Health, Illness and Cancer in Balinese Female.
PROCEEDINGS JOURNAL OF EDUCATION,
PSYCHOLOGY AND SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH
www.e‐journaldirect.com
Open Access
ISSN 2423‐1924
Presented in
2nd International Conference in Education, Psychology, and Social Science (ICEPSS)
International Research Enthusiast Society Inc. (IRES Inc.)
May 22‐23, 2015
Health, Illness, And Cancer In Balinese Female
Luh Made Karisma Sukmayanti Suarya
Department of Psychology, Medicine Faculty
Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia
[email protected]
Abstract
The concept of healthy and illness is an important thing to understand. Both the concept of healthy and illness in
general, and the concept of healthy and illness associated a particular disease, as known to influence attitudes
and behavior indicated healthy individuals. The purpose of this study is to explore the concept of healthy, illness,
and its relation to cancer in Balinese female. Balinese female roles include three roles that domestic role, the
public role, and social role related to the culture of Bali, which tend to be different from the females roles in
general, which includes the role of domestic and public roles.
This research was conducted in early adulthood Balinese female aged 20 to 40 years. The method used in this
study was a cross-sectional survey, with a simple random sampling technique. Data concept of healthy, illness
and its relation to cancer collected, covering the general perception of Balinese female about health and illness,
specific perceptions about health and illness associated with cancer, risks behavior, and determine the
relationship between the concept of healthy and illness on demographic variables such as age, occupation,
marital status, monthly income, and social activities. The results of the study can be used as initial data to explore
on female’s health, especially the health of Balinese females. In addition, the results can also be a consideration
for female's health services program, which is based cultural characteristics, especially the culture of Bali.
Keyword: perception on health and illness, perception on health and illness and relation to cancer, perceived risk
behavior, Balinese female
Luh Made Karisma Sukmayanti Suarya*
[email protected]
Paper Reference Number: MA01WF68
*Corresponding Author
Published by Sons and Daughters Publishing House Inc.
© 2015 The Authors
Peer review under the responsibility of International Research Enthusiast Society Inc.
WWW.E‐JOURNALDIRECT.COM
Luh Made Karisma Sukmayanti Suarya
Paper Reference Number: MA01WF68
ISSN 2423‐1924
Introduction
Health is essential to human life. Most people would agree that health is an important asset to be able to perform
a variety of activities, will have a positive impact on all aspects of an human life. Health is not only associated with
better physical functioning, but also related to the state or condition of a mental health and social interaction are
good. This is consistent with health definitions according to World Health Organization (WHO) is health or
wellbeing are physical, mental and social aspects (Lu, 2002; Taylor, 2006). According to the WHO definition of
health, health of wellbeing regulated in The Indonesian Enactment of Health number 36 in 2009, which is a
condition in physical, mental, social, and spiritual, which allows individuals to be able to live productive in
economic and social.
The word health is often paired with the word good or bad, which indicates a health condition optimally, or
conversely, poor health indicates a diseased condition. Ill defined etiology naturalistic is a condition caused by a
problem of individual body systems. Health and illness can be said to be related between the ability or inability of
the individual to adapt to the environment, either biological, psychological, social and cultural (Soejoeti, 2008).
There have been many studies conducted on health and illness concept of the individual, both health and ilness
concept in general, and based on the specific context. The concept of health and illness are believed influence to
the attitudes, perceptions and behavior of individuals on health, health care seeking behavior, preventive
measures and health promotion for individuals (Boruchovitch & Mednick, 2002).
The concept of health and illness, is closely related to social and cultural influences. The concept of health and
illness have begins from the perception of illness and heatlh, which is of course influenced by the socio-cultural
values and certain beliefs (Soejoeti, 2008; Harjati, 2012; Nayak, Sharada, & Geroge 2012). One of the results of
research that shows the influence of socio-cultural values and certain beliefs about the health and illness society
is research conducted by Nayak (2012) to the urban community in Udupi Manipal area. The study showed that
45% of adults believe that the pain from a disease believed to be the wrath of God, or as "karma", while in some
particular disease believed to be caused by a ghost.
Similarly in Balinese culture has values, certain cultural mores, which makes Bali has its own uniqueness.
Particularly in Balinese female, which has a multirole in life. The female roles particulary Balinese female, likely to
be different in women in general who has a duality role that domestic role or the role of household and public role
or work. While Balinese female has three roles there are domestic role, the role of the public, and social roles,
especially for Balinese female who have been married. The changing role of female occurs when single women
generally are teenagers, turned into a married female, who generally have early adult life. Early adult age range
was 20 years to 40 years (Papalia et al., 2007).
Domestic role is the role of female in performing or completing household such as cooking, cleaning, wiping and
other clothing, while the public role is the female role in completing work outside the home, that work in order to
increase family incomes. Furthermore, the female social roles in society that implement custom and religion
(Mosser in Suyadnya, 2009). Increasing number or multirole undertaken by the individual, in this case female, are
likely to require good management responsibilities, and can be the source of its own stress (Taylor, 2009).
Female identified with the stereotype of weak, soft, smooth, tend to be emotional, and identical with the
housework alone. Although in fact, many female who was work outside the home to increase the family income,
in addition to its role as a housewife and roles related social and religious customs. Even doing the work that
tends to require great strength and muscle strength. Women's overall health is also an important concern. This is
partly because of the stereotype of female as living beings than men tend to be weak, but because the power of
female is also in management responsibilities regarding gender roles held by female.
In fact, throughout the life of female is strongly influenced by hormonal, that is estrogen and progesterone.
Estrogen and progesterone hormones play an important role in the overall balance of the body. Normal female
will generally experience menstruation cycle every month as a result of the hormonal system. On the other hand,
female are also synonymous with menopause. By decreasing estrogen and progesterone hormones no longer
produced by the body, it will affect other hormone systems in the body. This will result in reduced resistance of
the female body. Thus, female may be inclined vulnerable of various diseases such as osteoporosis, heart
disease, high blood pressure, stroke. Furthermore, with according to the risk of cancer in female, the prevalence
of breast cancer cases in Indonesia by 15.6% and cases of cervical cancer and cervical take the highest ever at
Published by Sons and Daughters Publishing House Inc.
© 2015 The Authors
Peer review under the responsibility of International Research Enthusiast Society Inc.
28
Luh Made Karisma Sukmayanti Suarya
Paper Reference Number: MA01WF68
WWW.E‐JOURNALDIRECT.COM
ISSN 2423‐1924
19.3% from some other types of cancer. Cancer predicted as the cause of disease morbidity and mortality of the
most important in the whole world.
The illustration above shows that it is very important for female to pay attention, keep or take care of their health.
Gender roles of female have an impact on female's health that is related to the quality of health services,
reporting of symptoms experienced pain, relationships with healthcare practitioners, and health-seeking behavior
support (Biaggio & Hersen, 2002).
Statement of Objective/Problems
An study to describe the concept of health and illness in general, the concept of health and illness associated with
cancer, especially Balinese female were Hindu religion.
Methodology
The research method used is cross-sectional surveys, of the Balinese female population that is Hindu religion,
who were aged 20 to 40 years. This study was conducted in Bali, with the sampling method by using probability
sampling.
Perceived health and illness tool had 30 items on Likert scale, perceived risk factors had 22 risk factors are
divided into three categories that is high risk, moderate risk, and low risk. Demographic variables consist of age,
education, occupation, income per month, marital status, and social activity.
Perceived health and illness tool had 30 items on a Likert scale, perceived risk factors had 22 risk factors are
divided into three categories that is high risk, moderate risk, and low risk. Respondents can determine the answer
in four answer options Strongly Agree (SA), Agree (A), Disagree (D), Strongly Disagree (SD) on items Likert
scale. While the category of perceived risk behavior is based on the frequency of risk behaviors conducted or the
emergence of that frequency is always a category of high-risk behaviors, frequency often to sometimes as
medium risk behavior categories, and the frequency was never as low-risk behavior. Furthermore, demographic
variables consist of age, education, occupation, income per month, marital status, and social activity. Data were
collected through questionnaires distributed to the Balinese female with a predetermined characteristic that is
aged 20 years to 40 years and Hindu. The questionnaire is 103 have been collected and descriptive analyzed.
Result and Discusssion
Tabel 1: Perception score in health and illness
Perception in health and illness Categorization Frequency
High
6
General
Cancer-related disease
No
1.
2.
Percentage
5.8
Moderate
95
92.2
Low
2
1.9
High
5
4.9
Moderate
96
93.2
Low
2
1.9
Tabel 2 Perception score in health and illness base on demographic data
Respondent
General Perception in Health and
Perception in Health –Illness related
Characterictics
Illness
Cancer
Amount in category
Amount in category
High
Moderate
Low
High
Moderate
Low
Age in years
20-30
4
67
2
4
68
1
31-40
2
28
0
1
28
1
Educational status
Junior High School
1
6
0
1
6
0
High school
3
49
1
3
49
1
University
2
40
1
1
41
1
Published by Sons and Daughters Publishing House Inc.
© 2015 The Authors
Peer review under the responsibility of International Research Enthusiast Society Inc.
29
Luh Made Karisma Sukmayanti Suarya
Paper Reference Number: MA01WF68
WWW.E‐JOURNALDIRECT.COM
ISSN 2423‐1924
3.
4.
5.
6.
Occupation status
Work
Not work
Marital status
Married
Unmarried
Widow
Income Per Month
< Rp 1.200.000,> Rp 1.200.000,Not work
Social activity
Yes
No
4
2
62
33
2
0
4
1
62
34
2
0
2
4
0
51
43
1
1
1
0
2
3
0
50
45
1
2
0
0
1
3
2
17
44
34
1
1
0
2
2
1
17
44
35
0
2
0
3
3
73
22
1
1
3
2
73
23
1
1
Tabel 3: Perceived risk behavior
Perceived Risk Behavior
No Respondent Characterictics
Amount in category
High Moderate Low
Age in year
1. 20-30
63
10
31-40
23
7
Educational status
Junior High School
4
3
2.
High school
42
11
University
40
3
Occupation status
3. Work
58
10
Not work
28
7
Marital status
Married
42
12
4.
Unmarried
43
5
Widow
1
0
Income Per Month
< Rp 1.200.000,14
5
5.
> Rp 1.200.000,44
4
Not work
28
8
Based on research data have been obtained and are described in the tables above show that the general
perception of Balinese female in health and illness shows that most of it is currently 92.2% (Table 1) and the
perception health and illness cancer-related diseases was partially major in middle category is 93.2% (Table 1).
Among 103 Balinese female, most of the shows are in the moderate categories of perceptions of health and
illness in general and cancer-related diseases, which are based on demographic data, namely age, marital
status, occupation, monthly income, education, and the presence or absence of social activity (Table 2).
Based on perceived risk behavior data showed that the variation of the number of risk behaviors Balinese female
of moderate to low range, in other words, nothing that shows the behavior of the high-risk category. Risk
behaviors include the following active and passive smoking, drinking alcohol, using drugs, soil and road dust,
eating fast food, fumes, odors from garbage, firewood as fuel for cooking, stress, unsafe water and food,
overweight, improper personal hygiene, noise, unbalanced nutrition diet , emotionally unstable conditions,
excessive working hours, conditions weakened immune, family problems, routine health check, check for breast
self-examination (BSE).
Conclusions
General perception in health and illness and perception health and illness related cancers disease in Balinese
female each showing a percentage of 92.2% and 93.2%, which includes the medium category. The data are
Published by Sons and Daughters Publishing House Inc.
© 2015 The Authors
Peer review under the responsibility of International Research Enthusiast Society Inc.
30
WWW.E‐JOURNALDIRECT.COM
Luh Made Karisma Sukmayanti Suarya
Paper Reference Number: MA01WF68
ISSN 2423‐1924
consistent with the general perception of health and illness and cancer-related diseases based on demographic
data or respondents charactheristics, who tend to be in the category anyway.
This can give an idea that the general perception of health and illness and perception of health and illness cancer
related disease in Balinese female, maybe can be quite good. That general perceptions of health and illness and
perception of health and illness cancer-related disease, not solely based on the subjective perspective of the
individual, in this case, Balinese female, but can also be based on scientific rationality. This is supported by
Helman (2001) that the presence of social and cultural factors underlying individual differences in understanding
the perspective of health and illness. The perspective is based on the differences in system-related objective
evidence of health and illness, as well as various ways of conviction against treatment assessment.
Recommendations
Important for future research to determine the relationship between demographics or characteristics of
respondents are Balinese female towards general perception of health and illness and cancer-related disease,
including consideration of other demographic data such as living area. In addition, should also conducted an
analysis of each statement or item scale, to be able to see a clearer of the respondents in each statement about
the concept of health and illness in general, and related cancers.
Certain cultural characteristics are important parts that need to be considered to understand the concept of health
and illness in general and the concept of health and illness related with certain diseases, which is also related to
the daily health behaviors. It is also a consideration for the provision of health services, particularly for women's
overall health.
References
Biaggio, M., Hersen, M. Issues in the Psychology of Women, Kluwer Academic Publisher, USA, 2002
Bjorklund, B.R., Bee, H.L. The Journey of Adulthood. Pearson Education International, 2009, Sixth Edition.
Boruchovitch, E., Mednick, B. R. The Meaning of Health and Illness: Some Considerations for Health Psychology. Psico-USF,
2002, Vol;. 7, No.2, pg.175-183.
Harjati., Thaha, R.M., Natsir, S. 2012. Konsep Sehat dan Sakit terhadap Kesehatan Ibu dan Anak pada Masyarakat Suku
Bajo, Kabupaten Bone, SulawesiSelatan. http://pasca.unhas.ac.id/jurnal/files/564fa63daad1c384c727c8bcda5ee948.pdf.
Accessed on 11 Pebruari 2015.
Helman,C.G. Culture, Health, and Illness, Arnold Publishers, 2001, Fourth Edition.
Langdon, E.J., Wiik, F.B. Anthropology, Health and Illness: an Introduction to the Concepts of Culture Applied to the Health
Science. Rev.Latino-Am.Enfermagem, 2010, Vol. 18 (3).
Lu, Luo. A Prelimanary Study on The Concepts of Health among The Chinese. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 2002,
Vol.15, No. 2, pp.179-189.
Nayak, M.G., Sharada., Geroge, A. Socio-Cultural Perspectives on Health and Illness. NUJHS, 2012, Vol.2, No.3.
Papalia, D.E., Sterns, H.L., Feldman, R.D., Camp, C.J. Adult Development and Aging. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, New
York, 2007.
Sarafino, E.P., Smith, T.W. Health Psychology: Biopsychosocial Interactions. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, Asia, 2012, Seventh
Edition.
Soejoeti. Konsep Sehat Sakit dan Penyakit dalam Kontek Sosial Budaya. http;//www. Yuniawan.blog unair.ac.id), 2008.
Accessed on 10 Februari 2015.
Suyadnya, I.W. Balinese Women and Identities: Are They Trapped in Traditions, Globalization or Both?. Journal Brawijaya,
2009, Vol.7.
Taylor, S. E, Health Psychology, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, New York, 2006.
Published by Sons and Daughters Publishing House Inc.
© 2015 The Authors
Peer review under the responsibility of International Research Enthusiast Society Inc.
31
PSYCHOLOGY AND SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH
www.e‐journaldirect.com
Open Access
ISSN 2423‐1924
Presented in
2nd International Conference in Education, Psychology, and Social Science (ICEPSS)
International Research Enthusiast Society Inc. (IRES Inc.)
May 22‐23, 2015
Health, Illness, And Cancer In Balinese Female
Luh Made Karisma Sukmayanti Suarya
Department of Psychology, Medicine Faculty
Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia
[email protected]
Abstract
The concept of healthy and illness is an important thing to understand. Both the concept of healthy and illness in
general, and the concept of healthy and illness associated a particular disease, as known to influence attitudes
and behavior indicated healthy individuals. The purpose of this study is to explore the concept of healthy, illness,
and its relation to cancer in Balinese female. Balinese female roles include three roles that domestic role, the
public role, and social role related to the culture of Bali, which tend to be different from the females roles in
general, which includes the role of domestic and public roles.
This research was conducted in early adulthood Balinese female aged 20 to 40 years. The method used in this
study was a cross-sectional survey, with a simple random sampling technique. Data concept of healthy, illness
and its relation to cancer collected, covering the general perception of Balinese female about health and illness,
specific perceptions about health and illness associated with cancer, risks behavior, and determine the
relationship between the concept of healthy and illness on demographic variables such as age, occupation,
marital status, monthly income, and social activities. The results of the study can be used as initial data to explore
on female’s health, especially the health of Balinese females. In addition, the results can also be a consideration
for female's health services program, which is based cultural characteristics, especially the culture of Bali.
Keyword: perception on health and illness, perception on health and illness and relation to cancer, perceived risk
behavior, Balinese female
Luh Made Karisma Sukmayanti Suarya*
[email protected]
Paper Reference Number: MA01WF68
*Corresponding Author
Published by Sons and Daughters Publishing House Inc.
© 2015 The Authors
Peer review under the responsibility of International Research Enthusiast Society Inc.
WWW.E‐JOURNALDIRECT.COM
Luh Made Karisma Sukmayanti Suarya
Paper Reference Number: MA01WF68
ISSN 2423‐1924
Introduction
Health is essential to human life. Most people would agree that health is an important asset to be able to perform
a variety of activities, will have a positive impact on all aspects of an human life. Health is not only associated with
better physical functioning, but also related to the state or condition of a mental health and social interaction are
good. This is consistent with health definitions according to World Health Organization (WHO) is health or
wellbeing are physical, mental and social aspects (Lu, 2002; Taylor, 2006). According to the WHO definition of
health, health of wellbeing regulated in The Indonesian Enactment of Health number 36 in 2009, which is a
condition in physical, mental, social, and spiritual, which allows individuals to be able to live productive in
economic and social.
The word health is often paired with the word good or bad, which indicates a health condition optimally, or
conversely, poor health indicates a diseased condition. Ill defined etiology naturalistic is a condition caused by a
problem of individual body systems. Health and illness can be said to be related between the ability or inability of
the individual to adapt to the environment, either biological, psychological, social and cultural (Soejoeti, 2008).
There have been many studies conducted on health and illness concept of the individual, both health and ilness
concept in general, and based on the specific context. The concept of health and illness are believed influence to
the attitudes, perceptions and behavior of individuals on health, health care seeking behavior, preventive
measures and health promotion for individuals (Boruchovitch & Mednick, 2002).
The concept of health and illness, is closely related to social and cultural influences. The concept of health and
illness have begins from the perception of illness and heatlh, which is of course influenced by the socio-cultural
values and certain beliefs (Soejoeti, 2008; Harjati, 2012; Nayak, Sharada, & Geroge 2012). One of the results of
research that shows the influence of socio-cultural values and certain beliefs about the health and illness society
is research conducted by Nayak (2012) to the urban community in Udupi Manipal area. The study showed that
45% of adults believe that the pain from a disease believed to be the wrath of God, or as "karma", while in some
particular disease believed to be caused by a ghost.
Similarly in Balinese culture has values, certain cultural mores, which makes Bali has its own uniqueness.
Particularly in Balinese female, which has a multirole in life. The female roles particulary Balinese female, likely to
be different in women in general who has a duality role that domestic role or the role of household and public role
or work. While Balinese female has three roles there are domestic role, the role of the public, and social roles,
especially for Balinese female who have been married. The changing role of female occurs when single women
generally are teenagers, turned into a married female, who generally have early adult life. Early adult age range
was 20 years to 40 years (Papalia et al., 2007).
Domestic role is the role of female in performing or completing household such as cooking, cleaning, wiping and
other clothing, while the public role is the female role in completing work outside the home, that work in order to
increase family incomes. Furthermore, the female social roles in society that implement custom and religion
(Mosser in Suyadnya, 2009). Increasing number or multirole undertaken by the individual, in this case female, are
likely to require good management responsibilities, and can be the source of its own stress (Taylor, 2009).
Female identified with the stereotype of weak, soft, smooth, tend to be emotional, and identical with the
housework alone. Although in fact, many female who was work outside the home to increase the family income,
in addition to its role as a housewife and roles related social and religious customs. Even doing the work that
tends to require great strength and muscle strength. Women's overall health is also an important concern. This is
partly because of the stereotype of female as living beings than men tend to be weak, but because the power of
female is also in management responsibilities regarding gender roles held by female.
In fact, throughout the life of female is strongly influenced by hormonal, that is estrogen and progesterone.
Estrogen and progesterone hormones play an important role in the overall balance of the body. Normal female
will generally experience menstruation cycle every month as a result of the hormonal system. On the other hand,
female are also synonymous with menopause. By decreasing estrogen and progesterone hormones no longer
produced by the body, it will affect other hormone systems in the body. This will result in reduced resistance of
the female body. Thus, female may be inclined vulnerable of various diseases such as osteoporosis, heart
disease, high blood pressure, stroke. Furthermore, with according to the risk of cancer in female, the prevalence
of breast cancer cases in Indonesia by 15.6% and cases of cervical cancer and cervical take the highest ever at
Published by Sons and Daughters Publishing House Inc.
© 2015 The Authors
Peer review under the responsibility of International Research Enthusiast Society Inc.
28
Luh Made Karisma Sukmayanti Suarya
Paper Reference Number: MA01WF68
WWW.E‐JOURNALDIRECT.COM
ISSN 2423‐1924
19.3% from some other types of cancer. Cancer predicted as the cause of disease morbidity and mortality of the
most important in the whole world.
The illustration above shows that it is very important for female to pay attention, keep or take care of their health.
Gender roles of female have an impact on female's health that is related to the quality of health services,
reporting of symptoms experienced pain, relationships with healthcare practitioners, and health-seeking behavior
support (Biaggio & Hersen, 2002).
Statement of Objective/Problems
An study to describe the concept of health and illness in general, the concept of health and illness associated with
cancer, especially Balinese female were Hindu religion.
Methodology
The research method used is cross-sectional surveys, of the Balinese female population that is Hindu religion,
who were aged 20 to 40 years. This study was conducted in Bali, with the sampling method by using probability
sampling.
Perceived health and illness tool had 30 items on Likert scale, perceived risk factors had 22 risk factors are
divided into three categories that is high risk, moderate risk, and low risk. Demographic variables consist of age,
education, occupation, income per month, marital status, and social activity.
Perceived health and illness tool had 30 items on a Likert scale, perceived risk factors had 22 risk factors are
divided into three categories that is high risk, moderate risk, and low risk. Respondents can determine the answer
in four answer options Strongly Agree (SA), Agree (A), Disagree (D), Strongly Disagree (SD) on items Likert
scale. While the category of perceived risk behavior is based on the frequency of risk behaviors conducted or the
emergence of that frequency is always a category of high-risk behaviors, frequency often to sometimes as
medium risk behavior categories, and the frequency was never as low-risk behavior. Furthermore, demographic
variables consist of age, education, occupation, income per month, marital status, and social activity. Data were
collected through questionnaires distributed to the Balinese female with a predetermined characteristic that is
aged 20 years to 40 years and Hindu. The questionnaire is 103 have been collected and descriptive analyzed.
Result and Discusssion
Tabel 1: Perception score in health and illness
Perception in health and illness Categorization Frequency
High
6
General
Cancer-related disease
No
1.
2.
Percentage
5.8
Moderate
95
92.2
Low
2
1.9
High
5
4.9
Moderate
96
93.2
Low
2
1.9
Tabel 2 Perception score in health and illness base on demographic data
Respondent
General Perception in Health and
Perception in Health –Illness related
Characterictics
Illness
Cancer
Amount in category
Amount in category
High
Moderate
Low
High
Moderate
Low
Age in years
20-30
4
67
2
4
68
1
31-40
2
28
0
1
28
1
Educational status
Junior High School
1
6
0
1
6
0
High school
3
49
1
3
49
1
University
2
40
1
1
41
1
Published by Sons and Daughters Publishing House Inc.
© 2015 The Authors
Peer review under the responsibility of International Research Enthusiast Society Inc.
29
Luh Made Karisma Sukmayanti Suarya
Paper Reference Number: MA01WF68
WWW.E‐JOURNALDIRECT.COM
ISSN 2423‐1924
3.
4.
5.
6.
Occupation status
Work
Not work
Marital status
Married
Unmarried
Widow
Income Per Month
< Rp 1.200.000,> Rp 1.200.000,Not work
Social activity
Yes
No
4
2
62
33
2
0
4
1
62
34
2
0
2
4
0
51
43
1
1
1
0
2
3
0
50
45
1
2
0
0
1
3
2
17
44
34
1
1
0
2
2
1
17
44
35
0
2
0
3
3
73
22
1
1
3
2
73
23
1
1
Tabel 3: Perceived risk behavior
Perceived Risk Behavior
No Respondent Characterictics
Amount in category
High Moderate Low
Age in year
1. 20-30
63
10
31-40
23
7
Educational status
Junior High School
4
3
2.
High school
42
11
University
40
3
Occupation status
3. Work
58
10
Not work
28
7
Marital status
Married
42
12
4.
Unmarried
43
5
Widow
1
0
Income Per Month
< Rp 1.200.000,14
5
5.
> Rp 1.200.000,44
4
Not work
28
8
Based on research data have been obtained and are described in the tables above show that the general
perception of Balinese female in health and illness shows that most of it is currently 92.2% (Table 1) and the
perception health and illness cancer-related diseases was partially major in middle category is 93.2% (Table 1).
Among 103 Balinese female, most of the shows are in the moderate categories of perceptions of health and
illness in general and cancer-related diseases, which are based on demographic data, namely age, marital
status, occupation, monthly income, education, and the presence or absence of social activity (Table 2).
Based on perceived risk behavior data showed that the variation of the number of risk behaviors Balinese female
of moderate to low range, in other words, nothing that shows the behavior of the high-risk category. Risk
behaviors include the following active and passive smoking, drinking alcohol, using drugs, soil and road dust,
eating fast food, fumes, odors from garbage, firewood as fuel for cooking, stress, unsafe water and food,
overweight, improper personal hygiene, noise, unbalanced nutrition diet , emotionally unstable conditions,
excessive working hours, conditions weakened immune, family problems, routine health check, check for breast
self-examination (BSE).
Conclusions
General perception in health and illness and perception health and illness related cancers disease in Balinese
female each showing a percentage of 92.2% and 93.2%, which includes the medium category. The data are
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ISSN 2423‐1924
consistent with the general perception of health and illness and cancer-related diseases based on demographic
data or respondents charactheristics, who tend to be in the category anyway.
This can give an idea that the general perception of health and illness and perception of health and illness cancer
related disease in Balinese female, maybe can be quite good. That general perceptions of health and illness and
perception of health and illness cancer-related disease, not solely based on the subjective perspective of the
individual, in this case, Balinese female, but can also be based on scientific rationality. This is supported by
Helman (2001) that the presence of social and cultural factors underlying individual differences in understanding
the perspective of health and illness. The perspective is based on the differences in system-related objective
evidence of health and illness, as well as various ways of conviction against treatment assessment.
Recommendations
Important for future research to determine the relationship between demographics or characteristics of
respondents are Balinese female towards general perception of health and illness and cancer-related disease,
including consideration of other demographic data such as living area. In addition, should also conducted an
analysis of each statement or item scale, to be able to see a clearer of the respondents in each statement about
the concept of health and illness in general, and related cancers.
Certain cultural characteristics are important parts that need to be considered to understand the concept of health
and illness in general and the concept of health and illness related with certain diseases, which is also related to
the daily health behaviors. It is also a consideration for the provision of health services, particularly for women's
overall health.
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