GIOVANNI’S TYPE OF LOVE SEEN THROUGH HIS POINT OF VIEW ON BEATRICE’S CHARACTER IN NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE’S RAPPACCINI’S DAUGHTER
GIOVANNI’S TYPE OF LOVE SEEN THROUGH HIS POINT
OF VIEW ON BEATRICE’S CHARACTER IN NATHANIEL
HAWTHORNE’S RAPPACCINI’S DAUGHTER
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters
By
EDWIN SUGARA
Student Number: 074214069
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2013
GIOVANNI’S TYPE OF LOVE SEEN THROUGH HIS POINT
OF VIEW ON BEATRICE’S CHARACTER IN NATHANIEL
HAWTHORNE’S RAPPACCINI’S DAUGHTER
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters
By
EDWIN SUGARA
Student Number: 074214069
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2013
(Leo Tolstoy)
For My Beloved Family
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to thank Jesus Christ whom I believe always guide me through the finishing this thesis. I thank Him for all His kindness and protection to me.
A special thank for my advisor, Elisa Dwi Wardani, S.S., M.Hum. Whose encouragement, guidance and support from the initial to the final step enabled me to develop an understanding of the subject. My deepest gratitude also goes to my co-advisor Maria Ananta Tri Suryandari, S.S., M.Ed. Without their knowledge and assistance this study would not have been successful.
My greatest appreciation goes to my beloved parents: Miati H for her unconditional love, prayer, patience, and support; and Ervanus Tanjuk for his inspiring figure.
Special thanks are given to people who directly or indirectly are involved in the making of this thesis. Thanks to my best friends: Nurvita Wijayanti, Hafsyah, Josephine Dewi Utami, Billy Talusakata, Theresia Respati, Riris Gurning, Rudi Irawan, Andriadi Eko Yuwono, and Meilisa Anggun Hapsari who always give their best wishes for me. Thanks to my friends from class A: Marita Anastasia Zelia, Natasha Godeliva, and Silvia Kurnia Dewi who never forget to give their spirit for me. Last but not least, I would like to thanks to the super lecturers, the kind librarians and my classmates of 2007 who are always in my heart.
Edwin Sugara.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE .................................................................................................... iAPPROVAL PAGE .......................................................................................... ii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE .................................................................................... iii
MOTTO PAGE ................................................................................................. iv
DEDICATION PAGE ...................................................................................... vSTATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ................................................................ vii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................ viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................. ix
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................ xi
ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................ xii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ...................................................................... 1
A. Background of the Study ................................................................................. 1 B. Problem Formulation ....................................................................................... 5 C. Objectives of the Study ................................................................................... 5 D. Definition of Terms ......................................................................................... 6CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW ..................................................... 7
A. Review of Related Studies .................................................................. 7 B. Review of Related Theories ................................................................ 91. Theory of Characterization ........................................................... 8
2. Theory of the Relation between Literature and Psychology ......... 12
3. Theory of Love ............................................................................. 14 C. Theoretical Framework ....................................................................... 17
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY .................................................................. 19
A. Object of the Study ............................................................................. 19 B. Approach of the Study ........................................................................ 20 C. Method of the Study ............................................................................ 21CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ............................................................................... 23
A. The Characterization of Beatrice ........................................................ 23 1. Beatrice’s Characterization from the Author ................................ 24a. Beatrice’s Physical Description ................................................ 24
b. Father-Daughter Relationship ................................................... 25
c. Relationship between Beatrice and the Plants .......................... 29 B. Beatrice from Giovanni’s Point of View ............................................ 34 C.
Giovanni’s Point of View on Beatrice’s Character Reveal His Type of Love toward Her ................................................................................. 38
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION .......................................................................... 45
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................... 47
APPENDIX:The Summary of Hawthorne’s Rappaccini’s Daughter ................. 49
ABSTRACT
EDWIN SUGARA. Giovanni’s Type of Love Seen through His Point of Viewon Beatrice’s Character in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Rappaccini’s Daughter.
Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2013.
This thesis discusses Hawthorne’s short story entitled Rappacinni’s
Daughter . This work describes that love is an important thing in a relationship
between couple while the type of love the couple have can give an effect to the relationship itself.
There are three problems in the form of questions concerning the topic of the thesis. The first is to see how Beatrice is characterized as seen by the narrator in the short story, second is to see how Beatrice is characterized as seen from Giovanni’s point of view. And the third find out how Giovanni’s points of view on Beatrice
’s character reveal his type of love toward her. The method of this study is library research, using a novel entitled
Rappacinni’s Daughter by Nathaniel Hawthorne as the primary source of the
analysis. The secondary sources used to find the theories and the references are psychological theories and literature theories. The psychological approach is applied in this study because this approach is used to reveal the problem deals with human life together with his mind and behavior that focus in Giovanni’s type of love toward Beatrice.
From the analysis, the writer finds three points of answer. The first point is about how Beatrice is characterized as seen by the narrator. Beatrice is characterized as a beautiful young woman, an obedient daughter who experiences the lack of paternal love. She is lonely and craving for affection. The writer make a comparison about the characterization of Beatrice, the comparison between Beatrice characterization from the author and Beatrice characterization from Giovanni point of view. The second point is about how Beatrice characterized as seen from Giovanni’s point of view, the author through the narrator introduces and sees Beatrice as a complete human, while Giovanni failed to see Beatrice as a complete human being. On the third point, the writer finds that
Giovanni’s point of view on Beatrice’s character reveal his type of love toward Beatrice. Giovanni type of love is erotic love because his actions in loving Beatrice show he only loves Beatrice physically.
ABSTRAK
EDWIN SUGARA. Giovanni’s Type of Love Seen through His Point of View
on Beatrice’s Character in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Rappaccini’s Daughter.
Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2013.Skripsi ini mendiskusikan mengenai sebuah cerita pendek oleh Hawthorne berjudul
Rappacinni’s Daughter. Karya ini menggambarkan bahwa cinta adalah
sesuatu yang penting di dalam hubungan antara pasangan dimana tipe cinta yang dimiliki oleh pasangan tersebut dapat memberikan dampak kepada hubungan itu sendiri.
Dalam skripsi ini ada tiga masalah dalam bentuk pertanyaan menyangkut tentang topik yang diambil. Pertanyaan pertama untuk menjawab bagaimana Beatrice dikarakterisasikan oleh pengarang di dalam cerita pendek ini. Pertanyaan kedua adalah untuk menjawab bagaimana Beatrice dikarakterisasikan melalui sudut pandang Giovanni. Pertanyaan ketiga adalah untuk mengungkapkan bagaimana sudut pandang Giovanni terhadap Beatrice mengungkapkan tipe cinta yang dimiliki Giovanni terhadap Beatrice.
Metode dalam skripsi ini adalah penelitian pustaka menggunakan cerita pendek berjudul
Rappaccini’s Daughter karangan Nathaniel Hawthorne sebagai
sumber utama dari analisis. Buku-buku pendukung yang digunakan untuk mencari teori-teori dan referensi-referensi adalah buku teori psikologi dan teori sastra. Pendekatan psikologis digunakan di dalam karya ini karena pendekatan ini digunakan untuk mengungkapkan masalah yang berhubungan dengan pikiran dan tingkah laku manusia yang difokuskan pada masalah tipe cinta yang dimiliki Giovanni terhadap Beatrice.
Penulis menemukan tiga poin jawaban. Poin pertama mengenai bagaimana Beatrice dikaraterisasikan oleh pengarang. Beatrice dikarakterisasikan sebagai perempuan muda yang cantik, anak perempuan yang patuh yang tidak mendapatkan kasih sayang dari ayahnya. Dia kesepian dan membutuhkan perhatian. Penulis membuat perbandingan karakterisasi Beatrice, perbandingan karakterisasi Beatrice melalui pengarang dan karakterisasi Beatrice melalui sudut pandang Giovanni. Poin kedua mengenai bagaimana Beatrice dikarakterisasikan melalui sudut pandang Giovanni, pengarang melalui narrator cerita melihat Beatrice sebagai manusia normal sementara Giovanni gagal melihat Beatrice sebagai manusia biasa. Poin ketiga, penulis menemukan bahwa sudut pandang Giovanni terhadap Beatrice mengungkapkan tipe cinta yang dimiliki Giovanni terhadap Beatrice. Tipe cinta yang dimiliki Giovanni terhadap Beatrice adalah cinta erotis karena tindakannya dalam mencintai Beatrice menunjukan dia hanya mencintai Beatrice secara fisik.
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study People can learn so many lessons from literature. Literature gives new
perspectives about new things, enriches our knowledge, and presents an entertainment through the beautiful languages. Therefore, Literature is not only beautiful, but also useful. It helps human to learn something from life through texts. The biggest purpose of literary works is to give effect on reader’s mind.
Literature is a portrait of human’s life because it reflects some aspects of human life, such as moral, society, psychology and many more. Literary works become a media to communicate human’s thought, feeling, and idea about something based on their life experience or imagination. Some people could not share their feeling or their thought directly so they use media as tool. People often use three kinds of media, such as poetry, drama, and novel to share what they have in their mind. Wellek and Warren in Theory of Literature (1956: 96) state that Literature looks like a real life portrait. It is an illustration of human lives because the literary works presents the reality of human situations, problems, feelings, love and relationship.
Rappac cini’s Daughter is one of the examples that reflect some aspect in
human life, such as feelings, love and relationship. Love becomes the most interesting story for all people. So many literary works tell about love. The story about love is described in songs, poems, short stories, dramas, novels, films and
2 even paintings. One of the most dramatic love stories is Nathaniel Hawthorne’s short story entitled
“Rappaccini’s Daughter”. The story tells about a dramatic
love relationship between two main characters. The writer thinks that the story will be interesting to be analyzed.
The experience of love is unique for every person, and one might use that feeling to measure the success of a relationship. Hazan and Shaver in Romantic
Love Conceptualized as an Attachment Process (1978: 511) state that love is
fuelled by a mixture of sexual attraction and the security of the developing attachment, and excitement due to exploration of human being. The sexual attraction wanes, lead to the conflict and withdrawal. Lovers can find themselves securely attached and caring deeply about each other or experiencing some forms of distress, boredom, loneliness or hostility and yearning for a more satisfying relationship. "I love you" with a feeling is essential. The ability to express those words in a nonsexual context to men, women and children is a good indicator of emotional health. To be able to love men, women and children is part of being healthy adults. Love is a passionate spiritual-emotional-sexual attachment between a man and a woman that reflects a high regard for the value of each other’s person. It is a way not only to feel the extraordinary joy but also to experience self-discovery.
Love might be the conceptualized as an attachment-formation process. Hazan and Shaver in Romantic Love Conceptualized as an Attachment Process (1978: 520) state that love is the attachment system in human undergoes modification during the course of adolescence, so that its original objects, the
3 parents are relinquished, and the individual is able to integrate new objects, new attachment figures.” The attachment system is just one among a number of interrelated behavioral system which include exploration, care giving, sexual mating and affiliation.
No one knows what the real meaning of love is. Everyone has his/her own meaning depending on his/her point of view. Love brings spirit for everyone.
Besides positive motivation, love also can give negative motivation. Sometimes someone who falls in love will act illogically. He/she will do anything to make his/her partner happy, even though it is beyond imagination. Happiness, sadness, worries, and jealousy are parts of love. Love is all you need, and you will not know, across the crowded world or even on a first date, that the person is absolutely the one.
Love can be used as the object of psychological analysis. “Psychology is a science t hat studies living being’s behavior and mental processes” (Herrnstein as quoted by Crider, 1983:4). This is in line with what Jung states as quoted by
Koesnosoebroto (1988) that it is absolute that psychology can be applied in analyzing literary work, sinc e human’s psyche has potential power of all knowledge and arts. Thereby, literature and psychology are really inseparable.
Psychology explains the underlying reason for character’s behavior elaborates between conflict and psychological condition and evaluates their behavior and motive in doing something.
People cannot deny that the existence of love can really change their heart and mind as well as their whole life. The best and the worst moment in
4 somebody’s life maybe tied to a love relationship. Love might drive people crazy. Some people even put their lives to and end by committing suicide because of love while some others want to live a thousand years because they meet the right persons to love or who love them. Love is the motor to move one’s machine; body and mind.
Nobody needs to be convinced that the love relationships are important to our lives, and nobody needs to be told that they are intriguing. There are many love relationship in this world such as relationship between parents and their children, a man and a woman, people and God, men with their pets or plants, one friend and the other, and also there are many type of love, Fromm in his popular book entitled The Art Of Loving (1963:39) categorizes love into several types. The types of love are brotherly love, motherly love, erotic love, self-love, and love of God.
The way one sees someone that he or she loves also gives an effect to the way he or she loves his or her lover. People have many different points of view in someone that he or she loves. For example, if he or she only sees his lover as an object then forever he only sees his lover only as an object.
In this study, love relationship refers to the love between a poisonous girl named Beatrice and a medical student named Giovanni. The writer is interested to study the topic because it is an unusual story in which the two characters; Beatrice and Giovanni are in love but can not be united because in the end Beatrice died.
Beatrice loves Giovanni very much, but there is something different in G iovanni’s love toward Beatrice. He is attracted to Beatrice but in another side he sees
5 Beatrice as a dangerous human. He seems only to see Beatrice as a beautiful girl and loves her because of her physical appearance. Once again for those reasons above, N athaniel Hawthorne’s Rappaccini’s Daughter was a good example to explore more about types of love. Therefore, this novel is a good choice to help explore that topic.
B. Problem Formulation
The writer presents some problems as shown in the following questions: 1. How is Beatrice characterized as seen by the narrator? 2.
How is Beatrice characterized as seen from Giovanni’s point of view? 3. How does Giovanni’s point of view on Beatrice’s character reveal his type of love toward her?
C. Objectives of the Study
In the objectives of the study, the writer focus on three objectives since the problem formulation divided into two. The first objective is to see how Beatrice is characterized in the short story, the second objective is to see how Beatrice is characterized from Giovanni’s point of view and the third objective is meant to find out how
Giovanni’s point of view of Beatrice reveal Giovanni’s type of love toward her.
6
D. Definition of Terms
There is one term that needed to define in order to get clear explanation to avoid misunderstanding
1. Love: Based on The Art of Loving, love is an activity, not a passive effect; it is “standing in”, not a “falling for”. In the most general way, the active character of love can be described by stating that love is primarily giving, not receiving (Fromm, 1963:18).
2. Character: According to A Handbook to Literature is defined as a brief descriptive sketch of personage who typifies some definite quality. The person is described not as an individualized personality but as an example of some vice oe virtue type, such as a busybody, a glutton, a fop, a bumpkin, a garrulous old man, a happy milkmaid, etc. (1986:81).
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW A. Review of Related Studies Some comments and criticism about Nathaniel Hawthorne and his work
are very important to gain better understanding in doing this analysis. These comments and criticism are taken from many sources in books and journals.
in Hawthorne's Venomous Beatrice: Studies in Short
Fiction explains how poisons in general and venomous women in particular have
long been the embodiment of fear for moral evil and physical destruction. She stated that: Venomous women have been equated with sexual excess and are believed to threaten men both physically and morally. She explores the paradoxes and ambiguities which surround female sexuality. Beatrice represents the homeopathic strand of this tradition, defined by Sir Thomas Browne, which makes her both a sexual seductress and a spiritual savior (1982:234). It is this strand in which one poisonous creature is not only unable to infect another, but also serve as an antidote. As a paradox, Beatrice can touch poison yet not die. She can also operate in a world of sexuality yet remain uncorrupted. In "Rappaccini's Daughter," Beatrice is a life force who reconciles both physical and spiritual natures. Giovanni responds to her only as a physical being and fails to understand her as a real person rather than just a symbol of evil. The fall into sexuality is the Fortunate Fall for it unites flesh and spirit and allows man to move beyond his initial physical attraction for the female and come to understand her as a total being. Beatrice, representative of all females, is therefore to be considered both the problem and the solution to man's salvation. (1982:231). In Rappaccini's Children describes the tale as “a savage stereotype of the classic American religion”--Calvinism (1981:4). He states that:
Rappaccini's Daughter is an allegory of a fallen garden with Giovanni and Beatrice as Adam and Eve, Rappaccini as both God and Satan, and Baglioni as an ineffectual Christ. The world is now totally under the
8 control of Satan and redemption is only a quasi-successful operation involving a few "elect." The tree of life has turned into a poisonous plant of death. Rappaccini is compared to a Calvinist deity who gives his creatures no choice but preordains the poison which will infect their bodies. Beatrice is a child of the devil and her specific evil for Giovanni is her sexual attraction. In this corrupted garden, sexual love does not lead to love and consummation but rather to the death of a seductive woman. (1981:4) Most of Hawthorne‟s short stories present humans‟ psychological problems. Spiller (1961:78) states the opinion in the The Style of American
Literature that the central theme of most his stories is not sin theological problem,
but rather than the psychological effect of the conviction of sin on the lives of the early colonists. Like Poe, he was an explorer of the dark recesses of the human soul, and he used his art to reveal, rather than to resolve the dilemma of human destiny.
Hawthorne‟s Rappaccini’s Daughter is one of his short stories which also present humans‟ psychological problem which is presented in the main character; Beatrice cannot lead her life as other people lead it because of her father‟s treatment toward her. Beatrice has been victimized by the father to achieve his own ambition to be a man of science. Brenzo in Trancendental Symbolist criticizes toward the short story and also puts the same insight about the matter. In his critics he states:
Rappaccini projects his own selfish desires onto Beatrice and then blame her, not himself, when she refuses to go along with his scheme. His quest for knowledge is secondary to his need for power. By isolating her, he has kept her ignorant and dependent upon him. The power that he has given to his own daughter is ultimately for his own use. (1977:155)
9 The statement shows that Rappaccini‟s treatment toward Beatrice has trapped her into the psychological problems because her father does not let her to lead her life normally.
Some criticisms draw attention to the Giovanni and Beatrice‟s relationship as the mixture between feeling of love and hate in Giovanni. Elder states The dark view would send Giovanni out of the influence of the unintelligible power; the bright view would encourage him to see Beatrice in daylight may give him a chance to appreciate her true spiritual self. But enjoying the mixture of love and horror was sure to create an infernal blaze. This truth is closely related to Hawthorne‟s analysis of the relation between Giovanni and Beatrice just before his harsh words to her near the conclusions of the story. (1969:96)
This statement intends to explain that there is also a psychological conflict that is experienced by Giovanni when he has a close relationship with Beatrice, such a war of love and honor in the Giovanni‟s inner life.
In this thesis, the writer wants to explore how Giovann i‟s points of view of Beatrice reveal his type of love toward her by employing psychological approach in this study. The study focuses on how Beatrice characterized by the author, Beatrice in Giovanni‟s point of view, and Giovanni relationship with Beatrice.
B. Review of Related Theories
Since this analysis starts with the intrinsic elements of the literary work, it is appropriate to put the literary theories in the first part.
B.1. Theory of Characterization
To find out how the characters are characterized in the story, we need to know the theories of characterization. According to Holman and Harmon in A
10
Handbook to Literature, Characterization is the way in which the author reveals
or creates or the characters in his/her work, making them „alive‟ for the reader (1986: 81). Also in his book Holman and Harmon (1986:81) stated that there are three fundamental methods of characterization in fiction. First, the explicit presentation by the author, second, the character‟s own representation from within a cha racter of the impact of certain events towards the character‟s inner self, also without any interference from the author.
Baldick suggests that characterization is the presentation of persons in narrative or dramatic works that may include direct way like the description or commentary and distribution of qualities. Indirect or dramatic way is also combines to invite readers to decide qualities from the fact of the characters‟ action, speech, or physical appearance so the readers are free to interpret their characterization (1991:34).
Meanwhile M.J. Murphy (1972:161-173) in Understanding Unseen An
Introduction to English Poetry and the English Novel for Overseas Students
explaines that there are nine ways of how the author makes his character understandable for the reader. Sometimes the steps are not all used by the authors to show their characters‟ characteristics, however some of them must exist. Those nine ways are: a. Personal description
The author can describe a person‟s appearance and clothes in details so that the readers will be able to figure the personality of the character based on his or her
11 appearance. Whether he is handsome, tall, thin, like parts of the body of the character and the clothes she or he wears.
b. Character as seen by another Instead of describing a character directly the author can describe a character through the opinions, attitudes, view, and comment of other characters in the novel. The readers will catch a reflected image of the characters the author means.
c. Speech The author can explain a character trough the way she or he speaks and the language she or he uses in a conversation with another, whenever she or he put forward on opinion, so readers will get an insight into the characteristics.
d. Past life By allowing the reader learns something about person‟s life the author can give us a clue to events that have helped to shape a person‟s character. This can be done by direct comment by the author, through the person‟s thoughts, through his conversation or through the medium of another person.
e. Conversation of others The author can also give clues to a person‟s character through the conversations of other people and the things they say about him. From this readers will learn that what other say about a character may reveal what kind of character she or he is.
12 f. Reactions
The author can describe the characteristic by allowing us to know how that person reacts to various situations and events. The reaction may give a clue to what characteristic a character has.
g. Direct comment The author can describe or comment on a person‟s character directly through the narration (especially in third-person narrator).
h. Thoughts The author can give us direct knowledge of what we cannot do in real life. He can tell us what different people are thinking from the omniscient narrator. i. Mannerism
The author can describe a person‟s mannerism, habits of idiosyncrasies that may also tell us something about his character.
B.2. Theory of the Relation between Psychology and Literature
Literature and Psychology are two different subjects that can influence each other. Psychology can be a good tool to understand literature well.
Characters represent as human representation in the literature and it can be analyzed through psychology. As psychology is a body of knowledge which studies human psyche, the most related element of literature to psychology is its or human- like characters. Referring to Barnet‟s explanation about character in
Literature for Composition that character is a figure with specific mental and
13 moral qualities; it is obvious that characters are observable through psychology, in term that they consist of unique mental qualities (Barnet, 1988: 71).
Through literature, a writer overflows all his obsessions. He reveals his psychological tension that suppresses him when he sees that people just often trample on the truth-values. It is apparent that many authors realize the functions of literature dealing with some psychological processes. Although it is not the main purpose, they use literature indirectly as a medium to express and relieve their emotion. Wellek and Warren in their book Theory of Literature confirm that:
We may be able to find out the valuable of human character by the way that one cognitive value in the dramas or novels would seem to be psychological. “The novelist or dramatist can teach you more about human nature than the psychologist” is a familiar kind of assertion (1956:25).
Furthermore, Bornstein in his book Psychology and its Allied Discipline
Humanities volume I states that literature is best at describing the human
condition in dramatic form, while psychology has the strength to investigate human‟s character or behavior in systematic ways. The statement means that literature depicts human condition in dramatic way while psychology studies human characteristics systematically. Both subjects have one common purpose that is to depict human condition (Bornstein, 1984: 144).
According to Wellek and Warren, Psychology and literature have a very close relation in which some literary works talk about psychological cases. They say that people can learn theory of psychology that may be revealed in works of literature by analyzing the works. Furthermore, the important part is the application of the psychological laws within works of literature (Wellek, 1956: 81).
14
B.3. Theory of Love
Somebody who is falling in love with a special person feels something different in his or her life. He or she feels that “a new color” comes into his or her life. It may occur because he or she has found out a special person who is able to fulfill his or her needs of love. Powell (1983:194) states that love is a special type of relationship with another person. It is characterized by a feeling of warm affection and desire for attachment. It can be including caring within family, friendship, idealistic love, and romantic love. Fromm in his popular book entitled
The Art Of Loving
(1963:18) remarks that “Love is the active concern for the life and the growth of that which we love. Where this active concern is lacking, there is no love.” The statements of love above remind us that love is a thing that we need along our lives for growing and surviving in the world. Fromm also states that the major activity of loving somebody is the activity of “giving”. About this matter, Fromm states
Love is an activity, not a passive effect; it is “standing in”, not a “falling for”. In the most general way, the active character of love can be described by stating that love is primarily giving, not receiving. (1963:18)
Therefore “giving” here does not mean “giving up” something, being deprived of, or sacrificing. Fromm intends to explain that giving is the highest expression of potency (1963:19).
Fromm categorizes love into several types. The types of love are brotherly love, motherly love, erotic love, self-love, and love of God.
a. Brotherly love is the most fundamental kind of love that underlies all types of love (1963:39). Brotherly love is love for all human beings; it is characterized
15 by its very lack of exclusiveness. In this kind of love there is the experience of union with all men, of human solidarity, of human atonement. The live is based on the experience that we all are one.
b. Motherly love is unconditional affirmation of the child‟s life and his or her needs (1963: 41). There are two aspects in the affirmation of the child‟s life.
Firstly, the care and responsibility are absolutely necessary for the preservation of the child‟s life and his/her growth. Secondly, the attitude which instills in the child a love for living and which gives him or her the feeling of good to be alive, good to be a little boy or girl , and good to be on this earth. The love requires unselfishness, the ability to give everything and to want nothing but the happiness of the loved one.
c. Erotic love (1963:44) is the craving for complete fusion, for union with one other person. “It is by its very nature exclusive and not universal.” (Fromm 1963: 44). Erotic love can inspire the wish for sexual attraction or union. From implied erotic love as a physical love or individual attraction and it is only act of will to love someone, he stated that:
Both view then, that of erotic love as completely individual attraction, unique between two specific persons, as well as the other view that erotic love is no thing but an act of will.” (1963: 48). Fromm thinks that erotic love or he implies as physical love is often greatly misunderstood. People often make the mistake of thinking that, because they are attracted to another person physically and they feel a strong feeling, they also feel love for that person. If the relation is only physical, however, it never satisfies the basic need for togetherness “To love somebody is not just a strong
16 feeling
- – it is a decision, it is a judgment, it is a promise. If love is only a feeling, there will be no basis for the promotion to love each other forever.” (Fromm 1963: 47). In fact, if the relationship is only physical or erotic love, it can make people even farther apart than before. It can actually make them dislike, or even hate each other since it emphasizes their basic aloneness “Sexual attraction creates for the moment, the illusion of union, yet without love this “union” leaves strangers as far apart as they were before-sometimes it makes them ashamed of each other, or even makes them hate each other, because when the illusion has gone they feel their estrangement even more markedly than before.” (Fromm 1963: 46).
From also mention if people are in erotic love, they want a sexual contact for intimacy “For them intimacy is established primarily through sexual contact.” (Fromm 1963:45).
d. Self
- – love (1963:48) has several considerations because it still in widespread conceptions. According to Western thought, self- love as “I love myself and I do not love others” is the same of selfishness Freud as quoted by Fromm states that self-love is the same as narcissism, the turning of the libido toward oneself. Biblical idea that “Love thy neighbor as thyself” implies that respect for one‟s own integrity and uniqueness, love for and understanding for another individual. The love for my own self is inseparably connected with the love for any other being. General premises state that we ourselves are the “object” of our feelings and attitude, the attitude toward others and towar d ourselves. Eckhart‟s opinion becomes a clear explanation to understand the idea of self- love: “If you love
17 yourself, you love everybody else as you do yourself. As long as you love another person less than you love yourself, you will not really succeed in loving yourself, but if you love all alike including yourself, you will love them as one person and that person is both God and man…” e. Love of God (1963:53) is also based on our need to love lies in the experience of separateness and the resulting need to overcome the anxiety of separateness by the experience of the union. The love springs from the need to overcome separateness and to achieve union. The understanding about love of God cannot be separated from the history of human development, that God is the creator of human beings. Thus, there is a primary bond between human beings and God.
The need to hold the bond will rescue human beings from the anxiety of separateness.
C. Theoretical Framework
The major concern of this study is to find out how Giovanni‟s point of view of Beatrice reveals his type of love toward Beatrice. There are some theories are used to help the writer to answer the three problem formulation. First, the theories of characterization are used to analyze the main characters in the story.
After the first problem formulation has been done, the writer focuses in the second problem formulation. Since the second problem is concerning about Beatrice characterized from Giovanni‟s point of view, the theories of characterization are still used to analyze the main characters in the story. And the last, theories of
18 characterization and theory of love are combined to find out how
Giovanni‟s points of view of Beatrice reveal his type of love toward Beatrice.
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY A. Object of the Study Rappaccini’s Daughter is a short story written by Nathaniel Hawthorne in
1844, which presents about the scientifically aspects of research and how far two persons can love each other despite physical barriers. It was published in the collection Mosses from an Old Manse, an anthology short story by Nathaniel Hawthorne in 1844 in New York, United States. The publisher is Boston and New York Houghton Mifflin Company. Then many of his short stories collected in
Ha wthorne’s Short Story, published in 1955, the publisher is New York Vintage
Books. The setting of
Rappaccini’s Daughter was in Padua, the southern region of Italy. It was about a beautiful girl, a daughter of Dr. Giacommo Rappacinni. Dr.
Giacommo Rappacinni was a medical professor who dedicated his life for his medical experiment. Beatrice, a beautiful girl was educated by her father to continue his experiment. She grew up in the middle of medicine garden without any friends. The plants in the garden were her friends and even sisters. She was a lonely girl because her father never permitted her to go out. Beatrice was like an object of experiment for her father’s science. As a result, she was being poisoned by her father’s medical plant. It happened until she was a teenage girl.
Giovanni Guasconti, a medical student of the Padua University became her first friend. He attracted to Beatrice since at the first time he saw the girl.
Giovanni’s attention was a new hope for Beatrice’s life. She wanted to reach a
20 happy life beside Giovanni. She wanted to be free from the poison, and be a normal girl like the others. The attention that she accepted from Giovanni replaced her father’s love and fulfilled the loneliness in her life. All she had done were just for Giovanni. She wanted to make her dream came true by drinking a kind of antidote with a new hope that she would recover from the poison. Unfortunately, it killed her. She passed away on the feet of Giovanni and her father in the medical garden.
B. Approach
Since the concern of this study is analyzing about Giovanni’s type of love toward Beatrice, the psychological approach is needed to answer the problem formulation. This analysis deals with character, and type of love. Therefore, psychological approach is appropriate since character is one of the subjects of psychology. According to Lewis Leary (1976: 57) in his book American
Literature: A Study and Research Guide , psychological approach is an approach
that applies of modern psychology to characters or situation within literary work or to the person who wrote the work. In connection with this approach, Rohrberger and Woods (1971:13) state that psychological approach is focused on psychological interpretation for entrancing the understanding and appreciation of Literature.
Psychological approach is appropriate in analyzing this topic because some psychology theories such as theory of love were used to help the writer in answering the problem formulation.
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C. Method of the study
In doing this analysis, the writer used the library research method. There are two kinds of data used in the study. First, the short story written by Nathaniel Hawthorne
Rappaccini’s Daugther was used as primary data. Second, some books
such as Abram’s A glossary of Literary Terms, was used as secondary data. Some critical reviews and theories obtained from Internet sites were also used. There were four steps in analyzing this topic.