The Negative Impacts Of Industrial Revolution On Children As Reflected In Charles Dickens’ Oliver Twist
THE NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ON
CHILDREN AS REFLECTED IN CHARLES DICKENS’ OLIVER
TWIST
A THESIS
BY
MUHAMMAD RIDHO AZHARI
REG.NO
: 120705011
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN 2016
THE NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ON CHILDREN
AS REFLECTED IN CHARLES DICKENS’ OLIVER TWIST
A THESIS
BY
MUHAMMAD RIDHO AZHARI
REG. NO. 120705011
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN 2016
THE
NEGATIVE
IMPACTS
OF
INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
ON
CHILDREN AS REFLECTED IN CHARLES DICKENS’ OLIVER TWIST
A THESIS
BY
MUHAMMAD RIDHO AZHARI
REG. NO. 120705011
SUPERVISOR
CO-SUPERVISOR
Dr. Martha Pardede, M.S.
NIP. 195212291979032001
Mahmud Arief Albar, S.S., M.A.
NIP. 198209042005011002
Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra From
Department English.
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN 2016
i
Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University
of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination.
Head,
Secretary,
Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S.
Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D
NIP. 19541117198003 1 002
NIP. 19750209 200812 1 002
ii
Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for
the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of
Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.
The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies
University of Sumatera Utara on 23 June 2016
Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies
University of Sumatera Utara
Dr. Budi Agustono, M.S.
NIP. 19600805 198703 1 001
Board of Examiners
Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S.
___________________
Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A. Ph.D.
___________________
Dr. Martha Pardede, M.S.
___________________
Dra. Siti Norma Nasution, M.Hum.
___________________
iii
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
I AM MUHAMMAD RIDHO AZHARI DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE
AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN
THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL
PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART
FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED
ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED
WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS
THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD
OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.
Signed : Muhammad Ridho Azhari
Date
: June 23rd, 2016
iv
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION
NAME
: MUHAMMAD RIDHO AZHARI
TITLE OF THESIS
: THE
NEGATIVE
INDUSTRIAL
IMPACTS
REVOLUTION
OF
ON
CHILDREN AS REFLECTED IN CHARLES
DICKENS’ OLIVER TWIST
QUALIFICATION
:
S-1/SARJANA SASTRA
DEPARTMENT
: ENGLISH
I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR
REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES,
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT
USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW
OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.
Signed
: Muhammad Ridho Azhari
Date
: June 23rd, 2016
v
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First of all, I would like to thank Allah SWT, for His blessing and
compassion given to me to finish this thesis. It is only by His grace.
My very special gratitude is for my beloved parents, my mother, the most
special and precious person in my life who always pray for me in her sholat every
day and night, give her best support and advice in facing any kind of problems in
writing this thesis and my father, the best man I ever had who always scold me when
I stray from the path and teach me many important things in this life and always
motivating and supporting me in writing this thesis. I do grateful to Allah SWT for
having both of you as my dearest parents. Moreover, I do thank you to my beloved
big sister, Diah Ayu, who gave her laptop to me so I can write this thesis and my
little sister, Faradiba, who always give her best jokes when I feel stress. I do love my
sisters. I always thankful for having you in my life and always be. You all, my family
is my everything.
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Martha Pardede, M.S. as
my supervisor for her kindness, knowledge, patience and motivation for me to write
and finish this thesis. Also, I would like to thank Mahmud Arief Albar, S.S., M.A., as
my co-supervisor for his kindness and knowledge to help me in writing this thesis.
My gratitude also goes to the Head and the Secretary of English Department,
Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S. and Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph. D., and all of
the lecturers and the staffs of English Department for the facilities and opportunities
given to me during my study in this faculty.
vi
I also want to thank to my precious best friends from B.I.N group, Siti Alifa,
Heleri Sinabutar, Wella Juita and Isti Purwanto for helping me when I had financial
problems during writing this thesis, Jay Sita, Tondi Namora, and Khairiah for giving
so many advice and suggestion for improving this thesis, Farah Dipa, Ariska Rati and
Kaltha Septian for supporting and helping me in seminar and thesis examination. I do
thankful for having you guys as my second family.
Moreover, I want to thank to all my friends in Elite (English Literature) 2012
A, thank you for these great 4 years and our great memories. Pika, Ernita, Suci,
Azme, Nurul, Kak Ira, Debora Swift, Ayu, Windo, Dame, Monik, Tasya, Kak Ezra,
Kak Chandira, Kak Debora, Kak Christine, Kak Pesta, Kak Grace, Vika, Nia, Windo,
Dimaz, Abel, Refi, Nurfit, Windi, Min, Dewi, Suhaika, Oline, Indah, Irfan, Cinio,
Fajar, David and all student of English Literature 2012 B, thank you for everything
and becoming my second family. The bond we have is more than friendship.
I am really thankful to have everyone with me in the process of writing this
thesis. Thank you for being my mirror and motivator. Finally, may this thesis be
adventegous for the readers, may the grace and love of God be with us all forever.
Amin.
Medan,
June 23rd, 2016
Muhammad Ridho Azhari
Reg. No. 120705011
vii
ABSTRACT
This thesis entitled The Negative Impact of Industrial Revolution on Children as
Reflected in Charles Dickens’ Oliver Twist is analyzing about the negative impacts
which fell upon children during industrial revolution. There were many children
which were exploited as the impact of industrial revolution. Those children are
exploited in many ways including being traded, being labored as laborer, and also
recruited as criminals. This thesis consists of five chapters including introduction,
review of literature, research method, analysis and findings, as well as conclusion
and suggestion. In chapter I, it explains about the background of the study, the
problem of the study, scope of the study, objective of the study and the significance
of the study. In chapter II, it explains about the history of industrial revolution as
well as the cause of negative impacts of industrial revolution which feel upon
children and also the theory used in this thesis. In chapter III, it explains the method
of research which was used and also the research procedure. In chapter IV, it is the
analysis about the negative impact of industrial revolution on children in the novel
Oliver Twist. In chapter V, it consists of conclusion of this thesis as well as
suggestions which can improve this thesis in the future.
Keywords
: children, exploitation, industrial revolution, negative impact
viii
ABSTRAK
Skripsi berjudul The Negative Impact of Industrial Revolution on Children as
Reflected in Charles Dickens’ Oliver Twist menganalisa tentang dampak-dampak
negatif yang diterima anak-anak di era revolusi industri. Banyak anak yang
dieksploitasi sebagai akibat dari revolusi industri. Anak-anak tersebut dieksploitasi
dengan berbagai macam cara seperti di perjual belikan, di pekerjakan sebagai buruh
dan juga di latih untuk menjadi kriminal. Skripsi ini terdiri atas 5 bagian yaitu
pendahuluan, landasan teori, metode penilitian, analisis dan hasil serta kesimpulan
dan juga saran. Pada bab I dijelaskan tentang latar belakang penelitian, perumusan
masalah, pembatasan penilitian, tujuan dan juga manfaat penilitian. Pada bab II akan
dijelaskan sejarah singkat revolusi industri serta penyebab dampak negatif yang
diterima anak-anak selama revolusi industri dan juga teori yang digunakan pada
skripsi ini. Pada bab III dijelaskan metode penelitian yang digunakan serta prosedur
penilitian. Pada bab IV merupakan analisa mengenai dampak negatif revolusi
industri pada anak di novel Oliver Twist. Pada bab V merupakan kesimpulan dari
analisa serta saran-saran yang dapat membangun skripsi ini kedepannya.
Kata Kunci
: anak, eksploitasi, revolusi industri, dampak negatif
ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION............................................................................. iv
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ......................................................................... v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................... vi
ABSTRACT ... ....................................................................................................... viii
ABSTRAK ..... ....................................................................................................... xi
TABLE OF CONTENTS...................................................................................... x
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study...................................................... 01
1.2 Problem of the Study............................................................ 07
1.3 Objective of the Study.......................................................... 07
1.4 Scope of the Study ............................................................... 08
1.5 Significance of the Study ..................................................... 08
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Brief Description about Novel ............................................. 09
2.2 Sociology of Literature ........................................................ 11
2.3 Historical Approach ............................................................. 14
2.4 Social Changes in Victorian Age ......................................... 16
2.4.1 Moral and Behavior........................................................... 16
2.4.2 Social Structure ................................................................. 17
2.4.3 Hospital, Surgery, and Healthiness ................................... 17
2.4.4 Novel Become More Developed ....................................... 18
2.4.5 Inventions Lead to Industrial Revolution.......................... 18
2.5 Industrial Revolution in England ......................................... 19
x
2.6 The Impact of Industrial Revolution in England.................. 21
2.6.1 Positive Impacts ................................................................ 21
2.6.2 Negative Impacts ............................................................... 22
2.7 The Relevance of the Study ................................................. 27
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
3.1 Research Design ................................................................... 28
3.2 Data and Data Source ........................................................... 28
3.3 Data Collection ..................................................................... 29
3.4 Data Analysis ........................................................................ 29
CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
4.1 The Negative Impacts of
Industrial Revolution in Oliver Twist ................................. 31
4.1.1 Urbanization ...................................................................... 32
4.1.2 Poverty ............................................................................... 35
4.2 The Negative Impacts of Industrial Revolution on
Children in Oliver Twist ....................................................... 42
4.2.1 Baby Farming ................................................................... 43
4.2.2 Children Apprentice.......................................................... 45
4.2.3 Children as Laborer .......................................................... 50
4.2.4 Children Recruitment as Criminals .................................. 53
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusions........................................................................... 60
5.2 Suggestion............................................................................. 61
REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 63
APPENDICES
i. Charles Dickens Auto Biography and Works
ii. Summary of the Novel Oliver Twist
xi
CHILDREN AS REFLECTED IN CHARLES DICKENS’ OLIVER
TWIST
A THESIS
BY
MUHAMMAD RIDHO AZHARI
REG.NO
: 120705011
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN 2016
THE NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ON CHILDREN
AS REFLECTED IN CHARLES DICKENS’ OLIVER TWIST
A THESIS
BY
MUHAMMAD RIDHO AZHARI
REG. NO. 120705011
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN 2016
THE
NEGATIVE
IMPACTS
OF
INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
ON
CHILDREN AS REFLECTED IN CHARLES DICKENS’ OLIVER TWIST
A THESIS
BY
MUHAMMAD RIDHO AZHARI
REG. NO. 120705011
SUPERVISOR
CO-SUPERVISOR
Dr. Martha Pardede, M.S.
NIP. 195212291979032001
Mahmud Arief Albar, S.S., M.A.
NIP. 198209042005011002
Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra From
Department English.
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN 2016
i
Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University
of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination.
Head,
Secretary,
Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S.
Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D
NIP. 19541117198003 1 002
NIP. 19750209 200812 1 002
ii
Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for
the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of
Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.
The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies
University of Sumatera Utara on 23 June 2016
Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies
University of Sumatera Utara
Dr. Budi Agustono, M.S.
NIP. 19600805 198703 1 001
Board of Examiners
Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S.
___________________
Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A. Ph.D.
___________________
Dr. Martha Pardede, M.S.
___________________
Dra. Siti Norma Nasution, M.Hum.
___________________
iii
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
I AM MUHAMMAD RIDHO AZHARI DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE
AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN
THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL
PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART
FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED
ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED
WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS
THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD
OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.
Signed : Muhammad Ridho Azhari
Date
: June 23rd, 2016
iv
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION
NAME
: MUHAMMAD RIDHO AZHARI
TITLE OF THESIS
: THE
NEGATIVE
INDUSTRIAL
IMPACTS
REVOLUTION
OF
ON
CHILDREN AS REFLECTED IN CHARLES
DICKENS’ OLIVER TWIST
QUALIFICATION
:
S-1/SARJANA SASTRA
DEPARTMENT
: ENGLISH
I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR
REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES,
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT
USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW
OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.
Signed
: Muhammad Ridho Azhari
Date
: June 23rd, 2016
v
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First of all, I would like to thank Allah SWT, for His blessing and
compassion given to me to finish this thesis. It is only by His grace.
My very special gratitude is for my beloved parents, my mother, the most
special and precious person in my life who always pray for me in her sholat every
day and night, give her best support and advice in facing any kind of problems in
writing this thesis and my father, the best man I ever had who always scold me when
I stray from the path and teach me many important things in this life and always
motivating and supporting me in writing this thesis. I do grateful to Allah SWT for
having both of you as my dearest parents. Moreover, I do thank you to my beloved
big sister, Diah Ayu, who gave her laptop to me so I can write this thesis and my
little sister, Faradiba, who always give her best jokes when I feel stress. I do love my
sisters. I always thankful for having you in my life and always be. You all, my family
is my everything.
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Martha Pardede, M.S. as
my supervisor for her kindness, knowledge, patience and motivation for me to write
and finish this thesis. Also, I would like to thank Mahmud Arief Albar, S.S., M.A., as
my co-supervisor for his kindness and knowledge to help me in writing this thesis.
My gratitude also goes to the Head and the Secretary of English Department,
Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S. and Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph. D., and all of
the lecturers and the staffs of English Department for the facilities and opportunities
given to me during my study in this faculty.
vi
I also want to thank to my precious best friends from B.I.N group, Siti Alifa,
Heleri Sinabutar, Wella Juita and Isti Purwanto for helping me when I had financial
problems during writing this thesis, Jay Sita, Tondi Namora, and Khairiah for giving
so many advice and suggestion for improving this thesis, Farah Dipa, Ariska Rati and
Kaltha Septian for supporting and helping me in seminar and thesis examination. I do
thankful for having you guys as my second family.
Moreover, I want to thank to all my friends in Elite (English Literature) 2012
A, thank you for these great 4 years and our great memories. Pika, Ernita, Suci,
Azme, Nurul, Kak Ira, Debora Swift, Ayu, Windo, Dame, Monik, Tasya, Kak Ezra,
Kak Chandira, Kak Debora, Kak Christine, Kak Pesta, Kak Grace, Vika, Nia, Windo,
Dimaz, Abel, Refi, Nurfit, Windi, Min, Dewi, Suhaika, Oline, Indah, Irfan, Cinio,
Fajar, David and all student of English Literature 2012 B, thank you for everything
and becoming my second family. The bond we have is more than friendship.
I am really thankful to have everyone with me in the process of writing this
thesis. Thank you for being my mirror and motivator. Finally, may this thesis be
adventegous for the readers, may the grace and love of God be with us all forever.
Amin.
Medan,
June 23rd, 2016
Muhammad Ridho Azhari
Reg. No. 120705011
vii
ABSTRACT
This thesis entitled The Negative Impact of Industrial Revolution on Children as
Reflected in Charles Dickens’ Oliver Twist is analyzing about the negative impacts
which fell upon children during industrial revolution. There were many children
which were exploited as the impact of industrial revolution. Those children are
exploited in many ways including being traded, being labored as laborer, and also
recruited as criminals. This thesis consists of five chapters including introduction,
review of literature, research method, analysis and findings, as well as conclusion
and suggestion. In chapter I, it explains about the background of the study, the
problem of the study, scope of the study, objective of the study and the significance
of the study. In chapter II, it explains about the history of industrial revolution as
well as the cause of negative impacts of industrial revolution which feel upon
children and also the theory used in this thesis. In chapter III, it explains the method
of research which was used and also the research procedure. In chapter IV, it is the
analysis about the negative impact of industrial revolution on children in the novel
Oliver Twist. In chapter V, it consists of conclusion of this thesis as well as
suggestions which can improve this thesis in the future.
Keywords
: children, exploitation, industrial revolution, negative impact
viii
ABSTRAK
Skripsi berjudul The Negative Impact of Industrial Revolution on Children as
Reflected in Charles Dickens’ Oliver Twist menganalisa tentang dampak-dampak
negatif yang diterima anak-anak di era revolusi industri. Banyak anak yang
dieksploitasi sebagai akibat dari revolusi industri. Anak-anak tersebut dieksploitasi
dengan berbagai macam cara seperti di perjual belikan, di pekerjakan sebagai buruh
dan juga di latih untuk menjadi kriminal. Skripsi ini terdiri atas 5 bagian yaitu
pendahuluan, landasan teori, metode penilitian, analisis dan hasil serta kesimpulan
dan juga saran. Pada bab I dijelaskan tentang latar belakang penelitian, perumusan
masalah, pembatasan penilitian, tujuan dan juga manfaat penilitian. Pada bab II akan
dijelaskan sejarah singkat revolusi industri serta penyebab dampak negatif yang
diterima anak-anak selama revolusi industri dan juga teori yang digunakan pada
skripsi ini. Pada bab III dijelaskan metode penelitian yang digunakan serta prosedur
penilitian. Pada bab IV merupakan analisa mengenai dampak negatif revolusi
industri pada anak di novel Oliver Twist. Pada bab V merupakan kesimpulan dari
analisa serta saran-saran yang dapat membangun skripsi ini kedepannya.
Kata Kunci
: anak, eksploitasi, revolusi industri, dampak negatif
ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION............................................................................. iv
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ......................................................................... v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................... vi
ABSTRACT ... ....................................................................................................... viii
ABSTRAK ..... ....................................................................................................... xi
TABLE OF CONTENTS...................................................................................... x
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study...................................................... 01
1.2 Problem of the Study............................................................ 07
1.3 Objective of the Study.......................................................... 07
1.4 Scope of the Study ............................................................... 08
1.5 Significance of the Study ..................................................... 08
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Brief Description about Novel ............................................. 09
2.2 Sociology of Literature ........................................................ 11
2.3 Historical Approach ............................................................. 14
2.4 Social Changes in Victorian Age ......................................... 16
2.4.1 Moral and Behavior........................................................... 16
2.4.2 Social Structure ................................................................. 17
2.4.3 Hospital, Surgery, and Healthiness ................................... 17
2.4.4 Novel Become More Developed ....................................... 18
2.4.5 Inventions Lead to Industrial Revolution.......................... 18
2.5 Industrial Revolution in England ......................................... 19
x
2.6 The Impact of Industrial Revolution in England.................. 21
2.6.1 Positive Impacts ................................................................ 21
2.6.2 Negative Impacts ............................................................... 22
2.7 The Relevance of the Study ................................................. 27
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
3.1 Research Design ................................................................... 28
3.2 Data and Data Source ........................................................... 28
3.3 Data Collection ..................................................................... 29
3.4 Data Analysis ........................................................................ 29
CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
4.1 The Negative Impacts of
Industrial Revolution in Oliver Twist ................................. 31
4.1.1 Urbanization ...................................................................... 32
4.1.2 Poverty ............................................................................... 35
4.2 The Negative Impacts of Industrial Revolution on
Children in Oliver Twist ....................................................... 42
4.2.1 Baby Farming ................................................................... 43
4.2.2 Children Apprentice.......................................................... 45
4.2.3 Children as Laborer .......................................................... 50
4.2.4 Children Recruitment as Criminals .................................. 53
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusions........................................................................... 60
5.2 Suggestion............................................................................. 61
REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 63
APPENDICES
i. Charles Dickens Auto Biography and Works
ii. Summary of the Novel Oliver Twist
xi