Possibilities for evaluating suppliers’ offers
Kriteria Evaluasi Supplier
1
Possibilities for evaluating
suppliers’ offers
Harga termurah
total cost
of ownership terendah
Weighted scoring
?
Value
judgement
2
ITC
1. Harga terendah
♦ Penawaran supplier diuji dengan persyaratan minimum
Apakah memenuhi spesifikasi?
Dapatkah supplier mengirim tepat waktu?
♦ Jika mereka memenuhi kritreria tersebut, evaluasi dalam basis
harga:
ITC
Evaluating offers for supply of office PCs
Supplier
Registered
supplier?
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Meets minimum:
Delivery
Specification
schedule
Price
Selected:
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
$ 42,300
$ 47,500
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
$ 38,900
Yes
3
Action Point
4.2-1
Evaluation based on lowest price
Jika ada tiga Supplier X, Y, and Z telah memenuhi persyratan
minimum, mana yang harus dipilih jika pemilihan didasarkan pada harga
terendah?
Requirements for copy
machine
Supplier X offer
Supplier Y offer
Supplier Z offer
Minimum speed:
200 copies per minute
180
210
300
Minimum Warranty:
2 Years
2 years
30 months
3 years
Purchase Price
$22,000
$28,000
$35,000
Selected supplier:
4
ITC
2. total cost of ownership (TCO)
Terendah
Supplier pertama-tama dievaluasi apakah
telah memenuhi persyaratan minimum
Jika ya, evaluasi mereka dengan total cost of
ownership dari penawaran yang mereka
tawarkan
5
ITC
Definisi Life Cycle Costing atau
TCO
• Life cycle cost: ‘cost of an asset, or its parts
throughout its life cycle, while fulfilling the
performance requirements’ (ISO 15686-5)
• Life cycle costing: ‘methodology for systematic
economic evaluation of life cycle costs over a
period of analysis as defined in the agreed scope’
(ISO 15686-5)
6
What is Life Cycle Cost (LCC)
Analysis?
Sebuah metode untuk menghitung
biaya suatu sistem sepanjang umur
hidupnya, meliputi biaya pembelian,
biaya perawatan, biaya operasional dan
biaya disposal.
Istilah lain :
Total Cost of Ownership
Whole Life Costing
Whole Life Value
7
Pengertian Life cycle costing
(LCC)
• Metode evalusi ekonomi
• Mempertimbangkan semua biaya yang
relevan
• Sepanjang periode/horison waktu tertentu
• Memperhitungkan nilai waktu dari uang
(the time value of money)
8
Tujuan LCC Analysis
Mengevaluasi alternatif investasi dari berbagai
pilihan yang bersifat mutually exclusive
Memutuskan alternatif terbaik secara ekonomi dengan
mempertimbangkan semua biaya yang muncul.
9
Metode Analisis LCC
Present Worth
Equivalent Uniform Annual Cost
Future Worth
Internal Rate of Return
Benefit/Cost Ratio
Payback Period
10
KomponenTCO
Purchase cost
Operating costs
Preventive maintenance costs
Repair costs
Cost of disposal
Capital costs
Other costs, e.g. insurance
Other considerations, e.g.: output levels 11
ITC
Kuantifikasi masing-masing
Biaya
3
Contoh
11%
%
21%
65%
Purchase price
Electricity
Maintenance contract
Disposal
Breakdown of total cost of ownership a HV electric motor
Element of cost
Year 1
Purchase price
$50,000
Electricity
Maintenance
Disposal
Year 2
Year 3
Year 4
Year 5
$30,000
$30,000
$30,000
$30,000
$30,000
$5,000
$5,000
$5,000
$5,000
$5,000
$7,000
12
ITC
Quantifying each cost
kuantifikasi dan tabulasikan menurut
waktu hidup produk
dalam banyak kasus, tidak cukup melihat
total biaya tahunan
13
ITC
Tingkat penting dari waktu pembiayaan
♦ Lihat contoh tabel dibawah dimana total
biaya sama
♦ Keduanya berbeda dalam harga jual dan
biaya tahunan
♦ Pilih sesuai strategi penganggaran
perusahaan
Purchase of production machinery: Summary of costs over time
Offers
Supplier X
Year 0
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Total cost
Purchase
price:
$5,000
$20,000
$5,000
$90,000
$3,000
$3,000
$4,000
$90,000
$60,000
Supplier Y
Purchase
price:
$80,000
ITC
14
Penghitungan TCO dengan Pendekatan
Net Present Value (NPV)
NPV menggunakan waktu-nilai uang
dalam penghitungan the total cost
12
of ownership
9 3
6
=
Menyatakan semua biaya dalam
ekuaivalen nilai sekarang
Contoh . Pada bunga 15%, nilai $23,000 satu tahun
yad = $20,000 nilai sekarang
15
ITC
NPV
Present-day = (future cost) x ( applicable discount
cost
factor)
Tabel:
Table of discount factors
Discount
rate
3%
4%
5%
6%
7%
8%
9%
10%
11%
12%
13%
14%
15%
ITC
Year
1
0.9709
0.9615
0.9524
0.9434
0.9346
0.9259
0.9174
0.9091
0.9009
0.8929
0.8850
0.8772
0.8696
Year
2
0.9426
0.9246
0.9070
0.8900
0.8734
0.8573
0.8417
0.8264
0.8116
0.7972
0.7831
0.7695
0.7561
Year
3
0.9151
0.8890
0.8638
0.8396
0.8163
0.7938
0.7722
0.7513
0.7312
0.7118
0.6931
0.6750
0.6575
Year
4
0.8885
0.8548
0.8227
0.7921
0.7629
0.7350
0.7084
0.6830
0.6587
0.6355
0.6133
0.5921
0.5718
Year
5
0.8626
0.8219
0.7835
0.7473
0.7130
0.6806
0.6499
0.6209
0.5935
0.5674
0.5428
0.5194
0.4972
Year
6
0.8375
0.7903
0.7462
0.7050
0.6663
0.6302
0.5963
0.5645
0.5346
0.5066
0.4803
0.4556
0.4323
Year
7
0.8131
0.7599
0.7107
0.6651
0.6227
0.5835
0.5470
0.5132
0.4817
0.4523
0.4251
0.3996
0.3759
Year
8
0.7894
0.7307
0.6768
0.6274
0.5820
0.5403
0.5019
0.4665
0.4339
0.4039
0.3762
0.3506
0.3269
Year
Year
9
10
0.7664 0.7441
0.7026 0.6756
0.6446 0.6139
0.5919 0.5584
0.5439 0.5083
0.5002 0.4632
0.4604 0.4224
0.4241 0.3855
0.3909 0.3522
0.3606 0.3220
0.3329 0.2946
0.3075 0.2697
0.284316 0.2472
NPV
Present-day = (future cost) x ( applicable discount
cost
factor)
Tabel:
Table of discount factors
Discount
rate
3%
4%
5%
6%
7%
8%
9%
10%
11%
12%
13%
14%
15%
ITC
Year
1
0.9709
0.9615
0.9524
0.9434
0.9346
0.9259
0.9174
0.9091
0.9009
0.8929
0.8850
0.8772
0.8696
Year
2
0.9426
0.9246
0.9070
0.8900
0.8734
0.8573
0.8417
0.8264
0.8116
0.7972
0.7831
0.7695
0.7561
Year
3
0.9151
0.8890
0.8638
0.8396
0.8163
0.7938
0.7722
0.7513
0.7312
0.7118
0.6931
0.6750
0.6575
Year
4
0.8885
0.8548
0.8227
0.7921
0.7629
0.7350
0.7084
0.6830
0.6587
0.6355
0.6133
0.5921
0.5718
Year
5
0.8626
0.8219
0.7835
0.7473
0.7130
0.6806
0.6499
0.6209
0.5935
0.5674
0.5428
0.5194
0.4972
Year
6
0.8375
0.7903
0.7462
0.7050
0.6663
0.6302
0.5963
0.5645
0.5346
0.5066
0.4803
0.4556
0.4323
Year
7
0.8131
0.7599
0.7107
0.6651
0.6227
0.5835
0.5470
0.5132
0.4817
0.4523
0.4251
0.3996
0.3759
Or...
Discount factor =
Year
8
0.7894
0.7307
0.6768
0.6274
0.5820
0.5403
0.5019
0.4665
0.4339
0.4039
0.3762
0.3506
0.3269
Year
Year
9
10
0.7664 0.7441
0.7026 0.6756
0.6446 0.6139
0.5919 0.5584
0.5439 0.5083
0.5002 0.4632
0.4604 0.4224
0.4241 0.3855
0.3909 0.3522
0.3606 0.3220
0.3329 0.2946
0.3075 0.2697
0.284317 0.2472
1
( 1 + r )n
100
Where: n = No. of years
r = the discount rate
Contoh...
Summary of costs
Today’s
purchase
cost
End of
Year 1
End of
Year 2
End of
Year 3
Supplier A’s
offer
$35,000
$5,000
$7,000
$7,000
Net cash inflow of
$5,000
Supplier B’s
offer
$38,000
$3,000
$3,000
$3,000
Net cash inflow of
$1,000
Supplier
End of Year 4
Pada discount rate 8%:
Discount factors
ITC
Discount
rate
Year
1
Year
2
Year
3
Year
4
8%
0.9259
0.8573
0.7938
0.7350
18
The result for...
Supplier A
Period
Cost
8% Discount
rate
Equivalent present-day value
Today –
purchase cost
35,000
N/A
35,000
Year 1
5,000
0.9259
5,000 x 0.9259 = 4,630
Year 2
7,000
0.8573
7,000 x 0.8573 = 6,001
Year 3
7,000
0.7938
7,000 x 0.7938 = 5,557
Year 4
-5,000
0.7350
-5,000 x 0.7350 = - 3,675
Net present
value
35,000 + 4,630 + 6,001 + 5,557 –
3675
= $47,513
19
ITC
Hasil...
Supplier B
Period
Cost
8% Discount
rate
Equivalent present-day value
Today –
purchase cost
38,000
N/A
38,000
Year 1
3,000
0.9259
2,778
Year 2
3,000
0.8573
2,572
Year 3
3,000
0.7938
2,381
Year 4
-1,000
0.7350
-735
Net present
value
$44,996
Kesimpulan :
NPV Supplier B lebih rendah, maka dipilih
supplier B.
ITC
20
Action Point
4.3-4
Net present value peralatan
Dengan informasi pada tabel dibawah, tentukan nilai NPV dan
tentukan supplier yang terpilih. Gunakan bunga 12%.
Summary of costs
Today’s
purchase
cost
End of
Year 1
End of
Year 2
End of
Year 3
Supplier A’s
offer
$45,000
$7,000
$5,000
$7,000
Net cash inflow of
$5,000
Supplier B’s
offer
$56,000
$6,000
$6,000
$6,000
Net cash inflow of
$8,000
Supplier
End of Year 4
NPV of Supplier A’s offer:______________
NPV of Supplier B’s offer:______________
Selected Supplier: ______
21
ITC
3. Weighted scoring models
Suppliers diskor berdasar pada kriteria yang telah
diberi bobot yang merefleksikan tingkat kepentingan
supplier dengan skor tertinggi dipilih
Biaya diberlakukan sama dengan kriteria yang lain
Masalah jika skor tertinggi bukan merupakan yang
termurah
22
ITC
Scoring capability: some criteria…
Ability to meet essential and desirable requirements
(specifications, quantity, lead-time…)
Quality assurance
Customer service
Supply capacity
Past performance
Strategic issues (location, distribution network…)
Supplier innovation
Financial strength
Risk management (including insurance)
Compliance with conditions of contract
ITC
23
Contoh:
Evaluating offers - Purchase item: measuring equipment
Bid evaluation criteria
Overall weight
(1-10)
(and components with allocated weights)
1. Technical performance
♦ Precision in measurement (10)
10
2. Product reliability
♦ Low meantime between failures (3)
♦ Low outage rate
(3)
♦ Durability of the equipment (4)
10
3. Lead-time to delivery
♦ Delivery of the main equipment (9)
9
4. Continued availability of spares
♦ Offer of continuity of supply (1)
♦ Financial stability (3)
♦ Core product for supplier (3)
♦ Sustainable market position (3)
10
ITC
(Continued…)
24
Contoh:
5. Technical support
♦ In installation and commissioning (2)
♦ Training of staff on-site (3)
♦ Response time to queries (2)
♦ Response time to maintenance and repair (3)
10
6. Life-cycle cost
♦ Purchase price (2)
♦ Cost of spare parts (2)
♦ Cost of staff training (1)
♦ Cost of maintenance support (2)
7
TOTAL:
56
25
ITC
Contoh:
Scoring suppliers’ offers – Measuring equipment
Evaluation criterion: meantime between failures
Not acceptable
– has not met
the required
criteria
May not be
acceptable –
only barely
meets
minimum
requirements
0
1
Avge. less than
100 days
between failures
Avge. 100-119
days between
failures
Acceptable
(baseline)
Acceptable –
has met all
requirements
and exceeded
some
Acceptable –
has well
exceeded all
requirements
2
3
4
Avge. 120-129
days between
failures
Supplier A
Supplier B
Supplier C
Avge. 130-149
days between
failures
Avge. 150 or
more days
between failures
X
X
X
26
ITC
Contoh:
Evaluating offers - Purchase item: measuring equipment
Bid evaluation criteria
(and components with allocated weights)
Supplier Supplier Supplier
A
B
C
Wtd. Score Wtd. Score Wtd.
Score Score
Score
Score
1. Technical performance
♦ Precision in measurement (10)
4
40
1
10
2
20
3
3
4
9
9
16
2
2
2
6
6
8
3
2
3
9
6
12
2
18
4
36
3
27
3
3
4
4
3
9
12
12
3
3
2
2
3
9
6
6
4
1
3
0
2. Reliability
♦ Low meantime between failures (3)
♦ Low outage rate (3)
♦ Durability of the equipment (4)
3. Lead-time to delivery
♦ Delivery of the main equipment (9)
4. Supply horizon – continuity of spares
♦
♦
♦
♦
ITC
Offer of continuity of supply (1)
Financial stability (3)
Core product for supplier (3)
Sustainable market position (3)
4
3
9
27
0
Contoh:
Evaluating offers - Purchase item: measuring equipment
Bid evaluation criteria
(and components with allocated weights)
Supplier Supplier Supplier
A
B
C
Wtd. Score Wtd. Score Wtd.
Score Score
Score
Score
5. Technical support
♦
♦
♦
♦
In installation & commissioning (2)
Training of staff on-site (3)
Response time to queries (2)
Response time to maintenance & repair (3)
2
2
3
3
4
6
6
9
3
4
3
4
6
12
6
12
3
3
2
2
6
9
4
6
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
2
3
3
4
3
6
6
4
6
4
1
2
1
8
2
2
2
6. Life-cycle cost
♦
♦
♦
♦
List price (2)
Cost of spare parts (2)
Cost of staff training (1)
Cost of maintenance support (2)
Max. score possible = 224 Total weighted score:
Scores (as % of 224) =
ITC
160
148
129
71%
66%
58%
28
Value judgement
Membandingkan aspek non biaya terbobot terhadap
biaya yang ditawarkan
Biaya dapat berupa harga atau total cost of
ownership
Akhirnya, skor dibandingkan dengan biaya
untuk men-judge kombinasi mana
core
mewakili nilai terbaik
ds
e
t
h
g
i
We
29
ITC
Thank You
30
1
Possibilities for evaluating
suppliers’ offers
Harga termurah
total cost
of ownership terendah
Weighted scoring
?
Value
judgement
2
ITC
1. Harga terendah
♦ Penawaran supplier diuji dengan persyaratan minimum
Apakah memenuhi spesifikasi?
Dapatkah supplier mengirim tepat waktu?
♦ Jika mereka memenuhi kritreria tersebut, evaluasi dalam basis
harga:
ITC
Evaluating offers for supply of office PCs
Supplier
Registered
supplier?
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Meets minimum:
Delivery
Specification
schedule
Price
Selected:
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
$ 42,300
$ 47,500
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
$ 38,900
Yes
3
Action Point
4.2-1
Evaluation based on lowest price
Jika ada tiga Supplier X, Y, and Z telah memenuhi persyratan
minimum, mana yang harus dipilih jika pemilihan didasarkan pada harga
terendah?
Requirements for copy
machine
Supplier X offer
Supplier Y offer
Supplier Z offer
Minimum speed:
200 copies per minute
180
210
300
Minimum Warranty:
2 Years
2 years
30 months
3 years
Purchase Price
$22,000
$28,000
$35,000
Selected supplier:
4
ITC
2. total cost of ownership (TCO)
Terendah
Supplier pertama-tama dievaluasi apakah
telah memenuhi persyaratan minimum
Jika ya, evaluasi mereka dengan total cost of
ownership dari penawaran yang mereka
tawarkan
5
ITC
Definisi Life Cycle Costing atau
TCO
• Life cycle cost: ‘cost of an asset, or its parts
throughout its life cycle, while fulfilling the
performance requirements’ (ISO 15686-5)
• Life cycle costing: ‘methodology for systematic
economic evaluation of life cycle costs over a
period of analysis as defined in the agreed scope’
(ISO 15686-5)
6
What is Life Cycle Cost (LCC)
Analysis?
Sebuah metode untuk menghitung
biaya suatu sistem sepanjang umur
hidupnya, meliputi biaya pembelian,
biaya perawatan, biaya operasional dan
biaya disposal.
Istilah lain :
Total Cost of Ownership
Whole Life Costing
Whole Life Value
7
Pengertian Life cycle costing
(LCC)
• Metode evalusi ekonomi
• Mempertimbangkan semua biaya yang
relevan
• Sepanjang periode/horison waktu tertentu
• Memperhitungkan nilai waktu dari uang
(the time value of money)
8
Tujuan LCC Analysis
Mengevaluasi alternatif investasi dari berbagai
pilihan yang bersifat mutually exclusive
Memutuskan alternatif terbaik secara ekonomi dengan
mempertimbangkan semua biaya yang muncul.
9
Metode Analisis LCC
Present Worth
Equivalent Uniform Annual Cost
Future Worth
Internal Rate of Return
Benefit/Cost Ratio
Payback Period
10
KomponenTCO
Purchase cost
Operating costs
Preventive maintenance costs
Repair costs
Cost of disposal
Capital costs
Other costs, e.g. insurance
Other considerations, e.g.: output levels 11
ITC
Kuantifikasi masing-masing
Biaya
3
Contoh
11%
%
21%
65%
Purchase price
Electricity
Maintenance contract
Disposal
Breakdown of total cost of ownership a HV electric motor
Element of cost
Year 1
Purchase price
$50,000
Electricity
Maintenance
Disposal
Year 2
Year 3
Year 4
Year 5
$30,000
$30,000
$30,000
$30,000
$30,000
$5,000
$5,000
$5,000
$5,000
$5,000
$7,000
12
ITC
Quantifying each cost
kuantifikasi dan tabulasikan menurut
waktu hidup produk
dalam banyak kasus, tidak cukup melihat
total biaya tahunan
13
ITC
Tingkat penting dari waktu pembiayaan
♦ Lihat contoh tabel dibawah dimana total
biaya sama
♦ Keduanya berbeda dalam harga jual dan
biaya tahunan
♦ Pilih sesuai strategi penganggaran
perusahaan
Purchase of production machinery: Summary of costs over time
Offers
Supplier X
Year 0
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Total cost
Purchase
price:
$5,000
$20,000
$5,000
$90,000
$3,000
$3,000
$4,000
$90,000
$60,000
Supplier Y
Purchase
price:
$80,000
ITC
14
Penghitungan TCO dengan Pendekatan
Net Present Value (NPV)
NPV menggunakan waktu-nilai uang
dalam penghitungan the total cost
12
of ownership
9 3
6
=
Menyatakan semua biaya dalam
ekuaivalen nilai sekarang
Contoh . Pada bunga 15%, nilai $23,000 satu tahun
yad = $20,000 nilai sekarang
15
ITC
NPV
Present-day = (future cost) x ( applicable discount
cost
factor)
Tabel:
Table of discount factors
Discount
rate
3%
4%
5%
6%
7%
8%
9%
10%
11%
12%
13%
14%
15%
ITC
Year
1
0.9709
0.9615
0.9524
0.9434
0.9346
0.9259
0.9174
0.9091
0.9009
0.8929
0.8850
0.8772
0.8696
Year
2
0.9426
0.9246
0.9070
0.8900
0.8734
0.8573
0.8417
0.8264
0.8116
0.7972
0.7831
0.7695
0.7561
Year
3
0.9151
0.8890
0.8638
0.8396
0.8163
0.7938
0.7722
0.7513
0.7312
0.7118
0.6931
0.6750
0.6575
Year
4
0.8885
0.8548
0.8227
0.7921
0.7629
0.7350
0.7084
0.6830
0.6587
0.6355
0.6133
0.5921
0.5718
Year
5
0.8626
0.8219
0.7835
0.7473
0.7130
0.6806
0.6499
0.6209
0.5935
0.5674
0.5428
0.5194
0.4972
Year
6
0.8375
0.7903
0.7462
0.7050
0.6663
0.6302
0.5963
0.5645
0.5346
0.5066
0.4803
0.4556
0.4323
Year
7
0.8131
0.7599
0.7107
0.6651
0.6227
0.5835
0.5470
0.5132
0.4817
0.4523
0.4251
0.3996
0.3759
Year
8
0.7894
0.7307
0.6768
0.6274
0.5820
0.5403
0.5019
0.4665
0.4339
0.4039
0.3762
0.3506
0.3269
Year
Year
9
10
0.7664 0.7441
0.7026 0.6756
0.6446 0.6139
0.5919 0.5584
0.5439 0.5083
0.5002 0.4632
0.4604 0.4224
0.4241 0.3855
0.3909 0.3522
0.3606 0.3220
0.3329 0.2946
0.3075 0.2697
0.284316 0.2472
NPV
Present-day = (future cost) x ( applicable discount
cost
factor)
Tabel:
Table of discount factors
Discount
rate
3%
4%
5%
6%
7%
8%
9%
10%
11%
12%
13%
14%
15%
ITC
Year
1
0.9709
0.9615
0.9524
0.9434
0.9346
0.9259
0.9174
0.9091
0.9009
0.8929
0.8850
0.8772
0.8696
Year
2
0.9426
0.9246
0.9070
0.8900
0.8734
0.8573
0.8417
0.8264
0.8116
0.7972
0.7831
0.7695
0.7561
Year
3
0.9151
0.8890
0.8638
0.8396
0.8163
0.7938
0.7722
0.7513
0.7312
0.7118
0.6931
0.6750
0.6575
Year
4
0.8885
0.8548
0.8227
0.7921
0.7629
0.7350
0.7084
0.6830
0.6587
0.6355
0.6133
0.5921
0.5718
Year
5
0.8626
0.8219
0.7835
0.7473
0.7130
0.6806
0.6499
0.6209
0.5935
0.5674
0.5428
0.5194
0.4972
Year
6
0.8375
0.7903
0.7462
0.7050
0.6663
0.6302
0.5963
0.5645
0.5346
0.5066
0.4803
0.4556
0.4323
Year
7
0.8131
0.7599
0.7107
0.6651
0.6227
0.5835
0.5470
0.5132
0.4817
0.4523
0.4251
0.3996
0.3759
Or...
Discount factor =
Year
8
0.7894
0.7307
0.6768
0.6274
0.5820
0.5403
0.5019
0.4665
0.4339
0.4039
0.3762
0.3506
0.3269
Year
Year
9
10
0.7664 0.7441
0.7026 0.6756
0.6446 0.6139
0.5919 0.5584
0.5439 0.5083
0.5002 0.4632
0.4604 0.4224
0.4241 0.3855
0.3909 0.3522
0.3606 0.3220
0.3329 0.2946
0.3075 0.2697
0.284317 0.2472
1
( 1 + r )n
100
Where: n = No. of years
r = the discount rate
Contoh...
Summary of costs
Today’s
purchase
cost
End of
Year 1
End of
Year 2
End of
Year 3
Supplier A’s
offer
$35,000
$5,000
$7,000
$7,000
Net cash inflow of
$5,000
Supplier B’s
offer
$38,000
$3,000
$3,000
$3,000
Net cash inflow of
$1,000
Supplier
End of Year 4
Pada discount rate 8%:
Discount factors
ITC
Discount
rate
Year
1
Year
2
Year
3
Year
4
8%
0.9259
0.8573
0.7938
0.7350
18
The result for...
Supplier A
Period
Cost
8% Discount
rate
Equivalent present-day value
Today –
purchase cost
35,000
N/A
35,000
Year 1
5,000
0.9259
5,000 x 0.9259 = 4,630
Year 2
7,000
0.8573
7,000 x 0.8573 = 6,001
Year 3
7,000
0.7938
7,000 x 0.7938 = 5,557
Year 4
-5,000
0.7350
-5,000 x 0.7350 = - 3,675
Net present
value
35,000 + 4,630 + 6,001 + 5,557 –
3675
= $47,513
19
ITC
Hasil...
Supplier B
Period
Cost
8% Discount
rate
Equivalent present-day value
Today –
purchase cost
38,000
N/A
38,000
Year 1
3,000
0.9259
2,778
Year 2
3,000
0.8573
2,572
Year 3
3,000
0.7938
2,381
Year 4
-1,000
0.7350
-735
Net present
value
$44,996
Kesimpulan :
NPV Supplier B lebih rendah, maka dipilih
supplier B.
ITC
20
Action Point
4.3-4
Net present value peralatan
Dengan informasi pada tabel dibawah, tentukan nilai NPV dan
tentukan supplier yang terpilih. Gunakan bunga 12%.
Summary of costs
Today’s
purchase
cost
End of
Year 1
End of
Year 2
End of
Year 3
Supplier A’s
offer
$45,000
$7,000
$5,000
$7,000
Net cash inflow of
$5,000
Supplier B’s
offer
$56,000
$6,000
$6,000
$6,000
Net cash inflow of
$8,000
Supplier
End of Year 4
NPV of Supplier A’s offer:______________
NPV of Supplier B’s offer:______________
Selected Supplier: ______
21
ITC
3. Weighted scoring models
Suppliers diskor berdasar pada kriteria yang telah
diberi bobot yang merefleksikan tingkat kepentingan
supplier dengan skor tertinggi dipilih
Biaya diberlakukan sama dengan kriteria yang lain
Masalah jika skor tertinggi bukan merupakan yang
termurah
22
ITC
Scoring capability: some criteria…
Ability to meet essential and desirable requirements
(specifications, quantity, lead-time…)
Quality assurance
Customer service
Supply capacity
Past performance
Strategic issues (location, distribution network…)
Supplier innovation
Financial strength
Risk management (including insurance)
Compliance with conditions of contract
ITC
23
Contoh:
Evaluating offers - Purchase item: measuring equipment
Bid evaluation criteria
Overall weight
(1-10)
(and components with allocated weights)
1. Technical performance
♦ Precision in measurement (10)
10
2. Product reliability
♦ Low meantime between failures (3)
♦ Low outage rate
(3)
♦ Durability of the equipment (4)
10
3. Lead-time to delivery
♦ Delivery of the main equipment (9)
9
4. Continued availability of spares
♦ Offer of continuity of supply (1)
♦ Financial stability (3)
♦ Core product for supplier (3)
♦ Sustainable market position (3)
10
ITC
(Continued…)
24
Contoh:
5. Technical support
♦ In installation and commissioning (2)
♦ Training of staff on-site (3)
♦ Response time to queries (2)
♦ Response time to maintenance and repair (3)
10
6. Life-cycle cost
♦ Purchase price (2)
♦ Cost of spare parts (2)
♦ Cost of staff training (1)
♦ Cost of maintenance support (2)
7
TOTAL:
56
25
ITC
Contoh:
Scoring suppliers’ offers – Measuring equipment
Evaluation criterion: meantime between failures
Not acceptable
– has not met
the required
criteria
May not be
acceptable –
only barely
meets
minimum
requirements
0
1
Avge. less than
100 days
between failures
Avge. 100-119
days between
failures
Acceptable
(baseline)
Acceptable –
has met all
requirements
and exceeded
some
Acceptable –
has well
exceeded all
requirements
2
3
4
Avge. 120-129
days between
failures
Supplier A
Supplier B
Supplier C
Avge. 130-149
days between
failures
Avge. 150 or
more days
between failures
X
X
X
26
ITC
Contoh:
Evaluating offers - Purchase item: measuring equipment
Bid evaluation criteria
(and components with allocated weights)
Supplier Supplier Supplier
A
B
C
Wtd. Score Wtd. Score Wtd.
Score Score
Score
Score
1. Technical performance
♦ Precision in measurement (10)
4
40
1
10
2
20
3
3
4
9
9
16
2
2
2
6
6
8
3
2
3
9
6
12
2
18
4
36
3
27
3
3
4
4
3
9
12
12
3
3
2
2
3
9
6
6
4
1
3
0
2. Reliability
♦ Low meantime between failures (3)
♦ Low outage rate (3)
♦ Durability of the equipment (4)
3. Lead-time to delivery
♦ Delivery of the main equipment (9)
4. Supply horizon – continuity of spares
♦
♦
♦
♦
ITC
Offer of continuity of supply (1)
Financial stability (3)
Core product for supplier (3)
Sustainable market position (3)
4
3
9
27
0
Contoh:
Evaluating offers - Purchase item: measuring equipment
Bid evaluation criteria
(and components with allocated weights)
Supplier Supplier Supplier
A
B
C
Wtd. Score Wtd. Score Wtd.
Score Score
Score
Score
5. Technical support
♦
♦
♦
♦
In installation & commissioning (2)
Training of staff on-site (3)
Response time to queries (2)
Response time to maintenance & repair (3)
2
2
3
3
4
6
6
9
3
4
3
4
6
12
6
12
3
3
2
2
6
9
4
6
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
2
3
3
4
3
6
6
4
6
4
1
2
1
8
2
2
2
6. Life-cycle cost
♦
♦
♦
♦
List price (2)
Cost of spare parts (2)
Cost of staff training (1)
Cost of maintenance support (2)
Max. score possible = 224 Total weighted score:
Scores (as % of 224) =
ITC
160
148
129
71%
66%
58%
28
Value judgement
Membandingkan aspek non biaya terbobot terhadap
biaya yang ditawarkan
Biaya dapat berupa harga atau total cost of
ownership
Akhirnya, skor dibandingkan dengan biaya
untuk men-judge kombinasi mana
core
mewakili nilai terbaik
ds
e
t
h
g
i
We
29
ITC
Thank You
30