THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LABORATORY EXPERIMENT METHOD TO INCREASE ACTIVITY AND STUDENTS ACHIEVEMENT IN TEACHING OF SOLUBILITY AND SOLUBILITY PRODUCT.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LABORATORY EXPERIMENT METHOD TO
INCREASE ACTIVITY AND STUDENT’S ACHIEVEMENT IN TEACHING OF
SOLUBILITY AND SOLUBILITY PRODUCT
By:
Eva Theresia P Marbun
Reg. Number 408131047
Bilingual Chemistry Education Study Program
THESIS
Submitted to Fullfill Requirement Acquires Degree of
Sarjana Pendidikan
CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCE
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2012
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The greatest thankfulness is given to Only One Savior, Jesus Christ who
always give mercy and love by has given health, wisdom, strength, spirit,
knowledge, and material to author to composing the research and this thesis
suitable with the time that have been scheduled. I am aware that without God’s
help, I would not able to finish my study and solve many difficulties during the
writing of this thesis.
This thesis have the title “The Effectiveness of Laboratory Experiment
Method to Increase Activity and Student’s Achievement in Teaching of Solubility
and Solubility Product”. This thesis has been written in fulfillment of the
requirement for the degree of Sarjana Pendidikan in the Bilingual program at
Chemistry Department of Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science (FMIPA),
State University of Medan (UNIMED).
In completing this thesis I have received a lot of assistances. First of all, I
would like to express my thanks and great appreciation to Prof. Dr. Ramlan
Silaban, M.Si, as my thesis supervisor and also for my thesis examiner Prof. Drs.
Manihar Situmorang, M.Sc, Ph.D; Dr. Iis Siti Jahro, M.Si and Dra. Ani Sutiani,
M.Si, for their valuable guidance, suggestions, corrections, comments, motivation
and time until this thesis have completed. And I am also give thanks to Drs.
Jamalum Purba, M.Si as my academic supervisor and all of lecturers in chemistry
department of Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science (FMIPA), State
University of Medan (UNIMED).
The author also say thanks to Prof. Drs. Motlan, M.Sc, Ph. D., as a dean of
Mathematics and Natural Science Faculty, State University of Medan, then Prof.
Herbert Sipahutar, M.Sc, Ph.D., as the coordinator of Bilingual Department
program and Mr. Samsudin as administrator in Bilingual for their advices and
other necessary administrative assistance and kindness.
The author gratitude also goes to Principal of SMA Negeri 3 Medan Mr
Drs.Sahlan Daulay,M.Pd; Principal of SMA Swasta Methodist 1 Medan Mr
Drs.Bintoni Simatupang and Principal of SMA Negeri 1 Lubukpakam Mr
Badaruddin Tarigan,M.Pd, also all teachers there who helped me, gave motivation
and support to me finish this research.
A deepest love, appreciation and gratitude also goes to my dearest parents,
M.Marbun and T.Lubis for raising me with countless love, prayer, motivation,
financial support and sacrifices as well as my dearest sisters and brother; Ade
Angela, Arman Nicolas, Elizabeth and Brigita Cecilia for their prayer, love,
supports, and motivation during my study. And also special thanks to Pastor
Enrique S.X., Pastor Redemptus Simamora OFM.Cap, Pastor Selman Sipayung Pr
and Suster Renata Marbun that always give motivation and support me with their
prayer.
A special mention thanks goes to my best pal Elisa Putri Siahaan, Rosy
Siregar, Asri Irawan, Fitri Hasugian and all Situs@X_05 that always give me
motivation and happiness and also my beloved friend, Jane and Bintang that
always with me and motivate me during finishing my study, and the other friends
of me: Meycan Sumbayak, Dian Citra, Titin, Maya Simarmata and all Bil Chem
’08, who have given spirit and moral support that amused the author during spare
time. The author also would like to say thank you to all whose names can not be
mentioned one by one for their support and friendship through my academic
years.
Medan, July 23rd 2012
The Author,
Eva Theresia P Marbun
NIM. 408131047
iii
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LABORATORY EXPERIMENT METHOD
TO INCREASE ACTIVITY AND STUDENT’S ACHIEVEMENT IN
TEACHING OF SOLUBILITY AND SOLUBILITY PRODUCT
EVA THERESIA P MARBUN (408131047)
ABSTRACT
The aim of this research is to know the effectiveness of laboratory
experiment method to increase students’ achievement, students’ activities
and the significance correlation between students’ achievement and
student’s activity. Population of this rearch are all of students in grade XI
at 2nd semester from SMA Negeri 1 Lubukpakam, SMA Negeri 3 Medan,
and SMA Swasta Methodist 1 Medan. Sample was choosen by purposive
random sampling and taken 2 class for each school. The students were
divided into two groups, one as experimental class and other as control
class. Research design in this study using Quasy experimental design. The
Instrument test that was used in the form of 20 multiple choice as
achievement test and non-test in list of activity form. In experimental class
was used laboratory experiment method and in control was used
conventional method. After conducting research, have gotten the result in
experimental class the average of % gain is 80.00 ± 6.71 and in control
class 63.00 ± 7.00. The hypothesis testing by using right side t-test.
Criterion of hypothesis is received Ha if the value of tcount > ttabel . From the
calculation of hypothesis testing for student’s achievement obtained the
value of tcount is 15.591 where ttabel = 1.288. It means that tcount ( 15.591) >
ttabel (1.288) so it means (Ha) is accepted and (Ho) is rejected. It proved
that the mean of student’s achievement that taught using laboratory
experiment method is higher than conventional method. Also hypothesis
testing for student’s learning activities obtained result tcount= 5.633 while
ttabel = 1.288, it means that tcount > ttabel so it means accepted (Ha) and
rejected (Ho). It means the mean of student’s learning activity that taught
using laboratory experiment method is higher than conventional method.
The result of correlation calculation between student’s activities and
student’s achievement obtained low correlation and positive in
experimental class where obtained rcount = 0.264. The % effectiveness of
applying laboratory experiment method to increase student’s achievement
in experiment class is 23.33 % while the % effectiveness to increase
student’s learning activity in experiment class is 18 %.
vi
LIST OF CONTENT
Legalization Sheet
i
Biography
ii
Abstrac
iii
Preface
iv
List of Content
vi
List of Figure
ix
List of Table
x
List of Appendix
xi
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of Research
1
1.2 The Problem Identification
4
1.3 The Problem Limitation
5
1.4 The Problem Statement
6
1.5 The Objectives of the Research
6
1.6 The Significance of the Research
7
1.7 Operational Definition
8
CHAPTER II REVIEWS OF LITERATURE
2.1 Defenition of Learning
9
2.2 Defenition of Learning Outcomes
10
2.3 Defenition of Learning Activities
11
2.4 Teaching Method in Chemistry
12
2.4.1 Conventional Method in Teaching Chemistry
13
2.4.2 Laboratory Experiment in Teaching Chemistry
13
2.4.3 Discussion Method
16
2.5 Inquiry Approach in Science Learning
17
2.6 Solubility and Solubility Product
19
2.6.1 Solubility
19
vii
2.6.2 Solubility Product Constant (Ksp)
21
2.6.3 Chemical Equilibrium and Solubility
23
2.6.4 The Common Ion-Effect
23
2.6.5 Relationship between Solubility and Ksp
24
2.6.6 Molar Solubility and Solubility Product
24
2.7
Conceptual Framework
26
2.8
Research Hypothesis
27
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
3.1 Time and Research Location
28
3.2 Population and Sample of the Research
28
3.3 The Research Variable
28
3.4 The Research Design
29
3.5 The Research Procedure
30
3.6 Data Collection Techniques
32
3.6.1 Research Instrument
3.6.1.1. Learning Test for Student’s Achievement
3.6.1.2. Observation Sheets of Student’s Activities
3.6.2 The Instrument Testing
32
32
33
33
3.6.2.1 Validity of Item Test
34
3.6.2.2 Reliability of Item Test
34
3.6.2.3 Difficulty Level
35
3.6.2.4 Different Index
36
3.7 Data Analysis Technique
36
3.7.1 Test of Analysis Instrument
36
3.7.1.1 The Normality Test
36
3.7.1.2 The Homogenity Test
37
3.7.2 The Hypothesis test
37
3.7.2.1 Hypothesis III
38
3.7.3 Normalized Gain
40
viii
CHAPTER IV RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 The Description of School Samples
41
4.2. Instrument of Data Analysis
42
4.2.1. Validty of Instrument
42
4.2.2. Reability of Instrument
42
4.2.3. Difficulty Index
43
4.2.4. Different Index
46
4.3. The Description data of Research Result
46
4.4. Teachnique of Data Analysis Test
48
4.4.1. Normality Test of Data
48
4.4.2. Homogeinity Evaluation Test
49
4.4.3. Hypothesis Testing I
50
4.4.3.1. Teachnique of Learning Activities Data analysis
50
4.4.3.1.1. Normality Test of Data
51
4.4.3.1.2.Homogenity Test of Data
51
4.4.4. Hypothesis Testing II
52
4.4.5. Correlation Test
52
4.4.6. Percentage of Effectiveness
52
4.5. Discussion
52
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1. Conclusion
55
5.2. Suggestion
56
REFERENCES
57
x
LIST OF TABLE
Table 2.1 The ratio of Qsp to Ksp values to Form Precipitation
22
Table 4.1 Description of total students that using as sample
41
Table 4.2 Description Data of Indicator Instrument Test
43
Table 4.3 Description Data of Instrument Test and Difficulty
44
Table 4.4 Student’s Achievement in SMA Methodist1 Medan
46
Table 4.5 Student’s Achievement in SMA Negeri 3 Medan
47
Table 4.6 Student’s Achievement in SMA Negeri 1 Pakam
47
Table 4.7 Student’s Achievement Combining 3 unit School
48
Table 4.8 The Normality result test of Research
49
Table 4.9 The Homogeinity Test of research data
50
Table 4.10 The Normality test of Activities
51
Table 4.11 The Homogeinity Test of Activities
51
ix
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 2.1 The formation of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) precipitation.
20
Figure 3.1 The Research procedure
30
xi
LIST OF APPENDIX
Appendix 1 Syllabus
59
Appendix 2 Lesson Plan (Experimental Class )
62
Appendix 3 Lesson Plan (Control Class )
91
Appendix 4 Student’s Worksheet
116
Appendix 5 Activities Worksheet
119
Appendix 6 Specification Test
121
Appendix 7 Instrument test that have been validated
122
Appendix 8 Answer Key
128
Appendix 9 Calculation of Test Validity
129
Appendix 10 Calculation of Reability Test
132
Appendix 11 Calculation of Difficulty Index
135
Appendix 12 Calculation of Different Index
138
Appendix 13 Instrument that have valid
141
Appendix 14 Answer Key
145
Appendix 15 Calculation of Normalized Gain
146
Appendix 16 Calculation of Normality Test for Student’s Outcome
154
Appendix 17 Calculation og Homogeinity Test for Student’s Outcome
155
Appendix 18 Calculation of Hypothesis testing I
157
Appendix 19 Calculation of Student’s Activity Value
159
Appendix 20 Calculation of Normality Test for Student’s Activities
166
Appendix 21 Calculation of Homogeinity Test for Student’s Activities
167
Appendix 22 Calculation of Hypothesis testing II
168
Appendix 23 Calculation of Hypothesis testing III
170
Appendix 24 Calculation of Correlation Hypothesis testing III
177
Appendix 25 Documentation of Research
179
Appendix 26 Values of r product moment
191
Appendix 27 Values of Chi Square
192
Appendix 28 Table Values of Distribution-t (Tabel t)
193
Appendix 29 List of F Distribution
194
55
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1. Conclusion
After conducted research, and analyze the data have gotten some
conclusion, they are:
1. Mean of Student’s learning achievement that taught by laboratory
experiment method is higher than mean of student’s learning
achievement that taught by conventional method in teaching of
solubility and solubility product topic.
2. Mean of Student’s learning activities that taught by laboratory
experiment method is higher than mean of student’s learning activities
that taught by conventional method in teaching of solubility and
solubility product topic.
3. There
is low correlation that positive between student’s learning
activities and student’s learning outcomes in teaching of solubility and
solubility product topic.
4. Laboratory experiment method that used is effective to increase
student’s learning achievement in teaching of solubility and solubility
product topic.
5. Laboratory experiment method that used is effective to increase
student’s learning activities on teaching of solubility and solubility
product topic.
56
5.2 . Suggestion
From the results obtained from this study, some suggestions had to
be raised
in order to learning process on chemistry is effective in
increasing of student’s achievements, those are:
1. It is suggested to chemistry teachers to using laboratory
experiment method in the learning process of Solubility and
Solubility Product because laboratory experiment method can
increase student’s achievement and student’s activities during
the learning process.
2. It is suggested to chemistry teacher to be competent to choose
and determine model of learning process, method, approach
and strategy in learning process so that students not always
accept the information only from teacher.
57
REFERENCES
Afriani, H.,(2004), Desain Model Pembelajaran Dengan Penerapan Kegiatan
Praktikum Pada Siswa Kelas II SMU 1 Binjai Pada Pokok Bahasan
Thermokimia Dan Reaksi Sebagai Upaya Untuk Meningkatkan Hasil
Belajar Kimia Siswa, Skripsi, Jurusan Kimia, FMIPA , UNIMED, Medan
Bloom, B.S.,(1971), Evaluation To Improve Learning, Mc.Graw Hill Book
Company: New York
Fairuz, H.,(2012), Effektifitas Model Pembelajaran Sains Teknologi Masyarakat
Dalam Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Kimia Siswa Pada Pengajaran Sifat
Koligatif Larutan, Skripsi, Jurusan kimia, FMIPA, UNIMED, Medan
Jahro,I,S.,(2008), Desain Praktikum Alternatif Sederhana (PAS) Dan Wujud
Kreativitas Guru Dalam Pelaksanaan
Kegiatan Praktikum Pada
Pembelajaran Kimia, Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika Dan Sains 4(1): 29-34
Jahro, I,S., and Susilawati., (2009), Analisis Penerapan Metode Praktikum Pada
Pembelajaran Ilmu Kimia di Sekolah Menengah Atas, Jurnal Pendidikan
Matematika Dan Sains 4(1): 29-34
Johari, J.M.C and M. Rachmawati.,(2010), Chemistry For Senior High School
Grade XI, Jakarta, Esis
Manurung, H., S.,(2010), Effectiveness of Laboratory Experiment Method And
Inquiry Approach In Teaching Thermochemistry, Skripsi, Jurusan Kimia,
FMIPA, UNIMED
Marlon.,(2008), Efektivitas Penggunaan Metode Praktikum Untuk Meningkatkan
Hasil Belajar Siswa Pada Pengajaran Sifat Koligatif Larutan Non
Elektrolit di SMA, Skripsi,Jurusan Kimia, FMIPA, UNIMED, Medan
Prawiradilaga, D.S,(2004), Mozaik Teknologi Pendidikan, Prenada Media Group,
Jakarta
Rohani, A.,(2004), Pengelolaan Pengajaran, PT Rineka Cipta, Jakarta
Sardiman, A.,(2001), Interaksi dan Motivasi Belajar Mengajar, PT Raja Grafindo
Persada, Jakarta
Sihole, H.R.,(2004), Efektivitas Metode Praktikum Dalam Pengajaran Gugus
Fungsional di SMA Toba Samosir, Skripsi, Jurusan Kimia,
FMIPA,UNIMED, Medan
58
Silberberg, M.S.,(2006), Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change
4th Edition., Mc. Graw Hill Companies, New York
Silitonga, P.M., (2011), Statistik, FMIPA UNIMED, Medan
Simalango,A. N.,and Muchtar,Z.,(2008), Pengaruh Pemakaian Metode Praktikum
Terhadap Hasil Belajar Siswa Pada Pokok Bahasan Laju Reaksi, Jurnal
Pendidikan Matematika dan Sains 3(1): 29-34
Siregar, H.,(2010), Pengaruh Penggunaan Media Animasi Komputer Dalam
Pembelajaran Berbasis Masalah Terhadap Aktifitas dan Hasil Belajar
Siswa, Skripsi, FMIPA UNIMED,Medan
Situmorang, M., Marudut, S., Agustina, T., Christy, S.,and Dina, T., (2009),
Innovation of Laboratory Experiment and Demonstration Method to
Increase Student’s Achievement in Teaching of Solubility and Solubility
Product, Report of Research, FMIPA UNIMED, Medan
Situmorang, M., (2010), Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK) Untuk Mata Pelajaran
Kimia, Universitas Negeri Medan, Medan
Sudjana, (2005), Metoda statistika, Bandung, Penerbit Tarsito, Bandung
Suryosubroto,B.,(2002), Proses Belajar Mengajar Di Sekolah, PT Rineka Cipta,
Jakarta
Susilowati, E.,(2009), Theory and Application of Chemistry for Grade XII Senior
High School and Islamic Senior High School, Tiga Serangkai, Solo
Suyanti, R.D.,(2010), Strategi Pembelajaran Kimia, Graha Ilmu, Yogyakarta
Tarigan, S.,(2010), An Introduction To The Teaching and Learning Strategy,
FMIPA UNIMED, Medan
Whitten, KW., Raymond E.D., Larry, P., George, G.S.,(2007), Chemistry 8th
Edition, Belmot, Thomson Higher Education
INCREASE ACTIVITY AND STUDENT’S ACHIEVEMENT IN TEACHING OF
SOLUBILITY AND SOLUBILITY PRODUCT
By:
Eva Theresia P Marbun
Reg. Number 408131047
Bilingual Chemistry Education Study Program
THESIS
Submitted to Fullfill Requirement Acquires Degree of
Sarjana Pendidikan
CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCE
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2012
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The greatest thankfulness is given to Only One Savior, Jesus Christ who
always give mercy and love by has given health, wisdom, strength, spirit,
knowledge, and material to author to composing the research and this thesis
suitable with the time that have been scheduled. I am aware that without God’s
help, I would not able to finish my study and solve many difficulties during the
writing of this thesis.
This thesis have the title “The Effectiveness of Laboratory Experiment
Method to Increase Activity and Student’s Achievement in Teaching of Solubility
and Solubility Product”. This thesis has been written in fulfillment of the
requirement for the degree of Sarjana Pendidikan in the Bilingual program at
Chemistry Department of Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science (FMIPA),
State University of Medan (UNIMED).
In completing this thesis I have received a lot of assistances. First of all, I
would like to express my thanks and great appreciation to Prof. Dr. Ramlan
Silaban, M.Si, as my thesis supervisor and also for my thesis examiner Prof. Drs.
Manihar Situmorang, M.Sc, Ph.D; Dr. Iis Siti Jahro, M.Si and Dra. Ani Sutiani,
M.Si, for their valuable guidance, suggestions, corrections, comments, motivation
and time until this thesis have completed. And I am also give thanks to Drs.
Jamalum Purba, M.Si as my academic supervisor and all of lecturers in chemistry
department of Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science (FMIPA), State
University of Medan (UNIMED).
The author also say thanks to Prof. Drs. Motlan, M.Sc, Ph. D., as a dean of
Mathematics and Natural Science Faculty, State University of Medan, then Prof.
Herbert Sipahutar, M.Sc, Ph.D., as the coordinator of Bilingual Department
program and Mr. Samsudin as administrator in Bilingual for their advices and
other necessary administrative assistance and kindness.
The author gratitude also goes to Principal of SMA Negeri 3 Medan Mr
Drs.Sahlan Daulay,M.Pd; Principal of SMA Swasta Methodist 1 Medan Mr
Drs.Bintoni Simatupang and Principal of SMA Negeri 1 Lubukpakam Mr
Badaruddin Tarigan,M.Pd, also all teachers there who helped me, gave motivation
and support to me finish this research.
A deepest love, appreciation and gratitude also goes to my dearest parents,
M.Marbun and T.Lubis for raising me with countless love, prayer, motivation,
financial support and sacrifices as well as my dearest sisters and brother; Ade
Angela, Arman Nicolas, Elizabeth and Brigita Cecilia for their prayer, love,
supports, and motivation during my study. And also special thanks to Pastor
Enrique S.X., Pastor Redemptus Simamora OFM.Cap, Pastor Selman Sipayung Pr
and Suster Renata Marbun that always give motivation and support me with their
prayer.
A special mention thanks goes to my best pal Elisa Putri Siahaan, Rosy
Siregar, Asri Irawan, Fitri Hasugian and all Situs@X_05 that always give me
motivation and happiness and also my beloved friend, Jane and Bintang that
always with me and motivate me during finishing my study, and the other friends
of me: Meycan Sumbayak, Dian Citra, Titin, Maya Simarmata and all Bil Chem
’08, who have given spirit and moral support that amused the author during spare
time. The author also would like to say thank you to all whose names can not be
mentioned one by one for their support and friendship through my academic
years.
Medan, July 23rd 2012
The Author,
Eva Theresia P Marbun
NIM. 408131047
iii
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LABORATORY EXPERIMENT METHOD
TO INCREASE ACTIVITY AND STUDENT’S ACHIEVEMENT IN
TEACHING OF SOLUBILITY AND SOLUBILITY PRODUCT
EVA THERESIA P MARBUN (408131047)
ABSTRACT
The aim of this research is to know the effectiveness of laboratory
experiment method to increase students’ achievement, students’ activities
and the significance correlation between students’ achievement and
student’s activity. Population of this rearch are all of students in grade XI
at 2nd semester from SMA Negeri 1 Lubukpakam, SMA Negeri 3 Medan,
and SMA Swasta Methodist 1 Medan. Sample was choosen by purposive
random sampling and taken 2 class for each school. The students were
divided into two groups, one as experimental class and other as control
class. Research design in this study using Quasy experimental design. The
Instrument test that was used in the form of 20 multiple choice as
achievement test and non-test in list of activity form. In experimental class
was used laboratory experiment method and in control was used
conventional method. After conducting research, have gotten the result in
experimental class the average of % gain is 80.00 ± 6.71 and in control
class 63.00 ± 7.00. The hypothesis testing by using right side t-test.
Criterion of hypothesis is received Ha if the value of tcount > ttabel . From the
calculation of hypothesis testing for student’s achievement obtained the
value of tcount is 15.591 where ttabel = 1.288. It means that tcount ( 15.591) >
ttabel (1.288) so it means (Ha) is accepted and (Ho) is rejected. It proved
that the mean of student’s achievement that taught using laboratory
experiment method is higher than conventional method. Also hypothesis
testing for student’s learning activities obtained result tcount= 5.633 while
ttabel = 1.288, it means that tcount > ttabel so it means accepted (Ha) and
rejected (Ho). It means the mean of student’s learning activity that taught
using laboratory experiment method is higher than conventional method.
The result of correlation calculation between student’s activities and
student’s achievement obtained low correlation and positive in
experimental class where obtained rcount = 0.264. The % effectiveness of
applying laboratory experiment method to increase student’s achievement
in experiment class is 23.33 % while the % effectiveness to increase
student’s learning activity in experiment class is 18 %.
vi
LIST OF CONTENT
Legalization Sheet
i
Biography
ii
Abstrac
iii
Preface
iv
List of Content
vi
List of Figure
ix
List of Table
x
List of Appendix
xi
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of Research
1
1.2 The Problem Identification
4
1.3 The Problem Limitation
5
1.4 The Problem Statement
6
1.5 The Objectives of the Research
6
1.6 The Significance of the Research
7
1.7 Operational Definition
8
CHAPTER II REVIEWS OF LITERATURE
2.1 Defenition of Learning
9
2.2 Defenition of Learning Outcomes
10
2.3 Defenition of Learning Activities
11
2.4 Teaching Method in Chemistry
12
2.4.1 Conventional Method in Teaching Chemistry
13
2.4.2 Laboratory Experiment in Teaching Chemistry
13
2.4.3 Discussion Method
16
2.5 Inquiry Approach in Science Learning
17
2.6 Solubility and Solubility Product
19
2.6.1 Solubility
19
vii
2.6.2 Solubility Product Constant (Ksp)
21
2.6.3 Chemical Equilibrium and Solubility
23
2.6.4 The Common Ion-Effect
23
2.6.5 Relationship between Solubility and Ksp
24
2.6.6 Molar Solubility and Solubility Product
24
2.7
Conceptual Framework
26
2.8
Research Hypothesis
27
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
3.1 Time and Research Location
28
3.2 Population and Sample of the Research
28
3.3 The Research Variable
28
3.4 The Research Design
29
3.5 The Research Procedure
30
3.6 Data Collection Techniques
32
3.6.1 Research Instrument
3.6.1.1. Learning Test for Student’s Achievement
3.6.1.2. Observation Sheets of Student’s Activities
3.6.2 The Instrument Testing
32
32
33
33
3.6.2.1 Validity of Item Test
34
3.6.2.2 Reliability of Item Test
34
3.6.2.3 Difficulty Level
35
3.6.2.4 Different Index
36
3.7 Data Analysis Technique
36
3.7.1 Test of Analysis Instrument
36
3.7.1.1 The Normality Test
36
3.7.1.2 The Homogenity Test
37
3.7.2 The Hypothesis test
37
3.7.2.1 Hypothesis III
38
3.7.3 Normalized Gain
40
viii
CHAPTER IV RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 The Description of School Samples
41
4.2. Instrument of Data Analysis
42
4.2.1. Validty of Instrument
42
4.2.2. Reability of Instrument
42
4.2.3. Difficulty Index
43
4.2.4. Different Index
46
4.3. The Description data of Research Result
46
4.4. Teachnique of Data Analysis Test
48
4.4.1. Normality Test of Data
48
4.4.2. Homogeinity Evaluation Test
49
4.4.3. Hypothesis Testing I
50
4.4.3.1. Teachnique of Learning Activities Data analysis
50
4.4.3.1.1. Normality Test of Data
51
4.4.3.1.2.Homogenity Test of Data
51
4.4.4. Hypothesis Testing II
52
4.4.5. Correlation Test
52
4.4.6. Percentage of Effectiveness
52
4.5. Discussion
52
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1. Conclusion
55
5.2. Suggestion
56
REFERENCES
57
x
LIST OF TABLE
Table 2.1 The ratio of Qsp to Ksp values to Form Precipitation
22
Table 4.1 Description of total students that using as sample
41
Table 4.2 Description Data of Indicator Instrument Test
43
Table 4.3 Description Data of Instrument Test and Difficulty
44
Table 4.4 Student’s Achievement in SMA Methodist1 Medan
46
Table 4.5 Student’s Achievement in SMA Negeri 3 Medan
47
Table 4.6 Student’s Achievement in SMA Negeri 1 Pakam
47
Table 4.7 Student’s Achievement Combining 3 unit School
48
Table 4.8 The Normality result test of Research
49
Table 4.9 The Homogeinity Test of research data
50
Table 4.10 The Normality test of Activities
51
Table 4.11 The Homogeinity Test of Activities
51
ix
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 2.1 The formation of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) precipitation.
20
Figure 3.1 The Research procedure
30
xi
LIST OF APPENDIX
Appendix 1 Syllabus
59
Appendix 2 Lesson Plan (Experimental Class )
62
Appendix 3 Lesson Plan (Control Class )
91
Appendix 4 Student’s Worksheet
116
Appendix 5 Activities Worksheet
119
Appendix 6 Specification Test
121
Appendix 7 Instrument test that have been validated
122
Appendix 8 Answer Key
128
Appendix 9 Calculation of Test Validity
129
Appendix 10 Calculation of Reability Test
132
Appendix 11 Calculation of Difficulty Index
135
Appendix 12 Calculation of Different Index
138
Appendix 13 Instrument that have valid
141
Appendix 14 Answer Key
145
Appendix 15 Calculation of Normalized Gain
146
Appendix 16 Calculation of Normality Test for Student’s Outcome
154
Appendix 17 Calculation og Homogeinity Test for Student’s Outcome
155
Appendix 18 Calculation of Hypothesis testing I
157
Appendix 19 Calculation of Student’s Activity Value
159
Appendix 20 Calculation of Normality Test for Student’s Activities
166
Appendix 21 Calculation of Homogeinity Test for Student’s Activities
167
Appendix 22 Calculation of Hypothesis testing II
168
Appendix 23 Calculation of Hypothesis testing III
170
Appendix 24 Calculation of Correlation Hypothesis testing III
177
Appendix 25 Documentation of Research
179
Appendix 26 Values of r product moment
191
Appendix 27 Values of Chi Square
192
Appendix 28 Table Values of Distribution-t (Tabel t)
193
Appendix 29 List of F Distribution
194
55
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1. Conclusion
After conducted research, and analyze the data have gotten some
conclusion, they are:
1. Mean of Student’s learning achievement that taught by laboratory
experiment method is higher than mean of student’s learning
achievement that taught by conventional method in teaching of
solubility and solubility product topic.
2. Mean of Student’s learning activities that taught by laboratory
experiment method is higher than mean of student’s learning activities
that taught by conventional method in teaching of solubility and
solubility product topic.
3. There
is low correlation that positive between student’s learning
activities and student’s learning outcomes in teaching of solubility and
solubility product topic.
4. Laboratory experiment method that used is effective to increase
student’s learning achievement in teaching of solubility and solubility
product topic.
5. Laboratory experiment method that used is effective to increase
student’s learning activities on teaching of solubility and solubility
product topic.
56
5.2 . Suggestion
From the results obtained from this study, some suggestions had to
be raised
in order to learning process on chemistry is effective in
increasing of student’s achievements, those are:
1. It is suggested to chemistry teachers to using laboratory
experiment method in the learning process of Solubility and
Solubility Product because laboratory experiment method can
increase student’s achievement and student’s activities during
the learning process.
2. It is suggested to chemistry teacher to be competent to choose
and determine model of learning process, method, approach
and strategy in learning process so that students not always
accept the information only from teacher.
57
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