A critical discourse analysis on The Jakarta Post text

A B S T R A C T

M u d h o fa r, A Critical Discourse Analysis on the Jakarta Post Text. A T h e sis. Ja k a rta: L e tte rs an d H u m a n ities F a cu lty, S ta te Isla m ic U n iv ersity S ya rif H id a ya tu llah , F eb ru ary 2 0 0 9 .

T h e p u rp o se o f th is re se arch is to d ev e lo p a rese arch b e tw e en so c io -lin g u istic sc ie n c es w ith m ass co m m u n ic atio n in c ritic al d isco u rse a n a lysis w h ich b ased o n d isc o u rse th e o ry ab o u t so c ia l p ro b le m (C h in ese d isc rim in a tio n ) n e w s in m ass m ed ia w h ic h is esp ec ia lly lad ed in th e Jak arta P o st te x t.

T h e m e th o d o f th is re se a rch is C ritica l D isco u rse A n a lysis w h ic h is re la te d to te x t an alysis; R ep re se n ta tio n , R e la tio n a n d Id en tity w h ich is d esc rib e d an d sh o w n in th e te x t.

T h e re se a rch re su lt: R e p rese n ta tio n le v e l. T h o se tex ts ab o v e n o t o n ly d e sc rib e h o w th e ev en t is m ad e , b u t a lso sh o w h o w th e so c ia l p o w e r is re p rese n ted in th e n e w s. T h e tw o o f te x ts a b o v e a re re la te d to e th n ic C h in ese life w h o is still d iscrim in a ted b y th e go v e rn m e n t. H e re , it c an b e se e n th at th e w h o le tex ts a re rela te d

to e th n ic C h in ese life w h o still g et in ju stic e.

R e la tio n le v e l. T h e d isc o u rse a lso c a n b e se e n fro m h o w th e re la tio n is fo u n d e d in th e te x t. T h e te x t en clo ses tw o sid es; th o se are e th n ic C h in ese -In d o n e sian a n d th e In d o n e sian g o v ern m e n t (S o e h a rto R e g im e). T h e tw o sid e s a re d e sc rib ed d ifferen tly in th e te x t. T h e e th n ic C h in e se is d escrib ed as w e ak sid e an d m a rg in aliz e d . A n d th e o th e r h an d , th e g o v e rn m en t (S o e h a rto re g im e ) is d esc rib ed h ig h e r, stro n ge r an d co n sid e re d a s d e te rm in a n t fo r e th n ic C h in e se life.

Id en tity le v e l. B ased o n th e te x t a b o v e , th e jo u rn a list id en tifie s h im se lf a s p art o f In d o n e sia (g o v ern m e n t). A lth o u g h , h e re a liz es th at e th n ic C h in ese is d iscrim in a ted b u t h e su g g e sts e ra d ic a tin g th e p a st an d lo o k in g fo rw ard to h av e b e tte r fu tu re to d e v e lo p In d o n esia to g e th er. B as ed o n th o se te x ts a b o v e , it ca n b e co n c lu d e d th a t th e jo u rn a list p o sitio n s h im se lf in th e n eu tra l p o sitio n .

A s th e c o n clu sio n , te x t a n a lysis o n th e sa m p les sh o w s in ju stic e to so c ie ty w h ic h fin a lly b e a rs so c ia l p ro b le m . T h e te x t o nly ta lk s ab o u t th e m ise ry o f th e so c ie ty

as th e re su lt o f in ju stic e in th e so c ie ty itse lf a n d th e re g u la tio n w h ic h is m ad e b y th e go v e rn m e n t a n d a lso im p lies th e m yth th at b y d e liv erin g o r ex p o se th e m isery o f th e so c ie ty h a s b ette r p o w er to re v e al th e m e an in g o f c o m m u n ica tio n m essa g e .

A PP R O V E M E N T

A C R IT IC A L D ISC O U R SE A N A L Y S IS O N T H E JA K A R T A PO ST T E X T

A T h esis

S u b m itted to L e tte rs an d H u m an itie s F a cu lty in P a rtial A cc o m p lish m e n t o f th e R eq u ire m en ts fo r S 1 D e g re e

M u d h o far N o . 1 0 3 0 2 6 0 2 7 6 6 0

A p p ro v e d b y:

D r. F ra n s S a yo g ie, M .P d S u p erv iso r

E N G L ISH L E T T E R S D E PA R T M E N T L E T T E R S A N D H U M A N IT IE S FA C U L T Y

ST A T E IS L A M IC U N IV E R SIT Y SY A R IF H ID A Y A T U L L A H JA K A R T A

2009

L E G A L IZ A T IO N

T h e th e sis e n title “A C ritic al D isco u rse A n a lysis o n th e J ak arta P o st T e x t” h as b ee n d e fe n d ed b e fo re th e L etters an d H u m a n itie s F a cu lty’s E x a m in a tio n C o m m itte e o n F eb ru a ry 1 9 , 2 0 0 9 . T h e th esis h as a lre ad y b e e n ac c ep te d a s a p artial fu lfillm e n t o f th e req u ire m e n t fo r th e d eg re e o f L e tte rs S ch o lar.

Ja k a rta , F eb ru a ry 1 9 , 2 0 0 9

E xam ination C om m ittee

C hair Person,

D r. H . M . Farkhan, M . Pd. N IP. 150 299 480

Secretary,

D rs. A . Saefuddin, M . Pd. N IP. 150 261 902

M em ber

E lve O ktafiyan i, M . H um . N IP. 150 317 725

D r. H . M . Farkhan, M . Pd. N IP. 150 299 480

D E C L A R A T IO N

I h e re b y d e c la re th at th is su b m issio n is m y o w n w o rk an d th a t, to th e b e st o f m y k n o w led g e an d b e lie f, it c o n ta in s n o m a terial p rev io u sly p u b lish ed o r w ritten b y an o th e r p e rso n n o r m ate rial w h ich to a su b sta n tial ex ten t h as b e en ac c e p te d fo r th e a w a rd o f an y o th er d e g re e o r d ip lo m a o f th e u n iv e rsity o r o th e r in stitu te o f h igh e r le arn in g , ex ce p t w h e re d u e ac k n o w led g m en t h as b ee n m a d e in th e te x t.

Ja k a rta , F eb ru a ry 2 0 0 9

M u d h o fa r

A C K N O W L E D G M E N T

In th e n a m e o f A llah , th e B en e fice n t, th e M e rc ifu l. A ll p ra ises are d u e to A lla h , th e A lm igh ty, an d th e L o rd o f a ll th at e x ist. M a y A lla h’s p e a ce a n d b lessin g b e u p o n H is fin al P ro p h e t a n d M e ssen g er, M u h a m m ad , h is fa m ily a n d h is co m p an io n s.

T h is p a p e r is p resen te d to th e E n g lish L e tte rs D e p artm e n t o f th e F a c u lty o f L e tte rs a n d H u m a n ities U IN S ya rif H id a ya tu llah Ja k a rta a s a p artial fu lfillm en t o f th e req u ire m en ts fo r S 1 d e gree .

It is a g re at h o n o r fo r th e w rite r to m a k e a ck n o w le d g m e n t o f in d e b ted n e s s to co n v e y h e r sin c e re g ra titu d e to D r. F ran s S a yo g ie , M .P d ., fo r h is v a lu ab le ad v ic e an d gu id a n c e to a c co m p lish th is resea rch .

T h e w rite r a lso w o u ld lik e to c o n v e y h is sin ce re gratitu d e p artic u la rly to : 1 . D r. H . A b d . C h a ir, M .A ., T h e D e an o f L e tte rs an d H u m an ities fa cu lty. 2 . D r. M . F a rk h an , M . P d ., th e H ea d o f E n g lish L e tte r D e p a rtm en t.

3 . D rs. A . S ae fu d d in , M . P d ., th e S e cre ta ry o f E n g lis h L e tte rs D e p artm e n t. 4 . A ll th e le ctu res o f E n g lish L e tte rs D e p a rtm en t fo r th e ir e n c o u ra g e m en t to th e

w rite r.

5 . T h e w riter’s b e lo v ed p a ren ts, M u ch la s an d M ira tu n fo r th e ir p a tie n ts a n d sp irits in sp ire d th e w rite r in h is e v e ry an x ie ty.

6 . H is b elo v ed b ro th e rs a n d siste rs, A b d u l S yu k u r, S .A g , S u lh ad i M S , N u r

H a ya ti a n d M u a’a w a n a h , w h o h a v e e n co u ra g ed th e w rite r in ac co m p lish in g h is re se arc h .

7. T h e B ig F a m ily o f Korps Sukarela Palang M erah Indonesia (KSR PM I) State Islamis University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.

8 . T h e B ig F a m ily o f Teater el Na’ma,Sanggar Altaran d Teater Syahid.

9 . T h e te ac h e rs an d sta ffs o f Bimbingan Belajar Bintang Pelajar. 1 0 . N u r A je n g S o lek h a , fo r h e r p a tie n t an d su p p o rt.

1 1 . A ll L ib raria n s o f U IN S ya rif H id a yatu llah L ib ra ry, U n iv e rsity o f A tm a ja ya L ib ra ry, U n iv e rsity o f In d o n e sia L ib ra ry, L ib rary o f S ta te U n iv ersity o f J ak a rta an d In stitu te o f S o c ial an d P o litic S c ie n c e Ja k a rta .

F in a lly, th e w riter h o p e s th is resea rc h is n o t o n ly u se fu l b u t also in v ites an o th e r resea rc h g en esis w h ich d iscu sses ab o u t m ed ia p ra c tica l.

Ja k a rta , F eb ru a ry 2 0 0 9 T h e W rite r

M u d h o fa r

T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S

A B S T R A C T ... i

A PP R O V E M E N T ... ii

L E G A L IZ A T IO N ... iii

D E C L A R A T IO N... iv

A C K N O W L E D G M E N T ... v

T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S... v ii L IST O F T A B L E S ... ix

L IST O F A P PE N D IC E S ... x

C H A PT E R I IN T R O D U C T IO N A . B a c k g ro u n d o f th e S tu d y ... 1

B . F o c u s o f th e S tu d y ... 5

C . R esea rc h Q u estio n ... 6

D . T h e S ign ific an c e s o f th e S tu d y ... 6

E . R esea rch M e th o d o lo g y ... 6

1 . M e th o d o f th e R e se a rc h ... 6

2 . In stru m en t o f th e R e se arch ... 7

3 . T e ch n iq u es o f D a ta S tu d y ... 7

C H A PT E R II T H E O R E T IC A L FR A M E W O R K A . M ass M e d ia a s In stitu tio n ... 8

B . N e w s an d O b je c tiv ity ... 9 C . T h e C o n c ep t o f T e x t a n d In te r-T e x tu al ... 1 1 D . D isc o u rse ... 1 7 1 . C ritic al P arad ig m ... 2 1 2 . N o rm a n F a irc lo u gh D isco u rse T h eo ry ... 2 3 a. R e p resen ta tio n ... 2 5 b . R e la tio n ... 3 2 c. Id e n tity... 3 5

C H A PT E R III T H E R E SE A R C H R E S U L T A N D D A T A A N A L Y S IS

A . R e sea rch S u b jec t ... 3 7 B . T h e R e s ea rc h R esu lt ... 3 7 1 . C h in ese N e w Y ea r E u p h o ria an d P o litica l T rau m a ... 3 7 a. R e p resen ta tio n ... 3 9 b . R e la tio n ... 4 4 c. Id e n tity... 4 5 2 . F ittin g In ... 4 7 a. R e p resen ta tio n ... 4 9 b . R e la tio n ... 5 5 c. Id e n tity... 5 6 C . D a ta A n alysis ... 5 8 C H A PT E R IV C O N C L U SIO N A N D S U G G E S T IO N

A . C o n c lu sio n ... 6 1 B . S u g g estio n ... 6 2 R E FE R E N C E S... 6 3 A P PE N D IC E S

L IST O F T A B L E S

1. T ab le of the E lem ent of T ext R esearch… … … . . .7 2. T ab le of D efin ition of D iscourse… … … . . 18 3. T ab le of the C haracteristic of T ext R esearch… … … .22

L IST O F A PPE N D IC E S

1. C hinese N ew Y ear E up horia and Political T raum a ... 64 2. Fittin g In ... 70

C H A PT E R I IN T R O D U C T IO N

A . B ackground of the Study

T o d a y, m ed ia h o ld im p o rtan t ro le s in h u m a n life. M e d ia are n o t o n ly fu n c tio n e d a s so u rc e o f in fo rm a tio n b u t also a s trig g e rin g fa cto r in c h a n g in g o f so c ia l, cu ltu re, p o litic an d ec o n o m y.

H arso n o S u w a n d i – le c tu re o f P o litic an d C o m m u n ica tio n P o stgrad u a te F IS IP U I – as e x c erp te d b y Ib n u H a m a d , sa ys th a t th e re are fiv e asp ec ts fro m m ass m ed ia w h ic h m ak e it im p o rtan t.

“Pertama, daya jangkauan (coverage) yang sangat luas dalam

menyebar- luaskan informasi politik; yang mampu melewati batas

wilayah (geografis), kelompok umur, jenis kelamin dan

social-ekonomi-status (demografis) dan perbedaan paham dan orientasi

(psikografis). Kedua, kemampua nnya m elipat-gandakan pesan

(multiplier of message) yang luar biasa. Ketiga, setiap media

massa bisa mewacanakan sebuah peristiwa sesuai

pandangann ya masing-masing. Keempat, tentu saja dengan fungsi

agenda setting yang dimilikinya, media memiliki kesempatan yang

sangat luas

(bahkan hampit tanpa batas) untuk memberitakan sebuah peristiwa. Kelima,

pemberitaan peristiwa oleh suatu media lazimnya berkaitan dengan

media lainnya hingga membentuk rantai informasi (media as

links in other chains).”1

B a sed o n th e e x p lan a tio n ab o v e ca n b e co n clu d ed , first, m ed ia h a v e la rg e co v e ra g e . N e w s w h ic h is p ro d u c ed b e co m es atten tio n in e v e ryw h e re a n d ev ery asp e ct

o f so ciety. S e c o n d , m e d ia h av e a g re at m u ltip lie r m essa g e s. A n e v e n t n o t o n ly c an b e

1

P refa c e o f H a rso n o S u w a n d i, le c tu re o f P o litic a n d C o m m u n ic a tio n P o stg ra d u a te F I S IP U I in Ib n u

H a m a d , Konstruksi Realitas Politik dalam M edia M assa: Sebuah Studi Critical D iscourse Analysis

m u ltip lie d d ep en d s o n h o w m a n y e x e m p la rs w h ic h are n ee d e d b u t a lso c an b e p rin ted m o re a n d m o re. T h ird , m e d ia h av e th e ir o w n d isco u rse . It m e an s th a t m ass m ed ia th ro u g h th e ir p o lic y d e te rm in e th e ap p e aran ce a n d th e co n ten t o f it th ro u gh th e tex ts. F o u rth , m ed ia h a v e larg e o p p o rtu n itie s fo r d eliv e rin g th e n e w s, a n d th e n e w s can b e fla sh e d o r n o t. A n d th e la st, a s lin k s in o th e r ch a in s ca n a d d se p a ra te d p o w e r in d istrib u tin g in fo rm a tio n an d an e ffe ct to th e p u b lic . B y th is asp e c t, m a ss m ed ia b ec o m e stro n g e r in m a k in g p u b lic o p in io n .

M e d ia a lso m a k e th e fra m in g o f m e ssa ge s p ro c ess. In th e fra m in g o f m e ssag es, m ed ia c an ch o o se th e fa c t, w h ic h w ill b e w ritte n (o r n o t) in th e n e w s tex ts. W h a tev er th e fac to rs, if m ass m e d ia h a v e b ec o m e an ag e n t o f p o litic , th e o b jec tiv itie s o f th e n e w s tex t w ill b e cru c ia l. M o reo v e r, o n e o f th e ch a rac teristic s o f m ed ia is m ak in g p u b lic o p in io n .

Z e llin g S . H a rries (1 9 5 2 ) firstly in tro d u c e s th e te rm o f te x t / d isc o u rse. H e started to sea rc h th e lan gu a g e p rin c ip les th a t ex p la in h o w th e sen ten c e w ith in a tex t c o n n e c te d b y a typ e o f e x te n d e d gra m m a tic a l.2

F a irc lo u gh d iv id ed d is c o u rse a n a lysis in to th re e d im en sio n : text, discourse

practice and socio-cultural practice.3 H o w e v er, in th is resea rc h th e w rite r

o n ly fo c u ses o n th e te x t lev e l.

In th e F airc lo u g h m o d e l, an a n alysis o f te x t is a n a lyz e d lin gu istic a lly; b y see in g th e w o rd s, se m an tic, an d th e stru c tu re . A ll o f th e ele m e n ts, w h ic h a re

2

3

E riy a n to ,Analisis Wacana: PengantarAnalisis Teks M edia,(Y o g y a k a rta : L K iS , 2 0 0 3 ), p . 2 8 6 .

an a lyz ed , a re u s ed fo r see in g th re e p ro b le m s, re p re se n ta tio n , re la tio n an d id en tity.

R ep re se n ta tio n a sp e ct w an ts to see h o w th e ev e n t, p eo p le o r a n yth in g is sh o w n an d d escrib e d in th e tex t. R e latio n asp e ct w a n ts to se e h o w th e re la tio n b e tw e e n jo u rn a list an d p u b lic are sh o w n a n d d e sc rib ed in th e te x t. Id en tity a sp e ct w an ts to s ee h o w th e id en tity o f jo u rn a list an d p u b lic a re sh o w n a n d d esc rib ed in th e te x t. A ll o f th o se a sp ec ts are rela te d to jo u rn a list an d th e in stitu tio n o f m e d ia a s n e w s m ak e r. W e a re g o in g to fin d th e e x a m p les as fo llo w s:

(1 ) (a ) P o lic e m an ra p e d a w o m an . (b ) P o lice m an d id a rap e . (c ) A w o m a n e x p e rie n c ed a rap e. (d ) A w o m an w a s ra p ed . (e ) R ap es h a p p en in a n yw h e re.

(2 ) T h e stu d e n ts o f U G M a re fid g e ty w ith th e o c cu rrin g c a m p u s au to n o m y. T h e e x a m p le (1 ) (a ) is clea r e n o u gh c a lled as a se n ten ce / te x t (su b je ct + v e rb + o b je c t). T h e e v en t o n ly p u ts in to o n e p artic ip a n t in th e te x t, e ith e r th e su b jec t o r th e o b je c t. In (b ) th e te x t o m its th e o b je c t. In (c ) th e te x t o m its th e o b jec t. T h e e v e n t is in tra n sitiv e se n te n c e (su b jec t + v e rb ). In (d ) th e te x t is o n ly sh o w n th e situ a tio n , w ith o u t m e n tio n in g an d m a y h id e th e su b je ct o f th e ac to r’s a c tio n . It o n ly d e sc rib es th at th ere w as a w o m a n w h o w a s rap ed . A n o th e r typ e is m en tal p ro ce ss; sh o w so m e th in g as p h en o m e n a , g en eral s ym p to m , w h ic h crea tes co n sc io u sn esse s th e p u b lic , w ith o u t sh o w in g th e su b je c t/ ac to r a n d th e v ic tim s sp e cific a lly, lik e in th e tex t

(d ). It o n ly d esc rib e s th e p h en o m en o n w h ic h is h ap p e n in g in th e so c ie ty. T h e d iffere n c e typ e is n o t o n ly stru c tu ral p ro b le m b e c a u se th e p u b lic w h o g e t th e m ea n in g

are d iffe ren t b u t a lso h o w an ev en t, a c tio n , o r ac to r c a n b e sh o w n d iffe re n tly b y u sin g d ifferen t stru c tu ral in lan gu a g e .4

T h e e x a m p le (2 ) is a m b iv a le n c e n e w s. D o e s th e s en te n c e c o n stitu te v o ic e o f a stu d en t w h ich th e n sh o w n b y jo u rn a list? O n th e o th e r h a n d , d o e s it c o n stitu te v o ic e o f th e w riter? D o es th e w o rd co n stitu te a ctu a lity th at is sp o k en b y th e au th o rities o r stu d e n ts? T h e e le m en ts m a y b e fo rm e d fo r b ein g tran sla ted in th e d iffe re n t w a y b y th e p u b lic o r re a d e r, an tic ip a ted an d in te r-te x tu a l is th e so u rc e o f th e a m b iv a len ce .5

A n o rd e r o f d isc o u rse is a so c ia l stru c tu rin g o f se m io tic d iffe re n c e – a

p articu la r so c ia l o rd e rin g o f re la tio n sh ip s a m o n gst d ifferen t w a ys o f m a k in g m ea n in g , ie d iffe re n t d isc o u rse a n d g en re s an d style s. O n e asp e ct o f th is ord e rin g is d o m in a n c e : so m e w a ys o f m ak in g m ea n in g a re d o m in a n t o r m a in stre a m in a p a rticu la r o rd e r o f d isco u rse , o th e rs a re m a rg in a l, o r o p p o sitio n a l, o r ‘altern a tive’. F o r in stan ce , th e re m a y b e a d o m in a n t w a y to co n d u c t a d o c to r-p a tie n t co n su lta tio n in B ritain , b u t th e re a re a lso v ario u s o th e r w a ys, w h ic h m a y b e a d o p ted o r d ev e lo p ed to

a gre a te r o r le sse r ex te n t in o p p o sitio n to th e d o m in a n t w a y. T h e d o m in a n t w a y p ro b ab ly still m a in ta in s so c ia l d ista n c e b e tw e en d o c to rs an d p a tien ts, a n d th e au th o rity o f th e d o c to r o v e r th e w a y in tera ctio n p ro c ee d s; b u t th e re are o th e rs w a ys w h ich are m o re ‘d e m o c ra tic ’, in w h ic h d o c to rs p la y d o w n th eir au th o rity. T h e p o litica l c o n cep t o f ‘h e g e m o n y’ c an u s efu lly b e u sed in a n a lyz in g o rd ers o f d isco u rse

– a p articu lar so c ial stru c tu rin g o f se m io tic d iffe re n c e m a y b ec o m e h e g e m o n ic ,

4

Op .Cit, p. 292-293.

5

Ibid, p. 3 0 6–3 0 7 .

b ec o m e p art o f th e leg itim iz in g co m m o n se n se w h ich su stain s re la tio n s o f

d o m in a tio n , b u t h e g e m o n y w ill a lw a ys b e c o n te ste d to a grea te r o r lesse r ex te n t, in h eg e m o n ic stru g g le . A n o rd e r o f d isc o u rse is n o t a c lo sed o r rig id s yste m , b u t ra th e r an o p e n s yste m , w h ic h is p u t a t risk b y w h a t h a p p e n s in ac tu a l in te ra c tio n s.6

C ritic al D isco u rse A n a lys is – a s a typ e o f d isc o u rse a n a lysis w h ich stu d ies h o w d o m in a tio n an d in ju stic e a re c a rrie d o u t a n d p ro d u ce d th ro u gh te x t – co n stitu te p a rt o f e ffo rt fo r re tu rn in g so m e th in g c u ltu ral stu d ie s –w h ic h is esp ec ia lly d ev e lo p e d

in E n g la n d – to th e ir ro o ts as critica l stu d ies.

B a sed o n th o se re a lities, th e w rite r is go in g to a n a lyz e th e te x t th e J ak arta P o st b y u sin g critic a l d isco u rs e an alysis.

B . Focus of the Stu dy

T h is resea rch u se s C ritic al D isco u rse A n a lysis (C D A ) as m e th o d o lo g y a p p ro ach . T h is re s ea rc h is b a sed o n th e in te rp re tatio n a n d fo cu se s o n h o w th e rep res en ta tio n , re la tio n an d id e n tities a re sh o w n a n d d escrib e d in th e te x t o f th e Ja k a rta P o st.7

6

N o rm a n F a irc lo u g h ,The Dialectics of Discourse,

h ttp ://w w w .g o o g le .c o .id /se a rc h ? h l= id & q = id e n tity % 2 C + re la tio n % 2 C + re p r e se n ta tio n + th e o ry + N o r m a n + F a ir c lo u g h & b tn G = T e lu s u ri+ d e n g a n + G o o g le & m e ta = & a q = f& o q = . A c c e s se d o n F e b ru a ry 2 5 , 2 0 0 9 . p . 2 .

7

W h y is it b a se d o n th e in te rp re ta tio n ? A c c o rd in g to J o h n B . T h o m so n , if w e w a n t to d o d e e p e st a n a ly sis fro m c o n te n t, w e h a v e to d o in te rp re ta tio n b e c a u se th e in te rp re ta tio n is a lw a y s re la te d to w h a t is n o t re a l o f w h a t w e s e e . T h e d e e p e st m e a n in g c a n b e k n o w n if w e d o a n a ly sis d e e p ly b y re la tin g to s tru c tu re a n d so c ia l c o n te x t w h ic h c o v e r th e te x t. A n d th e p ro c e ss w h ic h re la te s th e te x t a n d th e so c ia l c o n te x t c a n n o t b e d o n e o n ly b y se e in g b u t a lso b y

in te rp re tin g . J o h n B . T h o m so n , Ideology and M odern Culture: Critical Social Theory

in the Era of M ass Comm unication,

C . R esearch Q uestion

B a sed o n th e b a c k g ro u n d o f th e stu d y, th e m a in q u estio n s o f th e rese a rc h a re: 1 . H o w is th e C h in e s e rep resen tatio n d e s crib ed b y th e jo u rn a list in th e te x t o f th e

Ja k a rta P o st?

2 . H o w a re th e re la tio n a n d id e n tities o f th e jo u rn a list sh o w n in th e tex t o f th e

Ja k a rta P o st?

D . T he S ignificances of the Study

T h e re se arch w ill a n a ly z e th e tex t o f T h e Ja k a rta P o st. T h en , th e w rite r e x p ec ts, th is re sea rc h w ill b e u se fu l, esp ec ia lly fo r th e w rite r h im se lf to stu d y ab o u t a te x t an d k n o w s m o re ab o u t so c ia l p ro b le m in In d o n e sia a n d ge n e ra lly fo r b e in g refe ren c e fo r o th e r p eo p le .

E . R esearch M ethodology

1. M ethod of the R esearch

T h e m e th o d th at is u se d b y th e w rite r is C ritic al D isco u rse A n alysis (C D A ). C ritic al D isco u rse A n alys is (C D A ) is an in terd isc ip lin a ry ap p ro a ch to th e stu d y o f d isc o u rse w h ic h v ie w s " lan g u a g e a s a fo rm o f so c ial p ra ctic e " a n d fo c u se s o n th e w a ys so cial a n d p o litica l d o m in a tio n is rep ro d u c e d b y te x t an d ta lk . C ritic a l d isc o u rse a n a lysis is fo u n d e d o n th e id e a th at th e re is u n e q u al ac ce ss to lin gu istic a n d so c ia l

re so u rc e s th at are c o n tro lle d in stitu tio n a lly. T h e p a tte rn s o f ac ce ss to d isco u rse a n d co m m u n ic ativ e ev en ts a re o n e e ssen tial e le m e n t fo r C D A .

2. Instrum ent of the R esearch

T h e in stru m en t in th is re sea rc h is th e w rite r h im self w ith c o llec tin g , re ad in g an d an alyz in g th e re lev a n t d a ta w ith th e rese arch .

3. T echniques of D ata A nalysis

T h e tec h n iq u e s o f d a ta stu d y a re b e g u n b y co lle c tin g th e m a teria l, in th is c a se is n e w s tex ts o f T h e J ak a rta P o st.

T h e sec o n d p h ase is te x t a n a lysis a p p lic a tio n . T h is p h a se is d iv id ed in to th re e lev e ls; re p res en ta tio n , re la tio n an d id e n tity. T h e d e ta ils are:

T ab le I

T he E lem ent of T ext R esearch

T h e E le m en t F o r se e in g

R ep re se n ta tio n H o w th e ev en t, p eo p le , p u b lic, situ atio n o r

an yth in g a re sh o w n a n d d esc rib ed in th e te x t. R e la tio n H o w th e re la tio n b e tw e e n jo u rn a list, p u b lic a n d

n e w s p a rtic ip a n ts a re sh o w n a n d d escrib e d in th e te x t.

Id en tity H o w jo u rn a list’s, p u b lic’s an d n e w s p artic ip an t’s id e n tity a re sh o w n a n d d esc rib e d in th e tex t.

C H A PT E R II

T H E O R E T IC A L FR A M E W O R K

A . M ass M edia as Institution

R a y E . H ieb ert, in “M a ss M e d ia an In tro d u c tio n to M o d ern C o m m u n ic a tio n ,” ex ce rp ted b y S u rya F a h riz a l, sa ys “T h e m a ss m e d ia a re in stitu tio n o f p u b lic co m m u n ic atio n . T h e y p a rtic ip a te in e v e ry p o litic a l, ec o n o m ic an d cu ltu ra l asp e ct o f o u r so c ie ty.1

O n e o f th e typ es o f m a s s m ed ia is m a ga z in e . T o to k D ju ro to , as ex ce rp ted b y P riyo n o san to so , sa ys th at m a g a z in e is “c o lle c tio n o f n e w s, a rticle , sto ry, ad v e rtise m en t, e tc , w h ic h p rin te d in sh ee t o f p a p e r in le tter o r fo lio siz e, b an d ed in to b o o k . A m a g a z in e u su a lly co m es o u t re gu larly, w ee k ly o r m o n th ly.”2

In Kamus Bahasa Indonesiais m e n tio n ed th a t:

”Majalah adalah terbitan yg berisi berbagai liputan jurnalistik,

pandangan topic aktual pembaca, penerbitannya dibedakan atas

bulanan, tengah bu lanan, mingguan, dsb, dan menurut isinya, dibedakan

atas berita, wanita, remaja, olahraga, sastra, ilmu pengetahuan tertentu, dsb.”3

F ro m th e e x p lan a tio n ab o v e , th e w rite r tak es a co n c lu sio n th at m a g a z in e is as o n e o f m ass m e d ia w h ic h co m e o u t re g u la rly w ith a co v e r p a p er, u sin g p h o to an d

1

S u ry a F a c h riz a l,“W a c a n a S e k u la ris m e , P lu ra lis m e , d a n L ib e ra lis m e (S P L ) P a d a P e m b e rita a n L K B N A n ta ra d a n K o ra n T e m p o M e n g e n a i H u k u m C a m b u k d i A c e h d a n F a tw a M U I T e n ta n g S P L d a n A h m a d iy a h ,”S k rip si, (J a k a rta : In stitu t Ilm u S o sia l d a n Ilm u P o litik , 2 0 0 6 ), p ..2 1 . u .p .

2

P riy o n o S a n to sa ,“Ju rn a lis m e S a stra M B M T e m p o se b a g a i P ra k tik E ste tik d a n P o litik B a h asa M e d ia p a d a P e m b e rita a n K a su s D u g a a n K o ru p si y a n g M e lib a tk a n P e ja b a t N e g a ra K a b in e t In d o n e sia

B e rsa tu ,” sk rip si, (J a k a rta : In stitu t Ilm u S o sia l d a n Ilm u P o litik , 2 0 0 6 ), p .2 6 . u .p .

3

illu stra tio n an d c o n sist o f jo u rn a listic rep o rt, a c tu al to p ic w h ich h a s to b e k n o w n b y th e rea d e r (p u b lic ).

B . N ew s and O bjectivity

K u rn ia w a n J u n ae d i e x p lain s th at n e w s is “rep o rt/ a n n o u n c e m en t a b o u t e v en t w h ic h h a p p en o r ge n e ra l situ a tio n an d ac tu a l w h ic h is p re se n ted b y jo u rn a list th ro u gh m ass m ed ia.” 4

D jafa r H . A ss e g a f d e fin e s n e w s as “rep o rt a b o u t a fa ct o r id e a a b o u t m ass,

w h ic h is ch o sen b y red u c tio n staff fo r d istrib u tin g w h ic h can in te rest rea d er, e ith e r it is w o n d erfu l o r c o v e r h u m a n in terest fo r in sta n c e , h u m o r, e m o tio n an d stra in e d situ a tio n .”5

In a n o th e r h an d , H o eta S o eh o e t d efin e s n e w s b e co m e th ree , as P riy o n o

S an to so e x c erp te d , as fo llo w s:6

a) Berita adalah keterangan mengenai peristiwa atau isi pernyataan manusia

b) Berita bagi seseorang adalah keterangan mengenai peristiwa atau isi pernyataan manusia yang perlu baginya untuk mewujudkan filsafat hidupnya

c) Berita bagi suatu surat kabar adalah keterangan mengenai peristiwa atau isi pernyataan yang perlu bagi pembacanya untuk mewujudkan filsafat hidupnya

M o reo v e r, H o e ta S o eh o et te lls th at th e m a in p re req u isites w h ich h a v e to b e fu lfilled b y a n e w s te x t is th e tru th , an d u se fu l fo r so c ie ty. T h e tru e

p rereq u isite s

4

K u rn ia w a n J u n a e d h ie ,Ensiklopedi Pers Indonesia,(J a k a rta : G ra m e d ia P u sta k a U ta m a , 1 9 9 1 ), p .2 6

5

D jafa r H . A sse g a f,Jurnalistik M asa Kini: Pengan tar ke Praktek Kewartawanan, (J a k a rta: G h a lia In d o n e sia , 1 9 8 3 ), p ..2 4

6

p o in ts to th e fa ct w h ich is o b je c tiv e th a t th e n e w s ev e n t is re a lly h ap p e n a n d fa c t, n o t m o re a n d n o t le ss, n o t in th e sa m e m an n e r a s jo u rn alist w a n t. L ik e o r d islik e , rep o rter m u st arra n g e th e n e w s te x t a b o u t th e ev en t as in th e sa m e m a n n e r a s th e fa c t.

B a sed o n th e e x p lan a tio n ab o v e, th e re is ap p o site m e an in g in it. In o n e s id e , th e n e w s h a s to b e w ritte n in th e sa m e m a n n e r a s fa ct, b u t in a n o th e r sid e th ere is a n effo rt to e n clo se th e life p h ilo so p h y (id eo lo g y) in th e n e w s w h ic h w ill b e d istrib u te d .

If m a ss m ed ia w an ts to e n c lo se th e id e o lo g y, so it is im p o ssib le to d e liv e r th e n e w s o b je c tiv e ly. W h en th e n e w s is w ritte n sin c e th e jo u rn a list so u g h t, w ro te , an d ch o se an d p lac e m en t n e w s w h ic h is d o n e b y th e red u c tio n staff, a u to m a tic a lly, re fo rm a tio n o f th e re ality th ro u gh m e d ia d iscu rsiv e p ra c tic e o n th e n e w s w ill b e d istrib u ted .

In th e te rm o f it, m a ss m ed ia c ap ita liz e in p ro d u c in g p re ju d ic e , b e ca u se th e ev en t is n o t rep o rte d o n th e sa m e as th e rea lity o r o n p art o f th e ev en t. It c a n b e sa id th at m ed ia a re an a g en t th at d efin e th e re a lity w h ic h is in h id d e n im p o rtan c e .7

B e c a u se o f th e id e o lo g y fro m th e m a ss m ed ia itse lf, it cau s e s th e n e w s

b ec o m e n o t o b jec tiv e. H e n ce , fo r giv in g m o re e x p lan a tio n , th e w rite r is g o in g to lo o k u p in critica l p a ra d ig m .

7

A g u s S u d ib y o , e t a l.,Kabar-kabar Kebencian, (J a k a rta : In stitu te S tu d y A ru s I n fo r m a si, 2 0 0 1 ). P refa c e p a g e .

C . T he C oncept of T ext and Inter-T extual

1. T he C oncept of T ext

T e x t, ac co rd in g to B a rth e s, is “ an o b je ct o f p le asu re”.8 T h e p lea su re in rea d in g o f te x t is th e p lea su re w h e n fo llo w th e o b je ct p a g e b y p a g e, w h ic h is

re ad . T h e rea d e rs th e m selv e s o n ly fee l th e p le asu re , w h ich is c re ated . T h e rea d e r p lea su re h as th e q u a lity ch a ra c teristic o f in d iv id u al. T h e in d iv id u a l p le asu re as th o u g h fo u n d th e re ad er’s w o rld , w h ic h c an b e im a g in e d fre e ly9. T h e im ag in a tio n s co n stitu te an en e rg y, w h ic h rise s fro m h u m an , w h ic h h as ch ara c te ristic p erso n a l.1 0

F u rth e rm o re , B arth e s sa y s th a t, th e p lea su re , n o t o n ly re la ted to la n gu a g e , b u t also re la ted to b o d y. In The Pleasure of the text, B arth e s sh o w s th a t th e p lea su re c o n ce p t is re la te d to se m io tic a c tiv itie s a n d te x tu a l an alysis.1 1

In o th e r h an d , a c co rd in g to R ico eu r, te x t is d isco u rse1 2 (it m ea n s p ro n o u n c e) w h ic h is b ro u g h t in to w ritin g fo rm .1 3 T h ere fo re , it is c lea r th at tex t is “th e fix a tio n o r

8

T h e p le a su re o f re a d in g is d e sc rib e d b y B a rth e s 1 9 7 5 , (in K u rn ia w a n 2 0 0 1 : 1 0 2 ) a s: “W h a t I e n jo y in sto ry , it’s n o t d ire c tly its c o n te n t, n o r ev e n its stru c tu re , b u t th e a b ra sio n I im p o se o n th e fin e su rfa c e : I sp e e d a h e a d , I sk ip , I lo o k u p , I d ip in a g a in . A le x S o b u r, Analisis

Teks M edia: Suatu Pengan tar Untuk Analisis Wacana, Analisis Semiotik, dan Analisis Framing,

(B a n d u n g : P T . R e m a ja R o sd a k ar y a , 2 0 0 4 ), p . 5 2 .

9

K u rn ia w a n ,Semiologi Roland Barthers,(Y o g y a k a rta : Y a y a sa n In d o n e sia T e ra , 2 0 0 1 ), P . 2 0 2 .

1 0

H . T ed jo w o ro ,Imajinasi dan Imajinasi, Suatu Telaah Filsafat Postm odern,(Y o g y a k a rta:K a n is iu s, 2 0 0 1 ), P . 5 9

1 1

A le x S o b u r,loc. Cit.

1 2

In lin g u istic stu d y , d isc o u rse sh o w s th e u n ity o f la n g u a g e , w h ic h g e n e ra lly b ig g er th a n sen te n c e , e ith e r d e liv e rin g in sp o k e n o r w ritte n . D isc o u rse is th e c o m p a tib le se n te n c e c o m b in a tio n , w h ic h

c o n n e c t to o n e p ro p o sitio n to a n o th e r p ro p o sitio n ; o n e se n te n c e to a n o th e r se n te n c e , w h ic h m a k e o n e u n ity . T h e m e a n in g o f o n e se n te n c e is re la te d to a n o th e r se n te n c e a n d is n o t in te rp re te d s e n te n c e b y sen te n c e . T h e u n ity o f la n g u a g e c a n b e lo n g o r sh o rt. A s a te x t, d isc o u r se is n o t th e s e q u e n c e o f se n te n c e , w h ic h d o e s n o t h a v e b o n d e a c h o th e r, n o t se n te n c e s, w h ic h is co m b in e d a lo n e . D isc o u rse stu d y in lin g u istic c o n stitu te a re a c tio n to lin g u is tic stu d y, w h ic h o n ly re se a rc h la n g u a g e a sp e c t fro m

w o rd o r se n te n c e . T h e w o rd s o r th e se n te n c e s a re stu d ie d in d e p e n d e n tly, n o t re la te d to a n o th e r

in stitu tio n a liz a tio n a n ev en t o f sp o k e n d isc o u rse in to w ritin g fo rm” (H id a ya t, 1 9 9 6 : 1 2 9 -1 3 0 ).1 4

In th e d e fin itio n ab o v e, im p lic itly, sh o w s a b o u t th e rela tio n b e tw e en w ritin g an d te x t. If th e w ritin g is lan gu a g e w h ich p o u re d o u t in to w ritin g fo rm , te x t is sp o k en d isc o u rse w h ic h p o u re d o u t in to tex t fo rm .

H a llid a y an d H a sa n (1 9 8 5 ) d e fin e ‘tex t’ a s “lan g u ag e th a t is fu n c tio n a l… th at is d o in g so m e jo b s in so m e c o n tex t as o p p o se d to iso la ted w o rd s o r sen ten ces.”1 5

A tex t is n o t ju st a strin g o f se n te n c e. In a n o th e r w o rd , it is n o t sim p ly a larg e gra m m a tic al u n it, so m e th in g o f th e sa m e k in d as sen te n c e b u t d ifferin g fro m its siz e . A tex t is n o t a s a g ra m m a tica l u n it at a ll, b u t ra th e r as a u n it o f d iffe re n t k in d : a se m a n tic u n it. T h e u n ity th a t is h ad is a u n ity o f m ea n in g in co n tex t, a te x tu re th a t e x p re ss th e fa ct th at it c o n n ec ts as w h o le .1 6

B e in g a se m an tic u n it, a te x t is re a liz ed in th e fo rm o f se n te n c e , an d th is h o w th e re la tio n o f tex t to se n te n c e c an b est in te rp re te d . A set o f re la te d se n te n ces, w ith a sin g le se n ten c e o r e v en a w o rd a s lim itin g ca se , is th e e m b o d im e n t o r re aliz atio n o f te x t.

sen te n c e s. H e re , th e stu d y is o n ly p u t o n p h ra se o r se n te n c e , n o t re la te d to th e re la tio n se n te n c e b y sen te n c e a s o n e u n ity . E riy a n to , Analisis Wacana: PengantarAnalisis Teks M edia,

(Y o g y a k a rta : L K iS , 2 0 0 3 ).p . 3 -4 .

1 3

N in u k K le d e n -P ro b o n e g o ro , Pengalihan Wacana: Lisan ke Tulisan dan Teks, d a lam

P u d e n tia

M P S S (e d .),M etodologi Kajian Tradisi Lisan,(J a k a rta : Y a y a sa n O b o r In d o n e sia , 1 9 9 8 ), p . 1 9

1 4

A le x S o b u r,ibid.p . 5 3 .

1 5

T erry L o c k e ,Continum Research M ethod Critical Discourse Analysis, (L o n d o n -N e w Y o rk : C o n tin u u m In te r n a tio n a l P u b lish in g G ro u p , 2 0 0 4 ), p . 1 4 .

1 6

M .A .K . H a llid a y a n d H a sa n ,Cohesion in English, 1st e d ., (L o n d o n : L o n g m a n G ro u p L im ite d , 1 9 7 6 ), p . 2 .

A lth o u g h th e c o n c e p t o f th e te x t e x a ct en o u gh , an d c an b e a d e q u ately a n d

ex p lic itly d e fin ed , th e d efin itio n w ill n o t p ro v id e u s w ith au to m a tic crite ria fo r re c o g n iz in g in a ll se n te n c es w h at is a tex t a n d w h at is n o t. In a ll k in d o f lin g u istic co n te x t, fro m th e m o st fo rm a l to th e m o st in fo rm a l, w e co n stan tly h av e to d o w ith fo rm s o f in te ra c tio n , w h ich lie o n th e b o rd erlin e b etw e en te x tu al co n tin u ity an d d isc o n tin u ity. H o w e v er, th e ex iste n c e o f in d ete rm in a te in sta n c es o f k in d d o e s n o t d estro y th e u se fu ln ess o f th e g en e ra l n o tio n o f th e te x t a s th e b asic se m a n tic u n it o f lin g u istic in te ra ctio n .1 7

2.T he C oncept of Inter-textual

O n e o f th e im p o rta n t id e as o f F a irc lo u gh is a b o u t in te r-tex tu a l,1 8 w h ic h is d ev e lo p e d b y Ju lia K ristev a an d M ic h ael B ac k tin . In te r-tex tu a l is a term , w h ic h te x t a n d id io m are m a d e b y te x t, w h ic h co m es b e fo re , p e rc e iv es e a ch o th e r an d o n e o f th e p art o f te x t an tic ip a te to an o th e r.

In u n d e rstan d in g o f B a c h tin , a s fa irc lo u gh sta ted , all id io m s, e ith e r w ritte n o r sp o k e n , fro m a ll o f k in d s o f te x t, su ch a s sc ie n c e rep o rt, n o v e l, an d n e w s a re d iffered b y th e c h a n g in g o f th e sp eak e r (o r w rite r) an d p o in ted b y th e sp e ak e r o r w rite r b e fo re (e ith e r sc ie n c e re p o rt o r n o v e l).1 9

1 7

Ibid.p . 2 9 5 .

1 8

In te r-te x tu a l is a so u rc e w h e r e c a n b e fo u n d a m b iv a le n c e in th e te x t. If th e m a in te x t is d e te rm in e d o r b a se d o n th e o th e r te x t, w h ic h c o m e b e fo re a n d ta k e in to c o m b in a tio n , th e e le m e n t o f m a in te x t c a n b e c o m e n o t c le a r w h ic h p la c e d in th e re la tio n w ith in te r-te x tu a l n e tw o r k , a n d th e m e a n in g c a n b e a m b iv a le n c e . O p . C it. p . 3 0 6

1 9

ibid. p. 305-306

T h e co n cep t o f in te r-tex tu al re la tes to w a ys in w h ich te x ts are re ferre d to o th e r te x ts b y v irtu e o f sto ries (o r d isc o u rse ) e m b e d d e d in th e m . M o reo v e r, te x ts ca n re fe r fo rw a rd o r b a ck w a rd .2 0

T h e p ro b le m o f in te r-te x tu a l in n e w s ca n b e d e te c te d fro m ex ce rp tin g n e w s so u rc e in n e w s. A c co rd in g to F a irc lo u gh , an o p in io n fro m th e n e w s so u rc e , w h ich w ill b e n e w s, c an b e sh o w ed in d irect d isc o u rs e o r in d ire ct d isc o u rse .2 1

W e a re g o in g to fin d a n e x a m p le as fo llo w s:

D ire ct

A m ie n R a is: “F ro m n o w , G u s D u r m u st sto p sp e ak in g

ab o u t p o litic”

In d irec t A m ie n R ais p ro c la im to G u s D u r to sto p sp e ak in g p o litic .

In d irec t

A m ie n R a is b e g in b ra v in g to fo rb id G u s D u r sp e ak

p o litic .

T h e ch o ic e e x c erp tin g b e tw ee n d ire ct an d in d irec t, is n o t th e p ro b le m o f

jo u rn a listic te ch n iq u e o n ly, b u t in fa c t, w h ic h th e c h o ice is ta k e n , d escrib e th e d isc o u rse stra te g y, h o w th e jo u rn a lists p lac e th e m se lv es in th e c en tre o f m a n y v o ic e s w h ich is in o u tsid e o f th e m se lv es.

In th e d ire ct ex ce rp tin g, sign ed b y th e u sin g o f ap o stro p h e to sh o w th at th e p art in ap o stro p h e is sp o k en b y A m ie n R a is d irec tly. H ere, th e v o ic e o f so m eb o d y

(A m ien R a is) ex p lic itly is sh o w ed as h e said th ro u g h e x c erp tin g . O n th e o th e r h a n d ,

2 0

T erry L o c k e ,Op. Cit. p . 9 .

2 1

in th e in d ire ct e x c erp ting , th e v o ic e o f so m eb o d y (A m ien R a is) is v o ice d th ro u g h

m o u th a n d v o ice o f jo u rn a list, b asica lly, A m ie n R a is d o es n o t sp e ak as h im se lf. It is sign ed , fo r e x a m p le, th e u sin g o f w o rd a s “sa y, p ro c la im , re q u ire , e tc .” a ltern a tiv ely, u sin g ad v e rb “th a t” w h ic h asse rt th a t th e jo u rn a list w h o ex te n d w h at is v o ic ed b y n e w s so u rc e .

T h e a lte ra tio n fro m d ire c t e x c erp tin g in to in d ire ct ex ce rp tin g a lso c a u se th e a lteratio n o f se m a n tic, b e ca u se h a v e to ad ju st th e sen ten c e p a tte rn in th e in d irec t e x c erp tin g.

T h e u sin g o f w o rd , as “n o w o r in th is m o m en t” w h ic h d e sc rib es th e re al o p in io n fro m th e n e w s so u rc e w h e n h e sa ys h is /h e r w o rd s, h as to b e ch an g e d in to in d ire ct e x c erp tin g.

In te rtex tu a lity, ge n e ra lly, c a n b e d iv id ed in to tw o p arts; m an ifest in tertex tu a lity an d m an ifest in terd iscu rsiv ity.2 2

M an ifest Inter-textuality: it is in terte x tu a lity fo rm w h e re a n o th e r tex t o r an o th e r v o ic e is a p p ea rin g e x p lic itly in th e tex t.

D iscourse R epresentation: it is u sed fo r sh o w in g a te rm h o w th e ev en t is rep o rted . W h y th e jo u rn a list ch o se o n e typ e rep o rt o r c ertain d isco u rse , c o m p a re d to a n o th er; w h a t

is sh o w e d n o t o n ly sp o k e n b u t a lso w ritten a n d n o t o n ly stru c tu re im a g e b u t a lso ce rta in d isc o u rse typ e.

Presup position: it is p ro p o sitio n w h ich is a cc e p ted b y th e te x t m ak e r th at is re ad y

2 2

p lac ed as so m e th in g th a t b eh e ld tru ly an d p la c e d in th e tex t o rg an iz a tio n in a w h o le

m an n e r.

N egation:th e le g a tio n se n ten c e is o fte n u sed fo r p o le m ic p u rp o se .

Irony: ge n era lly, iro n y is term w h ich is u se d fo r d esc rib in g th a t w h at is to ld is n o t w h a t w an ts to b e to ld . It is o n ly fo r te asin g o r h u m o r, e tc.

M etadiscourse: it is th e fo rm fro m m an ife st in te rte c tu a lity w h e re th e te x t m ak e r g iv es th e d iffe re n t lev el in to th e te x t w h ich sh e /h e h a v e an d m a k e d istan c e fo r h er/h im se lf w ith a n o th e r te x t le v e l.

M an ifest Interdiscursivity: th e o th e r te x t u n de rla y e le m e n t c o n figu ra tio n w h ic h is d iffe re n t fro m o rd e r o f d isc o u rse .

G enre:it is p art o f co n v e n tio n w h ich is re la te d to ac tio n .

A ctivity T ype: it is a ce rta in g en re w h ic h is re late d to co m p o sitio n ce rta in stru c tu re .

Style: a g en re w h ich is re lated to c e rta in style, it h as se v e ra l

altern a tiv e s th ro u g h w h e re is d istrib u te d .

D iscourse: sh o w o n te x t d im e n sio n w h ic h is g en erally d e fin ed as co n ten t, id ea , th e m e, to p ic an d e tc.

D . D iscourse

D isc o u rse (L . discursus, "ru n n in g to an d fro m " ) m ea n s e ith e r "w ritten o r sp o k e n c o m m u n ica tio n o r d e b a te " o r "a fo rm a l d isc u ssio n o r d e b a te ."2 3 T h e term is o fte n u se d in se m an tics a n d d isc o u rse an alysis.

In se m an tic s, d isco u rse s are lin g u istic u n its c o m p o se d o f sev e ra l se n te n c es ; in o th e r w o rd s, co n v e rsa tio n s, arg u m e n ts, o r sp e e ch es. In d isco u rse an a lys is, w h ic h c a m e to p ro m in en c e in th e la te 1 9 6 0 s, th e w o rd "d isco u rse " is sh o rth a n d fo r

"d iscu rsiv e fo rm a tio n ," w h ic h is w h a t M ich e l F o u ca u lt c a lled c o m m u n ica tio n th at in v o lv es sp ec ia liz ed k n o w led g e o f v a rio u s k in d s. It is in th is se n se th a t th e w o rd is m o st o ften u sed in ac a d e m ic stu d ies.

S tu d ies o f d isc o u rse h a v e b e en c a rried o u t w ith in a v ariety o f trad itio n s th at in v e stig a te th e re la tio n s b e tw ee n la n gu a g e , stru c tu re a n d a ge n c y, in c lu d in g fe m in ist stu d ies, an th ro p o lo g y, e th n o g ra p h y, cu ltu ra l stu d ies, literary th e o ry a n d th e h isto ry o f id ea s. W ith in th ese fie ld s, th e n o tio n o f "d isco u rse " is itse lf su b je ct to d isc o u rse, w h ich is, d eb a te d o n th e b asis o f sp ec ializ ed k n o w led g e . D isc o u rse c an b e o b serv e d

in th e u se o f sp o k e n , w ritte n a n d sig n e d la n gu a g e an d m u ltim o d a l/m u ltim e d ia fo rm s o f co m m u n ic a tio n , an d is n o t fo u n d o n ly in "n o n -fictio n a l" o r v e rb a l m a te ria ls.

In th e so c ia l sc ie n ce s (fo llo w in g th e w o rk o f M ic h el F o u c au lt), a d isco u rs e is co n sid ered to b e an in stitu tio n a liz ed w a y o f th in k in g , a so c ial b o u n d a ry d e fin in g w h at

2 3

C o m p a c t O x fo rd D ic tio n a r y,Thesaurus and W ordpower G uide, (N e w Y o rk : O x fo rd U n iv e rsity P re ss, , 2 0 0 1 ).

can b e sa id ab o u t a sp e cific to p ic , o r, a s Ju d ith B u tle r p u ts it, "th e lim its o f a cc ep tab le sp e ec h "—o r p o ssib le tru th . D isc o u rses are see n to affe c t o u r v ie w s o n a ll th in g s; it is n o t p o ssib le to e sc ap e d isco u rse . F o r e x a m p le , tw o n o ta b ly d istin ct d isco u rses ca n b e u se d a b o u t v ario u s g u e rrilla m o v e m en ts d escrib in g th e m e ith e r a s "fre ed o m fig h te rs" o r "te rro rists." In o th e r w o rd s, th e ch o sen d isc o u rse d e liv ers th e v o ca b u la ry, ex p ressio n s an d p e rh ap s a lso th e style n ee d ed to c o m m u n ic ate . D isc o u rse is c lo sely lin k ed to d ifferen t th e o ries o f p o w e r an d sta te , a t le ast as lo n g a s d e fin in g d isco u rses

is se en to m ean d e fin in g rea lity itse lf.2 4

T ab le b e lo w w ill e x p la in en o u gh ab o u t th e d efin itio n o f d isco u rse .2 5

T ab le II

D efin ition of D iscourse

Wacana: 1. Komunikasi verbal, ucapan, percakapan; 2. sebuah

perlakuan formal dari subjek dalam ucapan atau tulisan; 3. sebuah unit teks yang digunakan oleh linguis untuk menganalisa satuan lebih dari kalimat

(Collins Concise English Dictionary, 1988)

Wacana: 1. sebuah percakapan khusus yang alamiah formal dan

pengungkapan diatur dalam ide dalam ucapan dan tulisan; 2. pengungkapan

dalam bentuk sebuah nasihat, risalah, dan sebagainya; sebuah unit

yang dihubungkan ucapan atau tulisan.

(Longman Dictionary of the English Languag e, 1984)

Wacana: 1. rentetan kalimat yang berkaitan, yang menghubung kan proposisi

yang satu dengan proposisi yang lainnya, membentuk satu

kesatuan, sehingga terbentuklah m akna yang serasi di antara kalimat-kalimat itu; 2. kesatuan bahasa yang terlengkap dan tertinggi atau terbesar

di atas kalimat atau klausa dengan koherensi dan

kohesi yang tinggi yang

2 4

Discourse,h ttp ://e n .w ik ip e d ia .o rg /w ik i/D isc o u rse . A c c e sse d o n O c to b e r 2 9 , 2 0 0 8

2 5

berkesinambungan, yang mampu mempunyai awal dan akhir yang nyata, disampaikan secara lisan atau tertulis.

(J.S. Badudu 2000)

Analsis wacana memfokuskan pada struktur yang secara alamiah

terdapat pada bahasa lisan, sebagaimana banyak terdapat dalam

wacana seperti percakapan, wawancara, komentar, dan ucapan-ucapan. (Crystal 1987)

Wacana adalah komunikasi kebahasaan yang terlihat sebagai

sebuah pertukaran di antara pembicaraan dan pendengar, sebagai sebuah aktivitas personal di mana ditentukan oleh tujuan sosialnya.

(Hawthorn 1992)

Wacana adalah komunikasi lisan atau tulisan yang dilihat dari titik pandang kepercayaan, nilai, dan kategori yang masuk di dalamnya; kepercayaan di sini mewakili pandang an dunia; sebuah organisasi atau representasi dari pengalaman.

(Roger Fowler 1977)

Wacana: kadang kala sebagai bidang dari semua pernyataan

(statement), kadang kala sebagai sebuah individualisasi kelompok

pernyataan, dan kadanng kala sebagai praktik regulatif yang

dilihat dari sejumlah pernyataan.

(Foucault 1972)

T h e im p o rtan t p o in t h ere is th a t fo r c ritica l d isco u rse an a lysts su ch as v an

D ijk an d F a irc lo u g h , d isc o u rse is lin k ed to p o w e r a n d so c ia l in te re sts. F ro m su ch re la tio n sh ip s, th e re e m e rg e d iffe ren t p ersp e c tiv es o n th e w o rld . A s F a irc lo u gh w rite s:

“I see discourses as ways of representing aspects of the world

– the processes, relations and structures of the material world, the ‘mental

world’

of thoughts, feelings, beliefs and so forth and, the social world …

different discourses are different perspectives on the world, and they

are associated with the different relations people have to the world”.26

F a irc lo u gh an d v an D ijk are p artic u la rly c o n c e rn e d w ith id eo lo g ic a l effec ts o f d isc o u rse. A s F a irc lo u gh n o te s:

2 6 _“

M e d ia G ro u p M e th o d s a n d th e D isc o u rse A n a ly sis o f N o rm a n F a irc lo u g h a n d T e u n v a n D ijk : a c o m p a riso n o f a p p ro a c h e s .” A lso a p p e a re d as: P h ilo , G . ‘C a n D isc o u rse A n a ly s is S u c c e ssfu lly e x p la in th e C o n te n t o f M e d ia a n d J o u rn a listic P ra c tic e’ in Journalism Studies , V o l 8 N u m b e r 2 . A c c e sse d o n N o v e m b e r 2 9 , 2 0 0 8 . w w w .sc rib d .c o m . P . 2

“One of the causal effects of texts which have been of major concern for

critical discourse analysis is ideological affects … ideologies are

representations of aspects of the world which can be shown to contribute to establishing, maintaining and changing social relations of power, dom ination and exploitation”.27

In h is re c e n t w o rk o n te x tu al an a lysis, F airclo u g h w rite s o n id eo lo g y in te rm s w h ic h h av e so m e reso n a n ce w ith th is:

“A particular discourse includes assumptions about what there is, what is the case, what is possible, what is necessary, what will be the case, and so forth. In some instances, one might argue that such assumptions, and indeed

the discourses they are associated with, are ideological”.28

In illu stra tin g w h at is se en to b e ‘n ec essa ry’, F airc lo u gh ta k e s th e e x a m p le o f g lo b al ec o n o m ic ch a n g e. H e n o tes th at th is m a y b e p re se n ted as an in ev itab le p ro c ess, w ith o u t h u m a n a g e n c y a n d co m m e n ts o n a te x t pu b lish e d b y th e E u ro p ea n U n io n :

“It is similar to many other contemporary texts in representing

global econom ic change as a process without human agents … a

process in a general and ill-defined present and without a history

(it is just what ‘is’) which is universal (or, precisely, ‘global’) in terms of

place, and an inevitable process which must be responded to in

particular ways – an ‘is’ which imposes an ‘ought’, or rather a

‘must’”.29

Id eo lo g y an d th e m an n e r in w h ich so m e p ersp ec tiv es a re le g itim iz ed an d ac h ie v e d o m in a n c e re m a in s a c en tra l issu e in te x tu al an alysis. T h e m e th o d s, w h ic h a re e m p lo yed , are th e fo c u s o f th e n ex t se c tio n .

2 7

ib id . p . 2

2 8

ib id . p . 4

2 9

1. C ritical Parad igm

C ritic al p arad ig m is b a se d o n th o u gh o f F ran k fu rt sch o o l. W h en F ran k fu rt sch o o l g re w , in G e rm a n , th ere w as H itle r’s p ro p a g a n d a in la rg e sc a le . M e d ia w e re fu ll o f p re ju d ic e, rh e to ric a n d p ro p a g a n d a .

M e d ia b e ca m e go v ern m e n t in stru m en t to c o n tro l p u b lic, to in sp ire w a r sp irit. In fac t, m ed ia are n o t n e u tral en titie s, b u t m ed ia are g o tten o f b est o f d o m in a n t g ro u p .3 0 S o , sta rtin g fro m F ran k fu rt sc h o o l w h e re b o rn d iffe re n t th o u g h t, aro se a sc ien ce w h ic h w as k n o w n as critic al p a ra d ig m .

A cc o rd in g to c ritica l p a rad ig m v ie w s, m ed ia are n o t a ch an n e l, w h ich a re free an d n e u tra l. P rec ise ly, m ed ia a re o w n e d b y a g ro u p a n d u sed fo r d o m in a tin g an o th e r gro u p , w h ich is n o t d o m in an t. C ritica l p a ra d ig m argu es; se e th e c o m m u n ica tio n an d th e p ro c ess, w h ich h a p p en s in sid e , sh o u ld in h o listic v ie w , o v o id th e so c ia l c o n tex t th at w ill p ro d u c e se rio u s d isto rtio n .3 1

C ritic al p arad ig m h as a b ig a tte n tio n a t ex p o su re a sp e c ts, w h ic h is h id d en

in sid e o f v irtu a l re a lity fo r b e in g co n d u c ted critiq u e an d tran sfo rm a tio n th ro u gh so c ia l stru c tu re .3 2 T h at is w h y; th e a n a lysis o f c o n c e n tra tio n in c ritica l p a rad ig m is fo r fin d in g th e d o m in an t p o w e r in m arg in a liz e s a n o th e r gro u p , w h ic h is n o t d o m in a n t.3 3

3 0

E v e re tt M . R o g e r,A History of Comm unication Study: A Biographical Approach, (N e w Y o rk : T h e F re e P re ss, 1 9 9 4 ), p . 1 2 1 -1 2 2 in E riy a n to ,Op. Cit.p p . 2 3 .

3 1

E riy a n to ,ibid.,p . 4 6

3 2

C ritic a l P a ra d ig m is o n e o f th e re se a rc h p a r a d ig m s. E v e r y p a ra d ig m p rin c ip a lly h a s its o w n a lo o k a b o u t th e re a lity, w h ic h re se a rc h e d . C ritic a l P a ra d ig m se e s v irtu a l re a lity , in th is c a s e is m e d ia re a lity , is “a p p a re nt” re a lity , w h ic h c re a te d b y h isto ric a l p ro c e ss a n d so c ia l – c u ltu re a n d e c o n o m ic – p o litic p o w e rs. S o , a c c o rd in g to th is p a ra d ig m , th e n e w s o f th e m e d ia in c lu d e th e o b je c t o f th is re se a r c h , is th e re a lity , w h ic h o b se rv e d a s th e jo u rn a list c o n stru c tio n , w h ic h is in flu e n c e d b y m e d ia

E p iste m o lo gica lly, c ritic al p a ra d ig m see s th e re la tio n b e tw een th e re s ea rc h e r an d th e rea lity, w h ich is, re se arch ed a lw a y s b rid ge d b y th e c e rta in v a lu e

(tra n sac tio n a list/ su b jec tiv ist). F o r u n d erstan d in g th e re se a rc h e r, re a lity m u st u se th e ac to r p ersp e ctiv e (m ak er) rea lity (n e w s). T h e re a lity m u st b e u n d e rsto o d a s re ality w h ic h is m ed ia te d b y v alu e s (v a lu e m e d iated fin d in gs) b e tw e e n th e ‘su b je c t’ an d th e tru ly rea lity.3 4

F u rth e rm o re , th e w rite rs w ill ex p la in o n e b y o n e th e c h a ra c te ristic o f te x t

re se a rch b y u sin g th is p a rad ig m .3 5

T ab le III

T he C h aracteristic of T ext R eseach

Tujuan Penelitian Kritik social, transformasi,

emansipasi,dan penguatan sosial.

Realitas

Historical realism: realitas yang

teramati merupakan realitas semu

yang telah terbentuk oleh proses

sejarah dan kekuatan social, budaya,

dan ekonomi po litik.

Posisi peneliti

a. Peneliti menempatkan diri

sebagai aktivis, advokat dan

transformative intellectual. c o m m u n ic a tio n re se a rc h p a ra d ig m , re a d H id a y a t, D e d i N ,Paradigma dan Perkem bangan Penelitian

Komunikasi, d a la m J o u rn a l I S K I V o l. III/A p ril 1 9 9 9 , h lm .3 2 -4 3 . S e e a lso G u b a , E g o n

G a n d L in c o ln , Y v o n n a S , Competing Paradigms in Qualitative Research ,in D e n z in ,

N o r m a n K , a n d Y v o n n e S L in c o ln , (e d .,_ H a n d b o o k o f Qualitative Research (L o n d o n : S a g e P u b lic a tio n , 1 9 9 4 ),p .

1 0 5 -1 1 6 . Ib n u H a m a d , Konstruksi Realitas Politik dalam M edia M assa: Sebuah Studi

Critical

Discourse Analysis terhadap Berita-berita Politik,(J a k a rta : G ra n it, 2 0 0 4), p . 3 8 .

3 3

S e e T h o m a s S . P o p k e w itz , “W h o se F u tu re ? W h o se P a st? : N o te s o n C ritic a l T h e o ry a n d

M e th o d o lo g y :, in E g o n G . G u b a (e d .), T h e P ara d ig m D ia lo g , N e w b u r y P a rk , S a g e P u b lic a tio n ,

1 9 9 0 , p . 4 8 -4 9 . in E riy a n to ,Op. Cit,p . 4 9 .

3 4

Ib n u H a m a d ,Op. Cit,p p . 4 3 .

3 5

Source : Adaptation from Dedy N. Hidayat, “Paradigma dan Perkembangan

Penelitian

E riy a n to ,Op. Cit.p p . 5 0 -5 1

b . Nilai, etika, pilihan moral

bahkankeberpihakan menjadi

bagian yang tidak

terpisahkan dati analisis.

Cara penelitian

a. Subjektif

Titik perhatian analisis pada penafsiran sub jektif peneliti atas teks. b. Partisipatif

M engutamakan analisis komprehensif

kontekstual, dan multilevel analisis yang

bisa dilakukan melalui penempatan

diri sebagai aktivis/partisipan dalam

proses transformasi social. c. Kriteria kualitas penelitian:

Historical situadness: sejauh mana

penelitian memperhatikan konteks

histories, social, budaya, ekonom i,

dan politik dari teks berita.

T h e tab le ab o v e e x p la in s h o w th e ch arac te ristic o f te x t resea rc h fro m c ritical v ie w . F u rth erm o re , th e p arad ig m g az e th at so c ia l life re ality is n o t n e u tra l re ality, b u t in flu en ce d b y e co n o m y, p o litic , so c ial p o w e r.

2. N orm an Fairclou gh D iscourse T heory

O n e o f th e fo u n d e rs o f C ritic al D isc o u rse A n a lysis (C D A ), N o rm an

F a irc lo u gh , h a s d esc rib e d it a s a im in g:

“To systematically explore often opaque relationships of

causality and determination between (a) discursive practices, events

and texts, and (b) wider social and cultural structures, relations

and processes to investigate how much practices, events, and texts

arise out of and are ideologically shaped by relation of power and

struggles over power”.36

3 6

D isc o u rse a n a lysis in C ritic al D isc o u rse A n a lysis (C D A )3 7 m ea n s th e

re se a rch e r a n a lyz e at th e le v e l o f tex t, h isto ry a n d th e co n te x t o f th e d isc o u rse . T h e re se a rch o f d isco u rs e is n o t o n ly c o n d u c ted a t th e le v e l o f te x t b u t a lso co n tin u e d at th e fac to rs w h ich in flu e n t th e tex t.

F a irc lo u gh (1 9 8 9 ) se ts o u t th e so c ial th eo ries u nd erp in n in g C D A an d as in o th e r ea rly c ritical lin g u istic w o rk a v ariety o f te x tu a l ex a m p les a re a n alyz ed to illu stra te th e fie ld , its a im a n d m eth o d o f an a lysis. L a te r F airc lo u g h (1 9 9 2 , 1 9 9 5 ) an d C h o u lia rik i a n d F airc lo u g h (1 9 9 9 ) ex p la in ed an d ela b o ra te so m e a d v an c e s in C D A sh o w in g n o t o n ly h o w th e an a lytic al fra m e w o rk fo r in v e stig a tin g la n g u a g e in re la tion

to p o w e r a n d id eo lo g y d ev e lo p e d b u t a lso h o w C D A is u se fu l fo r d is clo sin g th e d isc u rsiv e n atu re o f m u c h c o n te m p o ra ry so c ial a n d cu ltu ra l ch a n g e .3 8

P articu larly th e la n gu a g e o f th e m ass m ed ia is sc ru tin iz ed as a sid e o f p o w er, o f stru g g le a n d as a site w h e re la n g u a g e is a p p a re n tly tran sp a ren t. M ed ia in stitu tio n o fte n p u rp o rt to b e n e u tral in th at th e y p ro v id e s p ac e fo r p u b lic d isco u rse, th at th e y re fle ct sta te s o f a ffairs d isin te re ste d ly, an d th o se th e y g iv e th e p e rc ep tio n s an d a rgu m en ts o f n e w sm a k e rs. F a irc lo u gh sh o w s th e falla c y o f su c h a ssu m p tio n s a n d

3 7

C ritic a l: a c e n tra l o u tc o m e o f th e a c t o f a n a ly sis is to e n a b le c o n sid e ra tio n o f th e so c ia l e ffe c ts o f th e m e a n in g s a re a d e r b e in g p o sitio n e d o r c a lle d u p o n to su b sc rib e to in th e a c t o f re a d in g , a n d th e

c o n te sta tio n o f th e se m e a n in g . D isc o u rse : c o n c e r n e d w ith lan g u a g e in u se (o n e se n se o f th e w o rd ‘d isc o u rse’) a n d w ith th e w a y in w h ic h p a tte rn o f m e a n in g (a s in sto rie s th a t m a k e th e w o rld m e a n in g fu l) a re so c ia lly c o n s tru c te d (th e o th e r se n se o f th e w o rd ‘d isc o u rse’). A n a ly sis: a d e ta ile d sy ste m a tic e x a m in a tio n o f a p a rtic u la r su b je c t w ith a v ie w to a rriv in g a t o n e o r m o re u n d e rlyin g p rin c ip le .Ibid. p . 9

3 8

R u th W o d a k a n d M ic h a e l M e y e r,M ethod of Critical Discourse Analysis, (L o n d o n : S a g e, 2 0 0 1 ). p . 6

illu stra te th e m ed ia tin g a n d co n stru c tin g ro le o f th e m ed ia w ith a v ariety o f

ex a m p les.3 9

1. R epresentation

R ep re se n ta tio n w a n ts to se e h o w so m e b o d y, a gro u p , a c tio n , ac tiv ity a re sh o w n in te x t. A cc o rd in g to F a irc lo u g h , re p resen ta tio n is se en fro m tw o th in g s; h o w p e o p le, gro u p , an d id e as are sh o w n in c la u se an d th e c o m b in a tio n o f clau s e .4 0

S o c ial a cto rs w ith in a n y p ra c tic e p ro d u c e rep res e n ta tio n s o f o th e r p rac tic e s, as w e ll as (‘refle x ive ’) re p resen ta tio n s o f th e ir o w n p ra c tic e , in th e co u rs e o f th e ir ac tiv ity w ith in th e p ra c tic e. T h e y “re -co n te x tu a liz e” o th e r p ra c tic es – th at is, th e y in co rp o ra te th e m in to th e ir o w n p ra c tic e, an d d iffe ren t so c ial ac to rs w ill re p resen t th e m d iffe re n tly a c co rd in g to h o w th e y a re p o sitio n ed w ith in th e p rac tice . R e p resen ta tio n is a p ro c ess o f so c ial co n stru c tio n o f p ra c tic es, in c lu d in g reflex iv e se lf-co n stru c tio n – rep res en tatio n s en te r an d sh a p e so c ia l p ro ce sse s a n d p ra ctice s.4 1

a. R epresentation in clau se

T h is a sp ect is rela te d o n h o w so m e b o d y, g ro u p , e v en ts an d ac tiv ity a re sh o w n in tex t, in th is c ase in la n g u a g e w h ic h is u sed . A cco rd in g to F a irc lo u gh , if th o se a re

3 9

Ibid. p . 6 -7

4 0

E riy a n to ,Op .Cit.,p . 2 9 0

4 1

N o rm a n F a irc lo u g h ,The Dialectics of Discourse,

h ttp ://w w w .g o o g le .c o .id /se a rc h ? h l= id & q = id e n tity % 2 C + re la tio n % 2 C + re p r e se n ta tio n + th e o ry + N o r m a n + F a ir c lo u g h & b tn G = T e lu s u ri+ d e n g a n + G o o g le & m e ta = & a q = f& o q = . A c c e s se d o n F e b ru a ry 2 5 , 2 0 0 9 . p . 2 .

sh o w n , th e lan gu a g e u se r w ill b e fa ced o n tw o c h o ic es. First, th e v o ca b u la ry le v e l, w h a t k in d o f v o ca b u lary, w h ich is u sed fo r a p p ea rin g an d d esc rib in g so m e th in g , w h ich sh o w h o w th e th in g is p u t in to th e sa m e c ate go ry.

T h e v o ca b u la ry c h o ic e is v e ry im p o rtan t b e ca u se re la te o n h o w th e re a lity is ac te d in lan gu a g e an d h o w th e lan g u a g e sh o w s c e rta in d eriv a tiv e re a lity.

T h e in te re stin g o n e fro m th is ca se is n o t o n ly h o w th e w o rd ch o ic e w h ic h is ch o se n c au s e d ifferen t re ality, b u t a lso h o w th e sa m e rea lity is e x p re ssed d ifferen tly.

W e a re g o in g to fin d th e ex a m p les as fo llo w s:

a. poor Poor people in the city must

be employed.

b. destitute Destitute people in the city must

be employed.

c. suburban ite Suburban ite people in the city

must be employed.

d. oppressed people Oppressed people in the city must be

employed.

A ll o f th e w o rd s ch o ice s ab o v e c au se ce rta in asso cia tio n in th e rea lity, w h ich is re fe rre d .

B y u sin g th e w o rd s a b o v e (ex a m p le ‘a’ an d ‘b’), th e p o v e rty p ro b le m is lim ite d o n p o o r c itiz en s th e m se lv es. T h e y a re p o o r b e c a u se th e y are n o t lu ck y, o r e x p erie n c e in e ffo rt fa ilu re.

In an o th e r h a n d , th e w o rd s ch o ic e (e x a m p le ‘c’ a n d ‘d’), th e p o v e rty p ro b lem is n o t o n ly th e p ro b le m s o f th e m selv e s, b u t a lso rela te s o n u n b a lan c e o f so c ial stru c tu re . T h e p o v e rty, in th is w o rd s a re n o t o n ly so m e o n e fa il in effo rt, b u t a lso

b ec au se th e y h av e n o th e sa m e a c c ess a n d o p p o rtu n ity o r d e lib e ra tely m a d e p o o r b y gro u p w h ic h is stro n g e r in th e so c ie ty.

b. R epresentation in the com b in ation of clause

T h e re a lity ca n b e fo rm e d th ro u g h la n g u a g e w ith m e rg e r b e tw e e n o n e cla u se an d an o th e r c la u s e . F o r e x a m p le , th e re is fac t; th e re a re m an y d e m o n stratio n s w h ich is co n d u c ted b y u n iv e rsity stu d en ts, a n d an o th e r fa c t, th e in c reasin g o f ru p iah e x ch an g e v a lu e . T h e tw o fac ts ca n b e jo in e d to ge th e r; b e c au s e th e re a re m a n y d e m o n stra tio n s o f u n iv e rsity stu d en ts, ru p ia h e x ch a n g e v a lu e b ec o m e w e ak . B u t, it can b e ga z e d as tw o fa c ts w h ic h are sep a rated . T h e in cre asin g o f ru p iah e x c h a n g e v alu e is n o t c o n sid e re d a s th e c au se an d th e tw o facts are sep a ra te d , in d e ed .

T h e m e rg e r b e tw een tw o clau se s w ill m ak e loc al co h e ren ce ; th e fo u n d e d m e an in g fro m th e m e rg e r o f o n e c la u se an d a n o th e r c la u s e w ith th e re su lt th a t th e se n te n c e h a s m ean in g.

T h e c o h ere n c e in th e c ertain p o in t sh o w s th e id e o lo g y fro m th e la n g u a g e u se r. F o r in sta n c e, a fa c t, a w o m a n e x p e rien c e ra p in g, an d a n o th e r fac t, th e w o m an is w id o w ap p a ren tly. T h e tw o fac ts c an b e sh o w n a s th e fac ts w h ich rela ted eac h o th e r, b u t can m a d e a s se p ara te d fa c ts. If th e fa c ts is jo in ed , it w ill m a k e asso c ia tio n to th e p u b lic th at w id o w sta tu s o f th e w o m an in flu e n c e, b e fa c to r w h y sh e is ra p e d . in o th e r h an d , if th e tw o fa cts a re sep a ra te d , it w ill m ak e a sso c ia tio n th at th ere is re la tio n at a ll b e tw ee n th e w id o w statu s an d th e ra p in g ev en t.

T h e co h e re n c e b e tw ee n tw o c lau se s h as so m e fo rm s.4 2 F irst, e la b o ra tio n - o n e clau se b e c o m es c la rifie r fro m an o th e r c lau se . T h e sec o n d c la u se h as fu n c tio n a s sp ec ify th e d eta ils o f th e first c la u se. G e n e ra lly, th e fo rm is re la ted b y u sin g c o n ju n c tio n , su c h a s ‘th a t’,‘so’, o r‘fu rth e rm ore’.

S ec o n d , th e e x ten sio n – o n e c la u se c o n stitu te e x te n sio n o f an o th e r clau se . H e re th e fu n ctio n o f se co n d c la u se is c o n tin u ity o f first c lau se . G e n e ra lly, th e fo rm is re la ted b y u sin g c o n ju n c tio n , su ch as ‘an d’, ‘b u t’,‘alth o u g h’,‘in sp ite of’, e tc .

T h ird , e n h a n c e – th e p o sitio n o f o n e c la u s e is h igh e r th a n an o th e r cla u se. G en e ra lly, th e fo rm is re la te d b y u sin g c o n ju n c tio n , su c h a s, ‘b e ca u se’,‘c a u se d’.

T h e c o h e ren c e c o n stitu te s ch o ic e , it m ea n s tw o c la u se can b e g az ed o n ly as clarifie r, a d d itio n , o r b e in co n trad ic tio n , d ep e n d o n h o w a fac t is g a z ed re la ted to ea ch o th e r.

c. R epresentation in the com b in ation of inter sentence.

T h is re p resen ta tio n re lates to w h ich p a rt in th e sen ten c e w h ic h m o re p ro m in en t an d co m p a red w ith a n o th e r p art. O n e o f th e im p o rtan t asp ec ts is w h e th e r p a rticip a n t c o n sid ers sta n d a lo n e o r w h e th e r sh o w ed b y g iv in g re ac tio n in a tex t.

T h e im p o rta n t is h o w a sta te m en t is sh o w e d in a tex t. A cc o rd in g to F a irc lo u g h , at le ast, th e re are th re e fo rm s h o w th e state m en t is sh o w e d in th e tex t. F irst, b y e x c erp tin g d ire c tly w h a t a n a c to r s a ys. S e co n d , b y co n c lu d in g w h at th e m a in

4 2

id e a is w h ich th e ac to r sh o w s. T h ird , b e yo n d e v a lu a tio n , w h e re th e ac to r’s sta te m en t is ev a lu a te d , th e n w ritten in n e w s.

T h e d iv isio n o f th re e p a rts a b o v e esp e c ia lly ca n b e see n m o re in title a n d le ad . H o w a sta te m e n t is sh o w e d n o t o n ly jo u rn a list tec h n ica l p ro b le m , b u t also b rin g ce rta in id e o lo g y co n seq u e n c e. G en era lly, n e w s p a p e r w h ich d o es n o t lik e c ertain d isco u rse, p re fe r sh o w in g an ev alu a tio n fro m th e ac tor’s sta te m en t.

F o r e x a m p le, G u s D u r su b m itte d m o tio n w it d ra w l ab o u t MPRS d e c isio n . G u s D u r’m o tio n go t re ac tio n s, su ch as fro m A m in R a is w h o g a z e d ire c tly th e m o tio n .

H o w are th e tw o s en ten c e c o m b in ed ? T h e c o m b in a tio n o f th e se n ten c e , n o t o n ly re lates to th e w ritin g te c h n ic a l, b u t also th e c o m b in atio n in flu e n c e th e

m ea n in g

o f se n te n c e w h ic h is sh o w ed to th e p u b lic .

beginning

The President of Indonesia, Gus

Dur sugg ested to M PR removed Tap

MPRS/XXV/1966. the suggestion was extended

in front of Jamaah Mas jid Almunawwaroh,

Ciganjur, yesterday. The reason was, Tap

MPRS was not appropriate with justice

principal, and sameness in law. Perceive the Gus Dur’s suggestion, the chairman of MPR ,

end

Amien Rais refused the Gus Dur’s

suggestion who wished for removing Tap

MPRS/XXV/1966. When gave speech in front

of Jamaah Masjid Al-Munawwaroh, yesterday,

Gus Dur suggested MPR for

removing Tap MPRS /XXV/1966, The

reason was, Tap MPRS was not appropriate with

p o p u la tio n , co u ld a lw a ys fin d th e m selv e s v ic tim s to th e a n g e r o f o n e sid e o r th e o th er.

It w as a sh o c k in g re m in d er th a t, d esp ite b e in g b o rn h ere o r a ch iev in g su c c ess in th e ir in d iv id u al fie ld s, th e y c o u ld q u ic k ly b e red u ced to sec o n d -c la ss c itiz en s sim p ly d u e to th e ir eth n ic o rig in (th e w o rd pribum i, m ea n in g in d ig en o u s, w as h u rrie d ly p a in ted o n m a n y sto re fro n ts to “ ex e m p t” th e m fro m lo o tin g ).

T h is tim e , th o u gh , th e re w as a d ifferen ce . U n lik e th e q u ick ly h u sh e d -u p in c id en ts o f th e p a st th at w e re rele ga te d to h isto ric al fo o tn o tes, th e re w a s a n in te rn atio n al au d ien c e w a tch in g th e d e v asta tio n . C ab le n e w s sta tio n s b ea m e d im ag es o f th e a n a rc h y to th e w o rld , an d sh o w ed C h in ese-In d o n e sia n s fle e in g th e cap ita l o r b a rric ad in g th e ir n e igh b o rh o o d s a ga in st m arau d in g gro u p s.

L o c a l m e d ia a lso to o k n o te , w ith m a in stre a m p u b lica tio n s a n d T V p ro g ra m s d e ta ilin g th e sin g lin g o u t o f th e e th n ic C h in ese in th e d e stru c tio n . In th e en su in g ye ars, w ith th e d e m ise o f th e N e w O rd e r an d its c o lo n ia listic “d iv id e a n d co n q u er” a p p ro a ch to le ad e rsh ip th at h ad m a rg in a liz ed C h in ese-In d o n es ian s a n d p ro h ib ite d an y d isp la ys o f C h in ese c u ltu re, th e re h a s b e en ch a n g e.

T h e “o rien ta l” lo o k , sig n ifyin g alm o n d -sh a p e d e y es an d ligh t sk in , b e c a m e tre n d y in fa sh io n , In d o n esian en te rta in e rs o f C h in e se d e sc en t su c h a s A gn e s M o n ic a , O lg a L yd ia an d D elo n a re p o p u la r, th ere is a C h in ese-b a ck ed p o litica l p a rty an d th e L u n a r N e w Y e a r in F e b ru ary h a s b e en m ad e a n atio n a l h o lid a y.

“T h in g s a re b e tte r, an d I th in k w e c an co n tin u e to im p ro v e, b e cau se w e are still b eh in d S in ga p o re an d M a la ysia b u t w e a re g o in g in th e rig h t d ire c tio n , th e re is rec o gn itio n o f u s,” s a ys b u sin essm an J o h n n y A n d re an , w h o reb o u n d ed fro m lo sin g d o z e n s o f h is h aird re ssin g sa lo n s in th e rio ts to e sta b lish th e su c ce ssfu l ch a in o f J .C O d o n u t sto res.

“T h a t’s fo r th e b e tte r a n d w ill h e lp c re a te a fe e lin g o f n a tio n a lism . It h e lp s u s fe el th at w e b e lo n g . W e w ere b o rn in In d o n e sia … w h a t’s im p o rtan t is th at w e are all th e sa m e. W h e n th at fee lin g [o f ac ce p ta n c e] a rises, th en it w ill b e g o o d fo r In d o n e sia.”

S o d o es th e in c reasin g v isib ility a c tu a lly tra n sla te in to gre ate r a c c e p ta n c e as In d o n e sian s? O r d o es ge ttin g p ast th e su p erfic ial ge stu res o f re co g n itio n rev e al th at o ld ste re o typ e s d ie h a rd ?

H e lm i, a m id d le-a g ed e x ec u tiv e , is an a d v o ca te o f p lu ra lism an d d o e s h is b est to e n su re m in o ritie s – fro m e th n ic C h in ese to p eo p le fro m E a ste rn In d o n e sia – are g iv en p rio rity fo r h irin g in h is o ffice . B u t e v e n h e sa ys th at u n d erlyin g d istin c tio n s re m a in , m o st o f th e tim e u n sp o k e n . H e u s es th e an a lo g y o f In d o n e sia’s b ad m in to n s ta rs, m an y

o f w h o m are e th n ic C h in ese .

“W h en th e y w in , th e y’re In d o n e sian ,” h e sa ys w ith a sm ile . “ Bu t w h e n th e y lo se , p eo p le w ill sa y, ‘A h , he ’s C h in ese a fte r all.’”

M a n y In d o n e sia n s – e th n ic C h in e se an d o th e rw ise – co n ten d th at b ro ac h in g th e issu e o f eth n ic ity, e v e n in a jo k in g w a y, sim p le se rv es to b rin g lu rk in g h o stility an d stereo typ es to th e fo re. P a rt o f th e re tic e n c e c an b e a ttrib u ted to In d o n e sia ’s fic k le an d p ain fu l h isto ry, fo r a ck n o w led g in g o ne’s e th n ic ity h as b ee n d a n ge ro u s fo r C h in e se - In d o n esia n s.

O th e rs, h o w e v er, fee l th e fa ilu re to lo o k a t th e issu e s h e a d -o n , a n d c o n fro n t th e d iscrim in atio n th at C h in ese -In d o n e sia n s fa ce , m ea n s th e issu es w ill n ev e r b e reso lv e d .

“W e ju st n ev e r talk e d a b o u t w h o w e w e re w h en I w a s gro w in g u p ,” sa ys A n g ie, a 2 5 -ye a r-o ld a d co m p an y e m p lo ye e. “I re m e m b e r so m e tim es w h e n w e w e re k id s w e w o u ld jo k e ab o u t ‘cik ’ a n d ‘k o k o ’ (C h in e se a p p e lla tio n s) a n d m y m o th e r w o u ld te ll

u s to h u sh , th at w e sh o u ld n’t sa y su ch th in gs.”

Iro n ica lly, sh e b e ca m e fu lly a w a re o f h e r b a c k g ro u n d o n th e m o rn in g th at th e M a y rio ts b eg an , w h e n a M u s lim w o m a n p u lled h e r o ff th e stree t a n d sh e lte red h e r in h e r h o u se .

“I d id n’t w a n t to g o w ith h er, b u t sh e sa id , ‘yo u h av e to , yo u’re C h in ese, it’s d an g e ro u s fo r yo u n o w’. A n d I k e p t o n sa yin g th at I w a sn’t C h in e se , w h a t w a s sh e

ta lk in g a b o u t? W h en I e v en tu a lly g o t h o m e , I a s k ed m y m o th e r a n d sh e said q u ie tly, ‘Y e s, w e a re’.”

S h e re c en tly b ro a ch ed th e su b jec t o f an artic le sh e re ad ab o u t C h in ese-In d o n e sia n s to h e r p aren ts a n d au n t at a fa m ily ga th e rin g . “A t first th e y s aid th e y w e re ex cited b y it, an d th en th e y w en t q u ie t a n d w e sa t th e re sa yin g n o th in g . It’s fu n n y th at w e still ca n n o t ta lk ab o u t it.”

A n a lleg a tio n o fte n lev eled at C h in e se -In d o n e sia n s, as if to ju stify th e d isc rim in a tio n th e y fac e, is th a t th e y h a v e fa ile d to assim ila te in to In d o n esian so c iety, esp e c ia lly th e totok c o m m u n ity w h o c o n tin u e to sp ea k C h in e se d ia lec ts an d h o ld to trad itio n al w a ys.

It’s an a rgu m en t th at n o t o n ly b e littles th e sig n ifican t ro le p e o p le o f C h in ese d esc en t h av e p la ye d in In d o n e sia n so c ie ty, b u t a lso h as b e en u sed to su p p o rt v ario u s le gisla tio n to “en fo rc e” th e ir a ssim ila tio n .

S ch o o l te x tb o o k s h av e rarely in c lu d ed th e n a m e s o f L im K o en H ia n , T a n E n g H o a, O e y T ia n g T jo e , O e y T jo n g H au w a n d D rs. Y ap T jw an B in g e v en th o u g h th e y h e lp e d d ra w u p th e C o n stitu tio n . O th e rs, in c lu d in g S o B en g K o n g, T a n D jin S in g a n d S ie K o n g L io n g , are p ra c tic a lly u n h e a rd o f. Y e t e a ch o f th e m is a n a tio n al h ero .

“W e fo llo w ed a sta n d ard cu rric u lu m se t b y th e g o v e rn m e n t,” s a ys M ira n d a Ju an d i, a re tired h isto ry te ac h e r. “D u rin g th e N e w O rd e r re gim e , h isto ry w as n o th in g b u t a b u n c h o f fic titio u s sto ries stru n g to g eth e r a s fa c ts.”

A n d n o w ?

“It’s g e ttin g b e tte r,” sh e sa ys. “ Bu t I w o u ld n’t b e t m y m o n e y o n it, e ith er.”

In th e w an in g ye a rs o f th e S u k a rn o re g im e , C h in ese -In d o n e sian s a ls o en d u red d isc rim in a to ry re gu la tio n s. U n d e r th e d rac o n ia n P P 1 0 /1 9 5 9 re gu latio n , tra d e rs in ru ra l a re a s w e re fo rc ed to m o v e to u rb a n c en te rs (so m e w e re rep o rted ly k illed w h e n th e y re sisted ), a n d e th n ic C h in ese to ld to “ch o o se” if th e y w ish e d to re m a in in In d o n e sia o r d ep a rt fo r th e P eo p le ’s R ep u b lic o f C h in a.

T h o se h a rd sh ip s w e re n o th in g co m p a red to w h a t la y in sto re w h en th e N e w O rd e r to o k p o w e r a fte r an atte m p te d co u p b la m ed o n th e In d o n e sia n C o m m u n ist P arty w ith su p p o sed b ac k in g fro m a sso c ia te s in C h in a .

R efere n c es to e th n ic C h in ese in v o lv e m e n t in th e h isto ry o f th e n a tio n w e re e rased a n d ev e n tu a lly d en ied . E x p re ssio n s o f C h in e se cu ltu re w e re o u tla w e d , e th n ic C h in ese o rd ered to ta k e m o re In d o n e sia n so u n d in g n a m es an d n e w citiz e n sh ip re gu la tio n s w ere e stab lish ed th a t c re a te d g re a te r d iv id e s b e tw ee n eth n ic C h in e se a n d so -ca lle d in d ige n o u s In d o n e sian s.

O n e o f th e m o st d iscrim in a to ry a m o n g th e m w a s th e la b e lin g o f C h in e se -In d o n esian s as “fo re ig n c itiz en s” (W N A ), th e re b y m a k in g th e m an o u tc ast co m m u n ity ra th e r th a n a m in o rity. D u rin g th e N e w O rd e r re g im e , a ll C h in ese -In d o n esian s w e re o b liga ted b y la w to a c q u ire a certific ate o f citiz e n sh ip (S K B R I) w h ich se rv es a s a h ard p ro o f o f th e ir In d o n e sia n id e n tity (W N I). T o d o th is, a co p io u s set o f re q u ire m e n ts h a d to b e m et a n d , o fte n , a la rg e su m o f m o n e y p a id to en su re its p ro ce ssin g .

M a n y fin d th a t th e ir c itiz en sh ip sta tu s still re m a in s in lim b o a lth o u g h th e y h av e liv ed all th e ir liv e s in th e c o u n try. S o m e h a v e n ev e r b een a b le to p artic ip ate in a ge n e ra l elec tio n b e c a u se th e y d o n’t h a v e th e id e n tific a tio n ca rd (K T P ) re q u ire d to re g iste r. “I n e v e r h a d a b irth c ertifica te,” sa ys Y in F a n g , a n a tiv e o f B an gk a p ro v in ce . “[T h e go v e rn m e n t] m ak es it so d ifficu lt fo r m e to p ro c es s a n y p ap e rw o rk . I’v e b e en m a rried fo r 3 0 ye a rs a n d I d o n’t e v en h a v e a m arria g e c ertifica te.”

O ffic ia lly, th e re gu latio n s are n o lo n ge r in e x iste n c e . P resid en tial D ec re e N o . 5 6 /

1 9 9 6 sc ra p p ed th e ru le s a n d re gu la tio n s req u irin g th at e th n ic -C h in ese In d o n esian s o b tain a c ertifica te o f citiz e n sh ip . A n in stru c tio n issu ed b y B J H ab ib ie d u rin g h is p re sid e n c y in 1 9 9 9 ab o lish e d a ll o th e r re gu la tions w h ich req u ired e th n ic -C h in e se In d o n esian s to ap p ly fo r th e c ertifica te.

U n fo rtu n a te ly, C h in e se -In d o n e sian s sa y th e y c o n tin u e to fa c e d isc rim in a tio n in d ea lin g w ith th e b u re au c ra c y. M a n y re g io n al go v e rn m en t o ffic es re p o rte d ly re q u ire th e m to p ro d u c e th e S K B R I a n d re fu s e to p ro c e ss an y le ga l p a p e rw o rk in its ab se n ce .

O cc asio n a lly, th e issu e m a k e s h e ad lin es, in c lu d in g in 2 0 0 4 w h en S u s y S u san ti a n d A lla n B u d i K u su m a, th e m arrie d b a d m in to n p la ye rs w h o w e re In d o n e sia ’s first ev er g o ld m e d a lists, w e re re q u ire d to sh o w p ro o f o f citiz e n sh ip fo r th e ir p assp o rt ex ten sio n s. T h en p resid en t M e g a w a ti S o e k a rn o p u tri a ga in re itera ted th a t su ch d o cu m e n ts w ere n o t re q u ired (sh e also in te rv en e d to en su re th a t an o th e r b a d m in to n p la ye r, H e n d ra w a n , a fo rm e r w o rld m en’s sin g le s c h a m p io n a n d c o a c h , re ce iv ed h is c itiz en sh ip ).

A v ast an d d iv ers e n a tio n , In d o n esia is h o m e to m o re th an 2 3 0 m illio n p e o p le . A lth o u gh th e re a re n o firm figu re s o n th e n u m b e r o f e th n ic C h in ese in th e c o u n try, th e y a re b e lie v ed to a c c o u n t fo r 3 p e rce n t o f th e to tal p o p u la tio n a n d u p to 8 p erce n t

in th e ca p ital Ja k a rta .

M o st o f th e m d o n’t k n o w h o w o r w h y th e ir a n c esto rs c a m e to th is co u n try; a ll th e y k n o w is th a t th e y h a v e liv ed h ere a ll th e ir liv es.

“W h a t’s h o ld in g th is ex trao rd in a ry c o u n try to g e th e r is … a sh a re d h isto ry,” sa ys p o litic al sc ie n tist S id n e y Jo n e s. “A n d I th in k o n e o f th e g re a te st ch a lle n g es o f th e p o st-1 9 9 8 go v e rn m en t is to g iv e e th n ic a n d re ligio u s m in o rities a se n se th a t th e y are n o w an d a lw a ys w ill b e o n an e q u a l fo o tin g w ith th e m a jo rity.”

L a st ye a r, a m id th e cele b ra tio n o f C h in ese N e w Y e ar, P resid e n t S u silo B a m b a n g Y u d h o yo n o p u b lic ly a c k n o w le d g e d th e m an y u n fo rtu n a te “m isco n c e p tio n s” a g a in st e th n ic C h in e se c itiz e n s a s a re su lt o f m istak es m ad e b y p a st a d m in istra tio n s. H e p ro m ise d ch a n ges w o u ld b e m ad e fo r th e b e tte r.

“I’m p ast a n g er. I d o n’t k n o w h o w I fe el ab o u t a ll th is, a n ym o re,” m u m b le d L im , sittin g o n a b lac k sto o l ju st o u tsid e o f h is sh o p , sta rin g in to th e cro w d e d stre et. A sk e d

if h e e v e r th o u g h t o f lea v in g th e c o u n try fo r a n o th er, h e rep lied w ith a n o th e r q u e stio n : “W h ere w o u ld I g o ?”

H e sh o o k h is h e ad .“I’m alre ad y h o m e .”