Politeness strategies applied in directive speech acts according to the interpersonal relationships in ``The It Crowd : Moss and and The German`` - USD Repository

TITLE PAGE POLITENESS STRATEGIES APPLIED IN DIRECTIVE SPEECH ACTS ACCORDING TO THE INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS IN

  “THE IT CROWD: MOSS AND THE GERMAN”

  Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

  By

  Student Number: 06 4214 077 A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis

  

POLITENESS STRATEGIES APPLIED IN POLITENESS STRATEGIES APPLIED IN

DIRECTIVE SPEECH ACTS ACCORDING TO DIRECTIVE SPEECH ACTS ACCORDING TO

THE INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS IN THE INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS IN

“THE IT CROWD: MOSS AND THE GERMAN” “THE IT CROWD: MOSS AND THE GERMAN”

  By By

  

V. NOVI CIPTANINGRUM

  

V. NOVI CIPTANINGRUM

  Student Number: 064214077 Student Number: 064214077 Approved by Approved by

  Adventina Putranti S.S., M. Hum Adventina Putranti S.S., M. Hum August 12, 2011 Advisor Linda Valentina Budiman, S.S., M.Hum August 12, 2011 Co–Advisor

  ACCEPTANCE PAGE

  A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis

POLITENESS STRATEGIES APPLIED IN DIRECTIVE SPEECH ACTS ACCORDING TO THE INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS IN

POLITENESS STRATEGIES APPLIED IN DIRECTIVE SPEECH ACTS ACCORDING TO THE INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS IN

  “THE IT CROWD: MOSS AND THE GERMAN”

  Chairman : Dr. Fr. Borgias Alip, M.Pd., M.A. _________________ Chairman : Dr. Fr. Borgias Alip, M.Pd., M.A. _________________ Secretary : Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka M.Hum _________________ Secretary : Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka M.Hum _________________ Member : Adventina Putranti S.S., M.Hum _________________ Member : Adventina Putranti S.S., M.Hum _________________ Member : Linda Valentina Budiman S.S., M.Hum _________________ Member : Linda Valentina Budiman S.S., M.Hum _________________ Member : Harris H. Setiajid S.S., M.Hum _________________ Member : Harris H. Setiajid S.S., M.Hum _________________

  Dean Dean Dr. I. Praptomo Baryadi, M. Hum Dr. I. Praptomo Baryadi, M. Hum

  , 2011 Sanata Dharma University Sanata Dharma University

  th

  , 2011 Yogyakarta, August 26 Faculty of Letters Faculty of Letters

  th

  Yogyakarta, August 26

  BOARD OF EXAMINERS BOARD OF EXAMINERS

Name Signatures Name Signatures

  By By

  “THE IT CROWD: MOSS AND THE GERMAN”

  nd

  , 2011 and Declared Acceptable Defended before the Board of Examiners on August 22

  nd

  Student Number: 064214077 Student Number: 064214077 Defended before the Board of Examiners on August 22

  V. NOVI CIPTANINGRUM

  V. NOVI CIPTANINGRUM

  , 2011 and Declared Acceptable

  

HALAMAN PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI

KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

  Yang bertandatangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma: Nama : V. Novi Ciptaningrum NIM : 064214077

  Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:

  

POLITENESS STRATEGIES APPLIED IN DIRECTIVE SPEECH ACTS

ACCORDING TO THE INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS IN

“THE IT CROWD: MOSS AND THE GERMAN”

  Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalty kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

  Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenar-benarnya.

  Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal 26 Agustus 2011

  Yang menyatakan,

  V. Novi Ciptaningrum

  

MOTTO PAGE

ET QUOI QUE VOUS DEMANDIEZ EN PRIANT DIEU SI VOUS CROYEZ, VOUS LE RECEVREZ (MATTHIEU 21:22) This work is done as my gratitude dedicated to Whom everything shall be returned to, and to Mommy, for an unequal exchange

  

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Laudate Dominum! Be my highest gratitude to my Lord, Jesus Christ for

  His mercy, protection and all blessings that light my steps leading to a wonderful time during years I spent in finishing my study. I would also thank to Mother

  Mary for the strings of prayers and love that accompany me so far.

  My deepest gratitude also goes to my parents, my daddy, Eddy and of course my mommy in particular, Martina Tri S. for her sacrifice, patience, and support in finishing my study. I owe her much for becoming the bravest woman I have ever seen in my life.

  I am more than usually grateful for the help I have received from my advisor, Adventina Putranti S.S., M.Hum for her guidance, time, and particularly, for sharing ideas and suggestions in completing my thesis. It was such a wonderful time to finish this final assignment with her. I would also thank my co-advisor, Linda Valentina Budiman S.S., M.Hum for the mind-mapping and suggestions. For the help in finishing my study, my gratitude goes to all lectures in English Letters Department, and also to The Secretariat Staffs, especially mbak Nik who has been patient in serving and helping me with the administrative procedures and services. At the same time I would also thank

  

Septiandy Ateng and Putri “Ringgo” for helping me learning the Interpersonal

Relationship in conducting this final assignment.

  I am indebted to my sisters and brother; Bernadetta Prima, Lucia T., and

  

Ignasius Hans Veda for the support and contributions for my final assignment

and also for encouraging me to do my best.

  I would also dedicate this thesis as a gratitude to my uncle and auntie who have been close with my family and helping us in difficulties; Yohanes Darsono, and Elizabeth Sunarsih. I thank them for assisting my mother by accommodating me a place to live during the last two years. I also thank my cousin, Yunas for sharing her bedroom and lending me her lappie.

  To English Letters friends also are my thanks, especially to Anna Elfira,

  

Diksita, Ansdaria, Ireda, Yenny, Dewi, Agaton, and my friend in holy spaces,

Yoyo (<). I owe them a lot for they have been filling my days with joys and

  laughter. I also thank to my lovely student, Windi Prawesti for always pleasing me with her wonderful and inspiring stories during the last 3 years.

  Last but not least, I thank my beloved Michael Anandika Nevada for the cups of coffee, and particularly for filling my days with love and affection. I am indebted to him for always being in a rush helping me with such sophisticated gadget stuffs during this thesis writing.

  I am terribly sorry for all people who have given partial contributions for this thesis-writing whose names cannot be mentioned in this gratitude expression one by one. However, I cannot reach this step without them all.

  V. Novi Ciptaningrum

  

TABLE OF CONTENT

TABLE OF CONTENT

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

   LIST OF TABLE

  

   LIST OF ABBREVIATION

  Interpersonal Relationship .................................................................... 51

  

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT

  V. NOVI CIPTANINGRUM. Politeness Strategies Applied in Directive Speech

  

Acts According to the Interpersonal Relationships in “The IT Crowd: Moss

and the German” . Yogyakarta: English Letters Department, Faculty of Letters,

Sanata Dharma University. 2011.

  “The IT Crowd” is a serial comedy series of situation-comedy genre. This

  film is a film comedy from the UK produced by Graham Linehan. This serial comedy consists of 4 (four) seasons starting from2006 to 2010. The writer takes an episode titled “Moss and the German” as the object of the study by the reason of conformity of the object with the theme taken by the author in the context of the psycholinguistics.

  The writer outlined two (2) problems in this research; (1) The politeness strategies applied in directive speech acts in “The IT Crowd – Moss and the

  

German”, (2) The use of politeness strategies in uttering directive speech acts

  according to the interpersonal relationships among the characters in “The IT Crowd – Moss and the German”.

  In analyzing the data, the writer used two theories drawn from two studies: linguistics and psychology study. The writer used the theory of Politeness Strategies under pragmatic study to find the types of Politeness Strategies used by the characters in uttering directives speech acts. Next, the writer applies the theory of Interpersonal Relationship under psychology study to find the interpersonal relationships among the characters, and the theory of Power of relationships to find the power of the interpersonal relationships among the characters.

  From the data analysis, this research found out the conclusion that there are five directive speech acts found in “The IT Crowd – Moss and the German”, including (1) Request, (2) Suggestion, (3) Command, (4) Prohibition, and (5) Invitation. There are also four politeness strategies included; (1) Off Record, (2) Bald On Record, (3) Positive, and (4) Negative Strategy. After the analysis of politeness strategy, the writer conducts the analysis of interpersonal relationship among the characters, and later the writer finds six types of interpersonal relationships among the characters in “The IT Crowd – Moss and the German”, those are: (1) Same-Sex Friendship, (2) Cross-Sex Friendship, (3) Friendship Association, (4) Workplace Mentoring Relationship, (5) Networking Workplace Relationship, and (6) Romantic Workplace Relationship. By combining and comparing the results of both analyses, the writer concludes that there is a strong relation and influence between the use of politeness strategies and interpersonal relationship seen from the preference of using certain politeness strategy according to the interpersonal relationship between two characters.

  

ABSTRAK

ABSTRAK

  V. NOVI CIPTANINGRUM. Politeness Strategies Applied in Directive Speech

  

Acts According to the Interpersonal Relationships in “The IT Crowd: Moss

and the German” . Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra,

Universitas Sanata Dharma. 2011.

  “The IT Crowd” merupakan serial komedi dengan genre komedi situasi. Film ini merupakan film komedi dari Inggris yang diproduksi oleh Graham Linehan. Serial komedi tersebut meliputi 4 (empat) sesi mulai dari tahun 2006 sampai dengan tahun 2010. Penulis mengambil salah satu episode berjudul “Moss

  

and the German” sebagai obyek penelitian ini dengan alasan kesesuaian obyek

terhadap tema yang ingin diangkat oleh penulis dalam konteks psikologi bahasa.

  Penelitian ini mengangkat 2 (dua) permasalahan, yakni (1) Apa saja Strategi Kesopanan yang dipakai dalam penuturan kalimat perintah langsung oleh para karakter di film “The IT Crowd – Moss and the German”, (2) Penggunaan strategi kesopanan dalam penuturan kalimat perintah langsung sesuai dengan hubungan antar persona karakter di “The IT Crowd – Moss and the German”.

  Dalam menganalisa data, penulis menggunakan dua teori yang diambil dari kajian bahasa dan psikologi. Penulis menggunakan teori strategi kesopanan dari kajian Pragmatik untuk menemukan jenis – jenis strategi kesopanan yang dipakai oleh para karakter dalam menuturkan kalimat perintah langsung. Berikutnya, penulis mengambil dan menerapkan teori Hubungan Antar Persona dari kajian psikologi untuk menemukan jenis – jenis hubungan antar persona parakarakter dan teori Kekuatan Hubungan untuk menemukan kekuatan hubungan dari setiap hubungan antar persona tersebut.

  Dari analisis data, penelitian ini menghasilkan kesimpulan bahwa terdapat lima penuturan kalimat perintah langsung, mencakup (1) Permintaan, (2) Saran, (3) Perintah, (4) Larangan, and (5) Ajakan. Terdapat pula empat strategi kesopanan; (1) Off Record, (2) Bald On Record, (3) Positive, dan (4) Negative Strategy. Setelah analisa tersebut, penulis melakukan analisis hubungan antar persona, dan ditemukan bahwa terdapat enam macam hubungan antar persona, yakni (1) Same – Sex Friendship, (2) Cross – Sex Friendship, (3) Association Friendship, (4) Mentoring Workplace Relationship, (5) Networking Workplace Relationship, dan (6) Romantic Workplace Relationship. Dari penggabungan hasil kedua analisa, penulis menyimpulkan bahwa terdapat hubungan dan pengaruh antara penggunaan strategi kesopanan dengan hubungan antar persona yang ditunjukkan oleh kecenderungan pemakaian strategi kesopanan tertentu sesuai dengan hubungan antar persona antara dua individu.

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Background of the Study A. As human beings, we have so many aspects involved in our daily activities

  one of them is communication. This aspect is undoubtedly a very important aspect among ones. People share ideas, perspectives, and many things stated in their minds with other people to get works done. To succeed a communication between two or more people, there must be a way or method to unify their understanding of each other. There are some ways used by people to communicate each to others that are done in both spoken and unspoken forms. Some of them are by employing signs, gestures, and by uttering their ideas. The last one is the most effective way among others because it employs a tool that is a universal agreement within every group of people. The tool of communication referred here is called by a term, that is language. Regarding to language as our tool of communication, Wardhaugh (1992: pp. 2-3) defines language as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. He emphasizes language as a code that human beings employ in their communication.

  Communication involves people as the doers of communication. Human beings referred here are the participants of communication. Therefore, language, communication, and human beings are not separated within one boundary. Many people learn language and communication under linguistic study, but mostly ignore the essential study of human beings as the doers of communication and what it contributes dealing with communication and language. While Wardhaugh stands under linguistics perspective with his definition of language above, another definition is also given by Miller (1974: pp. 4-5) along with his explanation about how psychology and communication are closely related. He defines human language as the most subtle and powerful technique of controlling people’s thoughts and actions. In this context Miller gives a term for human language as behavioural technique.

  Language covers many fields which are grouped into many disciplines learned and taught by people. Those of which are phonology, morphology, sociolinguistics, pragmatics, stylistics and semantics. Within the scope of linguistics, pragmatics is the study that is mostly applied in this research. Yule (1996: pp.1-2) describes pragmatics covering four understandings. Those are (1) Pragmatics as the study of speaker’s meaning, (2) Pragmatics as the study of contextual meanings, (3) Pragmatics as the study of how more things get communicated than is said, and (4) Pragmatics as the study of the expression of relative distance. In brief, he defines pragmatics as a study of the relationship between linguistic forms and the users of the forms. In addition, when studying pragmatics, we study people’s intended meanings, assumptions, aims, and any action they perform while speaking. It is clear that there is a connection between what is said and the action performed.

  Under pragmatics study, the theory of politeness becomes the writer’s focus in this research. The writer tries to analyze the politeness strategies applied in the conversation in the serial comedy “The IT Crowd – Moss and the German”. However, politeness within the field of pragmatic study is not the only theory the writer applies in conducting the research. There are two other theories included in this research, those are the theory of directive speech act, and another one is the theory taken from the psychology discipline, the theory of interpersonal relationship.

  In doing the research, the writer engages pragmatics with psychology study. As the first step, the writer analyzes the script by using politeness theory under pragmatics study. In this step, the writer attempts to reveal the conversation patterns of each character by finding the politeness strategies used by the characters in their directive speech acts. The next step, the writer tries to reveal how the characters build their relationships and what kinds of relationship are among them. In this context, the study of human relationships used in this research, seeing from psychology study is called interpersonal relationship. Later, this research results a discourse on human relationships and their communication patterns. This result can be seen as a discourse in psycholinguistics where language is associated with psychology of human relationships.

  Psychology of human relationship is related to people’s environment can also be seen as a discourse on sociolinguistic point of view. Pragmatics and sociolinguistics are not separable. Under the scope of linguistics, they provide politeness study within their own contexts. Meanwhile, sociolinguistics and psychology are closely related. When language within the scope of linguistics is associated with environment, social context and things alike, it carries an aspect of psychology. In brief, it can be concluded that within a society is environment, there is communication done by the individuals within environment, and individuals deal with different state of psychology which in turn creating various types of human relationships. Many people have seen such view every day without taking notice of how it has been examined within various studies that are related one to the others.

  Conducting this research is the most challenging for the writer for several reasons. First, the writer is interested in working on linguistic study, particularly on pragmatics. People may argue that studying pragmatics in academy is not appealing. However, after attempting a further study on pragmatics by self- learning, the writer is interested in the applicability of pragmatic theories in our daily conversations, particularly speech act theories in almost all forms of spoken communication.

  Studying pragmatics is not a breeze, knowing that the writer has to find the speaker’s intended meaning of his / her utterance. This process deals with some supporting theories we might not obtain under the scope of pragmatics study. For a brief example; a hearer has to find the intended meaning of a speaker’s utterance by seeing and guessing the speaker’s gesture at the same time he/she utters something to the hearer. Gestures to impart messages or intended meanings of unspoken actions, commonly termed as body language, are generally given in psychology study. However, as people understands the supporting aspects in learning pragmatics, it will be easier to comprehend the study of pragmatics.

  What makes it interesting for the writer in conducting this research is the fact that there is a strong relation between politeness strategies under pragmatics with psychology study, particularly interpersonal relationship study. Citing from the previous definition of pragmatics as a study of the intended meanings of the speaker’s utterances is the part where the writer sees the relation between pragmatics and psychology study as mentioned above. The intended meaning referred here is the meaning of the speaker’s utterance that is not implied through his/her spoken utterance itself. With the help from Miller (1974: pp. 3-12) in understanding the strong relation between psychology and communication, the writer also tries to serve the reader an example of the case by conducting this study.

  The writer chooses the serial comedy “The IT Crowd”, episode “Moss and

  

the German” in reason that the writer finds it interesting that it serves pragmatic

  discourse that the writer seeks to analyze. “The IT Crowd” is a serial comedy about two IT experts working in a private corporate in England, Reynholm Industry. Among the employees these two men are considered as nerd people. They do not look as normal as common people, seeing from their behaviour, attitude, and the way they communicate each other and even to other people. For the writer this becomes the interesting object where the writer can take as a research to give the discourse to the reader in the field of human communication.

  It becomes remarkable when later the writer finds “Moss and the German” episode, the writer notices that it serves not only pragmatic features, but also other fields of study such as psychology and sociolinguistics. In this episode the writer finds related studies to be taken as a new discourse. “The IT Crowd – Moss and

  

the German” has become the object that draws the writer’s attention after several glances taken. Actually, most episodes contribute linguistics discourse, covering phonology, semantics, morphology, stylistics, and pragmatics.

  The main point to discuss here, in this research, is its discourse on pragmatics. One of the courses on pragmatics to discuss mainly in this study is politeness strategy. However, the writer underwent the research of the same subject by taking the psychology point of view to reveal the interpersonal interactions within the scope of psychology of interpersonal relations or closeness states between two people involved in a conversation and its influence to the politeness. By using the script of the film, the writer took parts of the conversations to reveal the politeness strategies applied in the conversations. The writer used the script by adding little changes, i.e. giving little modification by stating the names of the speakers since the script was originally attached to the film and including no names of the speakers. This research was done by applying the politeness and pragmatics theories to the selected data, that is the script used as the subject of the research.

  It is interesting for the writer to find the different ways or patterns of communication among people. Indeed, this serial comedy challenges the writer to reveal how interpersonal relationships gives an influence to the ways people interact with others by means of communication, in particular is the use of politeness strategies.

Problem Formulation B

  In conducting this research, the writer formulates two main problems. Those two main problems are outlined in two questions. The questions stated are used as the guideline in succeeding the discourse the writer works on. The first problem is about the strategies applied in the subject of the study, while the second problem is the interpersonal relationship and how politeness strategies reflect the interpersonal relationship as another study that is in relation in this discourse.

  Therefore, the problems referred above are briefly stated as: What politeness strategies are applied in the directive speech acts in “The IT 1.

  Crowd – Moss and the German”?

  How are politeness strategies used in uttering directive speech acts 2. according to the interpersonal relationships among the characters in “The IT

  Crowd –Moss and the German”?

Objectives of the Study C

  The fact that the writer has seen most studies conducted in English Department give discourses solely to their own disciplines is interesting for the writer. Therefore, the writer tries to work on a new field by drawing a line between Pragmatics and Psychology. The writer finds the connection between both disciplines and the contributions from each to another which support the strong relation between them. This research is aimed to give a discourse on Pragmatics, particularly is politeness strategies used in a serial comedy. In particular, the writer tries to provide the answers to the problems aroused in the problem formulation above. By conducting this study, the writer tries to figure out the differences in using politeness strategies according to the interpersonal relationships among the characters in serial comedy “The IT Crowd” episode “Moss and the German”.

Definition of Terms D. Politeness 1

  There are many definitions of politeness given by scholars that may be in various different contexts. They may vary from different disciplines or fields of study, ranging from ethics, pragmatics, sociolinguistics, and many others. Here are the definitions of politeness the writer proposes to the reader in order to get well understanding about politeness discussed in this research. However, again, the writer informs the reader that our focus in this research is politeness within linguistics boundary.

  Seeing from the field of ethics, Lakoff (1975: 64) defines politeness as something developed by societies in order to reduce friction in personal interaction. Something being referred here is the way, manner, or behaviour used by people in building communication with other people within particular society.

  This definition is comparable to the one proposed by Ide (1989: 22) who defines politeness as language associated with smooth communication. Under the ethic boundary, politeness is seen as good manner in succeeding a communication between people. Under psychology study, the writer relates politeness to human psychology as Hill (1986: 349) proposes politeness as one of the constraints on human interaction to consider others' feelings, establish levels of mutual comfort and promote rapport.

  In the other hand, politeness seen from pragmatic study will be well defined as a complex system for softening face threats (Brown and Levinson, 1978: 66).

  Consequently, under this linguistic field of study, the emphasis of politeness lies on the strategies applied by people in uttering their speeches.

Speech Act 2

  Speech acts, according to Austin, are the actions performed in by saying something (1962: 3). Kent Bach (1998) in his Routledge Encyclopedia of

  

Philosophy states that speech acts are acts of communication. To communicate is

  to express a certain attitude, and the type of speech act being performed corresponds to the type of attitude being expressed.

Directives 3

  Directives is a type of speech act where the speaker tries to make the hearer do something, such as asking, begging, challenging, giving command, daring, inviting, insisting, requesting (Spenader, Speech Act Theory, 2004).

  Searle (1969: 344-369) refines Austins’ taxonomy of illocutionary speech acts and defines directives are illocutionary acts with which the speaker intends to get the hearer to do something. The speaker can be requesting or commanding or directing the hearer to do something.

Interpersonal Relationship 4

  Interpersonal Relationship is a study given in psychology about types of relationship between one person with another. Beebe, Susan, and Mark in their

  

Interpersonal Relationship (2011: 252) define interpersonal relationship as a

  perception shared by two people of an ongoing interdependent connection that results in the development of relational expectations and varies in interpersonal intimacy. Interpersonal Relationship covers some types of relationship among people vary by level of intimacy, origins, and management of power of people in building the relationship. Beebe puts additional information that the relationships can be defined by circumstance or by choice, and on the basis of the way people share their power and decision – making responsibilities. By the definition given above the writer finds the definition of interpersonal relationship as a relationship between two people according to the contexts of relation and the needs they share. By the interactions, people make themselves clear about their status and position in their relationship with other people. as the references in doing this research. First is the study of related studies, second is the study of related theories, and the last is theoretical framework.

Review of Related Studies A. Politeness and Society 1

  In this research, the writer pays attention to the applicability of politeness supported by some aspects. Generally, in academic study, politeness seen from pragmatics, however, is not being apart from sociolinguistics. This is proven not only by theories but also the facts that exist in reality. There is a tight connection between politeness and society. Many scholars give their definition of politeness under any context in which politeness is related to. Citing an excerpt by Liang and Han (2009) in their A Contrastive Study on Disagreement Strategies for

  Politeness between American English & Mandarin Chinese who state that,

  the hierarchical politeness system may be widely recognized among companies, government and educational organizations, in which the speakers resort to different politeness strategies. The "higher" use involvement politeness strategies and the "lower" use independence politeness strategies.

  The writer summarizes that the speakers employ politeness strategies under certain environments they belong to. There is always distinction pattern of uttering something within the boundary of politeness between two people. Since environment become one of the aspects dealing with politeness, it can be seen from our daily lives the case where the politeness is shown in different pattern, by different people, within different societies, cultures and contexts.

  The study on politeness and society is important in giving the reference to the research done by the writer. It leads to a better understanding and steps to take in succeeding this study. Since the focus of the study done by the writer is on the politeness and psychology, the study of politeness and society gives an influence in the application of the study itself in this study. In particular, it can be seen in this study, the strong connection between politeness and the supporting aspects for people in applying politeness strategy in their utterances to others.

Psychology and Communication 2

  By giving an example of communication with a representation of the vocal sounds made when someone speaks into a radio microphone which are closely related to the vocal sounds produced and being heard by an audience, Miller in his

  

Psychology and Communication (1974: pp. 3-5) puts the definition of psychology

  and communication together as below: communication occurs when events in one place or at one time are closely related to events in another place or at another time – different events are closely related. The psychology of communication, therefore, must be concerned with relations between different mental or behavioural events. Miller leads us into a good understanding on how psychology gives a significant influence to communication. He states that psychology of communication is concerned with the relations between different mental or is. In good communication, people cannot respond their partner by saying our utterance without being aware and realizing what they are talking about. People need their mind to organize what to say. Even in any rude sentence, wrong answer, or nonsense talk, people express them based on what they have in mind. It is not true that someone can say something that is not in his / her mind if he / she is in a good psychology. In this study, Psychology and Communication gives a significant influence for the writer in leading a good understanding of the strong connection between both human’s minds and communication pattern, particularly in this study is the relationships among the characters and the politeness strategies they apply in their conversation.

Review of Related Theories B. Theory of Speech Acts 1

  As defined by Austin (1962: 95), who focuses on the performative aspect of language usage, speech acts are the actions performed in by saying something.

  According to Austin’s theory, functional units of communication have prepositional or locutionary meaning (the literal meaning of the utterance), illocutionary meaning (the social function of the utterance), and perlocutionary force (the effect produced by the utterance in a given context).

  Related to this theory, using the previous theory of speech acts given by Austin and Searle as the grip, Cohen (1996: pp. 383-420) identifies five categories of speech acts based on the functions assigned to them as shown in the following:

Declaration (Performatives) a

  Declarations change the way the world is. Declarations cannnot be true or false, they can only be felicitous or infelicitous. Spenader (2004: 13) gives the examples of performatives that are common in the following domains: • Church: baptizing, confirming, marrying, funerals, pause exorcism.

  Example: “I baptize thee in the name of Father, Son, and Holy Spirit”. (Oishi, 2006: 9) • Universities: conferring degrees.

• Court: sentencing, swearing oaths to tell the truth.

  Example: Jury Foreman:”We find the defendant guilty.” (Yule, 1996: 44) • Gambling: placing a bet, raising stakes in poker.

• Sport: cautioning or sending of players, calling strikes, balls, outs.

  Example: Referee: “You’re out!” (Yule, 1996: 44) The words and expressions change the world by their utterance, such as ‘I bet’, ‘I declare’, ‘I resign’, etc.

Representatives (Assertive) b

  These are acts which the words state what the speaker believes to be the case, such as ‘describing’, ‘claiming’, ‘hypothesising’, ‘insisting’, and ‘predicting’. The speaker asserts a proposition to be true using verbs such as ‘affirm’, ‘believe’, ‘conclude’, ‘deny’, ‘report’. (Spenader, 2004: 18)

• Macbeth shall never vanquished be until Great Britain wood to high

  Dunsinane hill shall come against him. (Shakespeare: Macbeth) (Yule, 1996: 42)

Commissives c

  This includes acts in which the words commit the speaker to future action, such as ‘promising’, ‘offering’, ‘threatening’, ‘refusing’, ‘vowing’, and ‘volunteering’ (Cutting, 2003: 17). Here is an example for this type of speech act:

• Ready when you are. I’ll make him an offer he can’t refuse. (Mario Puzo –

  The Godfather – Yule, 1996: 43)

Expressives d

  This is the last group of speech acts in which the speaker expresses an attitude to or about a state of affairs, such as ‘apologising’, ‘praising’, ‘congratulation’, ‘deploring’, and ‘regreting’. Below are the examples (Yule, 1996: 43):

• A woman without a man is like a fish without a bicycle. (Steinem)
• If I’d known I was gonna live this long, I’d had taken better care of myself. (Blake)

Directives e

  This category covers acts in which the words are aimed at making the hearer do something such as ‘commanding’, ‘requesting’, ‘inviting’, ‘forbidding’, ‘suggesting’, and so on (Yule, 1996: 43). In common, the verbs used in directives are; ‘ask’, a’beg’, ‘challenge’, ‘command’, ‘dare’, ‘invite’, ‘insist’, ‘request’ (Spenader, 2004: 18). This category is the focus in this research. The writer will later analyze the directive speech acts and how they vary from one utterance to the others based on interpersonal relationship boundary. The followings are the examples of directives:

  i.

  Command is asking the hearer to do what the speaker orders him / her to do. Command tends to be demanding, means that the order must be fulfilled.

  Example: Gimme a cup of coffee. Make it black. (Yule, 1996: 45) ii.

  Request is the way of asking or ordering something from the hearer. Unlike command, request is generally less demanding.

  Example: Could you lend me a pen, please? (Yule, 1996: 45) iii. Invitation is to ask someone to be present at particular occasion or event.

  Example: I know you hate party, Jen, but come anyway. We’ll all be there, and it’ll be cool seeing if Ally is with Andrea! Come on – get a life! (Yule, 1996: 52) iv.

  Prohibition is to prevent the hearer from doing something.

  Example: Don’t touch that! (Yule, 1996: 57) v.

  Suggestion is uttered to propose an act that the hearer should do.

  Politeness is used to refer to the strategies available to interactants to defuse the danger and minimalise the antagonism within the communication (Kasper, 1990: 194). Politeness in linguistics is covered in two major fields of linguistic study, those are Sociolinguistics and Pragmatics. Sociolinguistics tends to link the politeness with social boundary. Here, politeness is seen from society and its contextual surrounding. One example of politeness learned in sociolinguistics is how people from lower social class talk to people from higher social class, vice versa. The patterns of politeness are analyzed in pragmatics. Politeness covers some strategies that most people usually use to indicate the closeness of relationship between two people who are involved in a certain conversation.

Face a

  Brown and Levinson argue for pragmatics analysis of politeness to counteract force of potential threats to the “face” of the hearer. “Face” describes self-image that the speaker or the hearer would like to see maintained in interaction. Face is something that is emotionally invested, “face” can be lost, maintained or enhanced, and must be constantly attended to interaction (Brown and Levinson, 1978:66). Face refers to a speaker's sense of linguistic and social identity. A speech act is face threatening when it is imposing on this sense. There are two major politeness face, positive politeness which means being complimentary and gracious to the addressee and negative politeness which is found in ways of mitigating the imposition. There are 5 types of negative “face” (Yule, 1996: 51):

• Hedging Speaker can minimise the imposition by making it seem smaller than it is.

  Therefore hedges such as ‘if possible’, ‘sort of’, and ‘in a way’ are used to mitigate the imposition.

  Pessimism

• Pessimism can be seen mostly in negative sentences which seems to anticipate a refusal. Brown and Levinson call this negative strategy as ‘be pessimistic’.

  Indicating deference

• Indicating deference signifies the speaker yielding to the hearer, generally for the sake of the respect towards the hearer to make an option.

  Apologizing

• Apology and hesitation are used by the speaker to avoid imposing by emphasizing the importance of the other’s time and concerns, giving the opportunity to say no.

  Impersonalizing

• The speaker can emphasize the distance between interlocutors by impersonalizing in order to state the imposition as a general rule or nominalising.

Politeness Strategies b

  Brown and Levinson sum up human politeness behaviour in four strategies: off-record-indirect strategy, bald on record, negative politeness, and positive politeness. The following figure is drawn to ease the reader in understanding how politeness strategies are categorized (Yule, 1996: 59).

  Politeness Strategies On Record

  Off Record Bald Face Saving

  Positive Negative

(Figure 1. Politeness Strategies)

Off Record (indirect) i

  It takes some of the pressure off the speaker. Take an example where the speaker is trying to avoid the direct Face Threatening Act of asking for a beer.

  Instead, he would rather it be offered to him once his hearer sees that he wants one. By using Off Record Strategy, a speaker does not utter his/her need to hearer directly in a whole clear sentence. For a better understanding, the writer proposed an example of Off Record Strategy as following:

• You’re standing in front of the TV. (Yule, 1996: 46)

  (a request to the addressee not to stand in front of the TV.)

On-record ii. (a) Bald

  This strategy shows that the speaker does nothing to minimize threats to the hearer's “face”. The speaker tends to speak explicitly, getting to his intended meaning of what he says. Bald on record strategy is used utterly and often unconditionally.

• Mark, tell me the address for that website they were talking about this morning. (Yule, 1996: 51)

  (b) Face Saving Positive (i)

  It shows that the speaker recognizes that the hearer has a desire to be respected. By using positive strategy the speaker tends to show his/her want to be responded in an affirmative as what he/she intended as in the following example:

• Hey, buddy, I’d appreciate it if you’d let me use your pen. (Yule, 1996:58)

  (ii) Negative

  Negative politeness also recognizes the hearer's face. But it also recognizes that the speaker is in some way imposing on them. Some other examples would be to say, “I don't want to bother you but...” or “I was wondering if...” and any other similar phrase in which the speaker express his / her uncertainty of his/her request or command to be fulfilled.

Theory of Interpersonal Relationship 3

  In conducting this research, Interpersonal Relationship is another study the writer involves in. Since language and society are dealing to one another, society and psychology are either related.

  Interpersonal relationship is a theory taken from psychology study. It is a study about types of human relationships. Interpersonal relationship is a perception shared by two people of an ongoing, interdependent connection resulting in the development of relational expectations and varying in interpersonal intimacy (Beebe et al, 2011: 252). This theory is taken to ease the reader in comprehending the analysis in this study. Since the focus of this study is different politeness strategies used by the speakers, the theory of interpersonal relationship is needed to reveal how and why the speakers use the different politeness strategies when they speak to different persons. As the writer shows in the previous chapter that under linguistic study, other than being studied pragmatically, politeness is also covered by Sociolinguistics which involves societies and social environment. Within social context, a society cannot be separated from the individuals as the ‘drivers’ of the society and the relationships they build within the society itself. Thus, the theory of interpersonal relationship is used as a step leading to the analysis. Steve Beebe et al (2011: pp.252-363) focus their subject on interpersonal relationship, particularly friendship, love, family, and workplace relationships. Before getting to the interpersonal relationships, the writer focuses on different characters of interpersonal relationships which signify the types of interpersonal relationships.