Schaum College Physics.pdf

  

THEORY AND PROBLEMS

OF

COLLEGE PHYSICS

Ninth Edition

FREDERICK J. BUECHE, Ph.D.

  

EUGENE HECHT, Ph.D.

  

!"

SCHAUM'S OUTLINE SERIES

  

# $ % & %! ' ( )

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  McGraw-Hill abc

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  DOI: 10.1036/0071367497

  Preface

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& # ! # *

# ' ! H & 0 ! 8 # ! . ! B ' ! & !# H # - & !

  / 0 3/ 4 & # & & 3

  4 /

  9 1 B " 18 B :9

  

3 4 & # ! 0 3 4 8 # ! & = &

! & # # !# & &

# 8 . . 3 ' 4

# ! ! . #

! 0 ! ! I ! ! :

& # & & !

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  : :1: :" 8 Contents

1 Chapter

INTRODUCTION TO VECTORS

  1

  9 G J G 3 ! 4 ! ! 9 # 8 ! " ! " ! !

  !

  2 Chapter UNIFORMLY ACCELERATED MOTION

  13

  9 J ! ! !

  J ! ( # !

  3 Chapter NEWTON'S LAWS

  27

  9 0 ! B 1 ' 8 & 1 & = B & 1 & = 9 & 1 & = 8 & & # & ! &

  8 B 1 ! " K 0 " K ! !

  &

  4 Chapter EQUILIBRIUM UNDER THE ACTION OF CONCURRENT FORCES

  47

  " #( G # ! B G # ! # ! ! 3 4 #(

  8 B 1 !

  5 Chapter EQUILIBRIUM OF A RIGID BODY UNDER COPLANAR FORCES

  56

  8 G 3 ! ! 4 8& G # ! " ' #

  6 Chapter WORK, ENERGY, AND POWER

  69

  & 0 : L 0 ! " & L &

  7 Chapter SIMPLE MACHINES

  80

  ! & 0 :K

  :B ":

8 Chapter

IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM

  87

  ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! " ! ! ! " '

  " K " !

9 Chapter ANGULAR MOTION IN A PLANE

  99

  ! :G ! ! # & G " "

  10 Chapter RIGID-BODY ROTATION 111

  8 G 3 ! ! 4 !

  8 G L " !# & ! ! ! ! ' ! G

  11 Chapter SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION AND SPRINGS 126

  B G # ! ! 9 ! ! ! 0 ! : : 9 9

  9 9 ! 9 ! !

  9

  12 Chapter DENSITY; ELASTICITY 138

  9 . :

  9 9 : ! 2 = ! / 0 ! 9 !

  13 Chapter FLUIDS AT REST 146

  9 ! = ! =

  14 Chapter FLUIDS IN MOTION 157

  B I & :G

  9 J = & 0 # 0 # / = G 8 = ! !#

  15 Chapter THERMAL EXPANSION 166

  8 ! ' ' J ! '

  9 1 B " 18 B :9

16 Chapter

IDEAL GASES

  171

  3 4 ; ! # &

  9 # H 9 ! 39 8 4 = & & # !

  17 Chapter KINETIC THEORY 179

  L = !# ! ! G # !

  18 Chapter HEAT QUANTITIES 185

  8 ! 9 . 3 4 H # ! " ! # ! # ! ! &

  19 Chapter TRANSFER OF HEAT ENERGY 193

  : # " 8 ! "

  20 Chapter FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 198

  0 # ! B & 8 ! ! # ! ! # 9 . 9 .

  :K

  21 Chapter ENTROPY AND THE SECOND LAW 209

  9 & 8 ! ! : : ! # #

  22 Chapter WAVE MOTION 213

  & ! #

  9 & 9 & " 3 ! 4 &

  23 Chapter SOUND 223

  9 & :G

  9 3 4 / ) )

  ";18:189

  24 Chapter COULOMB'S LAW AND ELECTRIC FIELDS 232

  " !#= & " G H "

  8 : . 9 . : .

  9

  25 Chapter POTENTIAL; CAPACITANCE 243

  ) # : 1 : " " :

  26 Chapter CURRENT, RESISTANCE, AND OHM'S LAW 256

  " / ; != & ! # !! ! 8 ! ) & !

  27 Chapter ELECTRICAL POWER 265

  : & 0 : & & 8 ! "

  28 Chapter EQUIVALENT RESISTANCE; SIMPLE CIRCUITS 270

  29 Chapter KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS 283

  L )= 3 ( 4 L )= 3 4

  9 G #

  30 Chapter FORCES IN MAGNETIC FIELDS 289

  . . " ! ! . . B ! .

  8 G I

  31 Chapter SOURCES OF MAGNETIC FIELDS 299

  . ! . B ! ! ! ! . !

  32 Chapter

INDUCED EMF; MAGNETIC FLUX 305

  ) ! . I ' ! B = & ! H= & !

  9 1 B " 18 B :9

  '

  33 Chapter ELECTRIC GENERATORS AND MOTORS 315

  : : !

  34 Chapter

  INDUCTANCE; R-C AND R-L TIME CONSTANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321

  9 : 23 ! 23 ! :'

  35 Chapter ALTERNATING CURRENT 329

  :! # 8 ! & B ! ; != & !

  & 8 !

  36 Chapter REFLECTION OF LIGHT 338

  1 & I ! 9 ! G

  9 H !

  37 Chapter REFRACTION OF LIGHT 346

  9 ' 9 = & " I !

  38 Chapter THIN LENSES 353

  8 ;#( ! ! 0 = G &

  39 Chapter OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS 359

  " !#

  8

  8

  40 Chapter

INTERFERENCE AND DIFFRACTION OF LIGHT 366

  " & ) ) 9 ) ! ) G ) M ;

41 Chapter RELATIVITY

  374

  ! 9 ! ! ! ! 8 ! 9 !

  J ! Chapter

  42 QUANTUM PHYSICS AND WAVE MECHANICS 382

  46 APPLIED NUCLEAR PHYSICS 409

  INDEX 433 '

  429 Appendix H TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS 430

  Appendix G PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

  427 Appendix F FACTORS FOR CONVERSIONS TO SI UNITS 428

  E

PREFIXES FOR MULTIPLES OF SI UNITS; THE GREEK

ALPHABET

  D LOGARITHMS 424 Appendix

  C EXPONENTS 422 Appendix

  B TRIGONOMETRY NEEDED FOR COLLEGE PHYSICS 419 Appendix

  Appendix A SIGNIFICANT FIGURES 417 Appendix

  1 # B B ! :) ! !

  Chapter

  E ) ! ! " ! ) / & / & E H

  1 G

  1 1 ! !# ! ! !# /

  45 NUCLEI AND RADIOACTIVITY 399

  Chapter

  1 ! E ! !# '

  44 MULTIELECTRON ATOMS 396

  Chapter

  ! : # : ! :! 9 ; #

  43 THE HYDROGEN ATOM 390

  Chapter

  ";18:189

Chapter 1 Introduction to Vectors

  ! & A SCALAR QUANTITY, ! ! ! ! - H # 8 !# G ( ! G

9 . # !# # & 8&

# ' A VECTOR QUANTITY # . ! & # !

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! # # F & #

~ F !! ! . & # ! # ! !# 3 ' ! 4 THE RESULTANT, & ! ) 0

  8 ! . GRAPHICAL ADDITION OF VECTORS (POLYGON METHOD): ~ R 3~ A ~ B ~ C 4 # & 3 4 & 8 ! # 0 A ~ A B C C A B R 8 &

  ‡ ~ ‡ ~ ˆ ~ ‡ ~ ‡ ~ ˆ ~ & B $ $

  Fig. 1-1

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  6 8 # & & ~ R R R ˆ j~ j H ,

PARALLELOGRAM METHOD & A 8 &

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& ! &

  Fig. 1-2

  8 # ~ B ! ~ A SUBTRACTION OF VECTORS: ~ ~ B ~ A ~ A B A B

  ˆ ~ ‡ … ~ †:

THE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS . B

& B $ 5 # .

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; ;

ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ (

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  Fig. 1-3

  

A COMPONENT OF A VECTOR ) B ' ! x

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Solved Problems

  

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  Fig. 1-8

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Supplementary Problems

  1.18 9 ! & <% % 0! $*6 0! & ! ! ! & & 6%< 0! Ð +? 9; 8 ;B : 98

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  :% ! Ð :58

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  1.30 ~

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  Fig. 1-18 Fig. 1-19 A B E D C ~

  1.31 B $ $* ! ~ ~ ' 3a4 ~ 3b4 ~ 3c4 ~ E D C ~ A ~ ~ B A B A B ~

  & 3a4 - 3c4 ‡ ~ …~ ‡ ~ †- 3b4 ~

  1.32 & ! # 0 & & 6%8 H & & $,% 1 & & ! P & ,$ 1

  1.33 # ! $ 56 5%8 # & ,* 1 ~ ~

  1.34 B 3a4 ~ A B C 3b4 ~ A B 3c4 ~ A C ~ A B ^i +^j ~

  ‡ ~ ‡ ~ ˆ ? ˆ 5 ^i‡ $6^j ~C ˆ @^i @^j

  & 3a4 <^i ^j- 3b4 $%^i $<^j- 3c4 5^i 6^j ‡ 6

  1.35 B ! ~ R ~ R & $@ +%8 ^i $6^j

  ˆ ?:%

  18 ; "8 ;1 8; J:"8; 9 N" $

  $6

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  ^i $+^j† ! ! ? % ! &

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  1.38 0 ! ?% 0!7 8 ' # 0 # ! 0 ! 0 6%8 # 0 & # & & & & P & 6, 0!7

  1.39 $% 0!7 ! # 5%8 & . P & 6% 0!7

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• % ! & 8 I & & % 5% !7 3a4 & ! # # P 3b4 & 0 # P

  6

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  6+ & :+8

Chapter 2 Uniformly Accelerated Motion G #( 0 ! t l SPEED

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l

v av

  

ˆ

t

3 4 8 & = ! G #( ! s !

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~

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t

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t

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  6 !7 4 30!7 47 3 0!7 4 1 G

  v v !! 0 !

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  ~ v ~ a # . & ! & ! # s 3 4 ! # # & 6 5 ! ! A

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  1 B; 2 "": : 8: ;8 ;1 N" 6

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s t at

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f i

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DIRECTION IS IMPORTANT, ! # & H !

: ! # !

! # 0 !

  INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY

H 8 #( ! s ! t #(

~

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& ! ~ s = t # ! t

H

GRAPHICAL INTERPRETATIONS ! 3 x ' 4 & A

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!

. B ! x t B

! v t 3 & ! ! 4 ! !

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g 3 4 & &

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ˆ *:<$ !7 … : :; 56:6 7

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  VELOCITY COMPONENTS: 9 #( ! & ~ v !

! x ' & # & # & 8

x y ! 3 B $ @4 ~ v x ~ v y 8 !

v v x y

  ˆ v ˆ v

  

# !# ~ v .

G v x

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  2.3 #( ! & < %% !7

  6 B 3a4 , %% 3b4 , 3c4 , %%

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  6

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PROJECTILE PROBLEMS # # ; !

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x ˆ $%% !7 -

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Solved Problems

2.1 " % 6%% !7 0 !

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2.4 0= ! ! $, 0!7 +% 0!7 6% ! 3a4

3b4 3c4 !

  B 6% 0 ‡x # ! &

  0! ! $ v $%%%

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  6

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  a …b† ˆ ˆ ˆ %:+5 != t 6% x t …c† ˆ v ˆ …$%:@ != †…6% † ˆ 6%< ! ˆ %:6$ 0!

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2.5 ! ! ! B 6 $ B

A B = P

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  Fig. 2-1 / # x

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  < t :%

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2.6 #( = ! ! x ' B 6 6 # !

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2.7 8 ! #( B 6 5 # ! G .

  A B C :

  Fig. 2-2 Fig. 2-3

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• $, < t :% :, :,

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2.8 P 3b4 & 0 P

  1 B; 2 "": : 8: ;8 ;1 N" 6

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  6

  y a v ˆ ,%:% ! ˆ *:<$ != i ˆ %

  6

  6

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  6

  6

  v = …a† fy ˆ v iy ‡ 6ay ˆ % ‡ 6…*:<$ != †…,%:% !† ˆ *<$ ! v

  f ˆ 5$:5 !7

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• 3 ( & 0 " & & # P4

  

2.9 0 ! * % ! & 5 % & ! &

0 G 6@ !7 P !

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  6

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  fx ˆ 6@ !7 B v ix ˆ % v fx ˆ 6@ !7 a ˆ 6:% !7 f ˆ v i ‡ at

  v v 6@ !

  fx ix =

  t ˆ ˆ ˆ $6

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2.10 # ! 6% !7 # & 5 % !7 B

& #

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  6

  6

  v

  fx ˆ v ix ‡ 6ax

  6

  …6% != † x ˆ ˆ +? !

  6

  6 … 5:% != †

  ! 5% !7 & ! $% !7 ! , % ! 3a4

  2.11 3b4 !

  0 ! # ‡x

  3a4 B , % & t ˆ ,:% v ix ˆ 5% !7 v f ˆ $% !7 v fx ˆ v ix ‡

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  6

  a ˆ ˆ @:% !=

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  :% …b† ˆ 3 5:% † †

  6

  6 $ $

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6 ‡

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6

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  x ˆ …5% != †…$:% † …6:% != †…,:% † ˆ 6:% !

  " 6O

  1 B; 2 "": : 8: ;8 ;1

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2.12 8 ! ! $, !7 ? % !7 &

• % ! 3a4 " ! 3b4 & ! & # ! ! P

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  ix ˆ $, !7 v fx ˆ ?:% !7 x ˆ *% ! 8 v fx ˆ v ix ‡ 6ax

  6

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  6

  3b4 & & v

  8

  ix ˆ ?:% !7 v f ˆ % a ˆ %:*< !7

  6

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  v

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2.13 & & 6% ! & &

& P

  0 " y 8 = H 8 v

  fy ˆ %

  6

  38 ! # & & y ˆ 6% ! a ˆ *:<$ !7

  6

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  & & 0 " # 4 v _{q } fy ˆ v iy ‡ 6ay .

  6

  v

  6

  iy ˆ … *:<$ != †…6% !† ˆ 6% != & & & 6% !7 & &

  2.14 , % ! # & & & 3a4 & & & & P 3b4 &

0 P

  8 & B 6 @ 0 " 8 ! & # v

  iy ˆ 6% !7 y ˆ ‡,:% ! 3 &

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  ˆ *:<$ !7 Fig. 2-4

  1 B; 2 "": : 8: ;8 ;1 N" 6

  6%

  6

  6

  3a4 v fy ˆ v iy ‡ 6ay .

  6

  6

  6

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  6