ABSORPTION AND POROSITY CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS CONCRETE PATCH REPAIR MATERIALS.
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ABSORPTION AND POROSITY CHARACTERISTICS OF
VARIOUS CONCRETE PATCH REPAIR MATERIALS
THESIS
Submitted to the Post Graduate of Civil Engineering Program in
Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of
Engineering in Infrastructure
Prepared by:
NASSR OMER SHAHAT ASHLEMBO
S941302040
MASTER OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
GRADUATE PROGRAM - SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere thanks and appreciation to
my academic supervisors Assoc. Prof. SA. Kristiawan, M.Sc.Ph.D. and Dr. Ir. Agus
Parwito Rahmadi. M.S. who continuously guided me throughout every step of my study
and generously shared their time and knowledge with me.
My special thanks must be extended to technical staff members at the concrete
Laboratory at UNS for their collaboration and assistance while carrying out my laboratory
work.
I am very grateful to my mother, father, brothers and sisters for their motivation and
support throughout my study, and my beloved wife who cares, helps and encourages me,
my children Fwzea and Omar who give me happiness during my study.
Millions of words of thanks for fellow friends who showed their concern and
support all the way. Their views and tips are useful indeed. Unfortunately, it is not possible
to list all of them in this limited space.
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ABSTRACT
Studying concrete porosity and absorption is very important for determining the
compatibility and durability of concrete repair materials. The objectives of this research
were: to know the absorption, porosity and compatibility of various repair materials, to
know the extent of protection given by various repair materials on concrete based on the
measurement of absorption and porosity. Percent of absorption and porosity were
measured according to ASTM C642-06. Scanning Electron Microscope analysis was
conducted to study the porous and bond behaviour of concrete with repair materials.
Absorption and porosity rate were determined based on ASTM C 1585-04.
The result showed that UPR-Mortar 50 % repair material had the lowest absorption and
porosity measurements indicating that it provided sufficient protection. This repair material
is compatible based on porosity and absorption, but incompatible based on bond strength
because it had weakest bond with concrete when exposed to temperature. The highest
measurement values for absorption and porosity were found for concrete with normal
mortar repair material indicating that it did not provide sufficient protection. This repair
material was compatible based on bond, but incompatible based on porosity and
absorption.
Based on Scanning electron microscope analysis, normal mortar repair with normal
concrete had more pores but with strongest bond whereas UPR-mortar 50% repair material
had weak bond after exposed to high temperature but lowest pores. The peculiar feature of
this research is that better bond compatibility between repair materials and concrete does
not guarantee good protection from absorption and porosity. Materials with weak bond
strength can surprisingly have protection from concrete absorption and porosity.
Keywords: Absorption, Compatibility, Concrete, MS, Porosity, Protection, Repair
materials, SEM
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Abstrak
Mempelajari porositas beton dan absorpsi sangat penting untuk menentukan kompatibilitas
dan durabilitas materi perbaikan beton. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah: untuk mengetahui
absorpsi, porositas dan kompatibilitas dari berbagai bahan perbaikan, untuk mengetahui
sejauh mana perlindungan yang diberikan oleh berbagai bahan perbaikan pada beton
berdasarkan pengukuran absorpsi dan porositas. Persentase absorpsi dan porositas diukur
sesuai dengan ASTM C642-06. Scanning Electron Microscope analisis dilakukan untuk
mempelajari perilaku berpori dan ikatan beton dengan bahan perbaikan. Absorpsi dan
tingkat porositas ditentukan berdasarkan ASTM C1585-04.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa UPR-Mortar 50% materi perbaikan memiliki
absorpsi dan porositas terendah pengukuran yang menunjukkan bahwa itu memberikan
perlindungan yang cukup. Materi perbaikan ini kompatibel berdasarkan porositas dan
absorbsi, tapi tidak sesuai berdasarkan kekuatan ikatan karena itu ikatan yang paling lemah
dengan beton bila terkena suhu. Nilai pengukuran tertinggi untuk penyerapan dan porositas
ditemukan untuk beton dengan bahan perbaikan mortir yang normal menunjukkan bahwa
hal itu tidak memberikan perlindungan yang cukup. Bahan perbaikan ini kompatibel
berdasarkan ikatan, tetapi tidak sesuai berdasarkan porositas dan absorbsi.
Berdasarkan Scanning analisis mikroskop elektron, perbaikan mortar normal dengan beton
normal memiliki lebih banyak pori-pori tapi dengan ikatan kuat sedangkan UPR-mortir
50% bahan perbaikan memiliki ikatan lemah setelah terkena suhu tinggi tetapi pori-pori
terendah. Fitur khas dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa kompatibilitas ikatan yang lebih baik
antara bahan perbaikan dan beton tidak menjamin perlindungan yang baik dari penyerapan
dan porositas. Bahan dengan kekuatan ikatan yang lemah mengejutkan dapat memiliki
perlindungan dari penyerapan beton dan porositas.
Kata kunci: Absorpsi, Kompatibilitas, Beton, MS, Porositas, Perlindungan, materi
Perbaikan, SEM
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE .................................................................................................................................. i
ENDORSEMENT .............................................................................................................. ii
STATEMENT ................................................................................................................... iii
PROCLAMATION ........................................................................................................... iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................. v
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ vi
ABSTRAK (Indonesian language) ................................................................................. vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................... viii
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ xi
LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ xiv
LIST OF SYMBOLS ..................................................................................................... xvii
LIST OF APPENDIX ................................................................................................... xviii
CHAPTER I (INTRODUCTION) ................................................................................................. 1
1.1
Background of the study ................................................................................. 1
1.2
Problem statement .......................................................................................... 3
1.3
Objectives of the research .............................................................................. 4
1.4
Limit of the research........................................................................................ 4
1.5
Benefit of the research .................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER II (LITERATURE REVIEW AND BASIC THEORY) .......................................... 6
2.1.
Literature review ............................................................................................. 6
2.1.1.
Absorption ........................................................................................ 6
2.1.2.
Porosity ............................................................................................. 8
2.1.3.
Compressive Strength ....................................................................... 9
2.1.4.
Compatibility
between
Repair
Material
and
Concrete
Substrate.......................................................................................... 10
2.2.
Basic Theory ................................................................................................... 12
2.2.1.
2.2.2.
Absorption ...................................................................................... 12
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Porosity ........................................................................................... 14
2.2.3.
Compressive Strength ..................................................................... 16
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2.2.4.
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Compatibility
between
Repair
Material
and
Concrete
Substrate.......................................................................................... 17
2.3.
Hypothesis .................................................................................................... 25
CHAPTER III (RESEARCH METHOD) .................................................................................. 26
1.
2.
3.
3.1.
Location and Time ......................................................................................... 26
3.2.
Type of research ............................................................................................ 26
3.3.
Research variables and parameters ................................................................ 26
3.4.
Data collection .............................................................................................. 27
3.5.
3.4.1.
Primary data ................................................................................... 27
3.4.2.
Secondary data ................................................................................. 27
Method and Materials .................................................................................... 27
3.
3.1.
3.2.
3.3.
3.4.
3.5.
3.6.
3.7.
3.5.1.
Concrete Cylinder ........................................................................... 27
3.5.2.
Slump Test ...................................................................................... 29
3.5.3.
Compressive strength (Test: ASTM C39/C39M – 03) .................. 29
3.5.4.
Repair materials .............................................................................. 30
3.5.5.
Percent of Absorption and porosity (ASTM C642 – 06) ................ 35
3.5.6.
Absorption rate (ASTM C1585 – 04) ............................................. 36
Data Analysis ................................................................................................. 39
3.6.1.
Compatibility of repair materials .................................................... 39
3.6.2.
Relation between compatibility and protection ............................... 40
Flow chart of research .................................................................................... 41
CHAPTER IV (RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS)
..................................................................... 42
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4.
4.1.
Introduction .................................................................................................. 42
4.2.
Compressive strength test Result .................................................................. 42
4.3.
Absorption and porosity percent results (ASTM C642 – 06) ....................... 43
4.3.1.
Repair materials ............................................................................... 43
4.3.2.
Concrete cylinder ........................................................................... 44
4.3.3.
Concrete cylinder with repair materials ......................................... 45
4.3.4.
Comparison compatibility and protection provided based on
absorption and porosity percent ..................................................... 47
4.4.
Absorption rate results (ASTM C1585 – 04) ............................................... 51
4.4.1.
Repair materials ............................................................................... 52
4.4.2.
Concrete cylinder ........................................................................... 55
4.4.3.
Concrete cylinder with repair materials ......................................... 56
4.4.4.
Comparison compatibility and protection provided based on
absorption rate ................................................................................ 59
4.5.
4.6.
Macro structure (MS) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) ............. 64
4.5.1.
Normal concrete with Normal mortar ............................................ 64
4.5.2.
Normal concrete with UPR-Mortar 50% Repair ............................ 65
4.5.3.
Normal concrete with BASF Nanocrete R4 ................................... 67
4.5.4.
Normal concrete with Sika Repair Mortar ..................................... 69
Summary of all test results ........................................................................... 70
4.
4.1.
4.2.
4.3.
4.4.
4.5.
CHAPTER V (CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS) ........................................... 73
5.
5.1.
Conclusion .................................................................................................... 73
5.2.
Recommendation for further
works
.............................................................. 74
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REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 75
APPENDIX ....................................................................................................................... 79
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1
VicRoads classification for concrete durability based on AVPV ............... 14
Table 3.1
Parameters and Variables ........................................................................... 26
Table 3.2
Concrete mix design outputs at 30 MPa ......................................................... 28
Table 3.3
The proportion of the initial mixture of Normal concrete (30 MPa) .......... 29
Table 3.4
Permissible time tolerances prescribed for concrete testing ...................... 30
Table 3.5
Mixing ratio of repair material (Normal mortar) ....................................... 30
Table 3.6
The proportion of the initial mixture of repair material
(Normal mortar) ......................................................................................... 31
Table 3.7
Mixing ratio of repaircommit
materialto(UPR-Mortar
50%) .................................. 32
user
Table 3.8
The proportion of the initial mixture of repair material
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(UPR-Mortar 50%) .................................................................................... 32
Table 3.9
Mixing ratio of repair material (BASF Nanocrete) ................................... 33
Table 3.10
The proportion of the initial mixture of repair material
(BASF Nanocrete R4) ................................................................................ 33
Table 3.11
Mixing ratio of repair material (Sika Repair Mortar) ................................ 34
Table 3.12
The proportion of initial mixture of repair material
(Sika Repair Mortar) .................................................................................. 34
Table 3.13
Times and Tolerances for the Measurements Schedule ............................. 39
Table 4.1
Compressive strength for Concrete cylinder ................................................... 42
Table 4.2
Final test results ASTM C642 - 06 for all repair material used ................. 43
Table 4.3
Final test results ASTM C642 - 06 for Normal concrete used .................. 45
Table 4.4
Durability based on absorption difference (∆I) of Concrete cylinder ...... 45
Table 4.5
Final test results ASTM C642 - 06 for Concrete cylinder with
all repair material used ............................................................................... 46
Table 4.6
Durability based on absorption difference (∆I) of Concrete
cylinder with repair materials .................................................................... 46
Table 4.7
Comparison of test results according to ASTM C642 - 06 for
Normal concrete and Normal mortar ......................................................... 47
Table 4.8
Comparison of test results according to ASTM C642 - 06 for
Normal concrete and UPR-Mortar 50% .................................................... 48
Table 4.9
Comparison of test results according to ASTM C642 - 06 for
Normal concrete and BASF Nanocrete R4 ................................................ 49
Table 4.10
Comparison of test results according to ASTM C642 - 06 for
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Normal concrete and Sika Repair Mortar .................................................. 50
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Table 4.11
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Final test results ASTM C642 - 06 for Concrete cylinder with
all Repair materials .................................................................................... 51
Table 4.12
Linear relationship (initial rate and secondary rate) according to
ASTM C1585-4 of all repair materials ....................................................... 54
Table 4.13
Linear relationship (initial rate and secondary rate) according to
ASTM C1585-4 of Normal concrete ......................................................... 56
Table 4.14
Linear relationship (initial rate and secondary rate) according to
ASTM C1585-4 of Concrete cylinder with repair materials ...................... 59
Table 4.15
Comparison of linear relationship according to ASTM C1585-4
for Normal concrete and Normal mortar ................................................... 60
Table 4.16
Comparison of linear relationship according to ASTM C1585-4
for Normal concrete and UPR-Mortar 50% ............................................... 61
Table 4.17
Comparison of linear relationship according to ASTM C1585-4
for Normal concrete and BASF Nanocrete R4 .......................................... 62
Table 4.18
Comparison of linear relationship according to ASTM C1585-4
for Normal concrete and Sika Repair Mortar ............................................ 63
Table 4.19
Summary of all test results ......................................................................... 71
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1
Effect of boiling on absorption .................................................................. 14
Figure 2.2
The relationship between porosity and permeability of water ................... 15
Figure 2.3
Explain to the width of tube (pore size) determines how far
the water is drawn up the tube ................................................................... 15
Figure 2.4
Modeling the Compressive Strength Test and Crack Patterns in
Concrete ..................................................................................................... 16
Figure 2.5
The various parts of a composite system ................................................... 17
Figure 2.6
Internal and external causes concurring towards structure deterioration .. 18
Figure 2.7
The most important types of compatibility that need to be considered
in repair design ............................................................................................ 19
Figure 2.8
Different types of volumetric
compatibility
............................................... 20
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Figure 2.9
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Combined effect of drying shrinkage and loading on the development of
normal and shear strains in a repaired beam .............................................. 21
Figure 2.10
Effect of elastic moduli mismatch ............................................................. 22
Figure 2.11
Electrochemical incompatibility ................................................................. 25
Figure 3.1
Schematic of the Procedure ....................................................................... 37
Figure 3.2
Flow chart of research ................................................................................ 41
Figure 4.1
The effect of (Normal mortar) on the protection of concrete and the
compatibility between them ....................................................................... 49
Figure 4.2
The effect of (UPR-Mortar 50%) on the protection of concrete and
the compatibility between them ................................................................. 49
Figure 4.3
The effect of (BASF Nanocrete R4) on the protection of concrete and the
compatibility between them ....................................................................... 50
Figure 4.4
The effect of (Sika Repair Mortar) on the protection of concrete and the
compatibility between them ....................................................................... 50
Figure 4.5
Absorption rate average calculations of all repair material samples .......... 55
Figure 4.6
Absorption rate average calculations of all samples
(Concrete cylinder) ..................................................................................... 56
Figure 4.7
Absorption rate average calculations of all samples
(Concrete cylinder with Sika Repair Mortar) ............................................. 59
Figure 4.8
Evaluation absorption rate of the normal concrete, normal mortar and
concrete cylinder with normal mortar ........................................................ 60
Figure 4.9
Evaluation absorption rate of the normal concrete. UPR-Mortar 50% and
concrete cylinder with UPR-Mortar 50% .................................................. 61
Figure 4.10
Evaluation absorption rate of the normal concrete. BASF Nanocrete
R4 and concrete cylinder with BASF Nanocrete R4 .................................. 62
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Figure 4.11
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Evaluation absorption rate of the normal concrete. Sika Repair Mortar and
concrete cylinder with Sika Repair Mortar ................................................ 63
Figure 4.12
Photos by the Macro structure (MS) shows compatibility condition between
ordinary normal concrete with Normal mortar .......................................... 64
Figure 4.13
Photos by the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) shows compatibility
condition between ordinary normal concrete with normal mortar ............ 65
Figure 4.14
Photos by the Macro structure (MS) shows compatibility condition between
ordinary normal concrete with UPR-Mortar 50% ...................................... 66
Figure 4.15
Photos by the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) shows compatibility
condition between ordinary normal concrete wit UPR-Mortar 50% .......... 67
Figure 4.16
Photos by the Macro structure (MS) shows compatibility condition between
ordinary normal concrete with BASF Nanocrete R4 ................................. 68
Figure 4.17
Photos by the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) shows compatibility
condition between ordinary normal concrete with BASF Nanocrete R4 .. 68
Figure 4.18
Photos by the Macro structure (MS) shows compatibility condition between
ordinary normal concrete with Sika Repair Mortar ................................... 69
Figure 4.19
Photos by the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) shows compatibility
condition between ordinary normal concrete with Sika Repair Mortar ..... 70
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LIST OF SYMBOLS
ASTM
-
American Society for Testing and Materials
AAI
-
Absorption after immersion
AAIB
-
Absorption after immersion and boiling
I
-
The absorption rate
Mt
-
The change in specimen mass in grams. at the time t
a
-
The exposed area of the specimen. in mm2
d
-
The density of the water in g/mm3
BDd
-
Bulk density. dry
BDAI
-
Bulk density after immersion
BDAIB
-
Bulk density after
immersion
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AD
-
Absorption density
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VPPS
-
Volume of permeable pore space (voids)
A
-
Mass of oven-dried sample in air. g
B
-
Mass of surface-dry sample in air after immersion. g
C
-
Mass of surface-dry sample in air after immersion and
D
-
Apparent mass of sample in water after immersion and boiling. g
g1
-
Bulk density. dry. Mg/m3
g2
-
Apparent density. Mg/m3
ρ
-
Density of water = 1 Mg/m3= 1 g/cm3
MS
-
Macro structure
SEM
-
Scanning Electron Microscope
boiling. g
LIST OF APPENDIX
APPENDIX
Page
79
A
Concrete mix design and result of materials test for concrete
B
Results of ASTM C642 – 06 test
C
Results of ASTM C1585 – 04 test
D
Pictures of materials and tests from the Laboratory
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ABSORPTION AND POROSITY CHARACTERISTICS OF
VARIOUS CONCRETE PATCH REPAIR MATERIALS
THESIS
Submitted to the Post Graduate of Civil Engineering Program in
Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of
Engineering in Infrastructure
Prepared by:
NASSR OMER SHAHAT ASHLEMBO
S941302040
MASTER OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
GRADUATE PROGRAM - SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY
commit2015
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere thanks and appreciation to
my academic supervisors Assoc. Prof. SA. Kristiawan, M.Sc.Ph.D. and Dr. Ir. Agus
Parwito Rahmadi. M.S. who continuously guided me throughout every step of my study
and generously shared their time and knowledge with me.
My special thanks must be extended to technical staff members at the concrete
Laboratory at UNS for their collaboration and assistance while carrying out my laboratory
work.
I am very grateful to my mother, father, brothers and sisters for their motivation and
support throughout my study, and my beloved wife who cares, helps and encourages me,
my children Fwzea and Omar who give me happiness during my study.
Millions of words of thanks for fellow friends who showed their concern and
support all the way. Their views and tips are useful indeed. Unfortunately, it is not possible
to list all of them in this limited space.
commit to user
v
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id
digilib.uns.ac.id
ABSTRACT
Studying concrete porosity and absorption is very important for determining the
compatibility and durability of concrete repair materials. The objectives of this research
were: to know the absorption, porosity and compatibility of various repair materials, to
know the extent of protection given by various repair materials on concrete based on the
measurement of absorption and porosity. Percent of absorption and porosity were
measured according to ASTM C642-06. Scanning Electron Microscope analysis was
conducted to study the porous and bond behaviour of concrete with repair materials.
Absorption and porosity rate were determined based on ASTM C 1585-04.
The result showed that UPR-Mortar 50 % repair material had the lowest absorption and
porosity measurements indicating that it provided sufficient protection. This repair material
is compatible based on porosity and absorption, but incompatible based on bond strength
because it had weakest bond with concrete when exposed to temperature. The highest
measurement values for absorption and porosity were found for concrete with normal
mortar repair material indicating that it did not provide sufficient protection. This repair
material was compatible based on bond, but incompatible based on porosity and
absorption.
Based on Scanning electron microscope analysis, normal mortar repair with normal
concrete had more pores but with strongest bond whereas UPR-mortar 50% repair material
had weak bond after exposed to high temperature but lowest pores. The peculiar feature of
this research is that better bond compatibility between repair materials and concrete does
not guarantee good protection from absorption and porosity. Materials with weak bond
strength can surprisingly have protection from concrete absorption and porosity.
Keywords: Absorption, Compatibility, Concrete, MS, Porosity, Protection, Repair
materials, SEM
commit to user
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digilib.uns.ac.id
Abstrak
Mempelajari porositas beton dan absorpsi sangat penting untuk menentukan kompatibilitas
dan durabilitas materi perbaikan beton. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah: untuk mengetahui
absorpsi, porositas dan kompatibilitas dari berbagai bahan perbaikan, untuk mengetahui
sejauh mana perlindungan yang diberikan oleh berbagai bahan perbaikan pada beton
berdasarkan pengukuran absorpsi dan porositas. Persentase absorpsi dan porositas diukur
sesuai dengan ASTM C642-06. Scanning Electron Microscope analisis dilakukan untuk
mempelajari perilaku berpori dan ikatan beton dengan bahan perbaikan. Absorpsi dan
tingkat porositas ditentukan berdasarkan ASTM C1585-04.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa UPR-Mortar 50% materi perbaikan memiliki
absorpsi dan porositas terendah pengukuran yang menunjukkan bahwa itu memberikan
perlindungan yang cukup. Materi perbaikan ini kompatibel berdasarkan porositas dan
absorbsi, tapi tidak sesuai berdasarkan kekuatan ikatan karena itu ikatan yang paling lemah
dengan beton bila terkena suhu. Nilai pengukuran tertinggi untuk penyerapan dan porositas
ditemukan untuk beton dengan bahan perbaikan mortir yang normal menunjukkan bahwa
hal itu tidak memberikan perlindungan yang cukup. Bahan perbaikan ini kompatibel
berdasarkan ikatan, tetapi tidak sesuai berdasarkan porositas dan absorbsi.
Berdasarkan Scanning analisis mikroskop elektron, perbaikan mortar normal dengan beton
normal memiliki lebih banyak pori-pori tapi dengan ikatan kuat sedangkan UPR-mortir
50% bahan perbaikan memiliki ikatan lemah setelah terkena suhu tinggi tetapi pori-pori
terendah. Fitur khas dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa kompatibilitas ikatan yang lebih baik
antara bahan perbaikan dan beton tidak menjamin perlindungan yang baik dari penyerapan
dan porositas. Bahan dengan kekuatan ikatan yang lemah mengejutkan dapat memiliki
perlindungan dari penyerapan beton dan porositas.
Kata kunci: Absorpsi, Kompatibilitas, Beton, MS, Porositas, Perlindungan, materi
Perbaikan, SEM
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE .................................................................................................................................. i
ENDORSEMENT .............................................................................................................. ii
STATEMENT ................................................................................................................... iii
PROCLAMATION ........................................................................................................... iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................. v
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ vi
ABSTRAK (Indonesian language) ................................................................................. vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................... viii
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ xi
LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ xiv
LIST OF SYMBOLS ..................................................................................................... xvii
LIST OF APPENDIX ................................................................................................... xviii
CHAPTER I (INTRODUCTION) ................................................................................................. 1
1.1
Background of the study ................................................................................. 1
1.2
Problem statement .......................................................................................... 3
1.3
Objectives of the research .............................................................................. 4
1.4
Limit of the research........................................................................................ 4
1.5
Benefit of the research .................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER II (LITERATURE REVIEW AND BASIC THEORY) .......................................... 6
2.1.
Literature review ............................................................................................. 6
2.1.1.
Absorption ........................................................................................ 6
2.1.2.
Porosity ............................................................................................. 8
2.1.3.
Compressive Strength ....................................................................... 9
2.1.4.
Compatibility
between
Repair
Material
and
Concrete
Substrate.......................................................................................... 10
2.2.
Basic Theory ................................................................................................... 12
2.2.1.
2.2.2.
Absorption ...................................................................................... 12
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Porosity ........................................................................................... 14
2.2.3.
Compressive Strength ..................................................................... 16
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2.2.4.
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Compatibility
between
Repair
Material
and
Concrete
Substrate.......................................................................................... 17
2.3.
Hypothesis .................................................................................................... 25
CHAPTER III (RESEARCH METHOD) .................................................................................. 26
1.
2.
3.
3.1.
Location and Time ......................................................................................... 26
3.2.
Type of research ............................................................................................ 26
3.3.
Research variables and parameters ................................................................ 26
3.4.
Data collection .............................................................................................. 27
3.5.
3.4.1.
Primary data ................................................................................... 27
3.4.2.
Secondary data ................................................................................. 27
Method and Materials .................................................................................... 27
3.
3.1.
3.2.
3.3.
3.4.
3.5.
3.6.
3.7.
3.5.1.
Concrete Cylinder ........................................................................... 27
3.5.2.
Slump Test ...................................................................................... 29
3.5.3.
Compressive strength (Test: ASTM C39/C39M – 03) .................. 29
3.5.4.
Repair materials .............................................................................. 30
3.5.5.
Percent of Absorption and porosity (ASTM C642 – 06) ................ 35
3.5.6.
Absorption rate (ASTM C1585 – 04) ............................................. 36
Data Analysis ................................................................................................. 39
3.6.1.
Compatibility of repair materials .................................................... 39
3.6.2.
Relation between compatibility and protection ............................... 40
Flow chart of research .................................................................................... 41
CHAPTER IV (RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS)
..................................................................... 42
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4.
4.1.
Introduction .................................................................................................. 42
4.2.
Compressive strength test Result .................................................................. 42
4.3.
Absorption and porosity percent results (ASTM C642 – 06) ....................... 43
4.3.1.
Repair materials ............................................................................... 43
4.3.2.
Concrete cylinder ........................................................................... 44
4.3.3.
Concrete cylinder with repair materials ......................................... 45
4.3.4.
Comparison compatibility and protection provided based on
absorption and porosity percent ..................................................... 47
4.4.
Absorption rate results (ASTM C1585 – 04) ............................................... 51
4.4.1.
Repair materials ............................................................................... 52
4.4.2.
Concrete cylinder ........................................................................... 55
4.4.3.
Concrete cylinder with repair materials ......................................... 56
4.4.4.
Comparison compatibility and protection provided based on
absorption rate ................................................................................ 59
4.5.
4.6.
Macro structure (MS) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) ............. 64
4.5.1.
Normal concrete with Normal mortar ............................................ 64
4.5.2.
Normal concrete with UPR-Mortar 50% Repair ............................ 65
4.5.3.
Normal concrete with BASF Nanocrete R4 ................................... 67
4.5.4.
Normal concrete with Sika Repair Mortar ..................................... 69
Summary of all test results ........................................................................... 70
4.
4.1.
4.2.
4.3.
4.4.
4.5.
CHAPTER V (CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS) ........................................... 73
5.
5.1.
Conclusion .................................................................................................... 73
5.2.
Recommendation for further
works
.............................................................. 74
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REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 75
APPENDIX ....................................................................................................................... 79
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1
VicRoads classification for concrete durability based on AVPV ............... 14
Table 3.1
Parameters and Variables ........................................................................... 26
Table 3.2
Concrete mix design outputs at 30 MPa ......................................................... 28
Table 3.3
The proportion of the initial mixture of Normal concrete (30 MPa) .......... 29
Table 3.4
Permissible time tolerances prescribed for concrete testing ...................... 30
Table 3.5
Mixing ratio of repair material (Normal mortar) ....................................... 30
Table 3.6
The proportion of the initial mixture of repair material
(Normal mortar) ......................................................................................... 31
Table 3.7
Mixing ratio of repaircommit
materialto(UPR-Mortar
50%) .................................. 32
user
Table 3.8
The proportion of the initial mixture of repair material
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(UPR-Mortar 50%) .................................................................................... 32
Table 3.9
Mixing ratio of repair material (BASF Nanocrete) ................................... 33
Table 3.10
The proportion of the initial mixture of repair material
(BASF Nanocrete R4) ................................................................................ 33
Table 3.11
Mixing ratio of repair material (Sika Repair Mortar) ................................ 34
Table 3.12
The proportion of initial mixture of repair material
(Sika Repair Mortar) .................................................................................. 34
Table 3.13
Times and Tolerances for the Measurements Schedule ............................. 39
Table 4.1
Compressive strength for Concrete cylinder ................................................... 42
Table 4.2
Final test results ASTM C642 - 06 for all repair material used ................. 43
Table 4.3
Final test results ASTM C642 - 06 for Normal concrete used .................. 45
Table 4.4
Durability based on absorption difference (∆I) of Concrete cylinder ...... 45
Table 4.5
Final test results ASTM C642 - 06 for Concrete cylinder with
all repair material used ............................................................................... 46
Table 4.6
Durability based on absorption difference (∆I) of Concrete
cylinder with repair materials .................................................................... 46
Table 4.7
Comparison of test results according to ASTM C642 - 06 for
Normal concrete and Normal mortar ......................................................... 47
Table 4.8
Comparison of test results according to ASTM C642 - 06 for
Normal concrete and UPR-Mortar 50% .................................................... 48
Table 4.9
Comparison of test results according to ASTM C642 - 06 for
Normal concrete and BASF Nanocrete R4 ................................................ 49
Table 4.10
Comparison of test results according to ASTM C642 - 06 for
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Normal concrete and Sika Repair Mortar .................................................. 50
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Table 4.11
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Final test results ASTM C642 - 06 for Concrete cylinder with
all Repair materials .................................................................................... 51
Table 4.12
Linear relationship (initial rate and secondary rate) according to
ASTM C1585-4 of all repair materials ....................................................... 54
Table 4.13
Linear relationship (initial rate and secondary rate) according to
ASTM C1585-4 of Normal concrete ......................................................... 56
Table 4.14
Linear relationship (initial rate and secondary rate) according to
ASTM C1585-4 of Concrete cylinder with repair materials ...................... 59
Table 4.15
Comparison of linear relationship according to ASTM C1585-4
for Normal concrete and Normal mortar ................................................... 60
Table 4.16
Comparison of linear relationship according to ASTM C1585-4
for Normal concrete and UPR-Mortar 50% ............................................... 61
Table 4.17
Comparison of linear relationship according to ASTM C1585-4
for Normal concrete and BASF Nanocrete R4 .......................................... 62
Table 4.18
Comparison of linear relationship according to ASTM C1585-4
for Normal concrete and Sika Repair Mortar ............................................ 63
Table 4.19
Summary of all test results ......................................................................... 71
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1
Effect of boiling on absorption .................................................................. 14
Figure 2.2
The relationship between porosity and permeability of water ................... 15
Figure 2.3
Explain to the width of tube (pore size) determines how far
the water is drawn up the tube ................................................................... 15
Figure 2.4
Modeling the Compressive Strength Test and Crack Patterns in
Concrete ..................................................................................................... 16
Figure 2.5
The various parts of a composite system ................................................... 17
Figure 2.6
Internal and external causes concurring towards structure deterioration .. 18
Figure 2.7
The most important types of compatibility that need to be considered
in repair design ............................................................................................ 19
Figure 2.8
Different types of volumetric
compatibility
............................................... 20
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Figure 2.9
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Combined effect of drying shrinkage and loading on the development of
normal and shear strains in a repaired beam .............................................. 21
Figure 2.10
Effect of elastic moduli mismatch ............................................................. 22
Figure 2.11
Electrochemical incompatibility ................................................................. 25
Figure 3.1
Schematic of the Procedure ....................................................................... 37
Figure 3.2
Flow chart of research ................................................................................ 41
Figure 4.1
The effect of (Normal mortar) on the protection of concrete and the
compatibility between them ....................................................................... 49
Figure 4.2
The effect of (UPR-Mortar 50%) on the protection of concrete and
the compatibility between them ................................................................. 49
Figure 4.3
The effect of (BASF Nanocrete R4) on the protection of concrete and the
compatibility between them ....................................................................... 50
Figure 4.4
The effect of (Sika Repair Mortar) on the protection of concrete and the
compatibility between them ....................................................................... 50
Figure 4.5
Absorption rate average calculations of all repair material samples .......... 55
Figure 4.6
Absorption rate average calculations of all samples
(Concrete cylinder) ..................................................................................... 56
Figure 4.7
Absorption rate average calculations of all samples
(Concrete cylinder with Sika Repair Mortar) ............................................. 59
Figure 4.8
Evaluation absorption rate of the normal concrete, normal mortar and
concrete cylinder with normal mortar ........................................................ 60
Figure 4.9
Evaluation absorption rate of the normal concrete. UPR-Mortar 50% and
concrete cylinder with UPR-Mortar 50% .................................................. 61
Figure 4.10
Evaluation absorption rate of the normal concrete. BASF Nanocrete
R4 and concrete cylinder with BASF Nanocrete R4 .................................. 62
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Figure 4.11
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Evaluation absorption rate of the normal concrete. Sika Repair Mortar and
concrete cylinder with Sika Repair Mortar ................................................ 63
Figure 4.12
Photos by the Macro structure (MS) shows compatibility condition between
ordinary normal concrete with Normal mortar .......................................... 64
Figure 4.13
Photos by the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) shows compatibility
condition between ordinary normal concrete with normal mortar ............ 65
Figure 4.14
Photos by the Macro structure (MS) shows compatibility condition between
ordinary normal concrete with UPR-Mortar 50% ...................................... 66
Figure 4.15
Photos by the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) shows compatibility
condition between ordinary normal concrete wit UPR-Mortar 50% .......... 67
Figure 4.16
Photos by the Macro structure (MS) shows compatibility condition between
ordinary normal concrete with BASF Nanocrete R4 ................................. 68
Figure 4.17
Photos by the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) shows compatibility
condition between ordinary normal concrete with BASF Nanocrete R4 .. 68
Figure 4.18
Photos by the Macro structure (MS) shows compatibility condition between
ordinary normal concrete with Sika Repair Mortar ................................... 69
Figure 4.19
Photos by the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) shows compatibility
condition between ordinary normal concrete with Sika Repair Mortar ..... 70
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LIST OF SYMBOLS
ASTM
-
American Society for Testing and Materials
AAI
-
Absorption after immersion
AAIB
-
Absorption after immersion and boiling
I
-
The absorption rate
Mt
-
The change in specimen mass in grams. at the time t
a
-
The exposed area of the specimen. in mm2
d
-
The density of the water in g/mm3
BDd
-
Bulk density. dry
BDAI
-
Bulk density after immersion
BDAIB
-
Bulk density after
immersion
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AD
-
Absorption density
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VPPS
-
Volume of permeable pore space (voids)
A
-
Mass of oven-dried sample in air. g
B
-
Mass of surface-dry sample in air after immersion. g
C
-
Mass of surface-dry sample in air after immersion and
D
-
Apparent mass of sample in water after immersion and boiling. g
g1
-
Bulk density. dry. Mg/m3
g2
-
Apparent density. Mg/m3
ρ
-
Density of water = 1 Mg/m3= 1 g/cm3
MS
-
Macro structure
SEM
-
Scanning Electron Microscope
boiling. g
LIST OF APPENDIX
APPENDIX
Page
79
A
Concrete mix design and result of materials test for concrete
B
Results of ASTM C642 – 06 test
C
Results of ASTM C1585 – 04 test
D
Pictures of materials and tests from the Laboratory
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