The Use Of Drawing Method For Diagnosing Students’ Misconception About Plant Structure In Relation To Photosynthesis.
THE USE OF DRAWING METHOD FOR DIAGNOSING
STUDENTS’ MISCONCEPTION ABOUT PLANT
STRUCTURE IN RELATION TO PHOTOSYNTHESIS
RESEARCH PAPER
Submitted as Requirement to Obtain Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan in International Program on Science Education (IPSE) Study Program
by: Desty Nurbaety
1100139
INTERNATIONAL PROGRAM ON SCIENCE EDUCATION FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE EDUCATION
UNIVERSITAS PENDIDIKAN INDONESIA 2015
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Desty Nurbaety, 2015
THE USE OF DRAWING METHOD FOR
DIAGNOSING STUDENTS’ MISCONCEPTION
ABOUT PLANT STRUCTURE
IN RELATION TO PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Oleh Desty Nurbaety
Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana Pendidikan pada Fakultas Pendidikan Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan
Alam
© Desty Nurbaety 2015 Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
Agustus 2015
Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.
Skripsi ini tidak boleh diperbanyak seluruhya atau sebagian, dengan dicetak ulang, difoto kopi, atau cara lainnya tanpa ijin dari penulis.
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SHEET OF LEGITIMATION
THE USE OF DRAWING METHOD FOR DIAGNOSING STUDENTS’
MISCONCEPTION ABOUT PLANT STRUCTURE IN RELATION TO PHOTOSYNTHESIS
By Desty Nurbaety
1100139
Approved and Authorized by, Supervisor I
Prof. Dr. Hj. Nuryani Y. Rustaman, M. Pd
NIP. 195012311979032029
Supervisor II
Dr. Yayan Sanjaya, M. Si
NIP. 197112312001121001
Perceived,
Head of International Program on Science Education Study Program
Dr. Diana Rochintaniawati, M. Ed
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THE USE OF DRAWING METHOD FOR DIAGNOSING
STUDENTS’ MISCONCEPTION ABOUT PLANT
STRUCTURE IN RELATION TO PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Desty NurbaetyInternational Program on Science Education (IPSE) Indonesia University of Education, Indonesia
desty.nurbaety@student.upi.edu
Abstract
The study of diagnosing students’ misconception about plant structure in relation to
photosynthesis among middle school using drawing method was conducted to identify
students’ misconception using drawing method concerning on this important concept. A descriptive research was applied in this study and a number of eight grade students (N=32) is participated in this research. Purposive sampling was implemented as the sampling technique of this study. Data was gathered from thirty two students’ drawings, modified Certainty of Response Index (CRI), interview, and questionnaire. These drawings were analyzed and categorized based on five level of drawings criteria by Köse. The result showed that the students intensify on Level 4 in which students’ drawings mostly demonstrate partial understanding and no misconception found in the concept of plant structure in relation to photosynthesis. From the drawings, there were 25% students identified which held misconception on plant structure and it is followed by 40,63% drawings with misconception for photosynthesis concept. This findings was supported by modified CRI analysis which shows there was 37,63% students that held misconceptions. Based on modified CRI analysis and interview result also found that students mostly held misconception on determining time when photosynthesis happen, location of photosynthesis occurred, and structure and function of plant that related with photosynthesis concept. Besides that, other interesting facts showed that the students cannot grasp the idea of root system, shoot system, and photosynthesis as interrelated
concept in science. The main causes of students’ misconception come from students’
itself, textbook, and their interaction with environment.
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PENGGUNAAN METODE MENGGAMBAR UNTUK
MENDIAGNOSA MISKONSEPSI SISWA PADA KONSEP
STRUKTUR TUMBUHAN DALAM KAITANNYA DENGAN
KONSEP FOTOSINTESIS
Desty Nurbaety
International Program on Science Education (IPSE) Indonesia University of Education, Indonesia
desty.nurbaety@student.upi.edu
Abstrak
Penelitian mengenai diagnosa miskonsepsi siswa pada konsep struktur tumbuhan dalam kaitannya dengan konsep fotosintesis telah dilaksanakan untuk mengidentifikasi miskonsepsi siswa pada konsep tersebut dengan menggunakan metode menggambar. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif dengan melibatkan sejumlah siswa (N=32) kelas VIII dan pengambilan sampel dilakukan secara purposive
sampling. Data penelitian ini diperoleh melaui gambar siswa, tes pilihan ganda disertai
modifikasi Certainty of Response Index (CRI), wawancara, dan angket siswa. Data gambar siswa dianalisis dan dikategorikan berdasarkan lima level gambar yang dikembangkan oleh Köse. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa presentasi tertinggi dari gambar siswa berada pada Level 4. Berdasarkan data gambar, terdapat 25% siswa yang mengalami miskonsepsi pada konsep struktur tumbuhan dan 40,63% siswa pada konsep fotosintesis. Penemuan ini ditunjang dengan analisa tes pilihan ganda beralasan terbuka yang disertai dengan modifikasi CRI. Berdasarkan analisis CRI dan wawancara juga menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 37,63% siswa mengalami miskonsepsi dalam menentukan waktu dan tempat terjadinya fotosintesis, struktur dan fungsi tumbuhan yang berkaitan dengan konsep fotosintesis. Selain itu, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa siswa belum berhasil memahami konsep sistem akar, sistem pucuk, dan fotosintesis sebagai konsep yang saling berhubungan. Penyebab utama miskonsepsi siswa berasal dari siswa itu sendiri, buku, dan interaksinya dengan lingkungan.
Kata kunci: metode menggambar, miskonsepsi siswa, konsep struktur tumbuhan,
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
SHEET OF LEGITIMATION DECLARATION
ABSTRACT ... i
PREFACE ... ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... v
LIST OF TABLES ... vii
LIST OF FIGURES ... viii
LIST OF APPENDICES... ix
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background ... 1
B. Research Problem... 3
C. Research Question ... 3
D. Limitation of Problem ... 4
E. Research Objective ... 4
F. Organization Structure of Research Paper ... 5
CHAPTER II STUDENTS’ MISCONCEPTION ABOUT PLANT STRUCTURE IN RELATION TO PHOTOSYNTHESIS A. Misconception 1. Conceptualizing Misconception ... 6
2. Sources of Misconception ... 7
B. The Use of Drawing Method for Diagnosing Misconception ... 9
C. Identification of Misconception Using CRI ... 11
D. An Overview of Plant Structure and Photosynthesis Concept 1. Plant Structure Concept ... 13
2. Photosynthesis Concept ... 17
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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Research Design ... 24
B. Population and Sample ... 24
C. Operational Definition ... 25
D. Research Instrument ... 26
E. Research Procedure ... 43
F. Research Plot ... 44
CHAPTER IV RESULT AND DISCUSSION A. Research Result 1. Result of Students’ Drawings ... 45
2. Result of CRI ... 50
3. Result of Students’ Interview ... 51
4. Result of Questionnaire . ... 52
B. Research Discussion 1. Analysis of Students’ Misconception Through Drawings ... 54
2. Analysis of Students’ Misconception Using CRI ... 59
3. Analysis of Questionnaire ... 67
CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION A. Conclusion... 69
B. Recommendation... 70
REFERENCES. ... 71
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1 Rubric for Students’ Drawing ... 26
Table 3.2 Questionnaire Item Specification ... 27
Table 3.3 Specification of Multiple Choice with Open Reason Item ... 28
Table 3.4 Classification Validity Coefficient... 30
Table 3.5 Classification of Reliability Coefficient ... 31
Table 3.6 Discriminating Power Classification ... 32
Table 3.7 Coefficient Classification Of Difficulty Index ... 33
Table 3.8 Recapitulation of Multiple Choice Item Test ... 34
Table 3.9 Interview Guideline ... 36
Table 3.10 Rubric of Level of Drawing . ... 38
Table 3.11 Modified Certainty of Response Test ... 41
Table 4.1 The most frequent elements for function of plants’ organs ... 46
Table 4.2 The most frequent elements for photosynthesis ... 48
Table 4.3 The most frequent organs and organelles ... 48
Table 4.4 Students’ misconception obtained from drawings ... 49
Table 4.5 Percentage of Students’ Misconception Using CRI ... 50
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1 A typical body plant of angiosperm... 13
Figure 2.2 Monocots and eudicots leaf venation ... 16
Figure 2.3 Variation of leaf shape ... 17
Figure 2.4 Energy from the sun drives the process of photosynthesis ... 18
Figure 2.5 Zooming in on the location of photosynthesis in a plant ... 20
Figure 3.12 Research Plot ... 44
Figure 4.1 Percentage of Students’ Drawing Level ... 45
Figure 4.2 Drawings with Misconception (Level 3) about Plant Structure ... 54
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LIST OF APPENDICES
A. INSTRUMENT JUDGEMENT FORM
Appendix A1. Result of Instruments Judgment ... 77
Appendix A2. Instrument Judgment Forms ... 92
B. RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS Appendix B1. Drawing Instruction Form of Plant Structure ... 98
Appendix B2. Drawing Instruction Form of Photosynthesis ... 99
Appendix B3. Questionnaire Form ... 100
Appendix B4. Interview Guideline Form ... 102
Appendix B5. Multiple Choice Item Test (PROPOSED) ... 104
Appendix B6. Multiple Choice Item Test (USED) ... 112
C. RESEARCH RESULTS Appendix C1. Drawings Result for Plant Structure ... 126
Appendix C2. Drawings Result for Photosynthesis ... 128
Appendix C3. Recapitulation of Misconception ... 130
Appendix C4. Interview Transcription ... 134
Appendix C5. Questionnaire Result ... 137
Appendix C6. Recapitulation of Level of Drawings ... 140
D. DOCUMENTATION ... 142
E. ADMINISTRATION ... 144
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Background
Students come to school with varying experience and ideas about the
natural word. The scope of these ideas are as diverse as the students’
background and they are often different from those of scientist. Fisher stated that these differing frameworks have been described as misconception (Tekkaya, 2002).
Misconceptions can be resulted due to the number of contacts students make with the physical and social world around them (Wiley and Klosterman, 2012), they may occur due to something the student experienced in their personal life, from communication with different teachers and friends or through source of media (Stajonavska et al., 2012). Previous studies also highlighted that textbooks are another prevalent source that contributes to the formation of misconceptions by students (Abimbola and Baba, 1996).
All of the above statements could be described as the origin of formation of misconception and it can result a powerful, extremely persistent, and hard to change, and creating obstacle to further learning (Canpolat et al. in Stajonavska et al., 2012). Then, misconception also is one of important factors
which prevent students’ meaningful learning (Köse, 2008). This dangerous condition is one crucial reason why the study of misconception should be investigated well by the science educators.
In education major, there are several methods that used for diagnosing conceptual understanding and misconception, such as open-ended questions (Mondal and Chakraborty, 2013; Ozcan, Yildrim, and Ozgur, 2012), two-tier diagnostic test (Bayrak, 2013; Balushi et al., 2012), interviews about concepts (Stajonavska et al., 2012; Lemma, 2013; Thompson, 2006; Gültekin and Topsakal, 2014), drawings (Halim et al., 2014; and Gultekin and Topsakal, 2014; Wekesa, 2013), and word association (Kurt, 2013). According to Köse (2008), drawings could be considered as simple research instruments that enable easy comparisons at the international level. While many children
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dislike answering the questions, drawings can be completed quickly, easily
and in an enjoyable way. Children’s drawings provide a window into their
thoughts and feelings; mainly because they reflect an image of his/her mind (Köse, 2008).
Recent research shows that drawing can be used as an effective form of providing a creative way to gather misconceptions and giving insight to alternative conceptions. Drawing activities and interview section are
successfully carried out to explore children’s idea about abstract concept, e.g.
basic chemical concept (Lemma, 2013). In another studies, drawing is used to
improve the students’ performance in biology (Wekesa, 2013) and determine
the level of misconception in forces concept (Halim et al., 2014). In the previous studies, the children were asked to draw a plant and label parts of them after the researcher showed them the plants (Gultekin and Topsakal, 2014) and Köse (2008) showed that drawing method is applied to determine university students’ misconception concerning on photosynthesis and respiration. In this study, misconception about plant structure and photosynthesis concept using drawing method in combination with interview are exposed.
Plant structure and photosynthesis are important science concepts which are in the middle school curriculum of many countries. Plant structure concept describes the basic morphology of plants and bridges the students to understand another correlated topics, such as photosynthesis. By acquiring the knowledge of plant structure concept, the students could understand how the plant basic organs as the external structure of plant form specialized function and take the crucial roles in photosynthesis process. Since these fundamental concepts are extremely necessary to be learnt, thus it is very important to determine the misconception and trace the sources of misconception on the relationship between plant structure and photosynthesis concept among middle school students using drawing method.
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B. Research Problem
The research problem of this study is “How is the misconception concerning plant structure in relation to photosynthesis among middle school students that is diagnosed using drawing method?”
C. Research Question
Based on the research problem above, the research questions that developed and explore in this study as follow:
1. What kind of misconceptions that is holded by the middle school students regarding to plant structure include root system and shoot system that diagnosed using drawing method?
2. How is the misconception holded with the photosynthesis in plant among middle school students that diagnosed using drawing method?
3. How is the misconception holded by middle school students about plant structure in relation to photosynthesis that diagnosed using drawing method and modified Certainty of Response Index?
D. Limitation of Problem
In order to bring this study into focus, the problem is limited as follow:
1. Students’ misconceptions are diagnosed using drawing method based on Köse (2008) item test with Modified Certainty of Response Index (CRI) based on Hakim et al. (2012), and interview.
2. Students’ misconception that examined in this study about plant structure that includes the root system and shoot system (i.e. Stems, leaves, and flowers).
3. Students’ misconception that examined in this study about photosynthesis process in plant, include sites of photosynthesis, components needed for photosynthesis, product of photosynthesis, and the role of plant basic organs in relation to photosynthesis.
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E. Research Objective
The objective of this research is to identify students’ misconception about plant structure in relation to photosynthesis using drawing method.
F. Research Benefit
The study was expected to provide some benefits for students, teachers, schools and researcher as follow:
1. Teacher
Enrich teacher’s knowledge of diagnosing method to identify student’s
misconception about science concept and discover a better learning strategy that can reduce misconception.
2. Student
Helping the students to contruct and reveal their understanding about certain science concepts (e.g. plant structure and photosynthesis concept) through drawings.
3. School
Planning and preparing a learning strategy and select teaching media (e.g. textbook) which can decrease the potential of misconception in the classroom.
4. Further Research
a. Giving experience to implement drawing method and interview as the
method combination for determining students’ misconception in
science concept.
b. Contribute the study about student’s misconception that could be reference for other study.
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G. Organization Structure of Research Paper
Chapter one tells about the background and problem identification which become the base of this research. Based on the research problem, the study will be brought into several research questions which determine the objectives of this research. This chapter also is crucial to determine the flow of the next chapters, such as literature review and methodology.
Chapter two gives the fundamental concepts and theories that needed by the author to analyze the result of the findings. Chapter two will be divided into different focus, namely misconception, drawing method, and an overview of plant structure and photosynthesis concept. This chapter is designed to support the argument and result analysis in this research.
Chapter three describes the methodology used in this research. Besides that, the population, sampling technique, and a brief explanation related operational definition. In this chapter three, a set of instruments that applied in this research is explained concisely.
Chapter four contains the research result and discussion. This chapter tells about the findings and analysis concerning on this study. Chapter four also will answer the research problem that has been described in the first chapter. Through chapter 4, each findings are analyzed using a selected theory and supported by previous findings in the same field of research.
Chapter five is the closure chapter which draw the conclusion of this research and give recommendation for the next research.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
A. Conclusion
The drawing method in combined with individual interview and Certainty of Response Index (CRI) has been applied to explore students’ misconception about plant structure in relation to photosynthesis concept and it provides valuable information which can be used as a mirror of
students’ representational world misconceptions and the conclusion can be drawn as follow:
1. The implementation of drawing method in combined with interview have
identified students’ misconception about photosynthesis concept which is
higher than plant structure concept and the misconception intensify on determining time when photosynthesis happen, location of photosynthesis occurred, as well as structure and function of plant that related with photosynthesis concept.
2. The students cannot grasp the idea of root system, shoot system, and photosynthesis as interrelated concept in science.
3. The multiple choice item test in combined with open reason and Certainty of Response Index (CRI) has shown that the percentage of students with misconception is higher than the students understand the
concept well. The students’ misconceptions are mostly found on plant
structure related to the higher plants and lower plants, structure of types of root, function of chlorophyll, products of photosynthesis and components needed for photosynthesis, and time when photosynthesis occur.
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70
B. Recommendation
Based on the research findings, there are several recommendation that could be considered for a better and more qualified research as follow: 1. The drawing method as one instrument to diagnose misconception
could be used to identify the misconception in other science concepts. Then, it would be better if the construction of item test in combined with CRI should be based on the misconception pattern on the topic that used, so that the misconception could be identified precisely.
2. The researcher should consider the students’ interest of drawings, because this aspect gives influence to the result of the drawings. 3. Not only descriptive study, the drawing method also could be
developed by next researcher in other design of research, such as
experiment that focus on diagnosing students’ misconception and
remediation.
4. In order to obtain the data which merely represent students’ misconception among middle school students, the number of samples should be increased. So that the samples do not only come from one school.
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B. Research Problem
The research problem of this study is “How is the misconception concerning plant structure in relation to photosynthesis among middle school students that is diagnosed using drawing method?”
C. Research Question
Based on the research problem above, the research questions that developed and explore in this study as follow:
1. What kind of misconceptions that is holded by the middle school students regarding to plant structure include root system and shoot system that diagnosed using drawing method?
2. How is the misconception holded with the photosynthesis in plant among middle school students that diagnosed using drawing method?
3. How is the misconception holded by middle school students about plant structure in relation to photosynthesis that diagnosed using drawing method and modified Certainty of Response Index?
D. Limitation of Problem
In order to bring this study into focus, the problem is limited as follow:
1. Students’ misconceptions are diagnosed using drawing method based on Köse (2008) item test with Modified Certainty of Response Index (CRI) based on Hakim et al. (2012), and interview.
2. Students’ misconception that examined in this study about plant structure that includes the root system and shoot system (i.e. Stems, leaves, and flowers).
3. Students’ misconception that examined in this study about photosynthesis process in plant, include sites of photosynthesis, components needed for photosynthesis, product of photosynthesis, and the role of plant basic
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4
E. Research Objective
The objective of this research is to identify students’ misconception about plant structure in relation to photosynthesis using drawing method.
F. Research Benefit
The study was expected to provide some benefits for students, teachers, schools and researcher as follow:
1. Teacher
Enrich teacher’s knowledge of diagnosing method to identify student’s misconception about science concept and discover a better learning strategy that can reduce misconception.
2. Student
Helping the students to contruct and reveal their understanding about certain science concepts (e.g. plant structure and photosynthesis concept) through drawings.
3. School
Planning and preparing a learning strategy and select teaching media (e.g. textbook) which can decrease the potential of misconception in the classroom.
4. Further Research
a. Giving experience to implement drawing method and interview as the method combination for determining students’ misconception in science concept.
b. Contribute the study about student’s misconception that could be reference for other study.
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G. Organization Structure of Research Paper
Chapter one tells about the background and problem identification which become the base of this research. Based on the research problem, the study will be brought into several research questions which determine the objectives of this research. This chapter also is crucial to determine the flow of the next chapters, such as literature review and methodology.
Chapter two gives the fundamental concepts and theories that needed by the author to analyze the result of the findings. Chapter two will be divided into different focus, namely misconception, drawing method, and an overview of plant structure and photosynthesis concept. This chapter is designed to support the argument and result analysis in this research.
Chapter three describes the methodology used in this research. Besides that, the population, sampling technique, and a brief explanation related operational definition. In this chapter three, a set of instruments that applied in this research is explained concisely.
Chapter four contains the research result and discussion. This chapter tells about the findings and analysis concerning on this study. Chapter four also will answer the research problem that has been described in the first chapter. Through chapter 4, each findings are analyzed using a selected theory and supported by previous findings in the same field of research.
Chapter five is the closure chapter which draw the conclusion of this research and give recommendation for the next research.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
A. Conclusion
The drawing method in combined with individual interview and Certainty of Response Index (CRI) has been applied to explore students’ misconception about plant structure in relation to photosynthesis concept and it provides valuable information which can be used as a mirror of
students’ representational world misconceptions and the conclusion can be drawn as follow:
1. The implementation of drawing method in combined with interview have
identified students’ misconception about photosynthesis concept which is
higher than plant structure concept and the misconception intensify on determining time when photosynthesis happen, location of photosynthesis occurred, as well as structure and function of plant that related with photosynthesis concept.
2. The students cannot grasp the idea of root system, shoot system, and photosynthesis as interrelated concept in science.
3. The multiple choice item test in combined with open reason and Certainty of Response Index (CRI) has shown that the percentage of students with misconception is higher than the students understand the
concept well. The students’ misconceptions are mostly found on plant
structure related to the higher plants and lower plants, structure of types of root, function of chlorophyll, products of photosynthesis and components needed for photosynthesis, and time when photosynthesis occur.
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70
B. Recommendation
Based on the research findings, there are several recommendation that could be considered for a better and more qualified research as follow: 1. The drawing method as one instrument to diagnose misconception
could be used to identify the misconception in other science concepts. Then, it would be better if the construction of item test in combined with CRI should be based on the misconception pattern on the topic that used, so that the misconception could be identified precisely.
2. The researcher should consider the students’ interest of drawings, because this aspect gives influence to the result of the drawings. 3. Not only descriptive study, the drawing method also could be
developed by next researcher in other design of research, such as
experiment that focus on diagnosing students’ misconception and
remediation.
4. In order to obtain the data which merely represent students’ misconception among middle school students, the number of samples should be increased. So that the samples do not only come from one school.