SAND-LIME COLUMN STABILIZATION ON THE CONSOLIDATION OF SOFT CLAY SOIL Sand-Lime Column Stabilization On The Consolidation Of Soft Clay Soil.
SAND-LIME COLUMN STABILIZATION ON THE CONSOLIDATION
OF SOFT CLAY SOIL
Final Project
To fulfill partial of requirement to
achieve S-1 graduate degree in Civil Engineering
Prepared by :
Puguh Merdhiyanto
(D 100 112 014)
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
ENGINEERING FACULTY
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH SURAKARTA
2015
i
ii
MOTTO
“And whenever you give your word, say the truth”
(al-An`aam 6:152)
“The only way to have the greatest work in your life
is love what you do first”
(Anonim)
“You are creator for your own future “
(Anonim)
“Idza shodaqol ‘azmu wadhohas sabil”
(Mahfudzot)
“Do your own thingking independently
Be the chess player, not the chess piece”
(Anonim)
“Make up one idea. Make that idea on your life
– think of it, dream of it, live on that idea.
Let the brain, muscles, nerves, every part
of your body, be full of that idea,
and just leave every other idea alone.
This is the way to success.
(Swami Vivekananda)
iv
PREFACE
Assalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb.
Alhamdulillah, all praise to Allah azza wa jalla who has given blessing and
mercies until this Final Project can be completed. This Final Project to complete
most the requirement to achieve S-1 graduate degree in Civil Engineering
Department, Engineering Faculty, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta. The
author also says thanks for all parties who give any support for arrangement this
Final Project until it can be completed.
The accomplishment this Final Project the author will say thanks to other
parties :
1) Sri Sunarjono, PhD as the Dean of Engineering Faculty of Universitas
Muhammadiyah Surakarta.
2) Mohammad Solikin, PhD as Head of Civil Engineering Department of
Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta.
3) Anto Budi Listyawan, S.T, M.Sc. as author’s academic supervisor and first
supervisor who has guided and taught the author.
4) Agus Susanto, S.T, M.T. as secondary supervisor who has guided and taught
the author.
5) Ir. Renaningsih, M.T. as member of examiner who has given some advices to
make this final project better.
6) All lecturers in Civil Engineering Department of Engineering Faculty of
Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta thanks for your guidance and
knowledge.
7) Dad, mom and my beloved family who always give me support. Thanks for
your praise and wish a long this time, may Allah give you a reward as well as
you give to me.
8) All my friends for Civil Engineering International Program, thanks for your
time as my partner and for Civil Engineering period 2011, you are the best for
me.
v
9) All my friends for MUEC (Muhammadiyah University English Course).
10) All parties that cannot be mentioned one by one who have helped to
accomplishing this Final Project.
The author realize that the arrangement this Final Project is not a perfect
one. Because of that, the author hope there are any suggestion and criticism to make
this Final Project better and can be useful for us. Aminnn
Wassalamu`alaikum Wr.Wb.
Surakarta, 8th May 2015
Author
vi
TABLE OF CONTENT
Pages
TITLE……………………………………………………………………
i
CERTIFICATION’S SHEET ................................................................
ii
DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP ..................................................
iii
MOTTO ...................................................................................................
iv
PREFACE……………............................................................................
v
TABLE OF CONTENT ..........................................................................
vii
LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................
ix
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................
x
ABSTRACT .............................................................................................
xi
I.
INTRODUCTION .........................................................................
1
A. Background ...............................................................................
1
B. Problem State.…........................................................................
2
C. Objective and Benefit Research.................................................
2
1. Research Objective………………………………………..
2
2. Research Benefit…………………………………………..
2
D. Limitation Problems...................................................................
3
E. Research Authenticity................................................................
3
II. LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................
5
A. Soft Clay Soil…….....................................................................
5
B. Sand………...............................................................................
5
C. Lime ………..............................................................................
6
D. Consolidation.............................................................................
6
III. BASIC THEORY………………....................................................
8
A. Soil Properties……....................................................................
8
1. Physical Properties………………………………………...
8
2. Mechanical Properties……………………………………..
9
B. Sand Drain ………………………………………....................
11
IV. RESEARCH METHOD ................................................................
14
A. Research Location .....................................................................
14
B. Material Used.............................................................................
14
C. Equipment Used…….................................................................
14
D. Stage of Research……………………………………………...
15
V. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION .................................................
18
A. Physical Soil Properties ……………………............................
18
1. Specific Gravity Test (Gs)..................................................
19
2. Atterberg Limit Test...........................................................
20
B. Mechanical Soil Properties.......................................................
22
1. Coefficient of Consolidation (Cv)…..................................
23
2. Compression Index (Cc).....................................................
25
3. Settlement Consolidation (Sc)….…..................................
26
VI. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION .........................................
28
A. Conclusion ................................................................................
28
vii
B. Suggestion……….....................................................................
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
viii
29
LIST OF TABLES
Pages
Table V.1
Table V.2
Table V.3
Table V.4
Table V.5
Table V.6
Table V.7
Table V.8
Table V.9
Table V.10
Table V.11
Result of grain size distribution…………………………………
Result of Specific Gravity Test ……………………...................
Result of Atterberg Limit Test.....................................................
Result of coefficient of consolidation...........................................
Result of coefficient consolidation value (Cv)………………….
Different Cv value spacing sampling variation againt without
column..........................................................................................
Different Cv value spacing sampling variation againt without
column from previous study……….............................................
Result of compression index value (Cc).......................................
Different Cc value spacing sampling variation againt without
column………………………………..........................................
Result of settlement consolidation value (Sc)..............................
Different Sc value spacing sampling variation againt without
column…………………………………………………………..
ix
18
19
20
23
23
24
25
25
26
27
27
LIST OF FIGURE
Pages
Figure III.1
Figure III.2
Figure IV.1
Figure IV.2
Figure V.1
Figure V.2
Figure V.3
Figure V.4
Figure V.5
Figure V.6
Figure V.7
Figure V.8
Figure V.9
Illustration of sand drain ……..……………………...................
Zone of influence of each drain....................................................
Steel plate box 100x40x40 cm…….............................................
Chart of Research.........................................................................
Chart of result grain size distribution…………………………...
Relationship between spacing sampling variation and specific
gravity (Gs)……………….……….............................................
Relationship between spacing sampling variation and liquid limit
value (LL)……………………………........................................
Relationship between spacing sampling variation and plastic
limit value (PL)……………..………..........................................
Relationship between spacing sampling variation and plasticity
index value (PI)..……………………………..............................
Relationship between spacing sampling variation and shrinkage
limit value (SL)……..………………………..............................
Chart of relationship between spacing sampling variation and
Cv……………………………………………..............................
Relationship between spacing sampling variation and
compression index (Cc)…...…………………..............................
Relationship between spacing sampling variation and settlement
consolidation (Sc)………………………….................................
x
12
12
14
17
18
19
20
21
21
22
24
26
27
ABSTRACT
The area in Indonesia has many kind of soft clay, can be found in Central Java
area includes Blora, Purwodadi, Solo, Sragen, Klaten and Yogyakarta. It exposes
a problem when building on soft clay sites. Therefore to improve infrastructure,
many construction activities are increasingly focused on the behavior of the soil.
Especially with different soil conditions not always the same in each area of
construction that requires accuracy in the planning and execution of construction
itself. To overcome the soil conditions are not as expected, then there are several
techniques used in order to improve the quality of a particular soil, among which
are add other materials (lime) and the vertical drain technique. This research aims
to determine the effect of sand-lime column stabilization on soft clay soil from
Troketon Pedan Klaten in terms of the consolidation coefficient (Cv),
compression index (Cc), and the settlement consolidation (Sc) along with some
physical properties. Spacing sampling variation is 50 cm; 33.33 cm and 16.67 cm
from sand-lime column. The results physical properties show, from spacing
sampling variation of the sand-lime column that specific gravity (Gs) and liquid
limit (LL) values decreased, whereas the plastic limit (PL) and shrinkage limit
(SL) values actually increased, whereas plasticity index (PI) decreased when the
closer spacing sampling of sand-lime column. From the test mechanical properties
results show, the closer the sampling of the sand-lime column Cv value tends to
increase, the highest average Cv values are 0.00177 cm2/s occur in soil samples
16.67 cm from sand-lime column. While the value of compression index (Cc)
tends to decrease, the Cc value was smallest are 0.655 occur in the soil samples
using a sand-lime column at a spacing sampling 16.67 cm. While settlement
consolidation (Sc) decreases, the smallest Sc value are 0.245 cm occurs in soil
samples with sand-lime column at a spacing of 16.67 cm. Based on the above
study showed that the addition of sand-lime column can increase/improve the
physical properties and mechanical properties of soft clay from Troketon Pedan
Klaten.
Keywords: Coefficient Consolidation, Compression Index, Physical
Properties, Sand-lime Column, Settlement Consolidation, Soft
Clay.
xi
OF SOFT CLAY SOIL
Final Project
To fulfill partial of requirement to
achieve S-1 graduate degree in Civil Engineering
Prepared by :
Puguh Merdhiyanto
(D 100 112 014)
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
ENGINEERING FACULTY
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH SURAKARTA
2015
i
ii
MOTTO
“And whenever you give your word, say the truth”
(al-An`aam 6:152)
“The only way to have the greatest work in your life
is love what you do first”
(Anonim)
“You are creator for your own future “
(Anonim)
“Idza shodaqol ‘azmu wadhohas sabil”
(Mahfudzot)
“Do your own thingking independently
Be the chess player, not the chess piece”
(Anonim)
“Make up one idea. Make that idea on your life
– think of it, dream of it, live on that idea.
Let the brain, muscles, nerves, every part
of your body, be full of that idea,
and just leave every other idea alone.
This is the way to success.
(Swami Vivekananda)
iv
PREFACE
Assalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb.
Alhamdulillah, all praise to Allah azza wa jalla who has given blessing and
mercies until this Final Project can be completed. This Final Project to complete
most the requirement to achieve S-1 graduate degree in Civil Engineering
Department, Engineering Faculty, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta. The
author also says thanks for all parties who give any support for arrangement this
Final Project until it can be completed.
The accomplishment this Final Project the author will say thanks to other
parties :
1) Sri Sunarjono, PhD as the Dean of Engineering Faculty of Universitas
Muhammadiyah Surakarta.
2) Mohammad Solikin, PhD as Head of Civil Engineering Department of
Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta.
3) Anto Budi Listyawan, S.T, M.Sc. as author’s academic supervisor and first
supervisor who has guided and taught the author.
4) Agus Susanto, S.T, M.T. as secondary supervisor who has guided and taught
the author.
5) Ir. Renaningsih, M.T. as member of examiner who has given some advices to
make this final project better.
6) All lecturers in Civil Engineering Department of Engineering Faculty of
Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta thanks for your guidance and
knowledge.
7) Dad, mom and my beloved family who always give me support. Thanks for
your praise and wish a long this time, may Allah give you a reward as well as
you give to me.
8) All my friends for Civil Engineering International Program, thanks for your
time as my partner and for Civil Engineering period 2011, you are the best for
me.
v
9) All my friends for MUEC (Muhammadiyah University English Course).
10) All parties that cannot be mentioned one by one who have helped to
accomplishing this Final Project.
The author realize that the arrangement this Final Project is not a perfect
one. Because of that, the author hope there are any suggestion and criticism to make
this Final Project better and can be useful for us. Aminnn
Wassalamu`alaikum Wr.Wb.
Surakarta, 8th May 2015
Author
vi
TABLE OF CONTENT
Pages
TITLE……………………………………………………………………
i
CERTIFICATION’S SHEET ................................................................
ii
DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP ..................................................
iii
MOTTO ...................................................................................................
iv
PREFACE……………............................................................................
v
TABLE OF CONTENT ..........................................................................
vii
LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................
ix
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................
x
ABSTRACT .............................................................................................
xi
I.
INTRODUCTION .........................................................................
1
A. Background ...............................................................................
1
B. Problem State.…........................................................................
2
C. Objective and Benefit Research.................................................
2
1. Research Objective………………………………………..
2
2. Research Benefit…………………………………………..
2
D. Limitation Problems...................................................................
3
E. Research Authenticity................................................................
3
II. LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................
5
A. Soft Clay Soil…….....................................................................
5
B. Sand………...............................................................................
5
C. Lime ………..............................................................................
6
D. Consolidation.............................................................................
6
III. BASIC THEORY………………....................................................
8
A. Soil Properties……....................................................................
8
1. Physical Properties………………………………………...
8
2. Mechanical Properties……………………………………..
9
B. Sand Drain ………………………………………....................
11
IV. RESEARCH METHOD ................................................................
14
A. Research Location .....................................................................
14
B. Material Used.............................................................................
14
C. Equipment Used…….................................................................
14
D. Stage of Research……………………………………………...
15
V. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION .................................................
18
A. Physical Soil Properties ……………………............................
18
1. Specific Gravity Test (Gs)..................................................
19
2. Atterberg Limit Test...........................................................
20
B. Mechanical Soil Properties.......................................................
22
1. Coefficient of Consolidation (Cv)…..................................
23
2. Compression Index (Cc).....................................................
25
3. Settlement Consolidation (Sc)….…..................................
26
VI. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION .........................................
28
A. Conclusion ................................................................................
28
vii
B. Suggestion……….....................................................................
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
viii
29
LIST OF TABLES
Pages
Table V.1
Table V.2
Table V.3
Table V.4
Table V.5
Table V.6
Table V.7
Table V.8
Table V.9
Table V.10
Table V.11
Result of grain size distribution…………………………………
Result of Specific Gravity Test ……………………...................
Result of Atterberg Limit Test.....................................................
Result of coefficient of consolidation...........................................
Result of coefficient consolidation value (Cv)………………….
Different Cv value spacing sampling variation againt without
column..........................................................................................
Different Cv value spacing sampling variation againt without
column from previous study……….............................................
Result of compression index value (Cc).......................................
Different Cc value spacing sampling variation againt without
column………………………………..........................................
Result of settlement consolidation value (Sc)..............................
Different Sc value spacing sampling variation againt without
column…………………………………………………………..
ix
18
19
20
23
23
24
25
25
26
27
27
LIST OF FIGURE
Pages
Figure III.1
Figure III.2
Figure IV.1
Figure IV.2
Figure V.1
Figure V.2
Figure V.3
Figure V.4
Figure V.5
Figure V.6
Figure V.7
Figure V.8
Figure V.9
Illustration of sand drain ……..……………………...................
Zone of influence of each drain....................................................
Steel plate box 100x40x40 cm…….............................................
Chart of Research.........................................................................
Chart of result grain size distribution…………………………...
Relationship between spacing sampling variation and specific
gravity (Gs)……………….……….............................................
Relationship between spacing sampling variation and liquid limit
value (LL)……………………………........................................
Relationship between spacing sampling variation and plastic
limit value (PL)……………..………..........................................
Relationship between spacing sampling variation and plasticity
index value (PI)..……………………………..............................
Relationship between spacing sampling variation and shrinkage
limit value (SL)……..………………………..............................
Chart of relationship between spacing sampling variation and
Cv……………………………………………..............................
Relationship between spacing sampling variation and
compression index (Cc)…...…………………..............................
Relationship between spacing sampling variation and settlement
consolidation (Sc)………………………….................................
x
12
12
14
17
18
19
20
21
21
22
24
26
27
ABSTRACT
The area in Indonesia has many kind of soft clay, can be found in Central Java
area includes Blora, Purwodadi, Solo, Sragen, Klaten and Yogyakarta. It exposes
a problem when building on soft clay sites. Therefore to improve infrastructure,
many construction activities are increasingly focused on the behavior of the soil.
Especially with different soil conditions not always the same in each area of
construction that requires accuracy in the planning and execution of construction
itself. To overcome the soil conditions are not as expected, then there are several
techniques used in order to improve the quality of a particular soil, among which
are add other materials (lime) and the vertical drain technique. This research aims
to determine the effect of sand-lime column stabilization on soft clay soil from
Troketon Pedan Klaten in terms of the consolidation coefficient (Cv),
compression index (Cc), and the settlement consolidation (Sc) along with some
physical properties. Spacing sampling variation is 50 cm; 33.33 cm and 16.67 cm
from sand-lime column. The results physical properties show, from spacing
sampling variation of the sand-lime column that specific gravity (Gs) and liquid
limit (LL) values decreased, whereas the plastic limit (PL) and shrinkage limit
(SL) values actually increased, whereas plasticity index (PI) decreased when the
closer spacing sampling of sand-lime column. From the test mechanical properties
results show, the closer the sampling of the sand-lime column Cv value tends to
increase, the highest average Cv values are 0.00177 cm2/s occur in soil samples
16.67 cm from sand-lime column. While the value of compression index (Cc)
tends to decrease, the Cc value was smallest are 0.655 occur in the soil samples
using a sand-lime column at a spacing sampling 16.67 cm. While settlement
consolidation (Sc) decreases, the smallest Sc value are 0.245 cm occurs in soil
samples with sand-lime column at a spacing of 16.67 cm. Based on the above
study showed that the addition of sand-lime column can increase/improve the
physical properties and mechanical properties of soft clay from Troketon Pedan
Klaten.
Keywords: Coefficient Consolidation, Compression Index, Physical
Properties, Sand-lime Column, Settlement Consolidation, Soft
Clay.
xi