help Debra clean the dishes, as we can see in data 5.

In my analysis about non-observance of Gricean maxim in Everybody Loves Raymond TV series, I can not find an opting out of a maxim that creates funny atmosphere. I find the opting out of a maxim in Everybody Loves Raymond. Yet, it does not create or help build a funny atmosphere that leads to the occurrence of humor. There is no one unwilling to cooperate intentionally and make the unwillingness to result in the funny situation

Violating maxim rarely happens in Everybody Loves Raymond TV series. It is because the characters in this Everybody Loves Raymond TV series more often fails to observe Non-Observance Of Gricean Maxim by chance without having any intention to mislead the other people. Besides, it does not end in humours. When the characters lied in the scene, the characters may flout and violating. It depends on the the effect to the hearer. If the speaker lies to the hearer but the hearer is not mislead it would not violate a maxim, but simply flouts it.

37 Universitas Kristen Maranatha

For further researcher, I hope to be able to use what I write as a references and to be compared with their research. For everyone who has the same topic as me, I suggest their choosing a serial film that has a lot of seasons to be their data source, because the more season the film has, the more data we can get. There are many other film genre to be analyzed, aside from a comedy film such as: horror, tragedy, action, romance and etcetera. The researcher can also analyze the atmosphere that occurs when the characters in the film fail to observe non-observance of Gricean maxim.

38 Maranatha Christian University

BIBLIOGRAPHY

References

Thomas, Jenny. Meaning In Interaction : An Introduction To Pragmatics. New York: Longman, 1995.

Yule, George. Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996

McArthur, Tom. The Oxford Companion To The English Language. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.

Internet websites

http://www.highbeam.com//, 20 September 2009

http://www.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia.html), 25 September2009

Source of Data