AP Bio Review packet

  Review packet: Here we go! You will do a great job on this!

  ARE YOU ACCESSING AN ADDITIONAL RESOURCE? You should have gathered or are borrowing an AP test prep book, since the beginning of the yea. Reminder, there are free resources online and in the classroom. They have also been added onto the google website off and on throughout the year.

  We will focus on Labs; Lab skills and the cleanup of your lab NB as a source of review (see lab

   power point and stats sheet and practice attached to google site)

   Vocabulary (Prefixes, roots and suffixes. You might be quizzing yourself from your packet trimester I) Topics we did poorly on  Practice taking the test.

   Up until Spring Break, your ongoing work should include: 1) Priority #1: Practice with as many AP tests as you can take and self-check, such as in my/your AP test booklets. 2) Priority #2: Review the big ideas (yellow packet) so you can APPLY them, NOT just memorize and look for familiar questions and answers! 3) Priority #3: Review the content below, so you can APPLY it.

  4) Priority #4: Updating, organizing and reviewing your lab notebook. Remember, there are some helpful resources on the google site for lab assistance, including a power point to REVIEW.

EXAM BASICS THAT YOU SHOULD KNOW:

  1. Individual colleges and universities, not the College Board or the AP Program, grant course credit and placement. You should obtain a college’s AP policy in writing. You can usually find this information through the institution directly or by using the AP Credit Policy Info search at

  2. Your AP Exam score is a weighted combination of your scores on the multiple- choice section and the free-response section. Although colleges and universities are responsible for setting their own credit and placement policies, AP scores offer a recommendation on how qualified students are to receive college credit and placement. The final score is rated on a 5-point scale. Over the past five years,

  Lowell scores have ranged from mean score of 2.06 to 2.91 and global scores ranged from 2.70-2.91. Last year, one Lowell student scored a 5 and 12 scored a 4. Your scores are entered into your College Board account in July.

  Distribution:

  5 = extremely well qualified

  3 = qualified 2 = possibly qualified 1 = no recommendation

  3. Things to bring and not to bring to the exam:

  BRING:

• Your brain, well rested and sharpened!
• Several sharpened No. 2 pencils with erasers, for all responses on your multiple- choice answer sheet.
• Several pens with black or dark blue ink for completing area on the exam booklet covers and for free-response questions in most exams.
• Your six digit school code: 232360
• A watch that does not have internet access, does not beep, and does not have an alarm.
• Up to two approved calculators with the necessary capabilities (more info at
• Your AP student pack. You should also bring a current government-issued or school-issued photo ID.
• Your Social Security number for identification purposes optio
• -If applicable, your SSD Student Accommodation Letter.

DO NOT BRING:

• Electronic equipment (cell phone, laptop, tablet, etc.), portable listening or recording devices (iPod, mp3 player, etc), cameras or other photographic equipment, devices that can access the Internet, and any other electronic or communication devices.
• Books, compasses, protractors, mechanical pencils, correction fluid, dictionaries, highlighters, notes, or colored pencils.
• Scratch paper; notes can be made on portions of the exam booklets.
• Watches that beep or have an alarm or smartwatches.
• Reference guides, keyboard maps, or other typing instructions.
• Clothing with subject related information.
• Food or drink.

  4. Before Exam Day: Have you taken a practice AP exam?

  Review released free-response questions at to get to know the exam. Complete released exams are available for sale at store.collegeboard.org. SECTION REVIEW CHEMISTRY

• Organic compounds contain carbon; important examples include lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates.
• Enzymes are catalytic proteins that react in an induced-fit fashion with substrates to speed up a reaction.
• The five types of chemical reactions you should learn include hydrolysis reactions, dehydration synthesis reactions, endergonic reactions, exergonic reactions, and redox reactions.

  CELLS -Prokaryotic cells are simple cells with no nuclei or organelles.

• Animal cells do not contain cell walls or chloroplasts and have small vacuoles.
• Plant cells do not have centrioles.
• The fluid mosaic model states that a cell membrane consists of a phospholipid bilayer with proteins of various lengths and sizes interspersed with cholesterol among the phospholipids.
• Passive transport is the movement of a particle across a selectively permeable membrane down its concentration gradient (e.g., diffusion, osmosis).
• Active transport is the movement of a particle across a selectively permeable membrane against its concentration gradient (e.g., sodium-potassium pump).

  RESPIRATION

• Aerobic respiration: glycolysis -> Krebs cycle -> oxidative phosphorylation -> 36 ATP.
• Anaerobic respiration: glycolysis -> regenerate NAD+ -> much less ATP.
• Oxidative phosphorylation results in the production of large amounts of ATP from NADH and FADH2.
• Chemiosmosis is the coupling of the movement of electrons down the electron

  PHOTOSYNTHESIS -Overall photosynthesis reaction: H2O + CO2 + light -> O2 + glucose + H2O.

• Light-dependent reactions: inputs are water and light; products are ATP, NADPH, and O2.
• The oxygen produced in photosynthesis comes from the water.
• The carbon in the glucose produced in photosynthesis comes from the CO2.
• Light-independent reactions (dark reactions): inputs are NADPH, ATP and CO2; products are ADP, NADP+, and sugar.

  CELL DIVISION -There are four main stages in the cell cycle - G1, S, G2, and M.

• The stages of mitosis are: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis.
• Crossing over occurs during prophase I of meiosis.
• Examples of cell division control mechanisms: growth factors, checkpoints, density- dependent inhibition, and cyclins/protein kinases.
• Sources of cell variation: crossover, 2n possible gametes, and random pairing of gametes.

  HEREDITY

• Law of segregation: the two alleles for a trait separate during the formation of gametes - one to each gamete.
• Law of independent assortment: inheritance of one trait does not interfere with the inheritance of another trait.
• Law of dominance: if two opposite pure-breeding varieties are crossed (BB x bb), all offspring resemble the BB parent.
• Linked genes that lie along the same chromosome do not follow the law of independent assortment.
• Autosomal recessive disorders: Tay-Sachs, cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, phenylketonuria.
• Autosomal dominant disorders: Huntington, achondroplasia.
• Nondisjunction errors: Down, Klinefelter, Turner syndromes.

  MOLECULAR GENETICS -DNA: adenine-thymine, cytosine-guanine - arranged in a double helix.

• DNA replication occurs during the S-phase in a semi-conservative fashion and in a 5' to 3' direction.
• Types of DNA replication mutations: frameshift, missense, nonsense.
• Transcription: mRNA is formed from a DNA template.
• Translation: process by which mRNA specified sequence of amino acids is lined up on a ribosome for protein synthesis.
• Operons act as on-off switches for transcription - allow for production of genes only when needed.
• Types of genetic recombination: transformation, transduction, and conjugation.

  EVOLUTION

• The four major modes of evolution are genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, and natural selection.
• Natural selection is based on three conditions: variation, heritability, and differential reproductive success.
• There are four basic patterns of evolution: co-evolution, convergent evolution, divergent evolution, and parallel evolution.
• Sources of variation within populations: mutation, sexual reproduction, and balanced polymorphism.
• Hardy-Weinberg conditions: no mutations, no gene flow, no genetic drift, no natural selection, and random mating.
• Hardy-Weinberg equations: p + q = 1 and p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1.
• Evidence for evolution: homologous characters, embryology, and vestigial structures.

TAXONOMY AND CLASSIFICATION

• Do not spend countless hours memorizing every detail about these various kingdoms. If you have time to burn and really want to learn all the details – go for it. If you are pressed for time, focus in on the basic and important information about each kingdom.
• The seven categories of classification listed from broadest to most specific: kingdom-phylum-class-order-family-genus-species.
• Autotrophs are the producers of the world; heterotrophs are the consumers.
• The endosymbiotic theory states that eukaryotic cells originated from a symbiotic partnership of prokaryotic cells.

• Be sure to learn the evolutionary relationships within each kingdom – this is fair game for a free response question.

  PLANTS

• Roots are the portion of the plant that are below ground; shoots are the portions of the plant that are above ground.
• There are three plant tissue systems to know: ground, vascular, and dermal.
• Two important plant vascular structures: xylem and phloem.
• Regions of plant growth: root cap, zone of cell division, zone of elongation, and zone of maturation,
• Five important plant hormones: abscisic acid, auxin, cytokinins, ethylene, and gibberellins.
• Three important tropisms: gravitropism, phototropism, and thigmotropism.

  HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY -Study this chapter well – human physiology comes up often on the AP exam.

• Passage of blood flow through the heart: vena cava -> right atrium -> right ventricle - > lungs -> left atrium - > left ventricle -> aorta -> body and back.
• The functional unit of the lung is alveolus.
• Four major thermoregulatory processes: conduction, convection, evaporation, and radiation.
• The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The PNS is broken down into the sensory and motor divisions.
• Three main types of muscle: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.
• Study the names, origins, and functions of the various hormones that appear in this chapter – this is a common subject for multiple-choice questions.
• Learn about the difference between nonspecific and specific immunity.

HUMAN REPRODUCTION

• Primary sex characteristics are the internal structures that assist in the process of procreation.
• Secondary sex characteristics are the noticeable physical characteristic that differ between males and females.

• Take the time to learn which germ layer produces which structures (endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm).
• Four extraembryonic structures necessary to the healthy development of an embryo: yolk sac, chorion, allantois, and amnion.
• Factors in cellular differentiation: cytoplasmic distribution, induction, and homeotic genes.

BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY AND ETHOLOGY

• Learn the bold-faced terms in this chapter well because they show up often on the multiple-choice portion of the exam.
• Types of animal learning: associative learning, fixed-action pattern, habituation, imprinting, insight learning, observational learning, and operant conditioning.
• Three major types of animal movement: kinesis, migration, and taxis.
• Behavioral patterns/concepts to know: agonistic behaviors, altruistic behaviors, coefficient of relatedness, dominance hierarchies, foraging, inclusive fitness, optimal foraging, reciprocal altruism, and territoriality.
• Types of animal communication: chemical, visual, auditory, and tactile.

  ECOLOGY IN FURTHER DETAIL -Three main types of dispersion patterns: clumped, uniform, and random.

• Two main types of population growth: exponential (J-shaped) and logistic (S- shaped).
• Two primary life history strategies: K-selected and R-selected populations.
• Three main symbiotic relationships: commensalism, mutualism, and parasitism.
• Defense mechanisms: aposematic coloration, Batesian mimicry, cryptic coloration, deceptive markings, and Mullerian mimicry.
• Biomes that come up on the AP exam: desert, savannah, taiga, temperature deciduous forest, temperature grassland, tropical forest, tundra, and water.
• Have a general understanding of the biogeochemical cycles (carbon, nitrogen, and water).

  LABARATORY RAPID REVIEW: order of these is not important.

  Investigation 1: Mathematical Modeling: Hardy-Weinberg

• The Hardy-Weinberg equation is used to check the frequencies of alleles in a population that is not evolving. This “snapshot” of the population is used as a point of comparison, to see if evolution does occur (and changes the allelic frequencies).
• For a given gene, there is the p allele and the q allele. Therefore, p + q = 1.

• For that same gene, organisms can be homozygous dominant (pp), homozygous recessive (qq), or heterozygous (pq or qp). Therefore, p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1.
• By altering any of the five conditions required for a non-evolving Hardy0Weinberg population, you can cause a change in your population’s gene pool. Investigation 2: Comparing DNA Sequences to Understand Evolutionary Relationships w/BLAST
• BLAST is a computer program used to compare specific genes from different organisms.
• The more similar the nucleotide base sequence between two genes, the closer the evolutionary relationship.
• A cladogram is a visual representation of the evolutionary relatedness of a species. Investigation 3: Diffusion and Osmosis -Water flows from hypotonic (low solute) to hypertonic (high solute).
• To measure diffusion and osmosis, take dialysis bags containing solutes of varying concentrations, place them into beakers containing solutions of various concentrations, and record the direction of flow during each experiment. Investigation 4: Photosynthesis & Transpiration -To experimentally determine the photosynthetic rate of various plants in various environments, first remove the air from leaf disk samples and add the samples to water containing sodium bicarbonate (a source of carbon dioxide). They will sink to the bottom of the cup.
• As the leaf tissue photosynthesizes, oxygen is released, causing the disks to rise to the surface. Expose different plant samples to different environmental conditions, measure how much photosynthesis occurs (ET50), and then compare. Investigation 5: Cell Respiration -To experimentally determine the rate of respiration in peas, use a respirometer to calculate the change in volume that occurs around the peas. Set up (1) a control group of nongerminating peas that will have a lower baseline respiration rate, (2) a control group that measures the change in oxygen due to pressure and temperature changes, and (3) an experimental group that contains the group whose respiration rate you want to measure. Investigation 7: Cell Division: Mitosis as well as Meiosis Activity -To determine experimentally the percentage of cells in a particular stage of the cell

the number in each stage by the total number of cells to determine the relative percentages.