REVOLT AGAINST THE DOMINATION OF PATRIARCHIC CULTURE: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS ON REVOLT AGAINST THE DOMINATION OF PATRIARCHIC CULTURE: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS ON CARMEN BIN LADIN’S INSIDE THE KINGDOM.
REVOLT AGAINST THE DOMINATION OF PATRIARCHIC
CULTURE: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS ON
CARMEN BIN LADIN’S INSIDE THE KINGDOM
RESEARCH PAPER
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement
for Getting Bachelor Degree of Education
in English Department
by:
DESTIAN AFIANA
A 320 070 099
SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
2011
i
APPROVAL
REVOLT AGAINST THE DOMINATION OF PATRIARCHIC CULTURE:
A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS ON CARMEN BIN LADIN’S
INSIDE THE KINGDOM
RESEARCH PAPER
by
DESTIAN AFIANA
A320 070 099
Approved to be Examined by Consultant
Consultant II
Consultant I
Dr. Phil. Dewi Candraningrum
NIK. 772
Drs. M. Thoyibi, MS
NIK. 410
ii
ACCEPTANCE
REVOLT AGAINST THE DOMINATION OF PATRIARCHIC CULTURE:
A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS ON CARMEN BIN LADIN’S
INSIDE THE KINGDOM
Accepted and Approved by the Board of Examiners
School of the Teacher Training and Education
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
on July, 2011
Team of Examiners:
1. Drs. M.Thoyibi, MS.
(Chair Person)
(
)
2. Dr. Phil. Dewi Candraningrum
(Member I)
(
)
3. Prof. Dr. Endang Fauziati
(Member II)
(
)
Dean
Drs. H. Sofyan Anif, M. Si.
NIK. 547
iii
TESTIMONY
I herewith assert that there is no work had been submitted to obtain bachelor
degree in any University in this research paper and as far as I concern, there are no
works, opinions or masterpieces that had been written or published by someone
else except the written references which are referred in this paper and mentioned
in the bibliography. If only there will be any incorrectness proved in the future in
my statement above, I will be fully responsible.
Surakarta, July
2011
The writer
Destian Afiana
iv
MOTTO
∗
∗
High Dream, Hard Work.
Be passionate for every single thing you’re doing.
(The Writer)
Change will not come if we wait for some other person or some other time.
We are the ones we've been waiting for. We are the change that we seek.
(Barack Obama)
v
vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Assalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb
All praise belongs to Allah SWT for all the blessing and mercies that have
been given to me, so that I can complete this research paper entitled ‘REVOLT
AGAINST THE DOMINATION OF PATRIARCHIC CULTURE: A
CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS ON CARMEN BIN LADIN’S INSIDE
THE KINGDOM’
By the time I conduct and finish this research paper I have worked with a
great number of people whose contribution in assorted ways to this research and
the making of this research deserved special mention. Therefore, it is a pleasure to
convey my gratitude to them all in my humble acknowledgment as the following:
1. To my greatest beloved parents, Ibu Markhamah and Bapak Murtanto for the
unflinching encouragement and support in various ways. Without them I
would not have finished my degree,
2. Drs. M.Thoyibi, MS, the first as well as the friendliest consultant who gives
me his supervision, valuable advice, and guidance from the very early stage
of this research whilst allowing me to work in my own way,
3. Dr. Phil. Dewi Candraningrum, as the second consultant who willingly spent
her precious time to read this research and gave her critical comments about
it. I’m also thankful for her correction, assistance, and advice,
vii
4. Titis Setyabudi, S.S., M.Hum., Head of English Department Muhammadiyah
University of Surakarta,
5. All lecturers of English Department at Muhammadiyah University of
Surakarta, thanks for transferring the knowledge and giving guidance,
6. My only sibling, Yanita Ustiari Yulaikhah S.Farm, Apt., for her never ending
prays and support so that I am able to complete my study,
7. Safira Maharani and Aliefan Andre Deandno, my cousins who always give
caring and gently love,
8. My discussion mate Siti Restiwi, for willingly sharing her thought which is
very precious for shaping up my ideas and research,
9. My everlasting besties; Devia Elva Natalia, Dayu Amalia Ilmi, Fifin Natalia,
Fatia Wijayanti, and Fendy Pratistyantoro. Thanks for your support,
encouragement, companionship and exhilarating time we spent together
during our study in UMS. I’m indescribable fortune to have you all as my
second family,
10. All my dearest friends in English Department ’07, and
11. Everybody who was important to the successful of this research paper, as well
as expressing my apology that I could not mention personally.
I realize that this research paper is still far from being perfect and still needs
many improvements. Therefore, I accept gratefully every suggestions, criticism,
viii
and comment from those who has concern to this research. Hopefully, this
research paper is useful for prospective readers.
Wassalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb
Surakarta, July
2011
Destian Afiana
ix
ABSTRACT
Destian Afiana, A 320 070 099. REVOLT AGAINST THE DOMINATION
OF PATRIARCHIC CULTURE: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
ON CARMEN BIN LADIN'S INSIDE THE KINGDOM. Research Paper.
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta. 2011. The purposes of the research
are to describe the revolt against the domination of patriarchic culture reflected in
Inside the Kingdom based on its structural elements and to reveal the dominant
ideology reflected. This research is the type of descriptive qualitative research that
uses two data, namely primary and secondary data. The primary data is Inside the
Kingdom autobiography written by Carmen bin Ladin, while the secondary data is
from other sources that support the analysis such as books and journals. Using
Critical Discourse Analysis as the theoretical framework, the research shows the
following findings. First, the structural elements of Inside the Kingdom are
evidence that there is revolt from Carmen as Western woman toward Patriarchic
culture in Saudi Arabia. It is proven by Carmen’s emphasizing on the negative
presentation about the culture of Saudi Arabia. Second, the dominant ideology n
Inside the Kingdom is feminist ideology. This ideology is reflected through the
several key issues that remark Inside the Kingdom as a feminist discourse.
Key Words: Critical Discourse Analysis, Inside the Kingdom
Consultant II
`
Consultant I
Dr. Phil. Dewi Candraningrum
NIK. 772
Drs. M.Thoyibi, MS
NIK. 410
Dean
Drs. H. Sofyan Anif, M. Si.
NIK. 547
x
TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE………………………………………………………………..………...
i
APPROVAL……………………………………………………………………
ii
ACCEPTANCE……………………………………………………………..…
iii
TESTIMONY………………………………………………………………….
iv
MOTTO………………………………………………………………………..
v
DEDICATION………………………………………………………………....
vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT………………………………………………………. vii
SUMMARY……………………………………………………………………
x
TABLE OF CONTENT……………………………………………….……...
xi
CHAPTER I:
INTRODUCTION…………………………………...
1
A.
Background of the Study ...................................
1
B.
Literature Review ..............................................
6
C.
Problem Statement.............................................
9
D.
Objective of the Study .......................................
9
E.
Limitation of the Study ......................................
9
F.
Benefit of the Study ...........................................
9
G.
Research Method ...............................................
10
1. Type of Research ........................................
10
2. Object of Research ......................................
10
3. Type of Data and Data Source ....................
10
4. Method of Collecting Data ..........................
10
5. Method of Analyzing Data ..........................
11
H. Research Paper Organization ............................
11
CHAPTER II:
UNDERLYING THEORY………………………….
12
A. Notion of Critical Discourse Analysis ...................
12
B. Structural Elements of CDA .................................
13
xi
CHAPTER III:
1. Macrostructure................................ ................
13
2. Superstructure................................. .................
14
3. Microstructure ...............................................
15
a. Syntactic ..................................................
16
b. Semantic ..................................................
16
c. Stylistic ....................................................
17
d. Rhetoric ...................................................
17
C. Social Cognition ...................................................
18
1. Knowledge .....................................................
18
2. Attitude ..........................................................
20
3. Ideology .........................................................
20
D. Historical Context ................................................
21
1. Setting ............................................................
22
2. Participants .....................................................
23
3. Social Situation ..............................................
23
E. Theoretical Application .......................................
24
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS ……........……........…
25
A. Structural Elements of Inside the Kingdom ...........
25
1. Macrostructures .............................................
25
a. Title ..........................................................
25
b. Preface .....................................................
26
c. Chaptering ...............................................
26
2. Superstructure ................................................
35
a. Introduction...............................................
35
b. Complication ............................................
37
c. Resolution ................................................
40
d. Evaluation ................................................
41
4. Microstructure ................................................
42
a. Syntactic ..................................................
42
xii
CHAPTER IV:
CHAPTER V:
b. Semantic ...................................................
45
1) Positive Self Presentation .......................
45
2) Negative Other Presentation ...................
46
c. Stylistic ......................................................
46
d. Rhetoric .....................................................
48
1) Metaphor ................................................
48
2) Euphemism.............................................
49
3) Hyperbole ...............................................
49
4) Irony ......................................................
50
5) Number Game ........................................
50
B. Discussion ............................................................
52
SOCIAL COGNITION AND HISTORICAL
CONTEXT....................................................................
58
A. Social Cognition ...................................................
58
1. Knowledge .....................................................
58
2. Attitude ..........................................................
62
3. Ideology ........................................................
64
B. Historical Context ................................................
66
1. Setting ............................................................
66
a. Social Dimension .....................................
66
b. Cultural Dimension ..................................
70
c. Religious Dimension ................................
71
2. Participants .....................................................
73
C. Discussion ...........................................................
74
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ………………
77
xiii
A. Conclusion ...........................................................
77
B. Suggestion ............................................................
78
BIBLIOGRAPHY.........................................................................................
79
VIRTUAL REFERENCE .............................................................................
81
APPENDIX .................................................................................................
83
xiv
CULTURE: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS ON
CARMEN BIN LADIN’S INSIDE THE KINGDOM
RESEARCH PAPER
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement
for Getting Bachelor Degree of Education
in English Department
by:
DESTIAN AFIANA
A 320 070 099
SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
2011
i
APPROVAL
REVOLT AGAINST THE DOMINATION OF PATRIARCHIC CULTURE:
A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS ON CARMEN BIN LADIN’S
INSIDE THE KINGDOM
RESEARCH PAPER
by
DESTIAN AFIANA
A320 070 099
Approved to be Examined by Consultant
Consultant II
Consultant I
Dr. Phil. Dewi Candraningrum
NIK. 772
Drs. M. Thoyibi, MS
NIK. 410
ii
ACCEPTANCE
REVOLT AGAINST THE DOMINATION OF PATRIARCHIC CULTURE:
A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS ON CARMEN BIN LADIN’S
INSIDE THE KINGDOM
Accepted and Approved by the Board of Examiners
School of the Teacher Training and Education
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
on July, 2011
Team of Examiners:
1. Drs. M.Thoyibi, MS.
(Chair Person)
(
)
2. Dr. Phil. Dewi Candraningrum
(Member I)
(
)
3. Prof. Dr. Endang Fauziati
(Member II)
(
)
Dean
Drs. H. Sofyan Anif, M. Si.
NIK. 547
iii
TESTIMONY
I herewith assert that there is no work had been submitted to obtain bachelor
degree in any University in this research paper and as far as I concern, there are no
works, opinions or masterpieces that had been written or published by someone
else except the written references which are referred in this paper and mentioned
in the bibliography. If only there will be any incorrectness proved in the future in
my statement above, I will be fully responsible.
Surakarta, July
2011
The writer
Destian Afiana
iv
MOTTO
∗
∗
High Dream, Hard Work.
Be passionate for every single thing you’re doing.
(The Writer)
Change will not come if we wait for some other person or some other time.
We are the ones we've been waiting for. We are the change that we seek.
(Barack Obama)
v
vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Assalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb
All praise belongs to Allah SWT for all the blessing and mercies that have
been given to me, so that I can complete this research paper entitled ‘REVOLT
AGAINST THE DOMINATION OF PATRIARCHIC CULTURE: A
CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS ON CARMEN BIN LADIN’S INSIDE
THE KINGDOM’
By the time I conduct and finish this research paper I have worked with a
great number of people whose contribution in assorted ways to this research and
the making of this research deserved special mention. Therefore, it is a pleasure to
convey my gratitude to them all in my humble acknowledgment as the following:
1. To my greatest beloved parents, Ibu Markhamah and Bapak Murtanto for the
unflinching encouragement and support in various ways. Without them I
would not have finished my degree,
2. Drs. M.Thoyibi, MS, the first as well as the friendliest consultant who gives
me his supervision, valuable advice, and guidance from the very early stage
of this research whilst allowing me to work in my own way,
3. Dr. Phil. Dewi Candraningrum, as the second consultant who willingly spent
her precious time to read this research and gave her critical comments about
it. I’m also thankful for her correction, assistance, and advice,
vii
4. Titis Setyabudi, S.S., M.Hum., Head of English Department Muhammadiyah
University of Surakarta,
5. All lecturers of English Department at Muhammadiyah University of
Surakarta, thanks for transferring the knowledge and giving guidance,
6. My only sibling, Yanita Ustiari Yulaikhah S.Farm, Apt., for her never ending
prays and support so that I am able to complete my study,
7. Safira Maharani and Aliefan Andre Deandno, my cousins who always give
caring and gently love,
8. My discussion mate Siti Restiwi, for willingly sharing her thought which is
very precious for shaping up my ideas and research,
9. My everlasting besties; Devia Elva Natalia, Dayu Amalia Ilmi, Fifin Natalia,
Fatia Wijayanti, and Fendy Pratistyantoro. Thanks for your support,
encouragement, companionship and exhilarating time we spent together
during our study in UMS. I’m indescribable fortune to have you all as my
second family,
10. All my dearest friends in English Department ’07, and
11. Everybody who was important to the successful of this research paper, as well
as expressing my apology that I could not mention personally.
I realize that this research paper is still far from being perfect and still needs
many improvements. Therefore, I accept gratefully every suggestions, criticism,
viii
and comment from those who has concern to this research. Hopefully, this
research paper is useful for prospective readers.
Wassalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb
Surakarta, July
2011
Destian Afiana
ix
ABSTRACT
Destian Afiana, A 320 070 099. REVOLT AGAINST THE DOMINATION
OF PATRIARCHIC CULTURE: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
ON CARMEN BIN LADIN'S INSIDE THE KINGDOM. Research Paper.
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta. 2011. The purposes of the research
are to describe the revolt against the domination of patriarchic culture reflected in
Inside the Kingdom based on its structural elements and to reveal the dominant
ideology reflected. This research is the type of descriptive qualitative research that
uses two data, namely primary and secondary data. The primary data is Inside the
Kingdom autobiography written by Carmen bin Ladin, while the secondary data is
from other sources that support the analysis such as books and journals. Using
Critical Discourse Analysis as the theoretical framework, the research shows the
following findings. First, the structural elements of Inside the Kingdom are
evidence that there is revolt from Carmen as Western woman toward Patriarchic
culture in Saudi Arabia. It is proven by Carmen’s emphasizing on the negative
presentation about the culture of Saudi Arabia. Second, the dominant ideology n
Inside the Kingdom is feminist ideology. This ideology is reflected through the
several key issues that remark Inside the Kingdom as a feminist discourse.
Key Words: Critical Discourse Analysis, Inside the Kingdom
Consultant II
`
Consultant I
Dr. Phil. Dewi Candraningrum
NIK. 772
Drs. M.Thoyibi, MS
NIK. 410
Dean
Drs. H. Sofyan Anif, M. Si.
NIK. 547
x
TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE………………………………………………………………..………...
i
APPROVAL……………………………………………………………………
ii
ACCEPTANCE……………………………………………………………..…
iii
TESTIMONY………………………………………………………………….
iv
MOTTO………………………………………………………………………..
v
DEDICATION………………………………………………………………....
vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT………………………………………………………. vii
SUMMARY……………………………………………………………………
x
TABLE OF CONTENT……………………………………………….……...
xi
CHAPTER I:
INTRODUCTION…………………………………...
1
A.
Background of the Study ...................................
1
B.
Literature Review ..............................................
6
C.
Problem Statement.............................................
9
D.
Objective of the Study .......................................
9
E.
Limitation of the Study ......................................
9
F.
Benefit of the Study ...........................................
9
G.
Research Method ...............................................
10
1. Type of Research ........................................
10
2. Object of Research ......................................
10
3. Type of Data and Data Source ....................
10
4. Method of Collecting Data ..........................
10
5. Method of Analyzing Data ..........................
11
H. Research Paper Organization ............................
11
CHAPTER II:
UNDERLYING THEORY………………………….
12
A. Notion of Critical Discourse Analysis ...................
12
B. Structural Elements of CDA .................................
13
xi
CHAPTER III:
1. Macrostructure................................ ................
13
2. Superstructure................................. .................
14
3. Microstructure ...............................................
15
a. Syntactic ..................................................
16
b. Semantic ..................................................
16
c. Stylistic ....................................................
17
d. Rhetoric ...................................................
17
C. Social Cognition ...................................................
18
1. Knowledge .....................................................
18
2. Attitude ..........................................................
20
3. Ideology .........................................................
20
D. Historical Context ................................................
21
1. Setting ............................................................
22
2. Participants .....................................................
23
3. Social Situation ..............................................
23
E. Theoretical Application .......................................
24
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS ……........……........…
25
A. Structural Elements of Inside the Kingdom ...........
25
1. Macrostructures .............................................
25
a. Title ..........................................................
25
b. Preface .....................................................
26
c. Chaptering ...............................................
26
2. Superstructure ................................................
35
a. Introduction...............................................
35
b. Complication ............................................
37
c. Resolution ................................................
40
d. Evaluation ................................................
41
4. Microstructure ................................................
42
a. Syntactic ..................................................
42
xii
CHAPTER IV:
CHAPTER V:
b. Semantic ...................................................
45
1) Positive Self Presentation .......................
45
2) Negative Other Presentation ...................
46
c. Stylistic ......................................................
46
d. Rhetoric .....................................................
48
1) Metaphor ................................................
48
2) Euphemism.............................................
49
3) Hyperbole ...............................................
49
4) Irony ......................................................
50
5) Number Game ........................................
50
B. Discussion ............................................................
52
SOCIAL COGNITION AND HISTORICAL
CONTEXT....................................................................
58
A. Social Cognition ...................................................
58
1. Knowledge .....................................................
58
2. Attitude ..........................................................
62
3. Ideology ........................................................
64
B. Historical Context ................................................
66
1. Setting ............................................................
66
a. Social Dimension .....................................
66
b. Cultural Dimension ..................................
70
c. Religious Dimension ................................
71
2. Participants .....................................................
73
C. Discussion ...........................................................
74
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ………………
77
xiii
A. Conclusion ...........................................................
77
B. Suggestion ............................................................
78
BIBLIOGRAPHY.........................................................................................
79
VIRTUAL REFERENCE .............................................................................
81
APPENDIX .................................................................................................
83
xiv