Rea Traylor`s intrapersonal and interpersonal conflicts and her reactions towards them as seen in Shanna Groves` Lip Reader.

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ABSTRACT
Yuristavia, Patricia. (2014). Rea Traylor’s Intrapersonal and Interpersonal
Conflicts and Her Reactions Towards Them as Seen in Shanna Groves’ Lip
Reader. Yogyakarta: English Language Study Program, Sanata Dharma
University.
This study analyzes a novel written by Shanna Groves entitled Lip Reader.
It tells a story of a young girl who determines to reveal her mother’s secret life.
Her mother, Rea Traylor, has a severe hearing loss and one day she decides to run
away from home and leaves her husband and children. Since that day, Rea
Traylor’s eldest daughter determines to find out what happens to her mother and
why she runs away. Later, her daughter also reveals the mystery of her mother’s
hearing loss. This study focuses on revealing the conflicts faced by the mother,
Rea Traylor, and her reactions towards her conflicts.
There are two questions to answer in this study. Those are (1) What are the

conflicts faced by Rea Traylor in the story? and (2) How does Rea Traylor react
towards the conflicts?
This study applies library study method. There are two kinds of sources in
this study. The primary source is Lip Reader, a novel by Shanna Groves. The
secondary sources are books and articles from the internet related to the topic of
this study such as theory of psychological approach and theories of conflict.
Psychological approach is used in this study since it discusses conflicts faced by
the character and how she reacts towards them.
There are two findings obtained from this study. The first finding is Rea
Traylor’s intrapersonal and interpersonal conflicts. Rea Traylor’s intrapersonal
conflicts are to believe whether Emma’s death is her fault or not, to accept her
condition as a hearing-impaired person or not, and to accept Roni’s deafness or
not. Rea Traylor’s interpersonal conflict with her father is about acceptance while
Rea Traylor’s interpersonal conflict with her husband is about needs for support
and attention. The second finding is Rea Traylor’s reactions. In dealing with her
intrapersonal conflicts, she applies avoiding or avoidance style. Meanwhile, in
dealing with her interpersonal conflicts, Rea Traylor applies competitive,
gunnysacking, personal rejection, verbal aggressiveness, avoidance or avoiding,
and fighting actively style.
This study offers some suggestions for future researchers and English

teachers. Future researchers can use Lip Reader to analyze the relation between
hearing loss and mental health, the effects of parents’ denial to child’s
development, and child’s motivation to find out her mother’s secret life. As for
English teaching-learning activity, Lip Reader can be applied to teach Basic
Reading 1 in English Language Education Study Program, Sanata Dharma
University.
Keywords: conflict, intrapersonal conflict, interpersonal conflict

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ABSTRAK
Yuristavia, Patricia. (2014). Rea Traylor’s Intrapersonal and Interpersonal
Conflicts and Her Reactions Towards Them as Seen in Shanna Groves’ Lip

Reader. Yogyakarta: English Language Study Program, Sanata Dharma
University.
Studi ini menganalisa novel berjudul Lip Reader karya Shanna Groves.
Novel ini menceritakan kisah seorang gadis muda yang bertekad membongkar
kehidupan rahasia ibunya. Ibunya, Rea Traylor, kehilangan pendengaran dan
suatu hari memutuskan untuk pergi dari rumah meninggalkan suami dan anakanaknya. Sejak hari itu, putri tertuanya bertekad untuk mengetahui apa yang
terjadi dan mengapa ibunya pergi. Selanjutnya, putrinya mengetahui misteri
hilangnya pendengaran ibunya. Fokus dari studi ini adalah pada konflik yang
dihadapi oleh ibunya, Rea Traylor, dan reaksinya terhadap konflik tersebut.
Terdapat dua pertanyaan untuk dijawab di studi ini: (1) Apa saja konflik
yang dihadapi Rea Traylor di dalam cerita? (2) Bagaimana reaksi Rea Traylor
terhadap konflik yang ia hadapi?
Studi ini menggunakan metode studi pustaka. Terdapat dua jenis sumber
dalam studi ini. Sumber utama dalam studi ini adalah novel Lip Reader karya
Shanna Groves. Sumber pendukung dalam studi ini adalah buku dan artikel dari
internet yang berkaitan dengan topik studi ini, seperti teori pendekatan psikologi
dan teori konflik. Studi ini menerapkan pendekatan psikologi karena studi ini
membahas tentang konflik yang dihadapi karakter dan reaksinya terhadap konflik
tersebut.
Ada dua kesimpulan dari studi ini. Kesimpulan pertama adalah konflik

intrapersonal dan konflik interpersonal Rea Traylor. Konflik intrapersonal Rea
Traylor antara lain untuk mempercayai bahwa kematian Emma adalah
kesalahannya atau bukan, menerima kondisinya sebagai orang yang tidak bisa
mendengar atau tidak, dan menerima keadaan Roni yang tuli atau tidak. Konflik
interpersonal antara Rea Traylor dan ayahnya adalah tentang penerimaan diri
sedangkan konflik intrerpersonal antara Rea Traylor dan suaminya adalah
tentang kebutuhan akan dukungan dan perhatian. Kesimpulan kedua adalah
reaksi Rea Traylor. Saat menghadapi konflik intrapersonal, Rea Traylor
menerapkan avoiding atau avoidance. Sementara, saat menghadapi konflik
interpersonal, Rea Traylor menerapkan competitive, gunnysacking, personal
rejection, verbal aggressiveness, avoidance atau avoiding, dan fighting actively.
Studi ini menawarkan beberapa saran untuk peneliti selanjutnya dan guru
bahasa Inggris. Peneliti selanjutnya dapat menggunakan Lip Reader untuk
menganalisa hubungan antara kehilangan pendengaran dan kesehatan mental,
efek penyangkalan orangtua terhadap perkembangan anak, dan motivasi anak
untuk mengetahui kehidupan rahasia ibunya. Dalam kegiatan belajar-mengajar
Bahasa Inggris, Lip Reader dapat digunakan untuk mengajar Basic Reading 1 di
Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Kata kunci: conflict, intrapersonal confict, interpersonal conflict
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REA TRAYLOR’S INTRAPERSONAL AND
INTERPERSONAL CONFLICTS AND HER REACTIONS
TOWARDS THEM AS SEEN IN SHANNA GROVES’
LIP READER

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education

By
Patricia Yuristavia

Student Number: 081214083

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2014

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REA TRAYLOR’S INTRAPERSONAL AND
INTERPERSONAL CONFLICTS AND HER REACTIONS
TOWARDS THEM AS SEEN IN SHANNA GROVES’
LIP READER

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education

By
Patricia Yuristavia
Student Number: 081214083

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2014
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“Promise me you’ll always remember,
you are braver than you believe,
stronger than you seem,
and smarter than you think”
-Christopher Robin to Winnie the pooh-

I gladly dedicate this thesis to everyone in my life.
I simply cannot be without them.

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STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY

I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work
or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and the
references, as a scientific paper should.

Yogyakarta, June 11th, 2014
The writer

Patricia Yuristavia
081214083

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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:
Nama

: Patricia Yuristavia

Nomor Mahasiswa

: 081214083

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:
REA TRAYLOR’S INTRAPERSONAL AND INTERPERSONAL
CONFLICTS AND HER REACTIONS TOWARDS THEM
AS SEEN IN SHANNA GROVES’ LIP READER
beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan
kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan,
mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan
data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di Internet atau
media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya
maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya
sebagai penulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal 11 Juni 2014
Yang menyatakan

Patricia Yuristavia

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ABSTRACT
Yuristavia, Patricia. (2014). Rea Traylor’s Intrapersonal and Interpersonal
Conflicts and Her Reactions Towards Them as Seen in Shanna Groves’ Lip
Reader. Yogyakarta: English Language Study Program, Sanata Dharma
University.
This study analyzes a novel written by Shanna Groves entitled Lip Reader.
It tells a story of a young girl who determines to reveal her mother’s secret life.
Her mother, Rea Traylor, has a severe hearing loss and one day she decides to run
away from home and leaves her husband and children. Since that day, Rea
Traylor’s eldest daughter determines to find out what happens to her mother and
why she runs away. Later, her daughter also reveals the mystery of her mother’s
hearing loss. This study focuses on revealing the conflicts faced by the mother,
Rea Traylor, and her reactions towards her conflicts.
There are two questions to answer in this study. Those are (1) What are the
conflicts faced by Rea Traylor in the story? and (2) How does Rea Traylor react
towards the conflicts?
This study applies library study method. There are two kinds of sources in
this study. The primary source is Lip Reader, a novel by Shanna Groves. The
secondary sources are books and articles from the internet related to the topic of
this study such as theory of psychological approach and theories of conflict.
Psychological approach is used in this study since it discusses conflicts faced by
the character and how she reacts towards them.
There are two findings obtained from this study. The first finding is Rea
Traylor’s intrapersonal and interpersonal conflicts. Rea Traylor’s intrapersonal
conflicts are to believe whether Emma’s death is her fault or not, to accept her
condition as a hearing-impaired person or not, and to accept Roni’s deafness or
not. Rea Traylor’s interpersonal conflict with her father is about acceptance while
Rea Traylor’s interpersonal conflict with her husband is about needs for support
and attention. The second finding is Rea Traylor’s reactions. In dealing with her
intrapersonal conflicts, she applies avoiding or avoidance style. Meanwhile, in
dealing with her interpersonal conflicts, Rea Traylor applies competitive,
gunnysacking, personal rejection, verbal aggressiveness, avoidance or avoiding,
and fighting actively style.
This study offers some suggestions for future researchers and English
teachers. Future researchers can use Lip Reader to analyze the relation between
hearing loss and mental health, the effects of parents’ denial to child’s
development, and child’s motivation to find out her mother’s secret life. As for
English teaching-learning activity, Lip Reader can be applied to teach Basic
Reading 1 in English Language Education Study Program, Sanata Dharma
University.
Keywords: conflict, intrapersonal conflict, interpersonal conflict

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ABSTRAK
Yuristavia, Patricia. (2014). Rea Traylor’s Intrapersonal and Interpersonal
Conflicts and Her Reactions Towards Them as Seen in Shanna Groves’ Lip
Reader. Yogyakarta: English Language Study Program, Sanata Dharma
University.
Studi ini menganalisa novel berjudul Lip Reader karya Shanna Groves.
Novel ini menceritakan kisah seorang gadis muda yang bertekad membongkar
kehidupan rahasia ibunya. Ibunya, Rea Traylor, kehilangan pendengaran dan
suatu hari memutuskan untuk pergi dari rumah meninggalkan suami dan anakanaknya. Sejak hari itu, putri tertuanya bertekad untuk mengetahui apa yang
terjadi dan mengapa ibunya pergi. Selanjutnya, putrinya mengetahui misteri
hilangnya pendengaran ibunya. Fokus dari studi ini adalah pada konflik yang
dihadapi oleh ibunya, Rea Traylor, dan reaksinya terhadap konflik tersebut.
Terdapat dua pertanyaan untuk dijawab di studi ini: (1) Apa saja konflik
yang dihadapi Rea Traylor di dalam cerita? (2) Bagaimana reaksi Rea Traylor
terhadap konflik yang ia hadapi?
Studi ini menggunakan metode studi pustaka. Terdapat dua jenis sumber
dalam studi ini. Sumber utama dalam studi ini adalah novel Lip Reader karya
Shanna Groves. Sumber pendukung dalam studi ini adalah buku dan artikel dari
internet yang berkaitan dengan topik studi ini, seperti teori pendekatan psikologi
dan teori konflik. Studi ini menerapkan pendekatan psikologi karena studi ini
membahas tentang konflik yang dihadapi karakter dan reaksinya terhadap konflik
tersebut.
Ada dua kesimpulan dari studi ini. Kesimpulan pertama adalah konflik
intrapersonal dan konflik interpersonal Rea Traylor. Konflik intrapersonal Rea
Traylor antara lain untuk mempercayai bahwa kematian Emma adalah
kesalahannya atau bukan, menerima kondisinya sebagai orang yang tidak bisa
mendengar atau tidak, dan menerima keadaan Roni yang tuli atau tidak. Konflik
interpersonal antara Rea Traylor dan ayahnya adalah tentang penerimaan diri
sedangkan konflik intrerpersonal antara Rea Traylor dan suaminya adalah
tentang kebutuhan akan dukungan dan perhatian. Kesimpulan kedua adalah
reaksi Rea Traylor. Saat menghadapi konflik intrapersonal, Rea Traylor
menerapkan avoiding atau avoidance. Sementara, saat menghadapi konflik
interpersonal, Rea Traylor menerapkan competitive, gunnysacking, personal
rejection, verbal aggressiveness, avoidance atau avoiding, dan fighting actively.
Studi ini menawarkan beberapa saran untuk peneliti selanjutnya dan guru
bahasa Inggris. Peneliti selanjutnya dapat menggunakan Lip Reader untuk
menganalisa hubungan antara kehilangan pendengaran dan kesehatan mental,
efek penyangkalan orangtua terhadap perkembangan anak, dan motivasi anak
untuk mengetahui kehidupan rahasia ibunya. Dalam kegiatan belajar-mengajar
Bahasa Inggris, Lip Reader dapat digunakan untuk mengajar Basic Reading 1 di
Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Kata kunci: conflict, intrapersonal confict, interpersonal conflict
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to give my greatest gratitude to Lord Jesus Christ for giving
me life, love, and endless blessings. My deepest gratitude goes to my advisor,
Henny Herawati S.Pd., M.Hum. for her big help and patience in guiding me
during the process of finishing this thesis. I absolutely thank my wonderful
parents, Ignatius Giri Susanta and Yulia Siti Nurmini for everything. My
apology to them for taking too long in finishing my thesis. I am so happy to have
Marcellinus Secunda Putra, Raymundus Rio Divella Putra, and Vincencia
Rosanda Avista as my beloved brothers and sister. We share love, happiness, and
sadness. I also thank Simbah Putri for her blessings and support.
My special thanks go to Pakdhe and Budhe for their big support and to
Mbak Wenny and Mbak Peppy, who always reminded me to finish my thesis.
Also to their lovely sons, Vier and Arka, whose laughter is my pleasure.
I thank my friend, Tyas, for her sincere willingness as a proofreader for
my thesis. My LIGHTHOUSE friends: Deti, Tyas, Windru, Angel, and Joko.
My LAST LEAF friends. My friends in “senthong” Teater Seriboe Djendela.
My friends in terbang meNgayal: Mas Dinu, Mas Mumun, Mas Bimbim, and
Harik. My Mudika friends, especially Tasia, Nunung, Sutin, and Mbonthed
who often come to my house just to spend the time together. I thank all of them.
I absolutely thank Vinsen, Andreo, and Heny for our fun struggle in the
library and for supporting each other. I thank Winda, a great friend to me, for
supporting me in every possible way and for our friendship. I thank Ica, Indri,
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Sekar, and Putri for our friendship since junior high. I also thank Sr. Fortunata,
who advised and cheered me up when I felt like I could not do this thesis. I would
also thank all of my friends and lecturers in PBI for our journey and
togetherness. Last but not least, I thank my dog, Si Komo. He is also a part of my
family and my life. God bless them all!
Patricia Yuristavia

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE ...................................................................................................... i
APPROVAL PAGES ......................................................................................... ii
DEDICATION PAGE....................................................................................... iv
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ................................................. v
PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ................................................ vi
ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................... vii
ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................ viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................. ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................. xi
LIST OF APPENDICES................................................................................. xiii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ....................................................................... 1
A. Background of the Study ................................................................................. 1
B. Problem Formulations ..................................................................................... 3
C. Objectives of the Study ................................................................................... 3
D. Benefits of the Study ....................................................................................... 3
E. Definition of Terms ......................................................................................... 4

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ................................ 6
A. Review of Related Theories............................................................................. 6
1. Psychological Approach ............................................................................. 6
2. Theories of Conflict .................................................................................... 7
a. Definitions and Types of Conflict............................................................ 7
b. Intrapersonal Conflict ............................................................................. 8
c. Interpersonal Conflict............................................................................ 10
d. Approaching Conflict............................................................................ 11
B. Theoretical Framework ................................................................................. 16

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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY ................................................................. 17
A. Object of the Study........................................................................................ 17
B. Approach of the Study ................................................................................... 18
C. Method of the Study ...................................................................................... 18
CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS .............................................................................. 20
A. The conflicts faced by Rea Traylor ................................................................ 20
1. The intrapersonal conflicts ........................................................................ 20
a. To believe whether Emma’s death is her fault or not ............................ 20
b. To accept her condition as a hearing-impaired person or not................. 23
c. To accept Roni’s deafness or not .......................................................... 25
2. The interpersonal conflicts ........................................................................ 27
a. Rea Traylor vs. her father (acceptance)................................................. 28
b. Rea Traylor vs. her husband (needs for support and attention) .............. 31
B. Rea Traylor’s Reactions to her Conflicts ....................................................... 34
1. Reactions to the conflict To believe whether Emma’s death is her
fault or not ................................................................................................ 34
2. Reactions to the conflict To accept her condition as a hearing-impaired
person or not ............................................................................................. 35
3. Reactions to the conflict To accept Roni’s deafness or not ........................ 37
4. Reactions to the conflict Rea Traylor vs. her father (acceptance)............... 38
5. Reactions to the conflict Rea Traylor vs. her husband (needs for support and
attention) .................................................................................................. 41

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ................................. 45
A. Conclusions................................................................................................... 45
B. Suggestions .................................................................................................. 47
1. For future researchers .............................................................................. 48
2. For English teaching-learning activity ....................................................... 48

REFERENCES ............................................................................................... 50
APPENDICES ................................................................................................. 51
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Page
Appendix 1 Lip Reader’s Synopsis.................................................................. 52
Appendix 2 Biography of Shanna Groves ....................................................... 54
Appendix 3 Lesson Plan................................................................................... 55
Appendix 4 Teaching Materials ...................................................................... 58

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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, there are five sections presented, namely the background of
the study, the problem formulations, the objectives of the study, the benefits of the
study, and the definition of terms. The background of the study contains the topic
and the reason why I chose it. In the problem formulation I state two major
questions discussed in this study. I mention some benefits of this study and give
explanation about the terms I use to avoid misunderstanding.
A. Background of the Study
Life does not always flow the way we want it to be. We will experience ups
and downs in this life. Problems, troubles, misunderstanding, and many other
things will appear. Conflict is one of the things that people certainly face in their
lives. Some people have conflicts with others and some have conflicts with
themselves. Some people can cope with it well, while some others cannot. There
are many ways that can cause conflict to happen and there are many ways to solve
it. One of them is communication.
Communication seems to be the key to solve conflict, especially if someone
has problem with another. By communicating, involved parties in a conflict can
find the solution together. However, lack of communication which triggers
misunderstanding can also cause conflict. We may find in our daily life that not
all people can conduct good communication when facing conflict; some people
even prefer to keep it for themselves.

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2
The novel used in this study does not directly speak about conflict and
communication, but they are explicitly expressed throughout the novel. The novel
I used is Lip Reader written by Shanna Groves. It tells about a family which
inherits hearing loss. For sure, someone who is hearing-impaired faces problem in
communicating with others. In this case, Rea Traylor, one of the major characters
has severe hearing loss. She is a mother of two daughters and one of them is deaf.
It will be easy if Rea Traylor tells her daughters that she has severe hearing loss,
but she cannot do that due to some reasons. She has a dark past related to hearing
loss and accident in her family.
What makes this interesting is that communication cannot directly solve Rea
Traylor’s conflict. Her hearing loss and her past seem to be her obstacles. It
challenges me to analyze the conflicts of Rea Traylor related to her hearing loss
and how she reacts towards her conflicts. Therefore, I decide to analyze Rea
Traylor’s interpersonal and intrapersonal conflicts. I choose to analyze both of
them because after I read the novel, I realize that Rea Traylor’s intrapersonal
conflicts are the cause of her interpersonal conflicts to appear.
This novel mostly tells about someone who has hearing loss, but I am more
interested in the conflicts that appear because of hearing loss. All characters in the
novel have conflicts of their own. However, I decide to focus on Rea Traylor’s
conflicts because her conflicts seem to be the center of all conflicts described in
the novel.

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B. Problem Formulations
According to the discussion above, two major problems are stated as follows:
1. What are the conflicts faced by Rea Traylor in the story?
2. How does Rea Traylor react towards the conflicts?

C. Objectives of the Study
This study aims to answer the two questions formulated above. First is to
figure out what are the conflicts faced by Rea Traylor in the story. Second is to
reveal how Rea Traylor reacts towards the conflicts in her life as they are
described in the story.

D. Benefits of the Study
This study can be one of the sources for those who want to know and
understand about conflict, how it is possible to happen, how it affects one’s life,
and how one reacts towards his or her conflict in life. I hope this study can be a
good reference for those who want to conduct research using the same novel.
Since this novel has not been used by many people as their subject of research,
hopefully this study can help the next researchers interested in the same novel in
analyzing it.

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4
E. Definition of Terms
In this section, I provide information about the term used in the study. It is to
provide clear understanding so that the readers will not get confused and can get
the point of this study well. The terms are as follows:
1.

Conflict
According to Hocker and Wilmot, “conflict is an expressed struggle between

at least two interdependent parties who perceive incompatible goals, scarce
resources and interference from the other party in achieving their goals” (as cited
in Isenhart & Spangle, p.3). Meanwhile, Edelman and Crain state that “conflict
occurs when two people cannot agree on the actions that one person takes or that
he or she doesn’t want the other to take” (as cited in Isenhart & Spangle, p.3).
Here, in the context of this study, conflict is an expressed struggle between Rea
Traylor and those people around her who have different goals in their lives.
Conflict in this study happens when Rea Traylor disagrees on the action that the
people around her take or vice versa.

2.

Intrapersonal conflict
Worchel and Cooper (1979) mention some definitions of intrapersonal

conflict based on some theories. First, according to Cognitive Dissonance theory,
intrapersonal conflict happens when an individual has to make a decision between
two or more given choices. Second, in Attribution theory, intrapersonal conflict
happens when an individual acts differently from what others expect him to (pp.
460-461). The intrapersonal conflicts discussed in this study happen when Rea

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Traylor has to make decision between two or more options and when Rea Traylor
acts differently from what others expect her to or vice versa.

3.

Interpersonal conflict
Worchel and Cooper (1979) state that interpersonal conflict is defined as a

conflict that occurs between two or more individuals (p.462). Interpersonal
conflict may involve competition between individuals over a goal or it may
involve a disagreement over how to achieve the goal (p.499). More specifically,
the interpersonal conflicts in this study are conflicts between Rea Traylor and
other people around her. The conflicts happen between Rea Traylor and her father
and Rea Traylor and her husband due to different goal or disagreement in
achieving the goal.

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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In this chapter, I present two main parts, namely the review of related theories
and the theoretical framework. In the review of related theories, I provide the
theories related to my study. In the theoretical framework, I explain the
contribution of each theory in answering the problems of my study and also how
they are applied.
A. Review of Related Theories
In this study, I use some theories and reviews to answer the formulated
problems. The first is theories of conflict which contain information about conflict
and reactions towards conflict. The second is information about psychological
approach since I use it as the approach of this study.
1.

Psychological Approach
Rohrberger and Woods (1971) mention five critical approaches in the study

of literature, namely the formalist approach, the biographical approach, the
sociocultural-historical approach, the mythopoeic approach, and the psychological
approach. I use the psychological approach in this study because the focus of the
analysis is on the intrapersonal and interpersonal conflicts. These conflicts will
affect someone’s mind and attitude. Thus, the most suitable approach is the
psychological approach.

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Abrams (1966) defines “psychological criticism deals with a work of
literature primarily as an expression, in fictional form, of the state of mind and the
structure of personality of the individual author” (p. 263). According to Guerin, et
al. (2011), psychological approach “provides insight into the thematic and
symbolic mysteries of a work of literature and enhance other readings” (p. 222).
In addition, psychological approach looks for the reason or motives behind the
literary work and it can analyze the author’s and characters’ conflicts (p. 222).
Another explanation is stated by Daiches (1981). Psychological approach
enables us to see “the relation between author’s attitude and state of mind and the
special qualities of their work” (p. 329). Furthermmore, Daiches (1981) states
that psychological approach “can help to explain the creative process in general, it
can provide a means of illuminating a writer’s work with reference to his life and
vice versa, and it can help to elucidate the true meaning of a given text” (p.344).

2.

Theories of Conflict
In this section, the theories of conflict will be divided into four parts, namely

the definitions and types of conflict, the intrapersonal conflict, the interpersonal
conflict, and the approaching conflict. Each will contribute to give me better
understanding of conflict. These theories will be used in the analysis as well.

a.

Definitions and Types of Conflict
There are many definitions of conflict, however I use two of them in this

study. According to Hocker and Wilmot, “conflict is an expressed struggle

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between at least two interdependent parties who perceive incompatible goals,
scarce resources and interference from the other party in achieving their goals” (as
cited in Isenhart & Spangle, p.3). Meanwhile Edelman and Crain state that
“conflict occurs when two people cannot agree on the actions that one person
takes or that he or she doesn’t want the other to take” (as cited in Isenhart &
Spangle, p.3).
There are two kinds of conflict, namely the intrapersonal conflict and the
interpersonal conflict. Worchel and Cooper (1979) mention some definitions of
intrapersonal conflict based on some theories. First, according to Cognitive
Dissonance theory, intrapersonal conflict happens when an individual has to make
a decision between two or more given choices. Second, in Attribution theory,
intrapersonal conflict happens when an individual acts differently from what
others expect him to (pp. 460-461). Meanwhile, interpersonal conflict is defined
as a conflict that occurs between two or more individuals (p.462). Interpersonal
conflict may involve competition between individuals over a goal or it may
involve disagreement over how to achieve the goal (p.499).

b. Intrapersonal Conflict
Worchel and Cooper (1979) describe four types of intrapersonal conflict. They
are Approach-approach, Avoidance-avoidance, Approach-avoidance, and Double
approach-avoidance (p. 461). The explanations are as follows:

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1.

Approach-approach
This type “results when the individual is motivated to approach two positive

goals but can attain only one”. The example of this type is an animal which
starves to death because it cannot choose between two piles of hay. Both piles of
hay are very attractive and it is difficult for the animal to choose one of them (p.
461).
2.

Avoidance-avoidance
This type of conflict occurs when the individual must choose between two

equally unattractive goals. The example of this type is the hostages who have to
face two unattractive choices. They have to choose between dying by being knifed
or by being clubbed. Both choices are very unattractive because each choice is
harmful for them (p. 461).
3.

Approach-avoidance
This type of conflict involves only one goal which has both attractive and

unattractive qualities associated with it. The individual has willingness to both
obtain the goal and escape from it. This situation puts the individual in conflict,
for example, a little girl who is taught not to take candy from strangers then meets
a stranger who offers her the favorite candy bar. She knows she must not take
anything from stranger but she is also strongly motivated to take it, since it is her
favorite candy bar (p. 461).

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4.

Double approach-avoidance
There are two kinds of this type. First kind, it involves having to choose

between two goals, each of which has positive and negative aspects. Second kind,
it involves having to approach or to avoid one goal which has two positive and
two negative aspects, for example, Oswald has to choose between taking Attica by
force or negotiating with the inmates. Both have their own positive and negative
effect (p. 461).

c.

Interpersonal Conflict
DeVito (1995) states that conflict is a part of interpersonal relationship that

can happen between anyone around us. This happens because people are different
one another and they will see things differently (p. 382). Therefore, DeVito
divides interpersonal conflict into content conflict and relationship conflict.
Content conflict happens when people are arguing about things outside the
involved parties, such as what TV program should be watched, what issues they
argue, how to spend their savings, etc (p. 383). The other is called relationship
conflict. The example of this type of conflict is a younger brother who refuses to
obey his older brother. They both want to have the rights to decide where to go on
vacation. The conflict happens not because of outside object or in this case, the
vacation destination, but the conflict happens because of the relationship between
them. They actually argue about who is in charge and who is more superior (p.
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Worchel and Cooper (1979, pp.467-469) identify two types of interpersonal
conflict, they are zero-sum conflict and non-zero-sum conflict or mixed-motive
situation. Zero-sum conflict is indicated by this condition: that one person’s gain
will be the other person’s loss. This kind of interpersonal conflict is “true
competition”. The examples of this type of conflict are chess and checkers games.
In those games, when one player wins, the other loses. Meanwhile in non-zerosum conflict or mixed-motive situation, one person’s gain is not necessarily the
other person’s loss and motives of both cooperation and competition between the
individuals are involved.

d. Approaching Conflict
Approaching conflict means how people react and respond towards conflict
they face. According to Isenhart and Spangle (2000), people have different way in
approaching conflicts. They mention five styles of how people approach conflict.
The first style is called avoiding. One party denies that there is a conflict, thus
he changes topics and avoids discussion. Avoiding is the most suitable style to be
applied in situation when there is possibility of physical violence, not important
issues, no chance of achieving goals, and no solutions for the situation.
Second style is called accommodation. One party willingly sacrifices his own
interests and lets the other party to achieve his interests. Accommodation is the
most suitable style to be applied in situation when there is not much chance of
achieving one party’s own interest.

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The third style is called compromising. Both parties settle for partial
satisfaction of interest. In other words they can still achieve some of their own
interests by doing so.
The fourth style is called competitive. It is characterized by uncooperative
behaviors such as forcing, self-focused, and being aggressive. These are done by
both parties in order to achieve their own interests.
The fifth style is called collaborative. This style is very different from
competitive style. It is characterized by cooperative behaviors such as active
listening, issue-focused, and emphatic communication in order to satisfy both
parties’ interests (pp.26-27).
Meanwhile, DeVito (1995) explains nine styles of how people react and
respond towards conflict. They are avoidance and fighting actively; force and
talk; blame and empathy; silencers and facilitating open expression;
gunnysacking and present focus; manipulation and spontaneity; personal
rejection and acceptance; fighting below the belt and above the belt; and verbal
aggressiveness and argumentativeness. Below are the explanations of each style.
1.

Avoidance and fighting actively
Those who apply avoidance style may involve actual physical fight, for

example, leaving the scene of the conflict, falling asleep, or raising the volume of
television to avoid the conversation. Usually, these are used by men. Sometimes,
refuse to discuss the conflict or to listen to the other person’s argument are also
the characteristics of avoidance. This style can also take the form of emotional or

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intellectual avoidance, for example when someone decides not to deal with the
issue and leave the scene of conflict psychologically. While fighting actively
means, involved parties will argue or discuss openly without any intention to
avoid each other. In order to solve the conflict, someone should be an active
participant as a listener and a speaker. Feelings must be expressed through
communication and involved parties must listen carefully to each other’s feelings
(p. 387).
2.

Force and talk
Those who apply force style prefer not to deal with the issues but rather to

force their position on the other person. This can be emotionally or physically.
The issues of the conflict are avoided because they are busy forcing their position.
While those who apply talk style will tend to discuss to find the best solution for
the conflict. In order to solve the conflict, someone should talk and listen.
Openness, empathy, and positiveness should be applied instead of forcing (pp.
387-389).
3.

Blame and empathy
Those who apply blame style will tend to blame someone for causing conflict

happen in their relationship. For sure, blaming does not resolve the problem. The
opposite of blame is empathy. Those who apply empathy style it will try to feel
what the other person is feeling and try to see the situation from the other person’s
point of view. In order to solve the conflict, someone needs to show empathy to
understand the other person’s feelings. If a party is angry or hurt, the other party

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should accept understad that anger is a normal feeling that someone could feel.
Therefore, he should never blame that person for having such feeling (p.389).
4.

Silencers and facilitating open expression
Those who apply silencers style will literally silence the other individual. One

example of silencing is crying. It happens when someone cannot deal with the
conflict or when someone feels he or she cannot “win”, that person will cry then
silence the other person. Meanwhile, facilitating open expression means to give
the other person permission to express feelings freely and openly, to give
permission to be oneself, and to avoid power tactics that disturb freedom of
expression (p.389).
5.

Gunnysacking and present focus
Those who apply gunnysacking style will store up grievances then unload

them at another time. They keep all unpleasant feelings and release them all at
once when being triggered by conflict. Unfortunately when one person
gunnysacks, the other will do the same. As a result, the original conflict will never
be resolved, in fact they will create another conflict. Meanwhile, present focus
means to focus on the conflict that happens at the moment rather than on problems
that occurred in the past. It also means that when dealing with conflict, one person
will focus the conflict on the person with whom he or she is fighting and not on
the person’s mother, child, or friends (pp. 390-391).
6.

Manipulation and spontaneity
Those who apply manipulation style will divert the conflict by being

extremely nice and kind, but actually planning something disadvantaging for the

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other person. They will make the other person believes that this is a
noncompetitive situation and they will present their own demands to the other
person. The opposite of manipulation is spontaneity style. In order to solve the
conflict,

someone

should

express

the

feelings

spontaneously

without

manipulation. The aim is not to win but to increase understanding and find
solution that can be accepted by all parties (p. 391).
7.

Personal rejection and acceptance
In personal rejection style, one person will hold back love and affection. He

or she will withdrawn and try to win the argument by doing so. That person will
act cold and uncaring in an effort to make the other person less confident. While
acceptance style means expressing positive feelings for the other person and for
the relationship. Although in the middle of conflict, the person will still show their
love and affection (p.391).
8.

Fighting below the belt and above the belt
When one person applies fighting below the belt style, he or she will attack the

other person by saying something devastating, for example, mentioning the other
person’s failure in having children or getting a permanent job. While when one
person applies fighting above the belt style, the other person is still able to take the
pain. In sum, someone must not merely try to win but strengthen the relationship
(p. 391).
9.

Verbal aggressiveness and argumentativeness
The person who applies verbal aggressiveness style will try to win the

argument by giving psychological pain. He or she will attack the other person’s

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self-concept. Meanwhile, argumentativeness style means one person shows his or
her willingness to argue for a point of view, a tendency to speak his or her mind
on significant issues (pp.392-394).

B. Theoretical Framework
This study aims to answer two major problems stated in the previous chapter.
Some theories are used to support the analysis such as the reviews of
psychological approach and the theories of conflict. Each contributes to answer
the formulated problems.
The reviews of psychological approach are used as the point of view of how
this study will be analyzed. This study analyzes conflict and reaction towards
conflict. Conflict affects human’s mind and personality, therefore reactions
towards conflict are also influenced. Based on these reasons, psychological
approach is used since it deals with human’s mind and personality.
The theories of conflict I use include the definitions and types of conflict and
the approaching conflict. To answer the first problem, theories of the definitions
and types of conflict are used to help me understand how conflict is defined and
then classify the conflicts faced by Rea Traylor into intrapersonal and
interpersonal type. To answer the second problem, theories of the approaching
conflict are applied. The theories of approaching conflict provide me with
reactions and responses towards conflict, thus these are useful to analyze how Rea
Traylor reacts towards her intrapersonal and interpersonal conflicts.

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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
In this chapter, there will be three subdivisions, namely the object of the
study, the approach of the study, and the method of the study. The object of the
study contains the primary data of the study. The approach of the study contains
the approach to deeply analyze the work. The method of the study contains series
of steps in doing the analysis.
A. Object of the Study
Lip Reader by Shanna Groves is the title of the book I analyzed in this study.
This book was published in 2009 by Outskirts Press, Inc. and it consists of 179
pages. The author of this book, Shanna Groves was diagnosed with progressive
hearing loss when she was 27 years old. Shanna Groves told her story about
hearing loss in HEARING LOSS Magazines, The Kansas City Star, MOMSense,
and the book A Cup of Comfort for Nurses. Lip Reader is her first novel.
Lip Reader is a story about a family which inherits deafness and hearing loss.
The main characters are Sapphie Traylor and Rea Traylor. The novel tells about
how Sapphie Traylor tries hard to reveal her mother’s past life (Rea Traylor). Rea
Traylor has a dark past when she was a young girl related to deafness and hearing
loss that happen in her family. Deafness and hearing loss are the main themes in
this novel. Since the author of this novel has progressive hearing loss, therefore
the conflicts happen because of deafness and hearing loss are well-explained.

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B. Approach of the Study
Psychological approach is used in this study. Psychological approach is the
most suitable approach because it deals with human’s mind, personality, and
attitude. This study analyzes the conflicts of Rea Traylor, both her intrapersonal
and interpersonal conflicts. These conflicts can affect Rea Traylor’s mind,
personality, and attitude. Thus, psychological approach helps me to understand
the character, the conflicts she faces, and how she reacts towards them.

C. Method of the Study
In gathering the data needed, I use library research. According to Zed (2004),
library research is a series of activities related to library data gathering technique,
reading and finally processing the source of research (p.3). Since this is a library
study, some sources are used in this study. The primary source is Shanna Groves’
novel, Lip Reader. I also use many supportive sources such as books about
definitions of conflict, types of conflict, approaching conflict, and psychological
approach.
To answer the problems formulated before, I had done