T1 112012154 Full text

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VOCABULARY PROFILE OF ENGLISH TEXTBOOK USED

IN GRADE 7 IN SALATIGA STATE JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL7

THESIS

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for The Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan

Ika Runtiana Setyaningrum 112012154

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION PROGRAM

FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE

SATYA WACANA CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY

SALATIGA

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VOCABULARY PROFILE OF ENGLISH TEXTBOOK USED

IN GRADE 7 IN SALATIGA STATE JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL7

THESIS

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for The Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan

Ika Runtiana Setyaningrum 112012154

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION PROGRAM

FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE

SATYA WACANA CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY

SALATIGA

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VOCABULARY PROFILE OF ENGLISH TEXTBOOK USED

IN GRADE 7 IN SALATIGA STATE JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL7

THESIS

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for The Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan

Ika Runtiana Setyaningrum 112012154

Approved by

Prof. Dr. Gusti Astika, M. A Yustinus Calvin Gai Mali, M.Hum

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COPYRIGHT STATEMENT

This thesis contains no such material as has been submitted for examination in any course or accepter for the fulfillment of any degree or diploma in any university. To the best of my knowledge and my belief, this contains no material previously published or written by any other person except where due reference is made in the text.

Copyright@2016. Ika Runtiana Setyaningrum and Prof. Dr. Gusti Astika, M. A All right reserved. No part of this thesis may be produced by any means without the permission of at least of one the copyright owners or English Language Education Program, Faculty of Language and Literature, Satya Wacana Christian University, Salatiga.

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PUBLICATION AGREEMENT DECLARATION As a member of Satya Wacana Christian University (SWCU) academic community, I verify that:

Name : Ika Runtiana Setyaningrum Student ID Number : 112012154

Study Program : English Language Education Program Faculty : Language and Literature

Kind of Work : Undergraduate Thesis

In developing my knowledge, I agree to provide SWCU with a non-exclusive royalty free right for my intellectual property and the content as there in entitled: Vocabulary Profile of English Textbook Used in Grade 7 in Salatiga State Junior High School 7

along with any pertinent equipment

With a non-exclusive royalty free right, SWCU maintains the right to copy, reproduce, print, publish, post, display, incorporate, store in or scan into a retrieval system or database, transmit, broadcast, barter, or sell my intellectual property, in whole or in part without my express written permission, as long as my name is still included as the writer.

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Ika Runtiana Setyaningrum Approved by:

Prof. Dr. Gusti Astika, M. A Yustinus Calvin Gai Mali, M.Hum

viii Table of content

Cover page... i

Appoval page... ii

Copyright statement... iii

Publication agreement declaration... iv

Table of content... v

List of tables... vii

List of figures... viii

Abstract... 1

A.Introduction... 1

B.Literature Review... 4

1.Teaching Vocabulary... 4

2.Learning Vocabulary... 5

3.Vocabulary Profiler... 6

4.Previous Study about Vocabulary Profile... 7

C.The Study... 9

1.Method of research... 9

2.Samples... 9

3.Research Instrument... 9

4.Data Collection... 10

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D.Findings and Discussion... 12

The overall of vocabulary profile... 12

Negative vocabulary profiles of the textbook... 14

Negative vocabulary profile of K1... 14

Negative vocabulary profile of K2... 16

Negative vocabulary profile of K3 or AWL... 17

Block Frequency output of off-list words... 18

Comparison of vocabulary frequency across chapters of the textbook 19

Comparison of chapter 2 vs. Chapter 3... 21

Comparison of chapter 5 vs. Chapter 6... 23

List of 100 Words of K-1... 24

List of 100 Words of K-2... 25

Conclusion... 26

Acknowledgement... 28

References... 29

Appendixes... 32

Appendix A... 32

Appendix B... 36

Appendix C... 41

Appendix D... 45

Appendix E... 55

x List of Tables

Table 1. The overall of vocabulary profile... 13

Table 2. Negative Vocabulary Profile of K-1... 15

Table 3. Negative Vocabulary Profile of K-2... 16

Table 4. Negative Vocabulary Profile of K-3 or AWL... 17

Table 5. Block Frequency Output of Off-List Words... 19

Table 6. Comparison of Word Frequency Level... 20

Table 7. Shared and Unique Words in Chapter 2 and Chapter 3... 22

Table 8. Shared andUnique Words in Chapter 5 and Chapter 6... 23

Table 9. List of 100 Words of K-1... 24

xi List of Figures

Figure 1. Cover of The Textbook... 2 Figure 2. Four Types of Word Frequency in Different Color... 10 Figure 3. The Example of Tokens Word Types in K-1... 13

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VOCABULARY PROFILE OF ENGLISH TEXTBOOK USED IN GRADE 7 IN SALATIGA STATE JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL7

Ika Runtiana Setyaningrum

Abstract

Vocabulary is one important element in learning English. Especially in Indonesia, most of students have difficulty in understanding the meaning of vocabulary, producing vocabulary, and using vocabulary in appropriate context. This study aims to analyze the vocabulary profile of English textbook used in grade 7 in Salatiga State Junior High School 7, produce list of vocabulary that are not covered in the textbook, and produce the token (word) recycling index of the textbook. This study used all contents of the textbook as the sample. The analysis used an electronic tool named The Compleat Lexical Tutor, v.4. There are 86.06% of K-1 and 6.49% of K-2 that means the textbook is understandable for students. The 7.45% of the rest words means that students need effort to study. There are 57.99% of K-1, 83.47% of K-2, and 95.08% of academic words that were not found in the textbook. The comparison analysis of chapter 2 and chapter 3 showed that there are 56.80% similar words in those chapters. There are 58.29% similar words in chapter 5 and chapter 6.

Keywords: Vocabulary, Vocabulary profile, Learning, Students, Words, Understanding, Textbook.

A. Introduction

This study analyzed the vocabulary profile of English textbook used in Junior High School. Thetextbook was the English textbook used in Salatiga State Junior High School 7 for grade 7. The title of the book was „When English Rings A Bell‟.The Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture published the book in 2014.Figure 1 below is the picture of the cover of the textbook.

2 Figure 1. Cover of The Textbook

The topics in the book in general are about daily life. The content of each chapter containsskills such as writing, listening, speaking, and reading. The exercises are somefilling the blanksof conversation for writing skills, role play for speaking,reading exercises, grammar and vocabulary exercises.

In learning English, there are many problems faced by students. Students only focus on the literal meaning of words, they do not learn the meaning of words in a context (Kafipour, 2009). Kafipour added that students are difficult to use the words in free writing situation and their proper context. The main problem of the students that I found when I was doing my teaching practicum was most of the students lacked vocabulary knowledge. That problem can affect students‟ English comprehension. Kafipour stated that many students have a limited range of vocabulary and this problem influences their comprehension when producing the language.

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One tool that can help students to increase vocabulary knowledge is vocabulary profile. The vocabulary profilecan help teachers and students to choose which vocabulary is appropriate for them in teaching and learning. According to Schuemann and Benz (2004), in A web-based vocabulary profiler for Chinese language teaching and research (as cited in Da, 2006, p.1) said that the vocabulary profile is a very valuable resource when teachers and students prepare materials and make decision how to learn appropriate vocabulary.

There were three research questions of the study:

1. What is the profile of the vocabulary in the textbook

2. What is the proportion of vocabulary that is not covered in the textbook?

3. What is the token (word) recycling index of the textbook?

There are three objectives of the study. First, it is to profile the vocabulary in textbook used by teachers in grade 7 in Salatiga State Junior High School 7. Second, it is to produce list of vocabulary that are not covered in the textbook. Third, it is toproduce the token (word) recycling index of the textbook.The significances of the study are to provide teachers with useful information about the proportion of vocabulary in each frequency group, to provide information for teachers about what words are necessary to teach to students, and to help students to choose which vocabulary that they have to learn and understand.

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B. Literature Review

This section presents theories that used in this study. There are four parts in this section. There are teaching vocabulary, learning vocabulary, vocabulary profile, and the previous study about vocabulary profile.

1. Teaching vocabulary

Vocabulary is one important element in learning English. According to Wehmeier, McIntosh,Turnbull, and Ashby, in The teaching of EFL Vocabulary in the Indonesian Context: The State of The Art (as cited in Cahyono and Widiati,

2008, p.1)“vocabulary is all words in a language”. Jianbin, Yuedong, and Ying (2007) added that word is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit that can stand by itself. As vocabulary is one important element in learning English, teachers and students who teach and learn vocabulary, have to acquire as much vocabulary as possible in English. Pikulski and Pempleton (2004) defined that teaching vocabulary is to facilitate students to understand the text. According to Nation (2001), teaching vocabulary is one of efficient ways to develop learners‟ vocabulary knowledge. Nation added that teaching vocabulary only takes a few

parts in developing students‟ vocabulary knowledge, but it becomes an important

part in teaching and learning vocabulary process. During teaching and learning process, both the teacher and students get the benefit by increasing their vocabulary knowledge.

5 2. Learning vocabulary

Besides teaching vocabulary, students play their roles in learning vocabulary. According to Hunt and Beglar, in The teaching of EFL Vocabulary in the Indonesian Context: The State of The Art (as cited in Cahyono and Widiati, 2008, p.4) stated learning vocabulary is as an incidental learning as doing language activitivies like reading, listening and writing. Nation (2001) stated that incidental learning still has some limitations due to the fact that second language learners cannot read independently because of their limitation in vocabulary knowledge. Cahyono and Widiati (2008) added that learning vocabulary is an indirect learning. They said that the examples of learning vocabulary are integrating new words, building a large of vocabulary, providing a number of encounter words, describing a target word, mapping, ordering, and collocation. Nation stated that "learning new words is a cumulative process, with words enriched and established as they are met again." (p.4). There are always new words in teaching and learning process which will improve students‟ vocabulary knowledge. In general, students only learn and know how to use the words in an exact form rather than in real communication. Actually, students have to apply the words that have already learnt into the real communication in their daily life. Therefore, the teachers have to play their roles again to choose which vocabulary is appropriate for the students.

6 3. Vocabulary profile

According Astika (2014), vocabulary profile is a program designed by Laufer and Nation (1995) which has functions to determine lexical richness (lexical difficulty). Vocabulary profile can help the teacher to categorize which vocabulary is used to teach students. Vocabulary profile is used to differentiate which vocabulary is appropriate to be taught to students at the beginner, intermediate, and advance level. Vocabulary profile helps the teacher to teach students step by step the vocabulary from high to low frequency words. According to Nation (2001), vocabulary is divided into four types such as high-frequency words known as K1 (1-1000 words), K2 (1001-2000 words), academic words, technical words, and low-frequency words. Nation added that high-frequency vocabulary is very useful for learners, because the words are used by the teachers in explaining the materials in class. Academic vocabulary is specialized language of academic settings used by learners to learn target language. Technical vocabulary focuses on a particular purpose for learners to learn target language. The last is low-frequency vocabulary is the words that are rarely used in teaching learning process. Schuemann and benz (2004), in A web-based vocabulary profiler for Chinese language teaching and research (as cited in Da, 2006, p.1) found that vocabulary profile becomes useful source when teachers can prepare material well and choose which vocabulary will be taught for students in reading class. Through the analysis in differentiating the vocabulary, a

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teacher can choose which words are appropriate to be taught for students in the different levels of study. Besides, vocabulary profile helps students to memorize and understand what vocabulary is given by the teacher. It also helps them to choose which vocabulary is appropriate to produce when they are asked to speak or used it in the real communication.

4. Previous study about vocabulary profile

Previous study about vocabulary profile is a research by Yohana Andreani Jusuf in 2014. The study analyzed the vocabulary profiler of the textbook used in Satya Wacana Junior High School from grade 7 until grade 9. The sample of the data was taken from 50% words of each textbook. The title of the textbook used wasEnglish on Sky. The findings of the study showed the vocabulary used in K-1 in grade 7 was 79.27%, in grade 8 was 81.81%, in grade 9 was 78.46%. The vocabulary used in K-2 in grade 7 was 6.97%, in grade 8 was 5.67%, and grade 9 was 7.84%. The academic words that used in grade 7 were 1.07%, in grade 8 was 1.21%, and in grade 9 was 3.68%. The results of the study showed that the textbooks are quite easy to learn for Junior High School students. The researcher suggested that the vocabulary profiler can be used as a guide for teachers to teach and determine what vocabulary profile to teach and how many words to teach in each class. The other previous study about vocabulary profile is a study from Argo Dea Galuh Kirana Ardyny in 2014. The study analyze the vocabulary profile of Introduction to Language Education (2013) course book. The textbook used by students of English Language Education Program in Faculty of Language and

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Literature, Satya Wacana Christian University, Salatiga. The findings of the study showed the vocabulary used in K-1 was 76.51%, K-2 was 4.30%, K-3 or AWL was 10.47%, and off-list was 8.72%. The results of the study showed that the book is understandable for university students. The researcher suggested that vocabulary profile can help teacher to decide the choice of words in creating materials for learners. In line with this study, the present research investigated a textbook for grade 7 in Salatiga State Junior High School 7.

9 The Study 1. Method of research

This study used a descriptive method to analyze the data. According to Rivera (2007) descriptive method is used to identify facts of research and it includes the description, analysis, and interpretation of data collection. In this study, English textbook for Junior High School was analyzed whether the vocabulary falls into the category of high frequency known as K1 word (1-1000 words) and K2 word (1001-2000) or academic words.

2. Samples

The sample of this study was the Junior High School textbook used for grade 7.

The title of the book is „When English Rings A Bell‟. The book has 11 chapters with 224 pages. For validity purpose, this analysis took all contents of the book.

3. Research Instrument

The purpose of the study was to identify whether the vocabulary used in the textbook contains K1 words (1-1000), K2 words (1001-2000), and academic words. The study used the vocabulary profiler that accessible at Lextutor.ca. The vocabulary profiler is a tool used to categorize all words in a text by showing the frequency of the four word types in different colors.Figure 2 below is an example when vocabulary profiler categorized words by showing the frequency of 1, K-2, AWL, and off-list word types in different colors.

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Figure 2. Four Types of Word Frequency in Different Color

According to figure 1, the blue color belongs to K-1 words. The green color belongs to K-2 words. The red color belongs to academic words. The yellow color belongs to off-list words.

4. Data collection

For data collection, the first step was selecting words from the book. The second step was copying the selected words from the pdf file of the book into the document file. All lexical items had to be selected except name of persons, name of towns, number, phonetic transcript, and to be-verbs. Therefore, only the lexical items were analyzed using the vocabulary profiler.

5. Data Analysis

The analysis automatically was produced by the tool as vocabulary profile. It analyzed the four categorizes of word frequency levels such as K-1 words, K-2

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words, academic words, and off-list words. It also analyzed list of vocabulary that are not covered in textbook and the token (word) recycling index of the textbook.

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C. Findings and Discussion

This section presents the result of the analysis. There were 7.391 words analyzed using The Compleat Lexical Tutor, v.4. The vocabulary profile is presented in a form of table. The finding is divided into four major parts. The first part of this section shows the overall vocabulary profile of the textbook as seen in Table 1. The second part presents the negative vocabulary profiles of K-1, K-2, and K-3 (AWL) with lists of the vocabulary items that were not found in the textbook. The third part shows the block frequency output of off-list words of the textbook. The last part of this section shows the comparison of vocabulary profile across chapters of the textbook.

The overall of vocabulary profile

According to Table 1, the first row in Table 1 shows three terms; family, type and token. Word family is head word, for example: the family or head word of description and describing is describe. Type is different words, for example: important and interesting are different words. While description and described, or describing are considered as the same type. Token is words in a text; the total number of words in a text. For example, if in a text there are along [2], between [2], choose [3], and daily [3], the number of token is 10. Below is figure 2 of the example of tokens word types in K-1.

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Figure 3. The Example of Tokens Word Types in K-1

According to table 1, table 1 shows that the majority 86.06% of the vocabulary fell under the most frequently used 1000 words group (K-1). 6.49% of vocabulary fell under the second 1000 words group (K-2) with the cumulative percentage of the word coverage was 92.55%. By the cumulative percentage of K-1 and K-2 words, the textbook could be assumed that the textbook is understandable for Junior High School students because the percentage of K-1 and K-2 words in the textbook are around 95% as the requirement of good understanding of the textbook.

Table 1. The OverallVocabulary Profile of The Textbook

FAMILIES TYPES TOKENS CUMULATIVE

K-1 WORDS

420 602 6361

86.06 %

86.06 % K-2

WORDS

164 197 480

6.49 %

92.55 %

AWL 29 33 94

1.27 %

93.82 %

OFF LIST ? 267 456

6.18 %

100 %

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Hirsch (2003), in Learning vocabulary in another language stated that an understanding of 90-95% of the words is necessary for comprehension.1.27% of vocabulary fell under the academic words (AWL). Academic words are words that are commonly used in academic texts. We need to select whether the academic words that amounted to 94 words used in the textbook need to be introduced to the students in Junior High Schools. There were 459 words fell under off-list. Off list words are those words that did not include into other categories. This off-list word should not be ignored in teaching, because students at this level need to know about the vocabulary. Then, teachers have to select for useful words in this category. The rest percentage of AWL and off-list words were 6.18%, it means that students still need effort to study.

Negative vocabulary profiles of the textbook

The section below presents the description of negative vocabulary profiles of the textbook. Negative vocabulary is vocabulary items that are not found in the textbook. The list of negative K-1 words below is useful for teachers in selecting vocabulary items that students may find useful to develop their vocabulary knowledge.

Negative vocabulary profile of K1

This sectionpresents all the word families (=head words) from the K-1 level that were not found in the textbook. The summary of negative vocabulary profile for K-1 level is presented below.

15 1k Total word families: 964

1k families in input: 406(42.12%) 1k families not in input: 559 (57.99%)

These percentages do not refer to tokens in text but rather number of families. Based on the summary above, there were 42.12 % of word families that were found in the textbook.It means that there were 57.99 % of word families that were

„missing‟ or not found based on the words listed in New General Service List (NGSL).

The followings are some of the word families that are not found in the input textbook. The complete word list has been put in Appendix A.

Table 2. Negative Vocabulary Profile of K-1

ABLE ACCEPT ACCORD ACCOUNT ACCOUNTABLE

ACROSS ACTOR ACTRESS ACTUAL ADD

ADMIT ADOPT ADVANCE ADVANTAGE ADVENTURE

AFFAIR AGAINST AGENT AGO AGREE

ALLOW ALMOST ALONE ALREADY ALTHOUGH

AMOUNT ANCIENT APPLY APPOINT ARISE ARMY ARRIVE ARTICLE ASSOCIATE ATTACK

ATTEMPT AVERAGE BAD BAR BATTLE

BEGIN BEHIND BELONG BENEATH BESIDE

16 Negative Vocabulary profile of K2

This sectionpresents all the word families (=head words) from the K-2 level that were not found in the textbook. The summary of negative vocabulary profile for K-2 level is presented below.

2k Total word families: 986

2k families in input: 164 (16.63%) 2k families not in input: 823 (83.47%)

These percentages do not refer to tokens or number of words in the textbooks but rather number of word families. Based on the summary above, there were 16.63 % of word families that were found in the textbooks.It means there were 83.47 % of

word families were „missing‟ or not found based on the words listed in New General Service List (NGSL).

The followings are some of the word families K-2 that were not found in the input textbook. The complete word list has been put in Appendix B.

Table 3. Negative Vocabulary Profile of K-2

ABROAD ABSENCE ABSENT ABSOLUTE ABSOLUTELY

ACCIDENT ACCUSE ACCUSTOM ACHE ADMIRE

ADVERTISE ADVICE AEROPLANE AFFORD AGRICULTURE

AHEAD AIM AIRPLANE ALIKE ALIVE

ALTOGETHER AMBITION AMUSE ANGER ANGLE

ANNOY ANXIETY APART APPLAUD APPLAUSE

APPLE APPROVE ARCH ARGUE ARRANGE

17 Negative vocabulary profile of K3 or AWL

This sectionpresents all the word families (=head words) from the K-3 or AWL level that were not found in the textbook. The summary of negative vocabulary profile for K-3 or AWL level is presented below.

AWL Total word families: 569

AWL families in input: 29 (5.10%) AWL families not in input: 541 (95.08%)

These percentages do not refer to tokens in text but rather number of families. Based on the summary above, there was 5.10 % of word families were found in

the textbook, which means, there was 95.08 % of word families were „missing‟ or not found based on the words listed in New General Service List (NGSL).

The followings are some of the word families K-3 that were not found in the input textbook. The complete word list has been put in Appendix C.

Table 4. Negative Vocabulary Profile of K-3 or AWL

ABANDON ABSTRACT ACADEMY ACCESS

ACCOMMODATE ACCOMPANY ACCUMULATE ACCURATE

ACHIEVE ACKNOWLEDGE ACQUIRE ADAPT

ADEQUATE ADJACENT ADJUST ADMINISTRATE

ADULT ADVOCATE AFFECT AGGREGATE

AID ALBEIT ALLOCATE ALTER

ALTERNATIVE AMBIGUOUS AMEND ANALOGY

18 Block frequency output of off-list words.

This section presents the description of block frequency output of off-list words of the textbook. Off-list words are words that are not listed in K-1, K-2, or AWL. Using the vocabulary profiler tool, those words have been frequency-blocked per ten words and have been arranged from high to low frequency. This list of words below may be useful for teachers to use which words are necessary for teaching. Then, it also helps teachers to choose words from the list that are relevant to teach Junior High School students. Below is the list of „Off-list‟ words with 456 tokens and 267 types. In addition, RANK is ranking of words, FREQ is word occurrence frequency, COVERAGE is the percentage of word occurrence, individual or cumulative, and the last column is the vocabulary item. Table 5 below is the lost of blocked frequency output of off-list words. The complete list of blocked frequency has been put in Appendix 4.

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Table 5. Block Frequency Output of Off-List Words

RANK FREQ COVERAGE

individ cumulative WORD

1. 45 9.87% 9.87% CLAP

2. 13 2.85% 12.72% CLASSMATES

3. 10 2.19% 14.91% CLASSROOM

4. 8 1.75% 16.66% ANGELS

5. 8 1.75% 18.41% IDOL

6. 8 1.75% 20.16% MOO

7. 6 1.32% 21.48% RHYME

8. 5 1.10% 22.58% BACKYARD

9. 5 1.10% 23.68% COPE

10. 5 1.10% 24.78% CUTE

11. 5 1.10% 25.88% ID

12. 5 1.10% 26.98% LYRIC

13. 5 1.10% 28.08% PHOTO

14. 4 0.88% 28.96% BATHROOM

15. 4 0.88% 29.84% CALENDAR

16. 4 0.88% 30.72% CLUES

17. 4 0.88% 31.60% DIALOGUE

18. 4 0.88% 32.48% HOBBIES

19. 4 0.88% 33.36% RHYMES

20. 3 0.66% 34.02% AND THE

Comparison of Vocabulary frequency across chapters of the textbook This section presents the comparison of vocabulary profile across chapters of the textbook. Table 2 below shows the comparison of vocabulary frequency across chapters of the textbook.

20 Table 6. Comparison of Word Frequency Level

K-1 WORDS (%)

K-2 WORDS (%)

AWL (%) Off-list (%)

CHAPTER 1 CUMULATIVE % 87.14 87.14 8.78 95.92 1.48 97.40 2.60 100 CHAPTER 2 CUMULATIVE % 81.86 81.86 5.72 87.58 1.47 89.05 10.95 100 CHAPTER 3 CUMULATIVE % 91.16 91.16 4.20 95.36 0.77 96.13 3.87 100 CHAPTER 4 CUMULATIVE % 89.17 89.17 6.69 95.86 2.07 97.93 2.07 100 CHAPTER 5 CUMULATIVE % 84.45 84.45 11.83 96.28 1.62 97.90 2.09 100 CHAPTER 6 CUMULATIVE % 90.12 90.12 3.18 93.30 1.10 94.40 5.60 100 CHAPTER 7 CUMULATIVE % 85.17 85.17 8.10 93.27 1.07 94.34 5.66 100 CHAPTER 8 CUMULATIVE % 86.32 86.32 8.33 94.65 1.42 96.07 3.93 100 CHAPTER 9 CUMULATIVE % 86.97 86.97 7.98 94.95 0.49 95.44 4.56 100 CHAPTER 10 CUMULATIVE % 88.17 88.17 7.63 95.80 1.91 97.71 2.29 100 CHAPTER 11 CUMULATIVE % 88.00 88.00 6.19 94.19 1.69 95.88 4.12 100

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According to Table 6 above, the differences of K-1, K-2, AWL, and Off-list words across chapters in the textbook were not very significant. I can say that the percentage of the vocabulary in each frequency level in the chapters was relatively similar. However, students may have difficulty to learn the textbook because AWL words are usually used in academic texts. The percentage of K-1 and K-2 words also provide information about difficulty of understanding the textbook as the percentage of K-1 and K-2 words in the textbook are around 95% as the requirement of good understanding of the textbook.

Text comparison across chapter of the book Comparison of chapter 2 vs. Chapter 3

This section shows the comparison across chapter of the book. The comparison presents the token recycling index of the chapter that already compared. Recycling index is the ratio between words that are shared by two chapters and the total number of words in the second chapter that already compared. The index provides important information about similar words in both chapters and unique word in the second chapter. The first comparison was chapter 2 and 3. Those chapters were compared because chapter 2 had the lowest percentage of K-1. Besides, chapter 3 had the highest percentage of K-1. The comparison analysis presents that the token recycling index was 56.80%. It indicates that there were 56.80 % similar words in chapter 2 and chapter 3. There were 39.53% unique words in chapter 3. Table 7 below shows the similar and unique words in chapter 2 and chapter 3.The complete table has been put in Appendix 5.

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Table 7. Shared and Unique Words in Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 Unique to first

172 tokens 52 families

001. clap 45 002. favour 10 003. dog 6 004. farm 6 005. there 6 006. address 5 007. colour 5 008. food 5 009. id 5 010. spell 5 011. card 4 012. where 4 013. age 3 014. fill 3 015. identify 3

016. introduce 3

017. love 3 018.

occupation 3 019. people 3 020.

photograph 3

Shared 514 tokens 85 families

001. the 63 002. you 33 003. i 31 004. of 24 005. on 22 006. in 18 007. to 17 008. do 15 009. this 15 010. please 13

011. name 12 012. when 12 013. after 10 014. and 9 015. at 9 016. birth 9 017. it 8 018. a 7 019. we 7 020. each 6

Unique to second 391 tokens 130 families Freq first (then alpha) 001. day 33 002. active 14 003. go 12 004. monday 12 005. month 11 006. july 9 007. twenty 9 008. may 8 009. october 8 010. april 7 011. four 7 012. nation 7 013. thursday 7

014. tuesday 7 015. five 6 016. friday 6 017. group 6 018. one 6 019. six 6 020. wednesday 6

VP novel items

Same list Alpha first 001. active 14 002. afternoon 2

003. april 7 004. arm 1 005. around 1 006. art 3 007. august 4 008. awake 1 009. bath 1 010. bed 1 011. before 4 012. calendar 4

013. celebrate 3

014. child 1 015. citizen 1 016.

commemorate 1 017. day 33 018. december 4

019. decorate 1

23 Comparison of Chapter 5 vs Chapter 6

The second comparison was chapter 5 and chapter 6. Those chapters were compared because chapter 5 had the highest percentage of K-2. Besides, chapter 6 had the lowest percentage of K-2. The comparison analysis presents that the token recycling index was 58.29%. It indicates that there were 58.29 % similar words inchapter 5 and chapter 6. There were 32.79% unique words in the chapter 6. Table 8 below shows the similar and unique words in chapter 5 and chapter 6.The complete table has been put in Appendix 6

Table 8. Shared andUnique Words in Chapter 5 and Chapter 6 Unique to first

147 tokens 57 families

001. there 11 002. picture 10

003. pencil 8 004. sentence 8

005. animal 6 006. four 6 007. how 6 008. many 6 009. place 5 010. public 5 011. rule 5 012. at 4 013. bag 4 014.

dictionary 4 015. object 3 016. partner 3 017. pet 3 018. refer 3 019. count 2 020. describe 2

Shared 531 tokens 60 families

001. the 80 002. i 44 003. you 40 004. a 26 005. word 24 006. in 23 007. of 23 008. to 23 009. this 20 010. we 16 011. with 16 012. what 14 013. do 12 014. have 12 015. or 9 016. follow 8 017. can 7 018. know 7 019. will 7 020. down 6

Unique to second 380 tokens 123 families Freq first (then alpha) 001. song 25 002. sing 11 003. dream 10 004. friend 10

005. let 10 006. angel 9 007. believe 9

008. rhyme 9 009. see 9 010. line 8 011. if 7 012. be 6 013. each 6 014. favour 6 015. good 6 016. help 6 017. lyric 6 018. right 6 019. some 6 020. stream 6

VP novel items

Same list Alpha first 001. again 2 002. among 1 003. angel 9 004. another 1 005. answer 2 006. any 3 007. ask 1 008. ball 1 009. be 6 010. beauty 1 011. become 1 012. believe 9 013. best 3 014. bird 1 015. butterfly 1

016. car 1 017. chair 1 018. class 1 019. clue 2

24

List of 100 Words of K-1

According to findings and discussion parts above, I listed 100 words of K-1 of the textbook. Table 9 belowshows the list of K-100 words of K-K-1 in the textbook. This list is useful for teachers as an information and a referenceabout which vocabulary that are necessary to teach students in grade 7. It is also useful for students as their guidance about which vocabulary that they have to learn and understand.

Table 9. List of 100 Words of K-1

ABOUT ACTIVITY ALWAYS ALONG

ANIMAL AROUND ASK AWAY

BASED BEAUTIFUL BECAUSE BECOME

BELOW BEST BOOK BOX

BRING CALL CAN CAREFULLY

CHANGE CHOOSE CLASS CONTINUE

DAILY DESCRIBE DIFFERENT DO

DRAW DREAM DRINK EAT

EVERY EXAMPLE EXPLAIN EXPRESS

FAMILY FEEL FILL FIND

FOOD FRIEND GAME GET

GIVE GO GOOD GROUP

HAVE HELP HOME HOW

JANUARY JULY JUNE KEEP

KIND KNOW LEARN LIKE

LISTEN LOOK MAKE MANY

MENTION NAME NEED NOTE

OBJECT OBSERVE OPINION PEOPLE

PICTURE PLEASE QUESTION READ

RIGHT ROOM SAY SCHOOL

STUDY TABLE TEACHER THING

THINK UNDERSTAND USE USUALLY

VERY VISIT WHAT WHEN

WILL WORD WORK WRITE

25

List of 100 Words of K-2

According to findings and discussion parts above, I listed 100 words of K-2 of the textbook. Table 10 below shows the list of 100 words of K-K-2 in the textbook. This list is useful for teachers as an information and a reference about which vocabulary that are necessary to teach students in grade 7. It is also useful for students as their guidance about which vocabulary that they have to learn and understand.

Table 10. List of 100 Words of K-2

AFRAID ALOUD APOLOGIZE APOLOGY

ATTENTION BAG BATH BIRTH

BITE BOTTLE BOWL BUCKET

CARD CHAIR CLEAN CLEVER

COLLECT CONVERSATION CORRECT DESK

DICTIONARY DIRTY DISCUSS EDUCATION

EXAMINE EXCUSE FEATHER FRAME

FRUIT FRY GARAGE GRAMMAR

GREET GUESS GUIDE HAIR

HEALTH HOSPITAL HUT IMPROVE

INFORMATION JOKE KITCHEN KNIFE

LADDER LAMP LESSON LIKE

LOT LUCKY MAIL MAP

MATCH MESSAGE NICE NOSE

NOUN NURSE ORANGE PACK

PAIR PARENT PAIR PARK

PATIENT PERFORM PRACTICE PRONOUN

PROUD PUSH QUIET REFER

REGULAR REPEAT RESTAURANT RICE

SCALE SENTENCE SHEET SHOWER

SINK SKIN SMOOTH SORRY

SPELL STICK STRAIGHT SUITABLE

TAIL TALL THANK THICK

THIN TITTLE UNCLE VERB

26 Conclusion

The vocabulary profile is really useful to help teachers and students in junior high school in the learning vocabulary. The aims of the study are to profile the vocabulary used in the textbook in Junior High School,to produce list of vocabulary that are not covered in the textbook, and to produce the token (word) recycling index of the textbook.

This study has produced three major results. First, there are 86.06% of K-1 and 6.49% of K-2 words in textbook that could be assumed that the textbook is understandable for Junior High School students, but the rest7.45% of the wordsrequire students‟ effort to study. Second, there are 57.99% of K-1, 83.47% of K-2, and 95.08% of academic words that were not found in the textbook. By that analysis, it is useful for teachers to select vocabulary items that students may find useful to develop their vocabulary knowledge. Third, the comparison analysis was done for chapter 2 and chapter 3, and chapter 5 and chapter 6. The comparison analysis of chapter 2 and chapter 3 shows that there are 56.80% words in those chapters that are similar. There are 58.29% words that are similar in chapter 5 and chapter 6.

However, this study still has limitation, that is: it only used one textbook to analyze. Having more than one book to analyze would be more beneficial for the research about teaching and learning vocabulary.

By knowing the vocabulary profile of textbook used in Salatiga State Junior High School 7 in grade 7, I suggest that the teachers have to know which

27

vocabulary to teach to the students. Teachers may also need to teach the academic words for students. It is important for the students to improve their vocabulary knowledge that will be useful for the students to face the next level of study.

28

Acknowledgement

This study would not have been completed supports and help from many people. First of all, I would like to thank to Allah SWT for his blessing and guidance in finishing this study. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Prof. Dr. Gusti Astika, M.A. for his invaluable patience and guidance during the completion of this study, and also my examiner, Yustinus Calvin Gai Mali, M.Hum for his suggestion and guidance for this thesis.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my beloved mom (Rubiyatun) and Dad (Sugiyana) for their immeasurable love and support to finish this study. I also would like to thank to my beloved sister (Nadya Ratna Sari) and my beloved brother (Arjuna Reyhan Suryadewa) for their support and happiness to complete this study. Many thanks to Mifta Mahardika for his support and prayer in finishing this study. I also want to say thank you to my friends: Patricia Putri S, Atika Purwaningtyas, Ira Sulistyani R, Windi Reska J, Nova Suciyanti, Firsta Puspita S,Muhammad Saifur R, Sandra Rini S, Eka Yuliani, Silvi Rizki K, and Yulia Febriyani for their endless support and help to finish this study. I would like to say thank you to Twelvers family for the happiness that we shared in four years during my college study. And the last, I would like to express my appreciation and gratitude to all lectures and staff in the Faculty of Language and Literature, Satya Wacana Christian University for teaching and educating me during my study.

29 References

Ardyny, A. G. K. (2014). Vocabulary profile of introduction to language education textbook. Unpublished undergraduate‟s thesis, Satya Wacana Christian University, Salatiga, Indonesia.

Astika, G. (2014). Profiling the vocabularyof news texts as capacity building for language teachers. Indonesia Journal of Applied Linguistics, 4 (2), 257-266

Brabham, E., Buskist, C., Henderson, S. C., Paleologos, T., & Baugh, N. (2012). Flooding vocabulary gaps to accelerate word learning. International Reading Association, 65 (8), 523-533.

Cahyono, B. M, & Widiati, U. (2008). The teaching of efl vocabulary in the indonesian context: the state of the art. TEFLIN Journal, 19(1), 1-17. Carten, J.M. (2007). Teaching vocabulary. Cambridge: Cambridge University

Press.

Da, J. (2006). A web-based vocabulary profiler for Chinese language teaching and research. Middle Tennessee State University, 1-6.

Jianbin, H., Yuedong, S., & Ying, X. (2007). On the vocabulary size for chinesse english learners. Polyglossia, 13, 1-11.

Jusuf, Y.A. (2014). Vocabulary profile in english textbooks used in satya wacana junior high school. Unpublished undergraduate‟s thesis, Satya Wacana Christian University, Salatiga, Indonesia.

30

Kafipour, R., & Naveh, M. H. (2011). Vocabulary learning strategies and their contribution to reading comprehension of EFL undergraduate students in Kerman Province. European Journal of Social Sciences, 23 (4), 626-647. Kieffer, M.J., & Lesaux, M.K. (2007). Breaking down words to build meaning:

morphology, vocabulary and reading comprehension in the urban classroom. The reading teacher, 61 (2), 134-144.

Liu, S.-H.-J., Lan, Y.-J., & Ho, C.-Y.-Y. (2014). Exploring the Relationship between Self-Regulated Vocabulary Learning and Web-Based Collaboration. Educational Technology & Society, 17 (4), 404–419.

Morris, L., & Cobb, T. (2004). Vocabulary profiles as predictors of the academic performance of Teaching English as a second language trainees. Elsevier.com, 32(1), 75-87.

Nation, I, S, P. (2001). Learning vocabulary in another language. Cambrigde: Cambridge University Press.

National Reading Panel. (2000). Teaching children to read: an evidence-based assessment of the scientific research literature on reading and it’s on implication for reading instruction, Oregon, February 2000.Oregon, National Reading Panel: Author.

Pikulski, J. J., & Templeton, S. (2004). Teaching and developing vocabulary: key to long-term reading success. Houghton Mifflin Company, 1-12.

Rivera, M. M., & Rivera, R. V. (2007). Practical guide to thesis and dissertation writing (Rev. ed.).Katha Publishing, Inc.

31

Schmitt, N., & Schmitt, D. (2014). A reassessment of frequency and

vocabulary size in L2 vocabulary teaching. Language Teaching, 47 (4), 484-503.

Topcu, N., & Kirmizi, O. (2014). Vocabulary learning strategies of turkish english foreign learners students at karabuk university. Ataturk University Sosyal Bilimler Enstitusu Dergisi, 18 (3),217-232.

Treffers-Daller, J. and Milton, J. (2013). Vocabulary size revisited: the link between vocabulary size and academic achievement. Applied Linguistics Review, 4 (1), 151-172.

Yoon, S., Bhat, S., & Zechner, K. (2012). Vocabulary profile as a measure of vocabulary sophistication. Association for Computational Linguistics, 180-189.

32 Appendixes Appendix A

Negative Vocabulary Profile of K1

ABLE ACCEPT ACCORD ACCOUNT

ACCOUNTABLE ACROSS ACTOR ACTRESS

ACTUAL ADD ADMIT ADOPT

ADVANCE ADVANTAGE ADVENTURE AFFAIR

AGAINST AGENT AGO AGREE

ALLOW ALMOST ALONE ALREADY

ALTHOUGH AMOUNT ANCIENT APPLY

APPOINT ARISE ARMY ARRIVE

ARTICLE ASSOCIATE ATTACK ATTEMPT

AVERAGE BAD BAR BATTLE

BEGIN BEHIND BELONG BENEATH

BESIDE BEYOND BILL BLOW

BOAT BODY BOTH BRANCH

BREAD BREAK BRIDGE BRIGHT

BROAD BUILD BURN BUSINESS

BUT BUY BY CAPITAL

CAPTAIN CASTLE CAUSE CENTRE

CERTAIN CHANCE CHARGE CHIEF

CHURCH CLAIM CLEAR CLOUD

COAL COAST COIN COLD

COLLEGE COLONY COMMAND COMMITTEE

COMMON COMPANY CONCERN CONSIDER

CONTAIN CONTROL CORN COST

COTTON COULD COUNCIL COUNTRY

COURT COVER CROWD CROWN

CURRENT DANGER DEAD DEAL

DEAR DECIDE DECLARE DEEP

DEFEAT DEGREE DEMAND DEPARTMENT

DEPEND DESERT DESIRE DESTROY

DETERMINE DEVELOP DIE DIFFICULT

DISCOVER DISTANCE DISTINGUISH DISTRICT

DIVIDE DOLLAR DOUBT DROP

DRY DUE DUTY EARLY

EFFECT EFFICIENT EFFORT EGG

EITHER ELECT ELSE EMPIRE

EMPLOY ENEMY ENJOY ENOUGH

33

EXCHANGE EXERCISE EXIST EXPECT

EXPENSE EXPERIENCE EXPERIMENT EXTEND

FACE FACT FACTORY FAIR

FAITH FALL FAMILIAR FAMOUS

FAR FAST FEAR FELLOW

FEW FIELD FIGHT FIGURE

FINISH FIRE FIT FIX

FLOOR FLOW FOREIGN FOREST

FORGET FORMER FORTH FORTUNE

FREE FULL GAIN GAS

GATE GATHER GENERAL GENTLE

GIFT GLAD GOD GO

GROUND GROW HALF HAND

HAPPEN HARDLY HEAD HEAT

HEAVEN HIGH HILL HISTORY

HONOUR HOT HOUR HOWEVER

HUMAN HUSBAND IDEA ILL

INCH INCLUDE INCREASE INDEED

INDUSTRY INFLUENCE INSTEAD IRON

JOIN JOINT JOINTED JOY

JUDGE JUST JUSTICE KEEP

KILL KING LACK LAKE

LAND LARGE LATTER LAUGH

LAUGHTER LAW LAY LEAD

LEFT LENGTH LESS LEVEL

LIE LIFE LIFT LIGHT

LIKELY LIMIT LIP LITERATURE

LOCAL LORD LOSE LOSS

LOW MACHINE MAIN MANNER

MANUFACTURE MARK MARKET MARRY

MASS MASTER MATERIAL MATTER

MAYBE MEASURE MEMORY MERE

METAL MIND MINER MINISTER

MINUTE MISTER MODERN MOMENT

MONEY MOON MORAL MOREOVER

MOTOR MOUNTAIN MOUTH MRS

MUST NATIVE NATURE NEAR

NECESSARY NECESSITY NEITHER NEVER

NEW NEWS NEWSPAPER NOBLE

NONE NOR NORTH NUMERICAL

NUMEROUS OFFER OFFICIAL OH

OIL ONCE ONLY OPEN

34

ORGANIZE OTHERWISE OUGHT OVER

OWE PAGE PARTICULAR PARTY

PAST PEACE PER PERHAPS

PERMIT PIECE PLAIN PLANT

POLITICAL POOR POPULAR POPULATION

POSITION POSSESS POUND POVERTY

POWER PREPARE PRESIDENT PRESS

PRESSURE PREVENT PRICE PRIVATE

PRODUCE PRODUCT PROFIT PROGRESS

PROOF PROPERTY PROPOSE PROVE

PROVISION PULL PURPOSE QUALITY

QUANTITY QUARTER QUEEN QUITE

RACE RAISE RANK RATE

RATHER READY REALISE RECEIPT

RECEIVE RECENT RECOGNIZE RECORD

RED REDUCE REFUSE REGARD

RELATIVE REMAIN REMARK REMEMBER

REPLY REPORT REPRESENT REPUBLIC

RESERVE RESPECT REST RESULT

RETURN RICH RIDE RING

RISE RIVER ROCK ROUGH

ROYAL SAFE SAIL SALE

SALT SAVE SCARCE SCENE

SEA SEASON SEAT SECRET

SECRETARY SEEM SELL SEND

SENSE SENSITIVE SEPARATE SERIOUS

SERVE SERVICE SETTLE SHADOW

SHAKE SHALL SHAPE SHINE

SHIP SHOOT SHORE SHOULDER

SIDE SIGHT SILVER SILENCE

SIMPLE SINCE SINGLE SITUATION

SKY SMILE SNOW SOCIETY

SOLDIER SON SORT SOUL

SOUND SOUTH SPACE SPEED

SPEND SPIRIT SPITE SPREAD

SPRING SQUARE STAGE STANDARD

START STATE STATION STEEL

STEP STOCK STONE STORE

STORY STRANGE STREET STRENGTH

STRIKE STRUGGLE SUBJECT SUBSTANCE

SUCCEED SUCH SUFFER SUGGEST

SUN SUPPLY SUPPOSE SURFACE

35

TAX TEAR TEMPLE TERM

TEST THAN THEREFORE THOUGH

THROW THUS TILL TON

TOP TOTAL TOUCH TOWARD

TRADE TRAIN TRAVEL TROUBLE

TRUE TRUST TRY UNION

UNITE UNIVERSITY UNLESS UNTIL

UPON VALLEY VALUE VARIETY

VARIOUS VESSEL VICTORY VIEW

VILLAGE VIRTUE VOICE VOTE

WAGE WAIT WALK WAR

WATCH WAVE WEALTH WELCOME

WEST WESTERN WHETHER WHOLE

WIDE WIFE WIN WIND

WINTER WISE WISH WITHIN

WITHOUT WOOD WORLD WOUND

36 Appendix B

Negative Vocabulary Profile of K2

ABROAD ABSENCE ABSENT ABSOLUTE

ABSOLUTELY ACCIDENT ACCUSE ACCUSTOM

ACHE ADMIRE ADVERTISE ADVICE

AEROPLANE AFFORD AGRICULTURE AHEAD

AIM AIRPLANE ALIKE ALIVE

ALTOGETHER AMBITION AMUSE ANGER

ANGLE ANNOY ANXIETY APART

APPLAUD APPLAUSE APPLE APPROVE

ARCH ARGUE ARRANGE ARREST

ARROW ARTIFICIAL ASH ASHAMED

ASIDE ASLEEP ASTONISH ATTEND

ATTRACT AUDIENCE AUTUMN AVENUE

AVOID AWAKE AWKWARD AXE

BABY BAGGAGE BAKE BALANCE

BAND BARBER BARE BARELY

BARGAIN BARREL BASIN BASKET

BATHE BAY BEAM BEAN

BEARD BEAST BEAT BEG

BEHAVE BEHAVIOUR BELL BELT

BEND BERRY BILLION BIND

BIT BITTER BLADE BLAME

BLESS BLIND BLOCK BOAST

BOIL BOLD BONE BORDER

BORROW BOTTOM BOUND BOUNDARY

BOW BRAIN BRASS BRAVE

BREAKFAST BREATH BREATHE BRIBE

BRICK BROADCAST BROWN BRUSH

BUNCH BUNDLE BURIAL BURST

BURY BUS BUSH BUSY

BUTTER BUTTON CAGE CAKE

CALCULATE CALM CAMERA CAMP

CANAL CAP CAPE CARRIAGE

CART CATTLE CAVE CENT

CENTIMETRE CENTURY CEREMONY CHAIN

CHALK CHARM CHEAP CHEAT

CHECK CHEESE CHEQUE CHEST

CHIMNEY CHRISTMAS CIVILISE CLAY

CLERK CLIFF CLIMB CLUB

37

COMB COMBINE COMMERCE COMPANION

COMPETE COMPETITION COMPLAIN COMPLICATE

COMPOSE CONFESS CONFIDENCE CONFUSE

CONGRATULA TE

CONNECT CONQUER CONSCIENCE

CONSCIOUS CONVENIENCE COOL COPPER

COPY CORK CORNER COTTAGE

COUGH COURAGE COWARD CRACK

CRASH CREAM CREATURE CREEP

CRIMINAL CRITIC CROP CRUEL

CRUSH CULTIVATE CURE CURIOUS

CURSE CURTAIN CURVE CUSHION

CUSTOM CUSTOMER DAMAGE DAMP

DANCE DARE DEAF DEBT

DECAY DECEIVE DECREASE DEED

DEER DEFEND DELICATE DELIGHT

DELIVER DESCEND DESERVE DESPAIR

DEVIL DIAMOND DIG DIP

DISAPPOINT DISCIPLINE DISEASE DISGUST

DISH DISMISS DISTURB DITCH

DIVE DONKEY DOT DOUBLE

DOZEN DRAG DRAWER DROWN

DRUM DULL DURING DUST

EAGER EARN EARNEST EASE

EDGE ELASTIC ELDER ELECTRIC

EMPTY ENCLOSE ENCOURAGE ENGINE

ENTERTAIN ENTIRE ENVELOPE ENVY

ESPECIAL ESSENCE ESSENTIAL EVIL

EXACT EXCELLENT EXCESS EXCITE

EXPLODE EXPLORE EXTRA EXTRAORDINA

RY

EXTREME FADE FAINT FALSE

FAN FANCY FASHION FASTEN

FAT FATE FAULT FEAST

FEVER FIERCE FILM FINGER

FIRM FLAG FLAME FLASH

FLAT FLAVOUR FLESH FLOAT

FLOOD FLOUR FOLD FOND

FOOL FORBID FORGIVE FORMAL

FORWARD FREEZE FREQUENT FRIGHT

FUN FUNERAL GALLON GAP

GAY GENEROUS GLORY GOAT

38

GRAM GRATEFUL GRAVE GREASE

GREED GREY GRIND GUARD

GUEST GUILTY GUN HABIT

HALL HAMMER HANDKERCHIE

F

HANDLE

HARBOR HARM HARVEST HASTE

HATE HAY HEAL HEAP

HESITATE HIDE HINDER HIRE

HIT HOLE HOLIDAY HOLLOW

HOLY HONEST HOOK HORIZON

HOST HOTEL HUMBLE HUNGER

HUNT HURRAH HURRY HURT

ICE IDEAL IDLE IMAGINE

IMITATE IMMEDIATE IMMENSE INFORMAL

INFORMALLY INN INQUIRE INSECT

INSIDE INSTANT INSTRUMENT INSULT

INSURE INTEND INTERFERE INTERNATION

AL

INTERRUPT INVENT INVITE INWARD

ISLAND JAW JEALOUS JEWEL

JOURNEY JUICE JUMP KEY

KICK KILOGRAM KILOMETRE KISS

KNEE KNEEL KNOCK KNOT

LAZY LEAF LEAN LEATHER

LEND LIBERTY LID LIMB

LIQUID LIST LITRE LOAD

LOAF LOAN LOCK LODGING

LOG LONE LOOSE LOUD

LOYAL LUMP LUNG MAD

MALE MANAGE MAT MATCH

MEAL MEANTIME MEANWHILE MEAT

MECHANIC MEDICINE MELT MEND

MERCHANT MERCY MERRY MESSENGER

METRE MILD MILL MILLIGRAM

MILLILITRE MILLIMETRE MINERAL MISERABLE

MISTAKE MIX MODERATE MODEST

MOTION MOUSE MUD MULTIPLY

MURDER MYSTERY NAIL NARROW

NEAT NECK NEEDLE NEGLECT

NEPHEW NEST NET NIECE

NOISE NONSENSE NOON NUISANCE

NUT OAR OBEY OCEAN

39

OPPOSITE ORGAN ORIGIN ORNAMENT

OUTLINE OVERCOME PAD PAIN

PALE PARCEL PARDON PASSAGER

PASSENGER PASTE PATH PATRIOTIC

PATTERN PAUSE PAW PEARL

PECULIAR PENNY PERFECT PERMANENT

PERSUADE PHOTOGRAPH PICK PIG

PIGEON PILE PIN PINCH

PINT PIPE PITY PLANE

PLASTER PLENTY PLOUGH POCKET

POISON POLISH POLITE POOL

POSTPONE POUR POWDER PRACTICAL

PRAISE PRAY PREACH PRECIOUS

PREFER PREJUDICE PRESERVE PRETEND

PRIDE PRIEST PRINT PRISON

PRIZE PROCESSION PROFESSION PROGRAMME

PROMPT PUMP PUNCTUAL PUNISH

PUPIL PURE PURPLE PUZZLE

QUALIFY QUARREL QUART QUICK

RADIO RAIL RAIN RAKE

RAPID RARE RAT RAW

RAY RAZOR RECOMMEND REFLECT

REFRESH REGRET REJOICE RELIEVE

REMEDY REMIND RENT REPAIR

REPLACE REPRODUCE REPUTATION REQUEST

RESCUE RESIGN RESIST RESPONSIBLE

RETIRE REVENGE REVIEW REWARD

RIBBON RID RIPE RISK

RIVAL ROAR ROAST ROB

ROD ROOF ROOT ROPE

ROT ROW RUB RUBBER

RUBBISH RUDE RUG RUIN

RUSH RUST SACRED SACRIFICE

SAD SADDLE SAKE SALARY

SAMPLE SAND SATISFY SAUCE

SAUCER SAWS SCATTER SCENT

SCISSORS SCOLD SCORN SCRAPE

SCRATCH SCREEN SCREW SEARCH

SEED SEIZE SELDOM SELF

SEVERE SEW SHADE SHALLOW

SHAME SHAVE SHEEP SHELF

SHELL SHELTER SHIELD SHILLING

40

SHUT SICK SIGNAL SILK

SINCERE SKILL SKIRT SLAVE

SLIDE SLIGHT SLIP SLOPE

SLOW SMELL SMOKE SOAP

SOCK SOIL SOLEMN SOLID

SOLVE SORE SOUR SOW

SPARE SPILL SPIN SPIT

SPLENDID SPLIT SPOIL STAFF

STAIN STAIRS STAMP STEADY

STEAL STEAM STEEP STEER

STEM STIFF STING STIR

STOCKING STOMACH STORM STRAP

STRAW STRETCH STRICT STRING

STRIP STRIPE STUFF STUPID

SUCK SUDDEN SUGAR SUPPER

SUSPECT SUSPICION SWALLOW SWEAR

SWEAT SWELL SWING SYMPATHY

TAILOR TAME TAP TASTE

TAXI TEA TELEGRAPH TEMPER

TEMPERATUR E

TEMPT TEND TENDER

TENT TERRIBLE THEATRE THIEF

THIRST THORN THOROUGH THREAD

THREAT THROAT THUMB THUNDER

TICKET TIDE TIDY TIGHT

TIN TIP TOBACCO TOE

TONGUE TONIGHT TOOL TOOTH

TOUGH TOUR TOWEL TOWER

TRACK TRANSLATE TRAP TRAY

TREASURE TREAT TREMBLE TRIBE

TRICK TRIP TUBE TWIST

TYPICAL UGLY UMBRELLA UNIVERSE

UPPER UPRIGHT UPSET UPWARDS

URGE VAIN VEIL VERSE

VIOLENT VOWEL VOYAGE WAIST

WAKE WANDER WARM WASTE

WAX WEAK WEAPON WEATHER

WEAVE WEED WEIGH WET

WHEAT WHIP WHISPER WHISTLE

WICKED WIDOW WINE WIPE

WIRE WITNESS WOOL WORSE

WORSHIP WRAP WRECK WRIST

41 Appendix C

Negative Vocabulary Profile of K3 or AWL

ABANDON ABSTRACT ACADEMY ACCESS

ACCOMMODATE ACCOMPANY ACCUMULATE ACCURATE

ACHIEVE ACKNOWLED

GE

ACQUIRE ADAPT

ADEQUATE ADJACENT ADJUST ADMINISTRAT

E

ADULT ADVOCATE AFFECT AGGREGATE

AID ALBEIT ALLOCATE ALTER

ALTERNATIVE AMBIGUOUS AMEND ANALOGY

ANALYSE ANNUAL ANTICIPATE APPARENT

APPEND APPRECIATE APPROACH APPROPRIATE

APPROXIMATE ARBITRARY AREA ASPECT

ASSEMBLE ASSESS ASSIGN ASSIST

ASSUME ASSURE ATTACH ATTAIN

ATTITUDE ATTRIBUTE AUTHOR AUTHORITY

AUTOMATE AVAILABLE AWARE BEHALF

BENEFIT BIAS BOND BRIEF

CAPABLE CAPACITY CEASE CHALLENGE

CHANNEL CHART CHEMICAL CIRCUMSTAN

CE

CITE CIVIL CLARIFY CLASSIC

CLAUSE CODE COHERENT COINCIDE

COLLAPSE COLLEAGUE COMMENCE COMMENT

COMMISSION COMMIT COMMODITY COMMUNICAT

E

COMMUNITY COMPATIBLE COMPENSATE COMPILE

COMPLEMENT COMPLEX COMPONENT COMPOUND

COMPREHENSIVE COMPRISE COMPUTE CONCEIVE

CONCENTRATE CONCEPT CONCLUDE CONCURRENT

CONDUCT CONFER CONFINE CONFIRM

CONFLICT CONFORM CONSENT CONSEQUENT

CONSIDERABLE CONSIST CONSTANT CONSTITUTE

CONSTRAIN CONSTRUCT CONSULT CONSUME

CONTACT CONTEMPORA

RY

CONTEXT CONTRACT

CONTRADICT CONTRARY CONTRAST CONTRIBUTE

CONTROVERSY CONVENE CONVERSE CONVERT

CONVINCE COOPERATE COORDINATE CORE

42

CRITERIA CRUCIAL CULTURE CURRENCY

CYCLE DATA DEBATE DECADE

DECLINE DEDUCE DEFINE DEFINITE

DEMONSTRATE DENOTE DENY DEPRESS

DERIVE DESPITE DETECT DEVIATE

DEVICE DEVOTE DIFFERENTIATE DIMENSION

DIMINISH DISCRETE DISCRIMINATE DISPLACE

DISPOSE DISTINCT DISTORT DISTRIBUTE

DIVERSE DOCUMENT DOMAIN DOMESTIC

DOMINATE DRAMA DURATION DYNAMIC

ECONOMY EDIT ELEMENT ELIMINATE

EMERGE EMPHASIS EMPIRICAL ENABLE

ENCOUNTER ENFORCE ENHANCE ENORMOUS

ENSURE ENTITY EQUATE EQUIP

EQUIVALENT ERODE ERROR ESTABLISH

ESTATE ESTIMATE ETHIC ETHNIC

EVALUATE EVENTUAL EVOLVE EXCEED

EXCLUDE EXHIBIT EXPAND EXPERT

EXPLICIT EXPLOIT EXPORT EXPOSE

EXTERNAL EXTRACT FACILITATE FACTOR

FEATURE FEDERAL FEE FILE

FINAL FINANCE FINITE FLEXIBLE

FLUCTUATE FOCUS FORMAT FORMULA

FORTHCOMING FOUNDATION FOUNDED FRAMEWORK

FUNCTION FUND FUNDAMENTAL FURTHERMOR

E

GENDER GENERATE GENERATION GOAL

GRADE GRANT GUARANTEE GUIDELINE

HENCE HIERARCHY HIGHLIGHT HYPOTHESIS

IDENTICAL IDEOLOGY IGNORANT ILLUSTRATE

IMAGE IMMIGRATE IMPACT IMPLEMENT

IMPLICATE IMPLICIT IMPLY IMPOSE

INCENTIVE INCIDENCE INCLINE INCOME

INCORPORATE INDEX INDICATE INDUCE

INEVITABLE INFER INFRASTRUCTU

RE

INHERENT

INHIBIT INITIAL INITIATE INJURE

INNOVATE INPUT INSERT INSIGHT

INSPECT INSTANCE INSTITUTE INTEGRAL

INTEGRATE INTEGRITY INTELLIGENCE INTENSE

INTERACT INTERMEDIAT

E

INTERNAL INTERPRET

43

INVESTIGATE INVOKE INVOLVE ISOLATE

ISSUE ITEM JOB JOURNAL

JUSTIFY LAYER LECTURE LEGAL

LEGISLATE LEVY LIBERAL LICENCE

LIKEWISE LINK LOCATE LOGIC

MAINTAIN MAJOR MANIPULATE MANUAL

MARGIN MATURE MAXIMISE MECHANISM

MEDIA MEDIATE MEDICAL MEDIUM

MENTAL METHOD MIGRATE MILITARY

MINIMAL MINIMISE MINIMUM MINISTRY

MINOR MODE MODIFY MONITOR

MOTIVE MUTUAL NEGATE NETWORK

NEUTRAL NEVERTHELE

SS

NONETHELESS NORM

NORMAL NOTION NOTWITHSTAN

DING

NUCLEAR

OBJECTIVE OBTAIN OBVIOUS OCCUR

ODD OFFSET ONGOING OPTION

ORIENT OUTCOME OUTPUT OVERALL

OVERLAP OVERSEAS PANEL PARADIGM

PARALLEL PARAMETER PARTICIPATE PASSIVE

PERCEIVE PERCENT PERIOD PERSIST

PERSPECTIVE PHASE PHENOMENON PHILOSOPHY

PLUS POLICY PORTION POSE

POSITIVE POTENTIAL PRACTITIONER PRECEDE

PRECISE PREDICT PREDOMINANT PRELIMINARY

PRESUME PREVIOUS PRIMARY PRIME

PRINCIPAL PRINCIPLE PRIOR PRIORITY

PROCEED PROCESS PROFESSIONAL PROHIBIT

PROMOTE PROPORTION PROSPECT PROTOCOL

PSYCHOLOGY PUBLICATION PUBLISH PURCHASE

PURSUE QUALITATIVE QUOTE RADICAL

RANDOM RANGE RATIO RATIONAL

REACT RECOVER REFINE REGIME

REGION REGISTER REGULATE REINFORCE

REJECT RELAX RELEASE RELEVANT

RELUCTANCE RELY REMOVE REQUIRE

RESIDE RESOLVE RESOURCE RESTORE

RESTRAIN RESTRICT RETAIN REVEAL

REVENUE REVERSE REVISE REVOLUTION

RIGID ROUTE SCENARIO SCHEME

SCOPE SECTION SECTOR SECURE

44

SEX SHIFT SIGNIFICANT SIMILAR

SIMULATE SITE SO-CALLED SOLE

SOMEWHAT SOURCE SPECIFIC SPECIFY

SPHERE STABLE STATISTIC STATUS

STRAIGHTFORW ARD

STRATEGY STRUCTURE STYLE

SUBMIT SUBORDINAT

E

SUBSEQUENT SUBSIDY

SUBSTITUTE SUCCESSOR SUFFICIENT SUM

SUMMARY SUPPLEMENT SURVIVE SUSPEND

SUSTAIN SYMBOL TAPE TARGET

TASK TEAM TECHNICAL TECHNIQUE

TECHNOLOGY TEMPORARY TENSE TERMINATE

THEME THEORY THEREBY THESIS

TRACE TRANSFER TRANSFORM TRANSIT

TRANSMIT TRANSPORT TREND TRIGGER

ULTIMATE UNDERGO UNDERLIE UNDERTAKE

UNIFORM UNIFY UNIQUE UTILISE

VALID VARY VEHICLE VERSION

VIA VIOLATE VIRTUAL VISIBLE

VISION VISUAL VOLUME VOLUNTARE

45 Appendix D

Block Frequency Output of Off-List Words

RANK FREQ COVERAGE

individ cumulative WORD

1. 45 9.87% 9.87% CLAP

2. 13 2.85% 12.72% CLASSMATES

3. 10 2.19% 14.91% CLASSROOM

4. 8 1.75% 16.66% ANGELS

5. 8 1.75% 18.41% IDOL

6. 8 1.75% 20.16% MOO

7. 6 1.32% 21.48% RHYME

8. 5 1.10% 22.58% BACKYARD

9. 5 1.10% 23.68% COPE

10. 5 1.10% 24.78% CUTE

11. 5 1.10% 25.88% ID

12. 5 1.10% 26.98% LYRIC

13. 5 1.10% 28.08% PHOTO

14. 4 0.88% 28.96% BATHROOM

15. 4 0.88% 29.84% CALENDAR

16. 4 0.88% 30.72% CLUES

17. 4 0.88% 31.60% DIALOGUE

18. 4 0.88% 32.48% HOBBIES

19. 4 0.88% 33.36% RHYMES

20. 3 0.66% 34.02% ANDTHE

21. 3 0.66% 34.68% BOLSTER

22. 3 0.66% 35.34% BUTTERFLY

23. 3 0.66% 36.00% CELEBRATE

24. 3 0.66% 36.66% DESTINATION

46

26. 3 0.66% 37.98% FAIRY

27. 3 0.66% 38.64% JOGGING

28. 3 0.66% 39.30% MINI

29. 3 0.66% 39.96% PHRASES

30. 3 0.66% 40.62% TALE

31. 3 0.66% 41.28% THEFOLLOWING

32. 3 0.66% 41.94% THEPICTURE

33. 3 0.66% 42.60% TOKEN

34. 2 0.44% 43.04% BUBBLE

35. 2 0.44% 43.48% BYE

36. 2 0.44% 43.92% CANTEEN

37. 2 0.44% 44.36% DECORATE

38. 2 0.44% 44.80% DIALOG

39. 2 0.44% 45.24% DILIGENT

40. 2 0.44% 45.68% HEADACHE

41. 2 0.44% 46.12% HELPYOU

42. 2 0.44% 46.56% HOBBY

43. 2 0.44% 47.00% HOMEAND

44. 2 0.44% 47.44% INTERVIEW

45. 2 0.44% 47.88% INTHE

46. 2 0.44% 48.32% MATH

47. 2 0.44% 48.76% MIRROR

48. 2 0.44% 49.20% OK

49. 2 0.44% 49.64% PATIENTS

50. 2 0.44% 50.08% PHOTOS

51. 2 0.44% 50.52% SENTENCESREFER

52. 2 0.44% 50.96% SOFA

53. 2 0.44% 51.40% STANZA

47

55. 2 0.44% 52.28% THETABLE

56. 2 0.44% 52.72% THETEXT

57. 2 0.44% 53.16% THEWINNER

58. 2 0.44% 53.60% THEWORDS

59. 2 0.44% 54.04% TRAFFIC

60. 2 0.44% 54.48% WORDSOR

61. 2 0.44% 54.92% ZOO

62. 1 0.22% 55.14% ACCENT

63. 1 0.22% 55.36% ADJECTIVE

64. 1 0.22% 55.58% ADORABLE

65. 1 0.22% 55.80% ADVERB

66. 1 0.22% 56.02% AFTERHIM

67. 1 0.22% 56.24% AKIND

68. 1 0.22% 56.46% AKITCHEN

69. 1 0.22% 56.68% ALRIGHT

70. 1 0.22% 56.90% ANACTIVE

71. 1 0.22% 57.12% ANDEQUIPMENT

72. 1 0.22% 57.34% ANDGIVE

73. 1 0.22% 57.56% ANDMANY

74. 1 0.22% 57.78% ANDREPEAT

75. 1 0.22% 58.00% ANDWHERE

76. 1 0.22% 58.22% ANIMALSAROUND

77. 1 0.22% 58.44% ANONYM

78. 1 0.22% 58.66% APARTNER

79. 1 0.22% 58.88% AUGUSTAFTER

80. 1 0.22% 59.10% AWAKENING

81. 1 0.22% 59.32% AWARDROBE

82. 1 0.22% 59.54% BADMINTON

48

84. 1 0.22% 59.98% BARROW

85. 1 0.22% 60.20% BEFORETHURSDAY

86. 1 0.22% 60.42% BENCH

87. 1 0.22% 60.64% BESTBROTHER

88. 1 0.22% 60.86% BLANKET

89. 1 0.22% 61.08% BOOKSFLOWERS

90. 1 0.22% 61.30% BOTHERING

91. 1 0.22% 61.52% BOXPROVIDED

92. 1 0.22% 61.74% BROTHERMY

93. 1 0.22% 61.96% BUBBLES

94. 1 0.22% 62.18% CABINET

95. 1 0.22% 62.40% CAGEA

96. 1 0.22% 62.62% CANVAS

97. 1 0.22% 62.84% CATHE

98. 1 0.22% 63.06% CHASEEVERYONE

99. 1 0.22% 63.28% CHICK

100. 1 0.22% 63.50% CITIZENSHIP

101. 1 0.22% 63.72% COCKROACHES

102. 1 0.22% 63.94% COCOON

103. 1 0.22% 64.16% COMMEMORATION

104. 1 0.22% 64.38% COMPACT

105. 1 0.22% 64.60% COMPACTDISK

106. 1 0.22% 64.82% CONDITIONER

107. 1 0.22% 65.04% CRICKET

108. 1 0.22% 65.26% CUDDLE

109. 1 0.22% 65.48% CUPBOARDMAP

110. 1 0.22% 65.70% DATESAND

111. 1 0.22% 65.92% DISK

49

113. 1 0.22% 66.36% DOWNYOUR

114. 1 0.22% 66.58% EACHPICTURE

115. 1 0.22% 66.80% EACHRESTAURANT

116. 1 0.22% 67.02% ERASER

117. 1 0.22% 67.24% ERASERS

118. 1 0.22% 67.46% EXPRESSIONSBELOW

119. 1 0.22% 67.68% FANTASY

120. 1 0.22% 67.90% FATHERLIKES

121. 1 0.22% 68.12% FLU

122. 1 0.22% 68.34% FLUENCYVOCABULARY

123. 1 0.22% 68.56% FOOTBALLER

124. 1 0.22% 68.78% FORMBELOW

125. 1 0.22% 69.00% FRIENDSPRACTISING

126. 1 0.22% 69.22% FRIENDSUSE

127. 1 0.22% 69.44% GIVESPOT

128. 1 0.22% 69.66% GRASSHOPPER

129. 1 0.22% 69.88% GUIDINGQUESTIONS

130. 1 0.22% 70.10% GUITAR

131. 1 0.22% 70.32% HANDSOME

132. 1 0.22% 70.54% HEADMASTER

133. 1 0.22% 70.76% HEHAS

134. 1 0.22% 70.98% HELPTHEM

135. 1 0.22% 71.20% HEROES

136. 1 0.22% 71.42% HOE

137. 1 0.22% 71.64% HOMEWORK

138. 1 0.22% 71.86% HOPS

139. 1 0.22% 72.08% HOTDOG

140. 1 0.22% 72.30% IDENTITYCARDS

50

142. 1 0.22% 72.74% INDONESIAN

143. 1 0.22% 72.96% INEVERY

144. 1 0.22% 73.18% ITSCOLORFUL

145. 1 0.22% 73.40% JUG

146. 1 0.22% 73.62% JUNK

147. 1 0.22% 73.84% KANGAROOS

148. 1 0.22% 74.06% KEEPTHEM

149. 1 0.22% 74.28% KNOWHOW

150. 1 0.22% 74.50% LABORATORY

151. 1 0.22% 74.72% LACE

152. 1 0.22% 74.94% LADYBUG

153. 1 0.22% 75.16% LAUGHTOGETHER

154. 1 0.22% 75.38% LIKESREADING

155. 1 0.22% 75.60% LITTER

156. 1 0.22% 75.82% LIVINGROOM

157. 1 0.22% 76.04% LIVINGTHINGS

158. 1 0.22% 76.26% LYRICS

159. 1 0.22% 76.48% MAGAZINES

160. 1 0.22% 76.70% MAGAZINESAFTER

161. 1 0.22% 76.92% MANGOTREE

162. 1 0.22% 77.14% MANILA

163. 1 0.22% 77.36% MAYWOOD

164. 1 0.22% 77.58% MEETPEOPLE

165. 1 0.22% 77.80% MEIN

166. 1 0.22% 78.02% MORNINGIN

167. 1 0.22% 78.24% MUG

168. 1 0.22% 78.46% NOODLE

169. 1 0.22% 78.68% NOVELS

51

171. 1 0.22% 79.12% ONEDICTIONARY

172. 1 0.22% 79.34% ONTHE

173. 1 0.22% 79.56% OPTIMISTIC

174. 1 0.22% 79.78% ORSHE

175. 1 0.22% 80.00% OURHOME

176. 1 0.22% 80.22% OVEN

177. 1 0.22% 80.44% OWNFEELING

178. 1 0.22% 80.66% PAINTEDAPPLE

179. 1 0.22% 80.88% PEACOCK

180. 1 0.22% 81.10% PEOPLETHINGS

181. 1 0.22% 81.32% PESSIMISTICWHY

182. 1 0.22% 81.54% PETALS

183. 1 0.22% 81.76% PHRASE

184. 1 0.22% 81.98% PILLOW

185. 1 0.22% 82.20% PILLOWS

186. 1 0.22% 82.42% PISTILS

187. 1 0.22% 82.64% PLAYFUL

188. 1 0.22% 82.86% PLEDGE

189. 1 0.22% 83.08% POLICEWOMAN

190. 1 0.22% 83.30% POND

191. 1 0.22% 83.52% PORRIDGE

192. 1 0.22% 83.74% POSTCARD

193. 1 0.22% 83.96% PRONUNCIATIONSPELLING

194. 1 0.22% 84.18% PROVIDEDPUT

195. 1 0.22% 84.40% RECYCLED

196. 1 0.22% 84.62% REFORMATION

197. 1 0.22% 84.84% REFRIGERATOR

198. 1 0.22% 85.06% RHYMING

52

200. 1 0.22% 85.50% ROOMMY

201. 1 0.22% 85.72% SANCTITY

202. 1 0.22% 85.94% SCIENCELABORATORY

203. 1 0.22% 86.16% SCOOP

204. 1 0.22% 86.38% SEAL

205. 1 0.22% 86.60% SEPTEMBEROCTOBER

206. 1 0.22% 86.82% SHECOOKS

207. 1 0.22% 87.04% SHELIKES

208. 1 0.22% 87.26% SINGULAR

209. 1 0.22% 87.48% SMART

210. 1 0.22% 87.70% SPECIALIZES

211. 1 0.22% 87.92% STAMENS

212. 1 0.22% 88.14% STUDENTSLOOK

213. 1 0.22% 88.36% SYLLABLE

214. 1 0.22% 88.58% SYLLABLES

215. 1 0.22% 88.80% TAKECARE

216. 1 0.22% 89.02% TELEVISION

217. 1 0.22% 89.24% TENSES

218. 1 0.22% 89.46% THEDINING

219. 1 0.22% 89.68% THEHOUSE

220. 1 0.22% 89.90% THEINFORMATION

221. 1 0.22% 90.12% THEIRPHYSICAL

222. 1 0.22% 90.34% THEMDOWN

223. 1 0.22% 90.56% THEMODEL

224. 1 0.22% 90.78% THEMORALLY

225. 1 0.22% 91.00% THESIGNS

226. 1 0.22% 91.22% THESTUDENTS

227. 1 0.22% 91.44% THEWORD

53

229. 1 0.22% 91.88% THEZOOKEEPER

230. 1 0.22% 92.10% THINGSABOUT

231. 1 0.22% 92.32% TIGERS

232. 1 0.22% 92.54% TIGERSBUFFALOES

233. 1 0.22% 92.76% TOILET

234. 1 0.22% 92.98% TOILETSTEACHER

235. 1 0.22% 93.20% TOMATCH

236. 1 0.22% 93.42% TOPUBLIC

237. 1 0.22% 93.64% TOTHE

238. 1 0.22% 93.86% TUB

239. 1 0.22% 94.08% TURTLES

240. 1 0.22% 94.30% TV

241. 1 0.22% 94.52% TWENTYTWO

242. 1 0.22% 94.74% TWORABBITS

243. 1 0.22% 94.96% USUALLYEAT

244. 1 0.22% 95.18% USUALLYSLEEPS

245. 1 0.22% 95.40% VEGETABLES

246. 1 0.22% 95.62% VERYPROUD

247. 1 0.22% 95.84% VOCABULARY

248. 1 0.22% 96.06% WARNINGS

249. 1 0.22% 96.28% WAVY

250. 1 0.22% 96.50% WEEKENDACTIVITY

251. 1 0.22% 96.72% WHATMIGHT

252. 1 0.22% 96.94% WITHEACH

253. 1 0.22% 97.16% WITHTHE

254. 1 0.22% 97.38% WITHYOUR

255. 1 0.22% 97.60% WORDSSENTENCES

256. 1 0.22% 97.82% WORKSEVERYDAY

54

258. 1 0.22% 98.26% WORKSIN

259. 1 0.22% 98.48% WORKWE

260. 1 0.22% 98.70% WORTHANGELS

261. 1 0.22% 98.92% YOUAND

262. 1 0.22% 99.14% YOUKNOW

263. 1 0.22% 99.36% YOUMAY

264. 1 0.22% 99.58% YOUPUT

265. 1 0.22% 99.80% YOURFRIENDS

266. 1 0.22% 100.00% YOURLOOSEN

55 Appendix E

Shared and Unique Words in Chapter 2 and Chapter 3

Unique to first 172 tokens 52 families

001. clap 45 002. favour 10

003. dog 6 004. farm 6 005. there 6 006. address 5

007. colour 5 008. food 5 009. id 5 010. spell 5 011. card 4 012. where 4 013. age 3 014. fill 3 015. identify 3

016.

introduce 3 017. love 3 018.

occupation 3 019. people 3 020.

photograph 3 021.

classmates’ 2 022. fry 2 023. hullo 2 024. lesson 2 025. live 2 026. meet 2 027. nice 2 028. old 2 029. other 2 030. table 2 031. blue 1 032. book 1 033. bubble 1 034. call 1

Shared 514 tokens 85 families

001. the 63 002. you 33 003. i 31 004. of 24 005. on 22 006. in 18 007. to 17 008. do 15 009. this 15

010. please 13

011. name 12

012. when 12

013. after 10

014. and 9 015. at 9 016. birth 9

017. it 8 018. a 7 019. we 7 020. each 6 021.

express 6 022. friend 6

023. about 5

024. be 5 025. class 5

026. date 5 027. have 5 028. say 5 029. use 5 030. what 5 031. write 5 Unique to second 391 tokens 130 families Freq first (then alpha) 001. day 33 002. active 14

003. go 12 004. monday 12

005. month 11 006. july 9 007. twenty 9 008. may 8 009. october 8

010. april 7 011. four 7 012. nation 7 013. thursday 7

014. tuesday 7

015. five 6 016. friday 6 017. group 6 018. one 6 019. six 6 020.

wednesday 6 021. eight 5 022. saturday 5

023. august 4 024. before 4 025. calendar 4

026. december 4

027.

difference 4 028. june 4 029. nine 4

VP novel items Same list Alpha first 001. active 14 002. afternoon 2

003. april 7 004. arm 1 005. around 1 006. art 3 007. august 4 008. awake 1 009. bath 1 010. bed 1 011. before 4 012. calendar 4

013. celebrate 3

014. child 1 015. citizen 1 016.

commemorate 1 017. day 33 018. december 4

019. decorate 1

020. dice 2 021.

difference 4 022. dinner 1 023. down 3 024. earth 1 025. educate 1 026. eight 5 027. eleven 1 028. end 1 029. evening 2 030. every 1 031. example 1 032. february 3

56

035. chicken

1

036. clue 1 037. describe 1

038. front 1 039. green 1 040. manila 1 041. model 1 042. noodle 1 043. out 1 044. own 1 045. pair 1 046. paper 1 047. pink 1 048. present 1

049. rice 1 050. sentence 1

051.

teachers’ 1

052.

tradition 1

032. english 4 033. he 4 034. learn 4

035. listen 4

036. number 4

037. picture 4 038. repeat 4

039. she 4 040. teach 4

041. above 3

042. attend 3

043. base 3 044. below 3

045. observe 3 046. practise 3 047. read 3 048. song 3 049. thank 3

050. they 3 051. with 3 052. ask 2 053. guide 2

054. how 2 055. know 2 056. let 2 057. make 2 058. now 2 059.

project 2 060. question 2 061. should 2

062. student 2 063. swim 2 064. will 2 065. work 2

030. november 4

031. seven 4 032. sunday 4 033. time 4 034. week 4 035. art 3 036.

celebrate 3 037. down 3 038. february 3

039. january 3

040. march 3 041. morning 3

042. play 3 043. school 3 044. science 3

045. tell 3 046. thirty 3 047. today 3 048. token 3 049. tomorrow 3

050.

afternoon 2 051. dice 2 052. evening 2

053. for 2 054. here 2 055.

interview 2 056. jog 2 057.

mathematics 2 058. night 2 059. or 2 060. religion 2

061. schedule 2

062. second 2 063.

september 2 064. take 2 065. ten 2 066. then 2 067. thousand

033. first 1 034. five 6 035. foot 1 036. for 2 037. force 1 038. form 1 039. four 7 040. friday 6 041. game 1 042. get 1 043. go 12 044. grand 1 045. group 6 046. guitar 1 047. help 1 048. here 2 049. heroes’ 1 050. hundred 1 051. important 1

052.

independent 1 053. indonesia 1

054. interview 2

055. january 3 056. jog 2 057. july 9 058. june 4 059. labour 1 060. march 3 061.

mathematics 2 062. may 8 063. million 1 064. mini 1 065. monday 12 066. month 11 067. morning 3 068. mother’ 1 069. move 1 070. nation 7 071. night 2 072. nine 4 073. november 4

074. october 8 075. one 6 076. or 2 077. park 1 078. place 1

57

066. as 1

067. bear 1 068.

chapter 1 069.

classmate 1 070. come 1 071.

complete 1 072. dialogue 1 073. find 1 074. from 1 075. hobby 1

076. home 1 077.

library 1 078. like 1 079. no 1 080. post 1 081. put 1 082. sing 1 083. twelve 1

084. who 1 085. year 1

2

068. three 2 069.

yesterday 2 070. arm 1 071. around 1 072. awake 1 073. bath 1 074. bed 1 075. child 1 076. citizen 1

077.

commemorate 1 078. decorate 1

079. dinner 1 080. earth 1 081. educate 1

082. eleven 1 083. end 1 084. every 1 085. example 1

086. first 1 087. foot 1 088. force 1 089. form 1 090. game 1 091. get 1 092. grand 1 093. guitar 1 094. help 1 095. heroes’ 1

096. hundred 1

097.

important 1 098.

independent 1 099.

indonesia 1 100. labour 1 101. million 1

102. mini 1 103. mother’ 1

104. move 1 105. park 1

079. play 3 080. pledge 1 081. reach 1 082. reform 1 083. religion 2

084. research 1

085. rhyme 1 086. roll 1 087. room 1 088. same 1 089. sanctity 1

090. saturday 5

091. schedule 2

092. school 3 093. science 3 094. second 2 095. september 2

096. seven 4 097. short 1 098. show 1 099. six 6 100. sleep 1 101. social 1 102. sport 1 103. study 1 104. sunday 4 105. take 2 106. tell 3 107. ten 2 108. then 2 109. thirteen 1

110. thirty 3 111. thousand 2

112. three 2 113. thursday 7

114. time 4 115. today 3 116. token 3 117. tomorrow 3

118. tuesday 7 119. turn 1 120. twenty 9

58

106. place 1 107. pledge 1 108. reach 1 109. reform 1 110. research 1

111. rhyme 1 112. roll 1 113. room 1 114. same 1 115. sanctity 1

116. short 1 117. show 1 118. sleep 1 119. social 1 120. sport 1 121. study 1 122. thirteen 1

123. turn 1 124.

twentytwo 1 125. two 1 126. up 1 127. visit 1 128. win 1 129. word 1 130. youth 1

121. twentytwo 1

122. two 1 123. up 1 124. visit 1 125. wednesday 6

126. week 4 127. win 1 128. word 1 129. yesterday 2

59

Appendix F

Shared and Unique Words in Chapter 5 and Chapter 6

Unique to first 147 tokens 57 families

001. there 11

002. picture 10

003. pencil 8

004. sentence 8 005. animal 6

006. four 6 007. how 6 008. many 6 009. place 5 010. public 5

011. rule 5 012. at 4 013. bag 4 014.

dictionary 4 015. object 3

016. partner 3

017. pet 3 018. refer 3 019. count 2 020.

describe 2 021. dog 2 022. duck 2 023. five 2 024. number 2

025. rabbit 2

026.

television 2 027. around 1

Shared 531 tokens 60

families

001. the 80

002. i 44 003. you 40

004. a 26 005. word 24

006. in 23

007. of 23

008. to 23

009. this 20

010. we 16

011. with 16

012. what 14

013. do 12

014. have 12

015. or 9 016. follow 8 017. can 7

018. know 7

019. will 7

020. down 6

021. find 6

022. read 6

Unique to second 380 tokens

123 families

Freq first (then alpha) 001. song 25 002. sing 11 003. dream 10 004. friend 10 005. let 10 006. angel 9 007. believe 9 008. rhyme 9 009. see 9 010. line 8 011. if 7 012. be 6 013. each 6 014. favour 6 015. good 6 016. help 6 017. lyric 6 018. right 6 019. some 6 020. stream 6 021. cope 5 022. cross 5 023. for 5 024. future 5 025. guess 5 026. meaning 5 027. time 5 028. wonder 5 029. even 4 030. every 4 031. fail 4 032. like 4 033. mean 4 034. might 4 035. poem 4 036. through 4 037. when 4 038. why 4 039. any 3 040. best 3

VP novel items Same list Alpha first 001. again 2 002. among 1 003. angel 9 004. another 1 005. answer 2 006. any 3 007. ask 1 008. ball 1 009. be 6 010. beauty 1 011. become 1 012. believe 9 013. best 3 014. bird 1 015. butterfly 1

016. car 1 017. chair 1 018. class 1 019. clue 2 020. compare 1 021. content 1 022. cope 5 023. cross 5 024. cup 1 025. dark 1 026. desk 1 027.

destination 3 028. discuss 3 029. dream 10 030. each 6 031. even 4 032. every 4 033. evidence 1 034. express 1 035. fail 4 036. fairy 3 037. fantasy 1 038. farm 1

60

028. attend

1

029. bed 1 030. case 1 031.

category 1 032. chicken 1

033. collect 1

034. correct 1

035. elephant 1 036. erase 1 037. form 1 038. hat 1 039. home 1 040. inform 1

041. into 1 042. kitchen 1

043. label 1 044. lamp 1 045.

livingroom 1 046. mini 1 047. pillow 1

048. plate 1 049. project 1

050. set 1 051. stick 1 052. stove 1 053. study 1 054. thank 1 055. tiger 1 056. town 1 057. zoo 1

023. take 6

024. write 6 025. about 5 026. it 5 027. table 5 028. think 5 029. use 5

030. and 4

031. care 4

032. make 4

033. observe 4 034. work 4

035. example 3 036. group 3 037. listen 3 038. name 3

039. please 3 040. two 3

041. he 2 042. learn 2 043. now 2

044. she 2

045. then 2

046. they 2

047. thing 2 048. after 1 049. below 1

041.

destination 3 042. discuss 3 043. fairy 3 044. game 3 045. individual 3

046. most 3 047. own 3 048. phrase 3 049. tale 3 050. topic 3 051. again 2 052. answer 2 053. clue 2 054. father 2 055. from 2 056. identify 2 057. language 2 058. last 2 059. member 2 060. mother 2 061. notice 2 062. part 2 063. play 2 064. push 2 065. stanza 2 066. title 2 067. understand 2

068. while 2 069. who 2 070. worth 2 071. among 1 072. another 1 073. ask 1 074. ball 1 075. beauty 1 076. become 1 077. bird 1 078. butterfly 1

079. car 1 080. chair 1 081. class 1 082. compare 1 083. content 1 084. cup 1 085. dark 1 086. desk 1 087. evidence 1 088. express 1

039. father 2 040. favour 6 041. feel 1 042. flower 1 043. for 5 044. friend 10 045. friend’ 1 046. from 2 047. future 5 048. game 3 049. get 1 050. girl 1 051. good 6 052. guess 5 053. help 6 054. horse 1 055. identify 2 056. if 7

057. individual 3

058. ladder 1 059. language 2 060. last 2 061. let 10 062. like 4 063. line 8 064. lyric 6 065. mean 4 066. meaning 5 067. member 2 068. message 1 069. might 4 070. mile 1 071. most 3 072. mother 2 073. need 1 074. notice 2 075. noun 1 076. optimist 1 077. own 3 078. part 2 079.

pessimistic 1 080. phrase 3 081. play 2 082. plural 1 083. poem 4 084. practise 1 085.

pronunciation 1 086. push 2 087. question 1

61

050. book

1

051. cat 1

052. chapter 1 053. give 1

054. glass 1 055. look 1

056. on 1 057. one 1

058. repeat 1 059. teach 1 060. three 1

089. fantasy 1 090. farm 1 091. feel 1 092. flower 1 093. friend’ 1 094. get 1 095. girl 1 096. horse 1 097. ladder 1 098. message 1 099. mile 1 100. need 1 101. noun 1 102. optimist 1 103.

pessimistic 1 104. plural 1 105. practise 1 106.

pronunciation 1 107. question 1 108. real 1 109. reason 1 110. share 1 111. singular 1 112. so 1

113. star 1 114. still 1 115. support 1 116. tell 1 117. together 1 118. toy 1 119. tune 1 120. turn 1 121. want 1 122. which 1 123. win 1

088. real 1 089. reason 1 090. rhyme 9 091. right 6 092. see 9 093. share 1 094. sing 11 095. singular 1 096. so 1

097. some 6 098. song 25 099. stanza 2 100. star 1 101. still 1 102. stream 6 103. support 1 104. tale 3 105. tell 1 106. through 4 107. time 5 108. title 2 109. together 1 110. topic 3 111. toy 1 112. tune 1 113. turn 1 114. understand 2

115. want 1 116. when 4 117. which 1 118. while 2 119. who 2 120. why 4 121. win 1 122. wonder 5 123. worth 2