Possibilities for evaluating suppliers’ offers

Kriteria Evaluasi Supplier

1

Possibilities for evaluating
suppliers’ offers
Harga termurah
total cost
of ownership terendah

Weighted scoring

?

Value
judgement
2
ITC

1. Harga terendah
♦ Penawaran supplier diuji dengan persyaratan minimum

Apakah memenuhi spesifikasi?
Dapatkah supplier mengirim tepat waktu?
♦ Jika mereka memenuhi kritreria tersebut, evaluasi dalam basis
harga:

ITC

Evaluating offers for supply of office PCs

Supplier

Registered
supplier?

A
B
C
D
E
F

G

Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes

Meets minimum:
Delivery
Specification
schedule

Price

Selected:

Yes

Yes
Yes

No
Yes
Yes

$ 42,300
$ 47,500

No
No

No
Yes
No

Yes

$ 38,900


Yes
3

Action Point

4.2-1

Evaluation based on lowest price
Jika ada tiga Supplier X, Y, and Z telah memenuhi persyratan
minimum, mana yang harus dipilih jika pemilihan didasarkan pada harga
terendah?

Requirements for copy
machine

Supplier X offer

Supplier Y offer


Supplier Z offer

Minimum speed:
200 copies per minute

180

210

300

Minimum Warranty:
2 Years

2 years

30 months

3 years


Purchase Price

$22,000

$28,000

$35,000

Selected supplier:

4
ITC

2. total cost of ownership (TCO)
Terendah

Supplier pertama-tama dievaluasi apakah
telah memenuhi persyaratan minimum
Jika ya, evaluasi mereka dengan total cost of
ownership dari penawaran yang mereka

tawarkan
5
ITC

Definisi Life Cycle Costing atau
TCO
• Life cycle cost: ‘cost of an asset, or its parts
throughout its life cycle, while fulfilling the
performance requirements’ (ISO 15686-5)
• Life cycle costing: ‘methodology for systematic
economic evaluation of life cycle costs over a
period of analysis as defined in the agreed scope’
(ISO 15686-5)
6

What is Life Cycle Cost (LCC)
Analysis?

Sebuah metode untuk menghitung
biaya suatu sistem sepanjang umur

hidupnya, meliputi biaya pembelian,
biaya perawatan, biaya operasional dan
biaya disposal.
Istilah lain :
Total Cost of Ownership
Whole Life Costing
Whole Life Value
7

Pengertian Life cycle costing
(LCC)
• Metode evalusi ekonomi
• Mempertimbangkan semua biaya yang
relevan
• Sepanjang periode/horison waktu tertentu
• Memperhitungkan nilai waktu dari uang
(the time value of money)

8


Tujuan LCC Analysis
Mengevaluasi alternatif investasi dari berbagai
pilihan yang bersifat mutually exclusive
Memutuskan alternatif terbaik secara ekonomi dengan
mempertimbangkan semua biaya yang muncul.

9

Metode Analisis LCC
Present Worth
Equivalent Uniform Annual Cost
Future Worth
Internal Rate of Return
Benefit/Cost Ratio
Payback Period

10

KomponenTCO
Purchase cost

Operating costs
Preventive maintenance costs
Repair costs
Cost of disposal
Capital costs
Other costs, e.g. insurance
Other considerations, e.g.: output levels 11
ITC

Kuantifikasi masing-masing
Biaya
3

Contoh

11%

%

21%


65%

Purchase price
Electricity
Maintenance contract
Disposal

Breakdown of total cost of ownership a HV electric motor
Element of cost

Year 1

Purchase price

$50,000

Electricity
Maintenance
Disposal

Year 2

Year 3

Year 4

Year 5

$30,000

$30,000

$30,000

$30,000

$30,000

$5,000

$5,000

$5,000

$5,000

$5,000
$7,000
12

ITC

Quantifying each cost
kuantifikasi dan tabulasikan menurut
waktu hidup produk
dalam banyak kasus, tidak cukup melihat
total biaya tahunan

13
ITC

Tingkat penting dari waktu pembiayaan
♦ Lihat contoh tabel dibawah dimana total
biaya sama
♦ Keduanya berbeda dalam harga jual dan
biaya tahunan
♦ Pilih sesuai strategi penganggaran
perusahaan
Purchase of production machinery: Summary of costs over time
Offers
Supplier X

Year 0

Year 1

Year 2

Year 3

Total cost

Purchase
price:

$5,000

$20,000

$5,000

$90,000

$3,000

$3,000

$4,000

$90,000

$60,000
Supplier Y

Purchase
price:
$80,000

ITC

14

Penghitungan TCO dengan Pendekatan
Net Present Value (NPV)
NPV menggunakan waktu-nilai uang
dalam penghitungan the total cost
12
of ownership
9 3
6

=

Menyatakan semua biaya dalam
ekuaivalen nilai sekarang
Contoh . Pada bunga 15%, nilai $23,000 satu tahun
yad = $20,000 nilai sekarang
15
ITC

NPV
Present-day = (future cost) x ( applicable discount
cost
factor)
Tabel:
Table of discount factors
Discount
rate
3%
4%
5%
6%
7%
8%
9%
10%
11%
12%
13%
14%
15%
ITC

Year
1
0.9709
0.9615
0.9524
0.9434
0.9346
0.9259
0.9174
0.9091
0.9009
0.8929
0.8850
0.8772
0.8696

Year
2
0.9426
0.9246
0.9070
0.8900
0.8734
0.8573
0.8417
0.8264
0.8116
0.7972
0.7831
0.7695
0.7561

Year
3
0.9151
0.8890
0.8638
0.8396
0.8163
0.7938
0.7722
0.7513
0.7312
0.7118
0.6931
0.6750
0.6575

Year
4
0.8885
0.8548
0.8227
0.7921
0.7629
0.7350
0.7084
0.6830
0.6587
0.6355
0.6133
0.5921
0.5718

Year
5
0.8626
0.8219
0.7835
0.7473
0.7130
0.6806
0.6499
0.6209
0.5935
0.5674
0.5428
0.5194
0.4972

Year
6
0.8375
0.7903
0.7462
0.7050
0.6663
0.6302
0.5963
0.5645
0.5346
0.5066
0.4803
0.4556
0.4323

Year
7
0.8131
0.7599
0.7107
0.6651
0.6227
0.5835
0.5470
0.5132
0.4817
0.4523
0.4251
0.3996
0.3759

Year
8
0.7894
0.7307
0.6768
0.6274
0.5820
0.5403
0.5019
0.4665
0.4339
0.4039
0.3762
0.3506
0.3269

Year
Year
9
10
0.7664 0.7441
0.7026 0.6756
0.6446 0.6139
0.5919 0.5584
0.5439 0.5083
0.5002 0.4632
0.4604 0.4224
0.4241 0.3855
0.3909 0.3522
0.3606 0.3220
0.3329 0.2946
0.3075 0.2697
0.284316 0.2472

NPV
Present-day = (future cost) x ( applicable discount
cost
factor)
Tabel:
Table of discount factors
Discount
rate
3%
4%
5%
6%
7%
8%
9%
10%
11%
12%
13%
14%
15%
ITC

Year
1
0.9709
0.9615
0.9524
0.9434
0.9346
0.9259
0.9174
0.9091
0.9009
0.8929
0.8850
0.8772
0.8696

Year
2
0.9426
0.9246
0.9070
0.8900
0.8734
0.8573
0.8417
0.8264
0.8116
0.7972
0.7831
0.7695
0.7561

Year
3
0.9151
0.8890
0.8638
0.8396
0.8163
0.7938
0.7722
0.7513
0.7312
0.7118
0.6931
0.6750
0.6575

Year
4
0.8885
0.8548
0.8227
0.7921
0.7629
0.7350
0.7084
0.6830
0.6587
0.6355
0.6133
0.5921
0.5718

Year
5
0.8626
0.8219
0.7835
0.7473
0.7130
0.6806
0.6499
0.6209
0.5935
0.5674
0.5428
0.5194
0.4972

Year
6
0.8375
0.7903
0.7462
0.7050
0.6663
0.6302
0.5963
0.5645
0.5346
0.5066
0.4803
0.4556
0.4323

Year
7
0.8131
0.7599
0.7107
0.6651
0.6227
0.5835
0.5470
0.5132
0.4817
0.4523
0.4251
0.3996
0.3759

Or...
Discount factor =

Year
8
0.7894
0.7307
0.6768
0.6274
0.5820
0.5403
0.5019
0.4665
0.4339
0.4039
0.3762
0.3506
0.3269

Year
Year
9
10
0.7664 0.7441
0.7026 0.6756
0.6446 0.6139
0.5919 0.5584
0.5439 0.5083
0.5002 0.4632
0.4604 0.4224
0.4241 0.3855
0.3909 0.3522
0.3606 0.3220
0.3329 0.2946
0.3075 0.2697
0.284317 0.2472

1
( 1 + r )n
100

Where: n = No. of years
r = the discount rate

Contoh...
Summary of costs
Today’s
purchase
cost

End of
Year 1

End of
Year 2

End of
Year 3

Supplier A’s
offer

$35,000

$5,000

$7,000

$7,000

Net cash inflow of
$5,000

Supplier B’s
offer

$38,000

$3,000

$3,000

$3,000

Net cash inflow of
$1,000

Supplier

End of Year 4

Pada discount rate 8%:

Discount factors

ITC

Discount
rate

Year
1

Year
2

Year
3

Year
4

8%

0.9259

0.8573

0.7938

0.7350

18

The result for...
Supplier A
Period

Cost

8% Discount
rate

Equivalent present-day value

Today –
purchase cost

35,000

N/A

35,000

Year 1

5,000

0.9259

5,000 x 0.9259 = 4,630

Year 2

7,000

0.8573

7,000 x 0.8573 = 6,001

Year 3

7,000

0.7938

7,000 x 0.7938 = 5,557

Year 4

-5,000

0.7350

-5,000 x 0.7350 = - 3,675

Net present
value

35,000 + 4,630 + 6,001 + 5,557 –
3675
= $47,513

19
ITC

Hasil...
Supplier B
Period

Cost

8% Discount
rate

Equivalent present-day value

Today –
purchase cost

38,000

N/A

38,000

Year 1

3,000

0.9259

2,778

Year 2

3,000

0.8573

2,572

Year 3

3,000

0.7938

2,381

Year 4

-1,000

0.7350

-735

Net present
value

$44,996

Kesimpulan :
NPV Supplier B lebih rendah, maka dipilih
supplier B.
ITC

20

Action Point

4.3-4

Net present value peralatan
Dengan informasi pada tabel dibawah, tentukan nilai NPV dan
tentukan supplier yang terpilih. Gunakan bunga 12%.

Summary of costs
Today’s
purchase
cost

End of
Year 1

End of
Year 2

End of
Year 3

Supplier A’s
offer

$45,000

$7,000

$5,000

$7,000

Net cash inflow of
$5,000

Supplier B’s
offer

$56,000

$6,000

$6,000

$6,000

Net cash inflow of
$8,000

Supplier

End of Year 4

NPV of Supplier A’s offer:______________
NPV of Supplier B’s offer:______________
Selected Supplier: ______
21
ITC

3. Weighted scoring models
Suppliers diskor berdasar pada kriteria yang telah
diberi bobot yang merefleksikan tingkat kepentingan
supplier dengan skor tertinggi dipilih
Biaya diberlakukan sama dengan kriteria yang lain
Masalah jika skor tertinggi bukan merupakan yang
termurah

22
ITC

Scoring capability: some criteria…
Ability to meet essential and desirable requirements
(specifications, quantity, lead-time…)
Quality assurance
Customer service
Supply capacity
Past performance
Strategic issues (location, distribution network…)
Supplier innovation
Financial strength
Risk management (including insurance)
Compliance with conditions of contract
ITC

23

Contoh:
Evaluating offers - Purchase item: measuring equipment
Bid evaluation criteria
Overall weight
(1-10)
(and components with allocated weights)
1. Technical performance
♦ Precision in measurement (10)

10

2. Product reliability
♦ Low meantime between failures (3)
♦ Low outage rate
(3)
♦ Durability of the equipment (4)

10

3. Lead-time to delivery
♦ Delivery of the main equipment (9)

9

4. Continued availability of spares
♦ Offer of continuity of supply (1)
♦ Financial stability (3)
♦ Core product for supplier (3)
♦ Sustainable market position (3)

10

ITC

(Continued…)

24

Contoh:
5. Technical support
♦ In installation and commissioning (2)
♦ Training of staff on-site (3)
♦ Response time to queries (2)
♦ Response time to maintenance and repair (3)

10

6. Life-cycle cost
♦ Purchase price (2)
♦ Cost of spare parts (2)
♦ Cost of staff training (1)
♦ Cost of maintenance support (2)

7

TOTAL:

56

25
ITC

Contoh:
Scoring suppliers’ offers – Measuring equipment
Evaluation criterion: meantime between failures
Not acceptable
– has not met
the required
criteria

May not be
acceptable –
only barely
meets
minimum
requirements

0

1

Avge. less than
100 days
between failures

Avge. 100-119
days between
failures

Acceptable
(baseline)

Acceptable –
has met all
requirements
and exceeded
some

Acceptable –
has well
exceeded all
requirements

2

3

4

Avge. 120-129
days between
failures

Supplier A
Supplier B
Supplier C

Avge. 130-149
days between
failures

Avge. 150 or
more days
between failures

X
X
X

26
ITC

Contoh:
Evaluating offers - Purchase item: measuring equipment
Bid evaluation criteria
(and components with allocated weights)

Supplier Supplier Supplier
A
B
C
Wtd. Score Wtd. Score Wtd.
Score Score
Score
Score

1. Technical performance
♦ Precision in measurement (10)

4

40

1

10

2

20

3
3
4

9
9
16

2
2
2

6
6
8

3
2
3

9
6
12

2

18

4

36

3

27

3
3
4
4

3
9
12
12

3
3
2
2

3
9
6
6

4
1
3
0

2. Reliability
♦ Low meantime between failures (3)
♦ Low outage rate (3)
♦ Durability of the equipment (4)
3. Lead-time to delivery
♦ Delivery of the main equipment (9)
4. Supply horizon – continuity of spares




ITC

Offer of continuity of supply (1)
Financial stability (3)
Core product for supplier (3)
Sustainable market position (3)

4
3
9
27
0

Contoh:
Evaluating offers - Purchase item: measuring equipment
Bid evaluation criteria
(and components with allocated weights)

Supplier Supplier Supplier
A
B
C
Wtd. Score Wtd. Score Wtd.
Score Score
Score
Score

5. Technical support





In installation & commissioning (2)
Training of staff on-site (3)
Response time to queries (2)
Response time to maintenance & repair (3)

2
2
3
3

4
6
6
9

3
4
3
4

6
12
6
12

3
3
2
2

6
9
4
6

1
1
1
1

2
2
1
2

3
3
4
3

6
6
4
6

4
1
2
1

8
2
2
2

6. Life-cycle cost





List price (2)
Cost of spare parts (2)
Cost of staff training (1)
Cost of maintenance support (2)

Max. score possible = 224 Total weighted score:

Scores (as % of 224) =
ITC

160

148

129

71%

66%

58%
28

Value judgement
Membandingkan aspek non biaya terbobot terhadap
biaya yang ditawarkan

Biaya dapat berupa harga atau total cost of
ownership
Akhirnya, skor dibandingkan dengan biaya
untuk men-judge kombinasi mana
core

mewakili nilai terbaik

ds
e
t
h
g
i
We

29
ITC

Thank You

30