traffic sign as a visual display in study of ergonomic design.
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Host:
National Tsing Hua University
Sponsors:
National Science Council
Ministry of Education
Institute of Occupational Safety & Health
Ergonomics Society of Taiwan
Feng Chia University
Endorsement:
International Ergonomics Association
Supporting Societies:
Chinese Ergonomics Society, Hong Kong Ergonomics Society, Indian Society of Ergonomics,
Ergonomics Society of Indonesia, Israel Ergonomics Association, JapanErgonomics Society,
Society for Occupational Safety, Health & Ergonomics,Japan,
Ergonomics Society of Korea, Human Factors and Ergonomics Society of Malaysia,
Philippines Ergonomics Society, Ergonomics Society of Singapore, ErgonomicsSociety of Thailand,
Turkish Ergonomics Societ y
back
About t he EAEFS 2 0 1 1
For the past decade, the rapid development of the ergonomics disciplines as well as the fast growing economy in East Asia
have been attracting the attentions of the international ergonomics community. Taking a sharp look at this region, you may
find that although it has been changing from a traditional agriculture-oriented society into a modern industry-oriented
society and its economy covers a great deal of shared interests across the continents, yet the ergonomics related knowledge
and practice are still in its infancy. Because of the geographic proximity and a strong historical, cultural and technology
affinity, it is vitally important to maintain good communication and cooperation among the individuals as well as among
the ergonomics organizations in the region. It is also necessary to initiate ergonomics studies and to develop appropriate
solutions and tools specifically fit the regional needs.
The symposium, East Asian Ergonomics Federation Symposium (EAEFS), was hence initiated and intends to provide
supporting ergonomics organizations and interested participants with a forum to exchange ideas, build friendship, foster
greater understanding of and among these individuals and organizations, and develop perspectives concerning ergonomics
issues in the region of East Asia and beyond.
The 1st EAEFS, initiated by Professor Masaharu Kumashiro, was held at Kitakyushu, Japan in 2008 with the aim to
promote the ergonomics research and establish the cooperation among ergonomics researchers, professionals, and
practitioners in the regions of East Asia. Following the success of the 1st EAEFS, the 2nd EAEFS held in Taiwan aims to
consolidate the established ties within East Asia and to extend the cooperation between East Asia and other regions in Asia
and the world.
A strategic interactive meeting, Asia Ergonomics Summit 2011 (AES 2011), will be also held prior to EAEFS 2011. Senior
scholars and leaders from Asia countries will be invited to share their wisdom, experience, insights, and visions on past,
current, and future ergonomics efforts in Asia. It is expected that consensus can be reached in the meeting and strategies for
development of the Asia ergonomics research and practice can be formulated.
Eric
Min-yang Wang, PhD
Organizer
EAEFS 2011 and AES 2011
Wen-Ko Chiou, PhD
Conference Chair
EAEFS 2011 and AES 2011
Chiu-hsiang Joe Lin, PhD
Conference Co-Chair
EAEFS 2011 and AES 2011
List for posters
back
Cognitive factors on the errors of pushing open or close buttons in the elevator
Tomoyo Takahashi
Nagoya University, Japan
Sachio Otsuka
Kyoto University, Japan
Yosuke Hattori
Nagoya University, Japan
Shinji Kitagami
Kyoto University, Japan
Investing the effect of modern acupuncture and “Hui Hun Jiu” therapy on promoting flow of acupuncture
points and meridian system
Chih-Hsiung Pan
Department of Industrial Engineering, Chung-Yuan Christian University
Traffic signs as a visual display in the study of ergonomic design
IB. Alit Swamardika
Udayana University, Bali Indonesia
Development of Rural Infrastructure Oriented Ergonomics and Local Genius
Sutarja, I Nyoman
Udayana University, Bali Indonesia
Cultural approach in managing hotel in Bali
I Putu Gede Adiatmika, Nyoman Adiputra, Dewa Putu Sutjana, Ketut Tirtayasa
Faculty of Medicine Udayana University, Denpasar Bali, Indonesia
Experimental study on a difference of the transfer method and work load in nursing care work
Misawa Tetsuo
Tsudanuma, Narashino-shi, Chiba, Japan
A method for interacting with large pictorial data on a small touch-based display
Ying Lien Lee
Chaoyang University of Technology, Taiwan
TRAFFIC SIGNS AS A VISUAL DISPLAY IN THE STUDY OF ERGONOMIC DESIGN
IB. Alit Swamardika
Udayana University, Bali Indonesia
(alit_bbc@yahoo.com)
ABSTRACT: The traffic signs as a visual display installed in the streets is not a decoration, because there is
no doubt beneficial for the users of the road. In accordance with the regulations, the position of traffic
signs should not be blocked by buildings, trees, or other objects. It is intended to result reducing or
eliminating the meaning of these signs. This should be considered and reviewed how the traffic signs as a
visual display of ergonomics design.
Keywords : traffic signs, visual display, ergonomic design.
1. BACKGROUND
Basic essence of the evaluation of ergonomics in
the design process is as early as possible to try to
think of
human
interests
to
be
accommodated in any of creativity and innovation
of a "man made objects" (Wignjosoebroto,
2003). The focus of attention from an ergonomic
study will lead to efforts to achieve a design of
a product that meets the requirements of "fitting
the
task
to
the man" (Grandjean, 1988), so
that every design must consider the interests of
humans, which is about the safety, health, safety
and comfort. This should presumably be the basis
in designing a traffic sign as a visual display.
Display has a function as a medium for
conveying information to be received by the senses.
For the senses do not be fatigue, discomfort,
insecurity,
ineffective
and inefficiency it
is
necessary to design displays that meet the rules of
ergonomics. Currently, many found the display is
designed without regard to the requirements
or standards. If this is allowed then there is the
possibility of the emergence of many accidents due
to unsafe and uncomfortable when enabled.
Similarly with traffic
signs. The
presence
of traffic signs installed in the streets is not a
decoration, because there is no doubt beneficial for
the users of the road. This is mainly to improve the
security and smoothness of the road system.
Unfortunately often considered trivial by some
motorists. In fact, traffic signs on roads that are
not arbitrary installation. Each placement of signs
is always on the ground of security considerations
and smooth the traffic, which ultimately aim to
create safety.
In addition, any traffic sign which is attached
have the force of law, so that road users that do
not deal with
the risks faced by officers.
In
accordance with the regulations, the position
of traffic signs should not be blocked by buildings,
trees, or other objects. It is intended to result in
reducing or eliminating the meaning of these signs.
Starting from this cases should be considered
and reviewed how the traffic signs as a visual
display of ergonomics. During this past signs
untouched ergonomic principles, so
frequently
encountered any traffic signs that impressed
constructed and installed off hand or tend to be
more concerned with his artistic side. The goal in
writing and study in this paper is to know the role
of ergonomics rules in the installation of traffic
signs as a visual display.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The
material in this
study is
the result
of
an
observation to the field of traffic signs along the
streets of Nusa Dua - Tohpati, Denpasar, Bali,
Indonesia.
The method used is a literature review or
literature studies that seek to be studied in depth
and
presented in
a narrative based on the
facts disclosed by the traffic experts mainly related
to the visual display of traffic signs.
3. DISCUSSION AND RESULTS
Traffic signs are one way the equipment in a
particular form that contains symbols, letters,
numbers, sentences and / or combination of them,
which is used to provide warnings, bans, orders
and instructions for users of the road. Signs to
look for day or night or during rain, the material
should
be made of
reflective
material
(Anonymous, 1992).
Visual display is a display where a man receive
of information
through the senses of vision.
Ergonomics rules that must be considered when
designing the visual displays are associated with
organ eye such as accommodation, the ability
of the eyes to see someone related to age factor,
eye disorders suffered by a person, the placement
of the display is adjusted to the height of the eyes,
the length of one's view display, eye fatigue
factor, lighting (glare, contrast, background) and
others. All of these ergonomic rules should
already be considered early.
Based on ergonomic principles that must be
considered when designing visual displays,
Pheasant (1991), Grandjean (1988) and Manuaba (1
994) describes some guidelines to be followed for
these displays can be read and understood quickly,
precisely, accurately and with minimal errors
possible. The guidelines are as follows:
Use the simplest display concept with a single
and definite understanding as well as tailored to
the needs of the operator.
Use of display format that is closer to reality or
adapted to real needs.
Use a format that familiar possible with the
operator, if not necessary for adaptation
training.
The use of display techniques have to be as
effective as possible and adapted to
environmental circumstances or conditions at
the time of viewing.
Optimizing performance display for easy
viewing, attracting attention, quickly read
and understand.
Good display should be able to convey certain
messages in accordance with written or drawn in
question in the display. The characteristics of a
good display is (Sutalaksana, 1979):
1. Can convey a message.
2. Forms / interesting picture and describe
the event.
3. Using the striking colors and draw attention.
4. Proportion of pictures and letter allow to be
viewed / read.
5. Use short sentences, simple, and clear.
6. Using a good letter so easy to read.
7. Realistic according to the problem.
8. Not boring.
Besides the things mentioned above, other eleme
nts are also important in the design are the elements
of the environment, especially in light of factors. In
the light factor, the ability to see objects , the degree
of contrast between objects and surroundings,
brightness,
duration
of view, as
well
as colors and textures that provide a psychological
effect on
humans. The
eyes are
expected
to get enough
light, pleasant
scenery, calm the
mind, no glare and comfortable. Poor lighting can ca
use eye fatigue.
Combine
of color in
the design
of the
psychological impact of the observer and wearer,
for example red color gives the impression of
stimulating, suggesting broad yellow and bright,
green or blue to give the impression of cool
and fresh, dark colors give the impression of a
narrow, bright colors game gives the
impression
wide.
Results of the survey in the field can be seen
in the images below:
Problems encountered:
The
Signs
obstructed by the
banner stores.
This
is
very
disturbing vision of
drivers
The Signs covered by the trees.
•
•
•
•
To sign turn command, in accordance with the
rules, posted on a certain distance before the
bend is located.
In addition to these solutions, the need for
firmness authorities to crack down on users
who violate road traffic signs.
And also a need for coordination with relevant
department, relating to trees blocking the
traffic signs.
From the study of ergonomics to the large
letters, writings, and symbol, and color that
meets the requirements.
It has to follow
internationally accepted rules and has been
strengthened by the traffic laws, as well as
transportation minister's decision.
4. CONCLUSIONS
Some Solutions:
• directional signs should be
placed across the
road, so drivers can see the direction of view
while driving.
• In addition, by placing the exact middle of the
transverse road, chances are covered with very
small tree.
From the results of studies in the above conclusions
can be made as follows.
1. Ergonomics rules play an important role in
designing the display of traffic signs, especially
in order to obtain a safe design, comfort and
ultimately the
information
conveyed
effectively and efficiently.
2. Lack
of
coordination
between
transportation
department
with office
cleaning and gardening, so many traffic signs
are covered with trees.
3. Lack of awareness of the meaning of road
users and the usability of traffic signs.
5. REFERENCES
Anonim. 1992. Tata Cara Pemasangan Rambu Dan Marka
Jalan Perkotaan. Direktorat Jenderal Bina Marga.
Direktorat Pembinaan Jalan Kota. Jakarta
Bridger, R.S. 1995. Introduction to Ergonomics. McGraw-Hill
Inc. Singapore
Grandjean, 1988. Fitting the Task to the Man. A Textbook of
Occupational Ergonomics. 4th Edition. Taylor & Francis.
London.
Hendrick, H.W. 2002. Ergonomics Design od Controls,
Displays, and Workspace Arrangement to Reduce Human
Error. Ergonomics Courses. 11th National Conggress-13th
National Seminar of Indonesian Physiological Society and
Ergonomics - Sports Physiology Seminar. Sanur Bali.
Manuaba, A. 1994. Display dan Kontrol. Makalah disampaikan
pada pelatihan ergonomi di PTP XXI – XXII. Jawa Timur.
Sutalaksana, I.Z. 1979. Teknik Tata Cara Kerja. Departemen
Teknik Industri ITB. Bandung.
Pheasant,S. 1991. Ergonomics, Work and Health. Macmillan
Academic Profesional Ltd. London.
Wignjosoebroto, S. 2003. Ergonomi Studi Gerak dan Waktu;
Teknik Analisis untuk Peningkatan Produktivitas Kerja.
Cetakan ketiga. Penerbit Guna Widya. Surabaya.
Host:
National Tsing Hua University
Sponsors:
National Science Council
Ministry of Education
Institute of Occupational Safety & Health
Ergonomics Society of Taiwan
Feng Chia University
Endorsement:
International Ergonomics Association
Supporting Societies:
Chinese Ergonomics Society, Hong Kong Ergonomics Society, Indian Society of Ergonomics,
Ergonomics Society of Indonesia, Israel Ergonomics Association, JapanErgonomics Society,
Society for Occupational Safety, Health & Ergonomics,Japan,
Ergonomics Society of Korea, Human Factors and Ergonomics Society of Malaysia,
Philippines Ergonomics Society, Ergonomics Society of Singapore, ErgonomicsSociety of Thailand,
Turkish Ergonomics Societ y
back
About t he EAEFS 2 0 1 1
For the past decade, the rapid development of the ergonomics disciplines as well as the fast growing economy in East Asia
have been attracting the attentions of the international ergonomics community. Taking a sharp look at this region, you may
find that although it has been changing from a traditional agriculture-oriented society into a modern industry-oriented
society and its economy covers a great deal of shared interests across the continents, yet the ergonomics related knowledge
and practice are still in its infancy. Because of the geographic proximity and a strong historical, cultural and technology
affinity, it is vitally important to maintain good communication and cooperation among the individuals as well as among
the ergonomics organizations in the region. It is also necessary to initiate ergonomics studies and to develop appropriate
solutions and tools specifically fit the regional needs.
The symposium, East Asian Ergonomics Federation Symposium (EAEFS), was hence initiated and intends to provide
supporting ergonomics organizations and interested participants with a forum to exchange ideas, build friendship, foster
greater understanding of and among these individuals and organizations, and develop perspectives concerning ergonomics
issues in the region of East Asia and beyond.
The 1st EAEFS, initiated by Professor Masaharu Kumashiro, was held at Kitakyushu, Japan in 2008 with the aim to
promote the ergonomics research and establish the cooperation among ergonomics researchers, professionals, and
practitioners in the regions of East Asia. Following the success of the 1st EAEFS, the 2nd EAEFS held in Taiwan aims to
consolidate the established ties within East Asia and to extend the cooperation between East Asia and other regions in Asia
and the world.
A strategic interactive meeting, Asia Ergonomics Summit 2011 (AES 2011), will be also held prior to EAEFS 2011. Senior
scholars and leaders from Asia countries will be invited to share their wisdom, experience, insights, and visions on past,
current, and future ergonomics efforts in Asia. It is expected that consensus can be reached in the meeting and strategies for
development of the Asia ergonomics research and practice can be formulated.
Eric
Min-yang Wang, PhD
Organizer
EAEFS 2011 and AES 2011
Wen-Ko Chiou, PhD
Conference Chair
EAEFS 2011 and AES 2011
Chiu-hsiang Joe Lin, PhD
Conference Co-Chair
EAEFS 2011 and AES 2011
List for posters
back
Cognitive factors on the errors of pushing open or close buttons in the elevator
Tomoyo Takahashi
Nagoya University, Japan
Sachio Otsuka
Kyoto University, Japan
Yosuke Hattori
Nagoya University, Japan
Shinji Kitagami
Kyoto University, Japan
Investing the effect of modern acupuncture and “Hui Hun Jiu” therapy on promoting flow of acupuncture
points and meridian system
Chih-Hsiung Pan
Department of Industrial Engineering, Chung-Yuan Christian University
Traffic signs as a visual display in the study of ergonomic design
IB. Alit Swamardika
Udayana University, Bali Indonesia
Development of Rural Infrastructure Oriented Ergonomics and Local Genius
Sutarja, I Nyoman
Udayana University, Bali Indonesia
Cultural approach in managing hotel in Bali
I Putu Gede Adiatmika, Nyoman Adiputra, Dewa Putu Sutjana, Ketut Tirtayasa
Faculty of Medicine Udayana University, Denpasar Bali, Indonesia
Experimental study on a difference of the transfer method and work load in nursing care work
Misawa Tetsuo
Tsudanuma, Narashino-shi, Chiba, Japan
A method for interacting with large pictorial data on a small touch-based display
Ying Lien Lee
Chaoyang University of Technology, Taiwan
TRAFFIC SIGNS AS A VISUAL DISPLAY IN THE STUDY OF ERGONOMIC DESIGN
IB. Alit Swamardika
Udayana University, Bali Indonesia
(alit_bbc@yahoo.com)
ABSTRACT: The traffic signs as a visual display installed in the streets is not a decoration, because there is
no doubt beneficial for the users of the road. In accordance with the regulations, the position of traffic
signs should not be blocked by buildings, trees, or other objects. It is intended to result reducing or
eliminating the meaning of these signs. This should be considered and reviewed how the traffic signs as a
visual display of ergonomics design.
Keywords : traffic signs, visual display, ergonomic design.
1. BACKGROUND
Basic essence of the evaluation of ergonomics in
the design process is as early as possible to try to
think of
human
interests
to
be
accommodated in any of creativity and innovation
of a "man made objects" (Wignjosoebroto,
2003). The focus of attention from an ergonomic
study will lead to efforts to achieve a design of
a product that meets the requirements of "fitting
the
task
to
the man" (Grandjean, 1988), so
that every design must consider the interests of
humans, which is about the safety, health, safety
and comfort. This should presumably be the basis
in designing a traffic sign as a visual display.
Display has a function as a medium for
conveying information to be received by the senses.
For the senses do not be fatigue, discomfort,
insecurity,
ineffective
and inefficiency it
is
necessary to design displays that meet the rules of
ergonomics. Currently, many found the display is
designed without regard to the requirements
or standards. If this is allowed then there is the
possibility of the emergence of many accidents due
to unsafe and uncomfortable when enabled.
Similarly with traffic
signs. The
presence
of traffic signs installed in the streets is not a
decoration, because there is no doubt beneficial for
the users of the road. This is mainly to improve the
security and smoothness of the road system.
Unfortunately often considered trivial by some
motorists. In fact, traffic signs on roads that are
not arbitrary installation. Each placement of signs
is always on the ground of security considerations
and smooth the traffic, which ultimately aim to
create safety.
In addition, any traffic sign which is attached
have the force of law, so that road users that do
not deal with
the risks faced by officers.
In
accordance with the regulations, the position
of traffic signs should not be blocked by buildings,
trees, or other objects. It is intended to result in
reducing or eliminating the meaning of these signs.
Starting from this cases should be considered
and reviewed how the traffic signs as a visual
display of ergonomics. During this past signs
untouched ergonomic principles, so
frequently
encountered any traffic signs that impressed
constructed and installed off hand or tend to be
more concerned with his artistic side. The goal in
writing and study in this paper is to know the role
of ergonomics rules in the installation of traffic
signs as a visual display.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The
material in this
study is
the result
of
an
observation to the field of traffic signs along the
streets of Nusa Dua - Tohpati, Denpasar, Bali,
Indonesia.
The method used is a literature review or
literature studies that seek to be studied in depth
and
presented in
a narrative based on the
facts disclosed by the traffic experts mainly related
to the visual display of traffic signs.
3. DISCUSSION AND RESULTS
Traffic signs are one way the equipment in a
particular form that contains symbols, letters,
numbers, sentences and / or combination of them,
which is used to provide warnings, bans, orders
and instructions for users of the road. Signs to
look for day or night or during rain, the material
should
be made of
reflective
material
(Anonymous, 1992).
Visual display is a display where a man receive
of information
through the senses of vision.
Ergonomics rules that must be considered when
designing the visual displays are associated with
organ eye such as accommodation, the ability
of the eyes to see someone related to age factor,
eye disorders suffered by a person, the placement
of the display is adjusted to the height of the eyes,
the length of one's view display, eye fatigue
factor, lighting (glare, contrast, background) and
others. All of these ergonomic rules should
already be considered early.
Based on ergonomic principles that must be
considered when designing visual displays,
Pheasant (1991), Grandjean (1988) and Manuaba (1
994) describes some guidelines to be followed for
these displays can be read and understood quickly,
precisely, accurately and with minimal errors
possible. The guidelines are as follows:
Use the simplest display concept with a single
and definite understanding as well as tailored to
the needs of the operator.
Use of display format that is closer to reality or
adapted to real needs.
Use a format that familiar possible with the
operator, if not necessary for adaptation
training.
The use of display techniques have to be as
effective as possible and adapted to
environmental circumstances or conditions at
the time of viewing.
Optimizing performance display for easy
viewing, attracting attention, quickly read
and understand.
Good display should be able to convey certain
messages in accordance with written or drawn in
question in the display. The characteristics of a
good display is (Sutalaksana, 1979):
1. Can convey a message.
2. Forms / interesting picture and describe
the event.
3. Using the striking colors and draw attention.
4. Proportion of pictures and letter allow to be
viewed / read.
5. Use short sentences, simple, and clear.
6. Using a good letter so easy to read.
7. Realistic according to the problem.
8. Not boring.
Besides the things mentioned above, other eleme
nts are also important in the design are the elements
of the environment, especially in light of factors. In
the light factor, the ability to see objects , the degree
of contrast between objects and surroundings,
brightness,
duration
of view, as
well
as colors and textures that provide a psychological
effect on
humans. The
eyes are
expected
to get enough
light, pleasant
scenery, calm the
mind, no glare and comfortable. Poor lighting can ca
use eye fatigue.
Combine
of color in
the design
of the
psychological impact of the observer and wearer,
for example red color gives the impression of
stimulating, suggesting broad yellow and bright,
green or blue to give the impression of cool
and fresh, dark colors give the impression of a
narrow, bright colors game gives the
impression
wide.
Results of the survey in the field can be seen
in the images below:
Problems encountered:
The
Signs
obstructed by the
banner stores.
This
is
very
disturbing vision of
drivers
The Signs covered by the trees.
•
•
•
•
To sign turn command, in accordance with the
rules, posted on a certain distance before the
bend is located.
In addition to these solutions, the need for
firmness authorities to crack down on users
who violate road traffic signs.
And also a need for coordination with relevant
department, relating to trees blocking the
traffic signs.
From the study of ergonomics to the large
letters, writings, and symbol, and color that
meets the requirements.
It has to follow
internationally accepted rules and has been
strengthened by the traffic laws, as well as
transportation minister's decision.
4. CONCLUSIONS
Some Solutions:
• directional signs should be
placed across the
road, so drivers can see the direction of view
while driving.
• In addition, by placing the exact middle of the
transverse road, chances are covered with very
small tree.
From the results of studies in the above conclusions
can be made as follows.
1. Ergonomics rules play an important role in
designing the display of traffic signs, especially
in order to obtain a safe design, comfort and
ultimately the
information
conveyed
effectively and efficiently.
2. Lack
of
coordination
between
transportation
department
with office
cleaning and gardening, so many traffic signs
are covered with trees.
3. Lack of awareness of the meaning of road
users and the usability of traffic signs.
5. REFERENCES
Anonim. 1992. Tata Cara Pemasangan Rambu Dan Marka
Jalan Perkotaan. Direktorat Jenderal Bina Marga.
Direktorat Pembinaan Jalan Kota. Jakarta
Bridger, R.S. 1995. Introduction to Ergonomics. McGraw-Hill
Inc. Singapore
Grandjean, 1988. Fitting the Task to the Man. A Textbook of
Occupational Ergonomics. 4th Edition. Taylor & Francis.
London.
Hendrick, H.W. 2002. Ergonomics Design od Controls,
Displays, and Workspace Arrangement to Reduce Human
Error. Ergonomics Courses. 11th National Conggress-13th
National Seminar of Indonesian Physiological Society and
Ergonomics - Sports Physiology Seminar. Sanur Bali.
Manuaba, A. 1994. Display dan Kontrol. Makalah disampaikan
pada pelatihan ergonomi di PTP XXI – XXII. Jawa Timur.
Sutalaksana, I.Z. 1979. Teknik Tata Cara Kerja. Departemen
Teknik Industri ITB. Bandung.
Pheasant,S. 1991. Ergonomics, Work and Health. Macmillan
Academic Profesional Ltd. London.
Wignjosoebroto, S. 2003. Ergonomi Studi Gerak dan Waktu;
Teknik Analisis untuk Peningkatan Produktivitas Kerja.
Cetakan ketiga. Penerbit Guna Widya. Surabaya.