DETERIORATION OF CONCRETEMADE FROM VARIOUS TYPES OF CEMENT AND RECYCLED AGGREGATE DUE TO SULFURIC ACID ATTACK.
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DETERIORATION OF CONCRETEMADE FROM VARIOUS
TYPES OF CEMENT AND RECYCLED AGGREGATE
DUE TO SULFURIC ACID ATTACK
THESIS
Submitted to the Post Graduate of Civil Engineering Program in Partial
Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Engineering
in Materials and Structure
Issued By:
AHMED ALI ABDLKADER ESENOSI
S 941208015
POST GRADUATE
CIVIL ENGINEERING PROGRAMS
UNIVERSITAS SEBELAS MARET
commit
to user
2015
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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY AND CONTENT
PUBLICATION OF FINAL PROJECT
I declare actually:
1. Thesis by the title: “DETERIORATION OF CONCRETE MADE
FROM
VARIOUS
TYPES
OF
CEMENT
AND
RECYCLED
AGGREGATE DUE TO SULFURIC ACID ATTACK” is my own work
and has not been submitted for any degree or other purposes, except has
been mentioned on the bibliography as reference of this paper. If in the
future proved there is plagiarism in this paper, I am willing to accept the
sanction appropriate to legislation (Permendiknas No. 17, 2010).
2. Publication of this Thesis on Journal or scientific forum should be
permission and include the counselor as author and PPs UNS as institution.
In the period at least one semester I did not do the publication of part or all
of the contents of this thesis, the Master Civil Engineering Program of UNS
reserves the right to publish a scientific journal published by the Master
Civil Engineering Department of UNS. If I am in violation of the terms of
this publication, then I am willing to receive the applicable academic
sanctions.
Surakarta, …………… 2015
Author,
AHMED ALI ABDLKADER ESENOSI
S 941208015
commit to user
ii
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FOREWORD
Praise to Allah SWT the lord of the world, who has given mercy and blessing so
that this thesis with a title DETERIORATION OF CONCRETE MADE FROM
VARIOUS TYPES OF CEMENT AND RECYCLED AGGREGATE DUE
TO SULFURIC ACID ATTACK can be resolved. This thesis is submitted as a
condition for obtaining a master's degree in Civil Engineering Master Program of Sebelas
Maret University.
Respectfully I say many thanks to:
1. Director of Civil Engineering Master Program of Sebelas Maret University.
2. Dr. Ir. Mamok Suprapto, M.Eng, as the head of Civil Engineering Master
Program of Sebelas Maret University.
3. Dr. Eng. Syafi‘I, M.T, as secretary of Civil Engineering Master Program
of Sebelas Maret University.
4. , as first supervisor.
5. , as second supervisor.
6. All faculty staff of Civil Engineering Master Program of Sebelas Maret
University who have helped during lectures.
7. My brothers and sisters who always support me at every condition.
8. Student colleagues of Civil Engineering Master Program of Sebelas Maret
University who gave me inspiration and suggestion.
9. All those who helped me in completing this thesis, the author cannot
mention one by one.
I hope this thesis can contribute to the scientific academic community,
practitioners in the field of building materials and benefit the wider community in
general. The assistance that was given may receive just reward from Allah SWT.
Surakarta, January 2015
Writer,
AHMED ALI ABDLKADER ESENOSI
commit to user
i
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id
digilib.uns.ac.id
ABSTRACT
This research is intended to investigate the effect of recycled aggregate concrete
and various types of cement which are OPC, PCC and PPC due to sulphuric attack The
concrete resistance to sulphuric attack is indicated by compressive straight and
concrete deterioration.
Each type of cement was mixed into three dosagesof recycled aggregate 0%,
25% and 100% as replacement of natural coarse aggregate. The specimen test is
cylinder form 7.5cm in diameter and 15cm in high. The 27 samples were tested by
immersion test while 9 others without immersion test.The researcher has cured 27
concrete samples in (H2SO4) 5% and the other concrete samples cured by air. After 28
days of age, the compressive strength test for both the samples which immersed in
solution and by air was conducted. The process continued to the renewal of solution
and measuring weights and diameters of the other samples in the solution every 2
weeks. After 56 days of age, the compressive strength test was conducted. Finally, the
small portions of the surfaces and core of the samples were tested using XRD.
It is noticed from compressive strength result the samples which cured by air
gave better result than others which cured by solution. The higher percentage of
recycled aggregates in the concrete means the less in compressive strength and less in
resistance to acid attack. It is noted that mixtures which contain PPC are the most
resistant to acid attack. Mixtures which contain PCC rank number two related to the
resistance to acid attack. The mixtures which contain PPC have retained their size
throughout the duration of curing.
Keywords. Recycled aggregate, Deterioration, Sulfuric acid
commit to user
ii
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id
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ABSTRACT
Penelitian ini bermaksud untuk meneliti pengaruh recycled aggregate concrete
dan berbagai tipe semen, yakni OPC (Ordinary Portland Cement), PCC (Portland
Composite Cement), dan PPC (Portland Pozzolan Cement) dikaitkan dengan
―serangan‖ asam sulfur, terhadap compressive strength dan concrete deteroration.
Untuk setiap jenis semen; dibuat campuran menggunakan recycled aggregate
dalam 3 dosis berbeda, yakni 0%, 25%, dan 100%. Untuk pelaksanaan compressive
test dan submerssion test, dibuat cetakan bentuk cylinder berdiameter 7,5 cm dan tinggi
15 cm. Immersion test dilaksanakan terhadap 27 sample, sedangkan untuk sisanya
sejumlah 9 sample tidak dilaksanakan. Peneliti mengawetkan 27 sample concrete itu
dalam (H2SO4) 5%, sedangkan lainnya diawetkan dengan udara. Setelah genap 28 hari
usia sample concrete tersebut, dilaksanakan compresive strenght test terhadap samplesample tersebut; baik yang diawetkan dalam larutan maupun yang diawetkan di udara.
Proses dilanjutkan dengan memperbaharui larutan dan kemudian mengukur berat dan
diameter dari sample-sample yang lain setiap dua pekan. Setelah usia sample-sample
concrete itu genap 56 hari; maka dilaksanakan compressive strenght test. Akhirnya,
sebagian kecil dari permukaan dan inti dari sample-sample diuji menggunakan X-Ray
Diffraction
Dapat dilihat bahwa sample-sample concrete yang diawetkan di ruang terbuka
memberikan hasil yang lebih baik dalam compressive strenght; dibandingkan samplesample yang diawetkan dalam larutan. Semakin besar persentase recycled aggregate
dalam concrete mix ternyata menunjukkan compressive strenght yang lebih lebih
rendah, dan juga menunjukkan kekuatan resistensi yang lebih rendah terhadap acid
attack. Tercatat bahwa concrete mixture yang mengandung PPC paling resisten
terhadap acid attack. Sedangkan concrete mixture yang mengandung PCC berada di
urutan kedua resistensinya terhadap acid attack. Concrete mixture yang mengandung
PPC bentuknya tidak mengalami perubahan selama proses pengawetan
Keywords: Recycled Aggregate, Deterioration, Sulfuric acid
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LIST OF CONTENT
TITLE......................................................................................................................................i
ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................i
LIST OF CONTENT…..........................................................................................................ii
LIST OF FIGURE……...........................................................................................................v
LIST OF TABLE...................................................................................................................iv
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................1
1.1 Background……………………………………………………………………………...1
1.2 Problems of Research…..…………………………………...……….……….……..…..4
1.3 Objectives of Research………...……………………………...…………….……..……4
1.4 Research Limitations….………………..……………….............………….…….……..4
1.5 Benefit of Research………………………………………………...…..……….………5
CHAPTER II Literature Reviewand BASIC THEORY ……………………………...….....6
2.1 Literature Review……………………………………….……............……….…..….…6
2.1.1 The Effect of Sulfuric Acid Environment on Concrete.............................................6
2.1.2 Compressive Strength ...............................................................................................8
2.1.3 Recycled Aggregate...................................................................................................8
2.1.4 Cement………………………………………………………………….…………..9
2.2 Basic Theory…………………………………………..…………………….…..……..10
2.2.1 The Effect of Sulfuric Acid Environment on Concrete ……...…………….......…10
2.2.2 Compressive Strength ……………………...…………………….………….…....14
2.2.3 Recycled Aggregate…………………………………………..………..……….....15
2.2.4 Cement……………...……………………………………………………………..20
2.2.5 Concrete Durability……………………………………………………………….22
2.3 Hypothesis…..………………………………………………………………….…...…22
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY…………………………………..……......23
3.1 Location……………………………………………………………….….….……...…23
3.2 Parameter and Variable…...……………..…………..………………………………...23
3.2.1 Parameter……………………………………………………………..…………...23
3.2.2 Variable……………………………………………………………………………23
3.3 Validation Data………………………………………………………………….……..24
3.4 Materials………………………………………………………………………….……24
3.4.1. Recycled Aggregate………………………………………………..………….…..24
3.4.2. Cement…………………………………………………………………………….25
3.5 Concrete Mix Design…..………………………………………………………...…....25
3.6 Laboratory Test………………………………………………………………………..27
3.6.1. Concrete Materials Test …………………………………......………………..…..27
1. Los Angeles Abrasion Test ……………………………………..……….….…….27
2. Water Absorption Test…………………………………………………............….28
3. Sieve Analysis Test ……………………………………….……..……….…….....28
4. Specific Gravity Test ……………………….……………………….....………....28
3.6.2. Analysis…………………………..………………………………………….……29
1. Compressive Strength Test…………………………………..…………….…...…29
2. Immersion Test………………………………….……………..……….………....30
3. X-Ray Diffraction………………………………………………….………..….…31
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3.7 Systematic Research Methods…………………………………………………………33
CHAPTER IV RESULT AND DISCUSSION.………………...…………………….…...….34
4.1 Properties Test……………………………………………………………...……….34
4.1.1 Material Tests…………………...…………………………………….…..…….……34
1. Cement.........................................................................................................................34
2. Natural Fine Aggregate Test........................................................................................34
3. Natural Coarse Aggregate Test....................................................................................36
4. Recycled Aggregate Test.............................................................................................38
5. Compressive Strength Test……………………………………..………..…….…….40
6. Samples Deterioration by Sulfuric Acid………………………………….………….41
7. X-R Diffraction Test……………………………………………..………...….……..49
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION……………………….…….…...….…55
5.1 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………….....……..55
5.2 Suggestion………………………………………………………………….…....……..56
References ………………………………………………………………………….….57
Appendix
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LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 2.1 Los Angeles Sanitary Sewer System. Deterioration of concrete pipe from acid
H2S attack ……………………………………….……………………………….………..13
Figure 2.2 Concrete dimension ……………………………………………………….…...14
Figure 3.1 Recycled aggregate (RCA)………………...……………………………..….…24
Figure 3.2 Los Angeles Test Machine…………………………………………..................27
Figure 3.3 Coarse specific gravity tests ……………………………………………..….....29
Figure 3.4 Compressive strength testing machine ……...…………………………..…..…29
Figure 3.5 Example of immersion test ………...…………………………………….....….31
Figure 3.6 Flow chart of research method …………………………………………..….....33
Figure 4.1 Fine aggregate gradation…………..……………………………………....……36
Figure 4.2 Coarse aggregate gradation..................................................................................38
Figure 4.3 Recycled aggregate gradation..............................................................................39
Figure 4.4 Deterioration on sample contained 100 % Recycled Aggregate with OPC........41
Figure 4.5 Deterioration on sample contained 100 % Recycled Aggregate with OPC........42
Figure 4.6 Deterioration on sample contained 100 % Recycled Aggregate with PPC.........42
Figure 4.7 Deterioration on sample contained 100 % Recycled Aggregate with PPC.........43
Figure 4.8 Deterioration on sample contained 100 % Recycled Aggregate with PPC.........43
Figure 4.9 Deterioration on sample contained 100 % Recycled Aggregate with PPC.........44
Figure 4.10 Weight reduction of 0% recycled aggregate concrete with various types of
cement…………………………………………………………………………………...…45
Figure 4.11 Weight reduction of 25% recycled aggregate concrete with various types of
cement…………………………………………………………………………………...…45
Figure 4.12 Weight reduction of 100% recycled aggregate concrete with various types of
cement…………………………………………………………………………………...…46
Figure 4.13 Diameter reduction of 0% recycled aggregate concrete with various types of
cement…………………………………………………………………………………...…47
Figure 4.14 Diameter reduction of 25% recycled aggregate concrete with various types of
cement…………………………………………………………………………………...…48
Figure 4.15 Diameter reduction of 100% recycled aggregate concrete with various types of
cement…………………………………………………………………………………...…48
Figure 4.16 X-R Diffraction result of 0% recycled aggregate with OPC…..…...................50
Figure 4.17 X-R Diffraction result of 100% recycled aggregate with OPC…….................50
Figure 4.18 X-R Diffraction result of 0% recycled aggregate with PPC….…….................51
Figure 4.19 X-R Diffraction result of 100% recycled aggregate with PPC…….................52
Figure 4.20 X-R Diffraction result of 0% recycled aggregate with PPC….…….................53
Figure 4.21 X-R Diffraction result of 100% recycled aggregate with PPC…….................53
Figure 4.22 X-R Diffraction result of 0% recycled aggregate with PCC……….................54
Figure 4.23 X-R Diffraction result of 100% recycled aggregate with PCC…….................54
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LIST OF TABLE
Table 2.1The percentage chemical compositions of cement types..........................................21
Table 3.1 Weights of concrete materials..................................................................................26
Table 3.2 Number of Sample....................................................................................................27
Table 4.1The percentage chemical compositions of cement types..........................................34
Table 4.2 Specific gravity and water absorption of fine aggregate..........................................34
Table 4.3 The Results of natural fine aggregate test................................................................35
Table 4.4 Gradation of natural fine aggregate..........................................................................35
Table 4.5 The Results of natural coarse aggregate test............................................................36
Table 4.6 Gradation of natural coarse aggregate......................................................................37
Table 4.7The results of recycled aggregate tests.....................................................................38
Table 4.8 Gradation of recycled aggregate...............................................................................39
Table 4.9 Compressive Strength Test Results…………………………..………...……….....40
Table 4.10 The Weight of concrete samples from 1 day of their age until 56
Days...................................................................................................................................44
Table 4.11 The Diameter of concrete samples from 1 day of their age until 56
Days……………………………………………………………………………….……..47
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DETERIORATION OF CONCRETEMADE FROM VARIOUS
TYPES OF CEMENT AND RECYCLED AGGREGATE
DUE TO SULFURIC ACID ATTACK
THESIS
Submitted to the Post Graduate of Civil Engineering Program in Partial
Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Engineering
in Materials and Structure
Issued By:
AHMED ALI ABDLKADER ESENOSI
S 941208015
POST GRADUATE
CIVIL ENGINEERING PROGRAMS
UNIVERSITAS SEBELAS MARET
commit
to user
2015
i
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id
digilib.uns.ac.id
commit to user
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id
digilib.uns.ac.id
commit to user
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digilib.uns.ac.id
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY AND CONTENT
PUBLICATION OF FINAL PROJECT
I declare actually:
1. Thesis by the title: “DETERIORATION OF CONCRETE MADE
FROM
VARIOUS
TYPES
OF
CEMENT
AND
RECYCLED
AGGREGATE DUE TO SULFURIC ACID ATTACK” is my own work
and has not been submitted for any degree or other purposes, except has
been mentioned on the bibliography as reference of this paper. If in the
future proved there is plagiarism in this paper, I am willing to accept the
sanction appropriate to legislation (Permendiknas No. 17, 2010).
2. Publication of this Thesis on Journal or scientific forum should be
permission and include the counselor as author and PPs UNS as institution.
In the period at least one semester I did not do the publication of part or all
of the contents of this thesis, the Master Civil Engineering Program of UNS
reserves the right to publish a scientific journal published by the Master
Civil Engineering Department of UNS. If I am in violation of the terms of
this publication, then I am willing to receive the applicable academic
sanctions.
Surakarta, …………… 2015
Author,
AHMED ALI ABDLKADER ESENOSI
S 941208015
commit to user
ii
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id
digilib.uns.ac.id
FOREWORD
Praise to Allah SWT the lord of the world, who has given mercy and blessing so
that this thesis with a title DETERIORATION OF CONCRETE MADE FROM
VARIOUS TYPES OF CEMENT AND RECYCLED AGGREGATE DUE
TO SULFURIC ACID ATTACK can be resolved. This thesis is submitted as a
condition for obtaining a master's degree in Civil Engineering Master Program of Sebelas
Maret University.
Respectfully I say many thanks to:
1. Director of Civil Engineering Master Program of Sebelas Maret University.
2. Dr. Ir. Mamok Suprapto, M.Eng, as the head of Civil Engineering Master
Program of Sebelas Maret University.
3. Dr. Eng. Syafi‘I, M.T, as secretary of Civil Engineering Master Program
of Sebelas Maret University.
4. , as first supervisor.
5. , as second supervisor.
6. All faculty staff of Civil Engineering Master Program of Sebelas Maret
University who have helped during lectures.
7. My brothers and sisters who always support me at every condition.
8. Student colleagues of Civil Engineering Master Program of Sebelas Maret
University who gave me inspiration and suggestion.
9. All those who helped me in completing this thesis, the author cannot
mention one by one.
I hope this thesis can contribute to the scientific academic community,
practitioners in the field of building materials and benefit the wider community in
general. The assistance that was given may receive just reward from Allah SWT.
Surakarta, January 2015
Writer,
AHMED ALI ABDLKADER ESENOSI
commit to user
i
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id
digilib.uns.ac.id
ABSTRACT
This research is intended to investigate the effect of recycled aggregate concrete
and various types of cement which are OPC, PCC and PPC due to sulphuric attack The
concrete resistance to sulphuric attack is indicated by compressive straight and
concrete deterioration.
Each type of cement was mixed into three dosagesof recycled aggregate 0%,
25% and 100% as replacement of natural coarse aggregate. The specimen test is
cylinder form 7.5cm in diameter and 15cm in high. The 27 samples were tested by
immersion test while 9 others without immersion test.The researcher has cured 27
concrete samples in (H2SO4) 5% and the other concrete samples cured by air. After 28
days of age, the compressive strength test for both the samples which immersed in
solution and by air was conducted. The process continued to the renewal of solution
and measuring weights and diameters of the other samples in the solution every 2
weeks. After 56 days of age, the compressive strength test was conducted. Finally, the
small portions of the surfaces and core of the samples were tested using XRD.
It is noticed from compressive strength result the samples which cured by air
gave better result than others which cured by solution. The higher percentage of
recycled aggregates in the concrete means the less in compressive strength and less in
resistance to acid attack. It is noted that mixtures which contain PPC are the most
resistant to acid attack. Mixtures which contain PCC rank number two related to the
resistance to acid attack. The mixtures which contain PPC have retained their size
throughout the duration of curing.
Keywords. Recycled aggregate, Deterioration, Sulfuric acid
commit to user
ii
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id
digilib.uns.ac.id
ABSTRACT
Penelitian ini bermaksud untuk meneliti pengaruh recycled aggregate concrete
dan berbagai tipe semen, yakni OPC (Ordinary Portland Cement), PCC (Portland
Composite Cement), dan PPC (Portland Pozzolan Cement) dikaitkan dengan
―serangan‖ asam sulfur, terhadap compressive strength dan concrete deteroration.
Untuk setiap jenis semen; dibuat campuran menggunakan recycled aggregate
dalam 3 dosis berbeda, yakni 0%, 25%, dan 100%. Untuk pelaksanaan compressive
test dan submerssion test, dibuat cetakan bentuk cylinder berdiameter 7,5 cm dan tinggi
15 cm. Immersion test dilaksanakan terhadap 27 sample, sedangkan untuk sisanya
sejumlah 9 sample tidak dilaksanakan. Peneliti mengawetkan 27 sample concrete itu
dalam (H2SO4) 5%, sedangkan lainnya diawetkan dengan udara. Setelah genap 28 hari
usia sample concrete tersebut, dilaksanakan compresive strenght test terhadap samplesample tersebut; baik yang diawetkan dalam larutan maupun yang diawetkan di udara.
Proses dilanjutkan dengan memperbaharui larutan dan kemudian mengukur berat dan
diameter dari sample-sample yang lain setiap dua pekan. Setelah usia sample-sample
concrete itu genap 56 hari; maka dilaksanakan compressive strenght test. Akhirnya,
sebagian kecil dari permukaan dan inti dari sample-sample diuji menggunakan X-Ray
Diffraction
Dapat dilihat bahwa sample-sample concrete yang diawetkan di ruang terbuka
memberikan hasil yang lebih baik dalam compressive strenght; dibandingkan samplesample yang diawetkan dalam larutan. Semakin besar persentase recycled aggregate
dalam concrete mix ternyata menunjukkan compressive strenght yang lebih lebih
rendah, dan juga menunjukkan kekuatan resistensi yang lebih rendah terhadap acid
attack. Tercatat bahwa concrete mixture yang mengandung PPC paling resisten
terhadap acid attack. Sedangkan concrete mixture yang mengandung PCC berada di
urutan kedua resistensinya terhadap acid attack. Concrete mixture yang mengandung
PPC bentuknya tidak mengalami perubahan selama proses pengawetan
Keywords: Recycled Aggregate, Deterioration, Sulfuric acid
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LIST OF CONTENT
TITLE......................................................................................................................................i
ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................i
LIST OF CONTENT…..........................................................................................................ii
LIST OF FIGURE……...........................................................................................................v
LIST OF TABLE...................................................................................................................iv
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................1
1.1 Background……………………………………………………………………………...1
1.2 Problems of Research…..…………………………………...……….……….……..…..4
1.3 Objectives of Research………...……………………………...…………….……..……4
1.4 Research Limitations….………………..……………….............………….…….……..4
1.5 Benefit of Research………………………………………………...…..……….………5
CHAPTER II Literature Reviewand BASIC THEORY ……………………………...….....6
2.1 Literature Review……………………………………….……............……….…..….…6
2.1.1 The Effect of Sulfuric Acid Environment on Concrete.............................................6
2.1.2 Compressive Strength ...............................................................................................8
2.1.3 Recycled Aggregate...................................................................................................8
2.1.4 Cement………………………………………………………………….…………..9
2.2 Basic Theory…………………………………………..…………………….…..……..10
2.2.1 The Effect of Sulfuric Acid Environment on Concrete ……...…………….......…10
2.2.2 Compressive Strength ……………………...…………………….………….…....14
2.2.3 Recycled Aggregate…………………………………………..………..……….....15
2.2.4 Cement……………...……………………………………………………………..20
2.2.5 Concrete Durability……………………………………………………………….22
2.3 Hypothesis…..………………………………………………………………….…...…22
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY…………………………………..……......23
3.1 Location……………………………………………………………….….….……...…23
3.2 Parameter and Variable…...……………..…………..………………………………...23
3.2.1 Parameter……………………………………………………………..…………...23
3.2.2 Variable……………………………………………………………………………23
3.3 Validation Data………………………………………………………………….……..24
3.4 Materials………………………………………………………………………….……24
3.4.1. Recycled Aggregate………………………………………………..………….…..24
3.4.2. Cement…………………………………………………………………………….25
3.5 Concrete Mix Design…..………………………………………………………...…....25
3.6 Laboratory Test………………………………………………………………………..27
3.6.1. Concrete Materials Test …………………………………......………………..…..27
1. Los Angeles Abrasion Test ……………………………………..……….….…….27
2. Water Absorption Test…………………………………………………............….28
3. Sieve Analysis Test ……………………………………….……..……….…….....28
4. Specific Gravity Test ……………………….……………………….....………....28
3.6.2. Analysis…………………………..………………………………………….……29
1. Compressive Strength Test…………………………………..…………….…...…29
2. Immersion Test………………………………….……………..……….………....30
3. X-Ray Diffraction………………………………………………….………..….…31
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3.7 Systematic Research Methods…………………………………………………………33
CHAPTER IV RESULT AND DISCUSSION.………………...…………………….…...….34
4.1 Properties Test……………………………………………………………...……….34
4.1.1 Material Tests…………………...…………………………………….…..…….……34
1. Cement.........................................................................................................................34
2. Natural Fine Aggregate Test........................................................................................34
3. Natural Coarse Aggregate Test....................................................................................36
4. Recycled Aggregate Test.............................................................................................38
5. Compressive Strength Test……………………………………..………..…….…….40
6. Samples Deterioration by Sulfuric Acid………………………………….………….41
7. X-R Diffraction Test……………………………………………..………...….……..49
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION……………………….…….…...….…55
5.1 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………….....……..55
5.2 Suggestion………………………………………………………………….…....……..56
References ………………………………………………………………………….….57
Appendix
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LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 2.1 Los Angeles Sanitary Sewer System. Deterioration of concrete pipe from acid
H2S attack ……………………………………….……………………………….………..13
Figure 2.2 Concrete dimension ……………………………………………………….…...14
Figure 3.1 Recycled aggregate (RCA)………………...……………………………..….…24
Figure 3.2 Los Angeles Test Machine…………………………………………..................27
Figure 3.3 Coarse specific gravity tests ……………………………………………..….....29
Figure 3.4 Compressive strength testing machine ……...…………………………..…..…29
Figure 3.5 Example of immersion test ………...…………………………………….....….31
Figure 3.6 Flow chart of research method …………………………………………..….....33
Figure 4.1 Fine aggregate gradation…………..……………………………………....……36
Figure 4.2 Coarse aggregate gradation..................................................................................38
Figure 4.3 Recycled aggregate gradation..............................................................................39
Figure 4.4 Deterioration on sample contained 100 % Recycled Aggregate with OPC........41
Figure 4.5 Deterioration on sample contained 100 % Recycled Aggregate with OPC........42
Figure 4.6 Deterioration on sample contained 100 % Recycled Aggregate with PPC.........42
Figure 4.7 Deterioration on sample contained 100 % Recycled Aggregate with PPC.........43
Figure 4.8 Deterioration on sample contained 100 % Recycled Aggregate with PPC.........43
Figure 4.9 Deterioration on sample contained 100 % Recycled Aggregate with PPC.........44
Figure 4.10 Weight reduction of 0% recycled aggregate concrete with various types of
cement…………………………………………………………………………………...…45
Figure 4.11 Weight reduction of 25% recycled aggregate concrete with various types of
cement…………………………………………………………………………………...…45
Figure 4.12 Weight reduction of 100% recycled aggregate concrete with various types of
cement…………………………………………………………………………………...…46
Figure 4.13 Diameter reduction of 0% recycled aggregate concrete with various types of
cement…………………………………………………………………………………...…47
Figure 4.14 Diameter reduction of 25% recycled aggregate concrete with various types of
cement…………………………………………………………………………………...…48
Figure 4.15 Diameter reduction of 100% recycled aggregate concrete with various types of
cement…………………………………………………………………………………...…48
Figure 4.16 X-R Diffraction result of 0% recycled aggregate with OPC…..…...................50
Figure 4.17 X-R Diffraction result of 100% recycled aggregate with OPC…….................50
Figure 4.18 X-R Diffraction result of 0% recycled aggregate with PPC….…….................51
Figure 4.19 X-R Diffraction result of 100% recycled aggregate with PPC…….................52
Figure 4.20 X-R Diffraction result of 0% recycled aggregate with PPC….…….................53
Figure 4.21 X-R Diffraction result of 100% recycled aggregate with PPC…….................53
Figure 4.22 X-R Diffraction result of 0% recycled aggregate with PCC……….................54
Figure 4.23 X-R Diffraction result of 100% recycled aggregate with PCC…….................54
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LIST OF TABLE
Table 2.1The percentage chemical compositions of cement types..........................................21
Table 3.1 Weights of concrete materials..................................................................................26
Table 3.2 Number of Sample....................................................................................................27
Table 4.1The percentage chemical compositions of cement types..........................................34
Table 4.2 Specific gravity and water absorption of fine aggregate..........................................34
Table 4.3 The Results of natural fine aggregate test................................................................35
Table 4.4 Gradation of natural fine aggregate..........................................................................35
Table 4.5 The Results of natural coarse aggregate test............................................................36
Table 4.6 Gradation of natural coarse aggregate......................................................................37
Table 4.7The results of recycled aggregate tests.....................................................................38
Table 4.8 Gradation of recycled aggregate...............................................................................39
Table 4.9 Compressive Strength Test Results…………………………..………...……….....40
Table 4.10 The Weight of concrete samples from 1 day of their age until 56
Days...................................................................................................................................44
Table 4.11 The Diameter of concrete samples from 1 day of their age until 56
Days……………………………………………………………………………….……..47
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