T1__BAB IV Institutional Repository | Satya Wacana Christian University: Code Switching: A Case Study Code of Switching in English Department of Satya Wacana Christian University T1 BAB IV
FINDINGS
The findings were presented using tables to answer the two research questions, (1) why
EFL learner code switched in certain situation, (2) what are the types of code switching used by
EFL learner.
The findings were organized by answering the two research questions above. The first
part of this section was to present the participant’s reasons to code switch in a certain situation.
The second part was to discuss the types of code switching used by the participants.
Reasonsfor Code Switching
The answer to the first question was based on Hoffman (1991). He stated that there were
ten reasons why people code switch. In order to find out the answer of the question, a table based
on the result of the interviews was used.
Figure 1. Reasons for code switching by the participants
Exclude other people when a comment is intended…
The need of real lexical
Reason wfor code switch
Soften or strengthen request or command
Express group identity
5
Clarifying the speech content for interlocutor
1
Repetition used for clarification
2
Interjection and inserting sentence fillers or…
2
Feel emphatic about something
Quote somebody else
Talk about particular topic
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
Number of participants
From the figure 1, it can be concluded that there were five reasons used by the
participants when they code switched. Each reason used by the participants would be explained
with the dialogue excerpts to make it clear.
Expressing group identity
All five participants used code switching to express which group they belonged to. In
their daily life as a student of English department, it was common for them to speak English both
inside and outside of the class. So it was common to see English Department student to code
switch between their first language and English. For example,
Excerpt (1)
A
B
: Dengan siapa?
: My name is Agus
The writer used Indonesian language to begin the interview. When the participant wanted
to introduce himself, instead of answering nama saya adalah Agus, he used English. He wanted
to express his group identity as an English Department student.Gardner-Chloros (2009) stated
that participants of a specific community often used two languages in the same conversation,
because they were expressing which group they belonged to.
Clarifying the speech content to interlocutor
Another reason which occurred was clarifying the speech content for tointerlocutor.It
occurred in one interview with the participant. One of the participants wanted to clarify the price
of his product as seen in the excerpt 2.
Excerpt (2)
A
B
A
B
A
B
: Terus, aaaaaa harganya untuk dexon per botol itu berapa?
: Well, the prize is just Rp 75.000. It’s for non-member and the member just lima
puluh ribu rupiah.
: Jadi harganya itu Rp. 55 ribu untuk yang member?
: Fifty thousand
: Ooooo, 50 thousand untuk yang member dan 75 ribu untuk yang non-ember,
gitu ya?
: Yes of course.
From the excerpt 2, the participant used English fifty thousand to clarify the price of
dexon because the researcher did not understandclearly what the participant had said. Hoffman
(1991) stated that when people wanted to clarify their speech, they clarified a message to make
the conversation run smoothly.
Repeating meaning for clarification
The third reason for code switching wasrepeating meaning for clarification.This reason
was used by two participants. The example can be seen in excerpt 3 and excerpt 4.
Excerpt (3)
A
B
: Terus mbak punya solusi apa nih supaya SIASAT di FBS bisa menjadi lebihbaik
untuk kedepannya?
: I think , menurut saya sih, FBS harus menyediakan tambahan kelas atau
tambahan dosen lagi sehingga tidak ada kasus dimana mahasiswa harus begging
for class, memohon-mohon kelaslagi. That’s it.
Excerpt (4)
A
B
A
B
: Begini mbak, sebagai mahasiswa yang notabene angkatan tua nih ya, kegiatan
mbak apa sih?
: Kegiatan saya sih tinggal skripsi mas, sama buka toko parfum kecil-kecilan.
Lumayanlah mas buat side job daripada nganggur.
: Wah sepertinya menarik ini usaha yang mbak lakukan, bisa diceritakan kepada
saya mbak sistemnya?
: Ya cuma refill parfum, pengisian ulang itu lho mas
Hoffman (1991) stated that when a bilingual wanted to clarify his or her speech to a
listener, sometimes he or she used both languages that he or she mastered. The purpose of using
both languages was to explain and emphasize about something.
The two participants in excerpt 3 and excerpt 4 repeated two words which had the same
meaning; I think-menurut saya, begging-memohon, refill-isi ulang. The participants used both
languages to make it clear to the listener about what they meant.
Getting attention using interjection
According to Hoffman (1991), Interjection is a words oran expressions which people use
to show their emotion or to gain attention, such as; Darn!, Hey!, Well!, Look!, etc . Two
participants used this reason to code switch. Excerpt 5 is the interview excerpt from one of the
participant.
Excerpt (5)
A
B
: Kebetulan nih, di sebelah mananya kampus mbak?
: Di kemiri satu mas.Well, belakang kampus persis.
The participant used interjection inwell, belakang kampus persis to gain my attention
when she wanted to show the location of her store to make the researcher’s attention focused on
what she said next.
Talking about a particular topic
According to Hoffman (1991), people prefer to talk about a particular topic using their
first language as main language and slip some words to express something which they cannot
express when they used their first language. Only one participant used this reason.
Excerpt (5)
A
B
: Ahahaha, kok bisa deg-degan gitu mas?
: Lha coba bayangin mas. Ketika saya butuh kelas A, saya harus rebutan apa itu
namanya, aaaaa, nah iya class seat dengan mahasiswa yang lain mas.
It was a very clear example of code switchingbecause the participant could not expressthe
word kursibecause it was common for English Department students to use the term class
seatinstead of kursi when they referred to SIASAT seat avaibility. As a result, the participant
code switched from Indonesia to English when the participant could not express the word kursi
and replaced it with class seat instead which the participant was familiar with when they do
SIASAT.
Types of Code Switching the Participants Used
To find the types of code switching used by the participants, I used theory proposed by
Poplack (1991). I used three types of code switching proposed by Poplack (1991). I made a
tableto show the types of code switches and which type was used by the participants based on the
interview conducted.
Types of Code Switching
Figure 2. Types of code switching used by the participants
Intrasentential Code Switching
Intersentential Code Switching
Tag Switching
0
1
2
3
4
5
Number Of Participant
Figure 2shows that all three theories by Poplack was being used by the participants. I will
explain with example from interview excerpt to make it clear.
Tag switching
According to Poplack (1991), tag switching is the simplest types of code switching
because it only related to the use of tag (e.g. you know, I mean, right, etc). The example of tag
switching occurred while I did the interview with two participants. The excerpt 6is an example.
Excerpt (6)
A
B
: Mas, dulu apa sih yang menyebabkan mas kok daftar di FBS UKSW?
: Hmmmm, nganu sih mas, daridulu kan memang saya sangat suka mempelajari
bahasa inggris, dan memang bahasa inggris di UKSW itu lulusane sudah
terkenal dan dicari. I mean, fresh graduate dari UKSW itu lebih gampang
mencari kerjaan gitu mas kalau saya liat di lingkungan saya.
The excerpt 6 was a clear example of tag switching. The participant used the simple tag
word I mean when the participant talked to the researcher.
Intersentential code switching
Intersentential is a second theory proposed by Poplack (1991), which occurred in phrase
and sentence level. The participant below used intersentential code switching when he talked
with the researcher, such in excerpt 7.
Excerpt (7)
A
B
: Aaaa, terus. Kalau saya ingin beli, belinya itu dimana?
: Well, you can just ask me to buy the product atau bisa hubungi di nomer
085641856401
The participant used intersentential code switching in the last line of the dialogue above.
The participant used code switching in a phrase level and used both English and Indonesian
language in one sentence. As Poplack (1991) said, intersentential code switching occurred in a
phrase level, it happened in one complete sentence using two or more languages at the same
time. The participant based on the excerpt above, used intersentential code switching in Well,
you can just ask me to buy the product atau bisa hubungi di nomer 085641856401. The
participant used both bahasa Indonesia and English in one complete sentence.
Intrasentential code switching
According to poplack (1991), intrasentetial code switching is the most complex type of
code switching. Thecomplexity of this type of switching is explained by the high probability of
violation ofsyntactic rules, as well as the requirement of a great knowledge of both language
grammars which are their first language and English as theirforeign language. Most of the
participant of the study used intrasentetial when they code switched. Let’s see one clear example
of intrasentential code switching in excerpt 8 and excerpt 9.
Excerpt (8)
A
B
: Oke mbak Indah, jadi menurut mbak itu sistem SIASAT di FBS gimana? Pasti
sudah pengalaman donk soal SIASAT?
: Sistem siasat di FBS ya, hmmmmmm. Menurut saya sih it’s not bad lah, tapi
kadang-kadang it makes us depressed . Pasti tau lah mas kan kalau SIASAT harus
rebutan sama yang lain juga, jadi banyak mahasiswa yang takut jika mereka tidak
dapat kelas.
Excerpt (9)
A
B
: Begini mbak, sebagai mahasiswa yang notabene angkatan tua nih ya, kegiatan
mbak apa sih?
: Kegiatan saya sih tinggal skripsi mas, sama buka toko parfum kecil-kecilan.
Lumayanlah mas buat side job daripada nganggur.
Poplack (1991) stated that intrasentential code switching is the most complex type of
code switching. The participant use both Indonesian and English word in random order in a
sentence so the participant must have a lot of knowledge in English vocabulary.Random order
means that the code switching occurred randomly in a sentence. Sometimes the participants used
one simple code switching in one sentence, but sometimes the participants used a lot of code
switching in one sentence. The two excerpts above is an example for a simple and a complex
intrasentential code switching. The first excerpt showed that the participant used a lot of code
switching in one sentence, while the second excerpt showed a simple code switching in one
sentence. The complex intrasentential code switching required vocabulary knowledge both in
bahasa Indonesia and English.
In addition, Hudson (1996) stated that there are two types of code switching, situational
and methaporical code switching. Situational code switching happens when there were a sudden
change in situation while the conversation happened. Sudden change on the situation will change
the language used. On the other hand, metaphorical code switching happens when the speaker
ignores the situation and focus instead on the people he or she is talking to so there would not be
a change in language used. Based on the explanation by Hudson, the study has found out that all
the participants of this study used metaphorical code switching because there were no sudden
change when the interview was conducted.
The findings were presented using tables to answer the two research questions, (1) why
EFL learner code switched in certain situation, (2) what are the types of code switching used by
EFL learner.
The findings were organized by answering the two research questions above. The first
part of this section was to present the participant’s reasons to code switch in a certain situation.
The second part was to discuss the types of code switching used by the participants.
Reasonsfor Code Switching
The answer to the first question was based on Hoffman (1991). He stated that there were
ten reasons why people code switch. In order to find out the answer of the question, a table based
on the result of the interviews was used.
Figure 1. Reasons for code switching by the participants
Exclude other people when a comment is intended…
The need of real lexical
Reason wfor code switch
Soften or strengthen request or command
Express group identity
5
Clarifying the speech content for interlocutor
1
Repetition used for clarification
2
Interjection and inserting sentence fillers or…
2
Feel emphatic about something
Quote somebody else
Talk about particular topic
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
Number of participants
From the figure 1, it can be concluded that there were five reasons used by the
participants when they code switched. Each reason used by the participants would be explained
with the dialogue excerpts to make it clear.
Expressing group identity
All five participants used code switching to express which group they belonged to. In
their daily life as a student of English department, it was common for them to speak English both
inside and outside of the class. So it was common to see English Department student to code
switch between their first language and English. For example,
Excerpt (1)
A
B
: Dengan siapa?
: My name is Agus
The writer used Indonesian language to begin the interview. When the participant wanted
to introduce himself, instead of answering nama saya adalah Agus, he used English. He wanted
to express his group identity as an English Department student.Gardner-Chloros (2009) stated
that participants of a specific community often used two languages in the same conversation,
because they were expressing which group they belonged to.
Clarifying the speech content to interlocutor
Another reason which occurred was clarifying the speech content for tointerlocutor.It
occurred in one interview with the participant. One of the participants wanted to clarify the price
of his product as seen in the excerpt 2.
Excerpt (2)
A
B
A
B
A
B
: Terus, aaaaaa harganya untuk dexon per botol itu berapa?
: Well, the prize is just Rp 75.000. It’s for non-member and the member just lima
puluh ribu rupiah.
: Jadi harganya itu Rp. 55 ribu untuk yang member?
: Fifty thousand
: Ooooo, 50 thousand untuk yang member dan 75 ribu untuk yang non-ember,
gitu ya?
: Yes of course.
From the excerpt 2, the participant used English fifty thousand to clarify the price of
dexon because the researcher did not understandclearly what the participant had said. Hoffman
(1991) stated that when people wanted to clarify their speech, they clarified a message to make
the conversation run smoothly.
Repeating meaning for clarification
The third reason for code switching wasrepeating meaning for clarification.This reason
was used by two participants. The example can be seen in excerpt 3 and excerpt 4.
Excerpt (3)
A
B
: Terus mbak punya solusi apa nih supaya SIASAT di FBS bisa menjadi lebihbaik
untuk kedepannya?
: I think , menurut saya sih, FBS harus menyediakan tambahan kelas atau
tambahan dosen lagi sehingga tidak ada kasus dimana mahasiswa harus begging
for class, memohon-mohon kelaslagi. That’s it.
Excerpt (4)
A
B
A
B
: Begini mbak, sebagai mahasiswa yang notabene angkatan tua nih ya, kegiatan
mbak apa sih?
: Kegiatan saya sih tinggal skripsi mas, sama buka toko parfum kecil-kecilan.
Lumayanlah mas buat side job daripada nganggur.
: Wah sepertinya menarik ini usaha yang mbak lakukan, bisa diceritakan kepada
saya mbak sistemnya?
: Ya cuma refill parfum, pengisian ulang itu lho mas
Hoffman (1991) stated that when a bilingual wanted to clarify his or her speech to a
listener, sometimes he or she used both languages that he or she mastered. The purpose of using
both languages was to explain and emphasize about something.
The two participants in excerpt 3 and excerpt 4 repeated two words which had the same
meaning; I think-menurut saya, begging-memohon, refill-isi ulang. The participants used both
languages to make it clear to the listener about what they meant.
Getting attention using interjection
According to Hoffman (1991), Interjection is a words oran expressions which people use
to show their emotion or to gain attention, such as; Darn!, Hey!, Well!, Look!, etc . Two
participants used this reason to code switch. Excerpt 5 is the interview excerpt from one of the
participant.
Excerpt (5)
A
B
: Kebetulan nih, di sebelah mananya kampus mbak?
: Di kemiri satu mas.Well, belakang kampus persis.
The participant used interjection inwell, belakang kampus persis to gain my attention
when she wanted to show the location of her store to make the researcher’s attention focused on
what she said next.
Talking about a particular topic
According to Hoffman (1991), people prefer to talk about a particular topic using their
first language as main language and slip some words to express something which they cannot
express when they used their first language. Only one participant used this reason.
Excerpt (5)
A
B
: Ahahaha, kok bisa deg-degan gitu mas?
: Lha coba bayangin mas. Ketika saya butuh kelas A, saya harus rebutan apa itu
namanya, aaaaa, nah iya class seat dengan mahasiswa yang lain mas.
It was a very clear example of code switchingbecause the participant could not expressthe
word kursibecause it was common for English Department students to use the term class
seatinstead of kursi when they referred to SIASAT seat avaibility. As a result, the participant
code switched from Indonesia to English when the participant could not express the word kursi
and replaced it with class seat instead which the participant was familiar with when they do
SIASAT.
Types of Code Switching the Participants Used
To find the types of code switching used by the participants, I used theory proposed by
Poplack (1991). I used three types of code switching proposed by Poplack (1991). I made a
tableto show the types of code switches and which type was used by the participants based on the
interview conducted.
Types of Code Switching
Figure 2. Types of code switching used by the participants
Intrasentential Code Switching
Intersentential Code Switching
Tag Switching
0
1
2
3
4
5
Number Of Participant
Figure 2shows that all three theories by Poplack was being used by the participants. I will
explain with example from interview excerpt to make it clear.
Tag switching
According to Poplack (1991), tag switching is the simplest types of code switching
because it only related to the use of tag (e.g. you know, I mean, right, etc). The example of tag
switching occurred while I did the interview with two participants. The excerpt 6is an example.
Excerpt (6)
A
B
: Mas, dulu apa sih yang menyebabkan mas kok daftar di FBS UKSW?
: Hmmmm, nganu sih mas, daridulu kan memang saya sangat suka mempelajari
bahasa inggris, dan memang bahasa inggris di UKSW itu lulusane sudah
terkenal dan dicari. I mean, fresh graduate dari UKSW itu lebih gampang
mencari kerjaan gitu mas kalau saya liat di lingkungan saya.
The excerpt 6 was a clear example of tag switching. The participant used the simple tag
word I mean when the participant talked to the researcher.
Intersentential code switching
Intersentential is a second theory proposed by Poplack (1991), which occurred in phrase
and sentence level. The participant below used intersentential code switching when he talked
with the researcher, such in excerpt 7.
Excerpt (7)
A
B
: Aaaa, terus. Kalau saya ingin beli, belinya itu dimana?
: Well, you can just ask me to buy the product atau bisa hubungi di nomer
085641856401
The participant used intersentential code switching in the last line of the dialogue above.
The participant used code switching in a phrase level and used both English and Indonesian
language in one sentence. As Poplack (1991) said, intersentential code switching occurred in a
phrase level, it happened in one complete sentence using two or more languages at the same
time. The participant based on the excerpt above, used intersentential code switching in Well,
you can just ask me to buy the product atau bisa hubungi di nomer 085641856401. The
participant used both bahasa Indonesia and English in one complete sentence.
Intrasentential code switching
According to poplack (1991), intrasentetial code switching is the most complex type of
code switching. Thecomplexity of this type of switching is explained by the high probability of
violation ofsyntactic rules, as well as the requirement of a great knowledge of both language
grammars which are their first language and English as theirforeign language. Most of the
participant of the study used intrasentetial when they code switched. Let’s see one clear example
of intrasentential code switching in excerpt 8 and excerpt 9.
Excerpt (8)
A
B
: Oke mbak Indah, jadi menurut mbak itu sistem SIASAT di FBS gimana? Pasti
sudah pengalaman donk soal SIASAT?
: Sistem siasat di FBS ya, hmmmmmm. Menurut saya sih it’s not bad lah, tapi
kadang-kadang it makes us depressed . Pasti tau lah mas kan kalau SIASAT harus
rebutan sama yang lain juga, jadi banyak mahasiswa yang takut jika mereka tidak
dapat kelas.
Excerpt (9)
A
B
: Begini mbak, sebagai mahasiswa yang notabene angkatan tua nih ya, kegiatan
mbak apa sih?
: Kegiatan saya sih tinggal skripsi mas, sama buka toko parfum kecil-kecilan.
Lumayanlah mas buat side job daripada nganggur.
Poplack (1991) stated that intrasentential code switching is the most complex type of
code switching. The participant use both Indonesian and English word in random order in a
sentence so the participant must have a lot of knowledge in English vocabulary.Random order
means that the code switching occurred randomly in a sentence. Sometimes the participants used
one simple code switching in one sentence, but sometimes the participants used a lot of code
switching in one sentence. The two excerpts above is an example for a simple and a complex
intrasentential code switching. The first excerpt showed that the participant used a lot of code
switching in one sentence, while the second excerpt showed a simple code switching in one
sentence. The complex intrasentential code switching required vocabulary knowledge both in
bahasa Indonesia and English.
In addition, Hudson (1996) stated that there are two types of code switching, situational
and methaporical code switching. Situational code switching happens when there were a sudden
change in situation while the conversation happened. Sudden change on the situation will change
the language used. On the other hand, metaphorical code switching happens when the speaker
ignores the situation and focus instead on the people he or she is talking to so there would not be
a change in language used. Based on the explanation by Hudson, the study has found out that all
the participants of this study used metaphorical code switching because there were no sudden
change when the interview was conducted.