LEARNER ERRORS IN DESCRIPTIVE TEXT MADE BY EIGHT GRADE STUDENTS OF SMP N 2 COLOMADU Learner Errors In Descriptive Text Made By Eight Grade Students Of SMP N 2 Colomadu In 2013/2014 Academic Year.
LEARNER ERRORS IN DESCRIPTIVE TEXT MADE
BY EIGHT GRADE STUDENTS OF SMP N 2 COLOMADU
IN 2013/2014 ACADEMIC YEAR
RESEARCH PAPER
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for Getting Bachelor Degree of Education
in English Department
by
KRISTINA FITRIA YUNIATI
A320100113
SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
MUHAMMADIYAHUNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
2014
i
TESTIMONY
Herewith, I testify that in this research paper, there is no plagiarism of the
previous literary work which has been raised to obtain bachelor degree of a
university, nor there are opinions or masterpieces which have been written or
published by others, except those in which the writing are referred in the
manuscript and mentioned in literary review and bibliography. Therefore, if it is
proved that there are some untrue statements in this testimony, I will hold fully
responsible.
Surakarta, February 2014
KRISTINA FITRIA YUNIATI
A320100113
iv
MOTTO
Take time before the time will take you.
Delay does not make us deserve to be success.
(Writer)
Create positif think in your mind, if you want to be true.
(Friend’s word)
v
DEDICATION
This research paper is dedicated to:
1. Allah SWT.
2. My lovely father DARTO, my mother JUWARIYEM.
3. My little sister Linda.
4. My consultants (Mrs. Endang Fauziati and Mrs. Dwi Haryanti).
5. Teacher and Students in SMP N 2 Colomadu.
6. All of friends in English Department 2010
vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Assalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb.
Alhamdulillahirrobil’alamin. Thanks to Allah for the blessing writer in
completing of this research paper. She also wants to say thank you for many
individuals who help her in every time. Because of them, she has spirit and
fighting to complete this research paper. On this very special opportunity, she
wishes to express her gratitude to those who helped her.
1. Prof. Dr. Joko Harun Prayitno, M. Hum.Dean of School of Teacher
Training and Education of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
2. Titis Setyabudi, S.S. M.Hum. Head of English Education Department.
3. Prof. Dr. Endang Fauziati, M. Hum. The first consultant for advice, guide
her, knowledge, correction and suggestion in the process of doing this
research paper.
4. Dr. Dwi Haryanti, M.Hum, as the second consultant who guides her with
patience, advice, suggestion, knowledge, and correction until the end of this
research paper.
5. All lecturers of English Department who have given their knowledge.
6. Teachers and students of SMP Negeri 2 Colomadu who help her in collecting
the data.
7. All of friends in English Department 2010.
vii
8. My beloved parents: My father (Darto) and my mother (Juwariyem) who are
love me so much, you are my spirit in life. Thanks for your pray and love.
9. My little sister, Linda Tri Utami who gives the color of my life.
10. My friend, Heri Budi Susilo who is always be my power.
11. My friends, Azmi, Gayuh, Rossa, Cyntia who accompany me to consult.
12. My beloved friend, Endang who always gives laugh, support and advice in all
the time.
13. My beloved friends Tuble’s club (Henny, Astri, and Fita) always fighting.
14. All of my lovely friends in zhombie’s boarding house (Ita, Yani, May, Anis,
Rizky, Ina, Nanda) thanks for loving me.
15. All of my beloved friends class C (Ratna, Novi, Septi, Effendy, Ardy, Septian,
Hanum, Ratih, Yessy, Nita, Achira, Vera, etc)
16. My sisters (Yanik, Novaiana, Dani, Widi) who give me solution if I confuse.
17. Last, those who cannot be mentioned one by one have supported to reach my
dream.
This research paper is far from being perfect because of limited
capability. The writer hopes for revision, suggestion, and criticism for perfection
of this work. The writer hope this research paper can be useful for the readers.
Wassalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb.
Surakarta, February 2014
KRISTINA FITRIA YUNIATI
viii
SUMMARY
Kristina Fitria Yuniati. A320100113. LEARNER ERRORS IN DESCRIPTIVE
TEXT MADE BY EIGHT GRADE STUDENTS OF SMP N 2 COLOMADU
IN 2013/2014 ACADEMIC YEAR. Research Paper. Teacher Training and
Education Faculty. Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta. 2014.
This study aims to describe the learner errors made by the eight grade
students of SMP N 2 Colomadu in their composition of writing descriptive text;
identifies the types of lexical errors, syntactical errors, and discourse errors;
explains the frequency of each type of errors; describes the dominant type of
errors; and identifies the source of errors.
The type of this research is descriptive qualitative research. In collecting
the data, the writer uses elicitation technique. There are some steps in collecting
data, namely: the writer gets the data from the teacher, the writer reads every text
made by the students accurately, the writer giving marks in erroneous sentences,
the writer writes again all the erroneous sentences of the student’s composition in
a list and it become a data. In analyzing data, the writer uses Dulay, Burt and
Krashen classification of errors theory, Slamet theory for the frequency of each
type of error, and Brown, Norrish, Richard are source of error theories.
The result of the research shows that the eight grade students of SMP N 2
Colomadu still make 162 errors in their compositions. The writer finds that from
162 data, there are three classification of error based on the combination of
linguistic category taxonomy and surface strategy taxonomy. They are lexical
error consist of 32,7% which cover: wrong spelling 28,39%, false friends 1,23%,
and use Indonesia word/code switching 3,08%. Errors in syntactical consist of
52,41% which cover: bound morpheme (-S) 16,63 %, BE 35,78 %, misordering
11,72 %, article 1,85 %. Errors on discourse consist of 14,81 % which cover of
component of discourse in reference 8,64% and conjunction 6,17 %. The writer
also finds 2 dominant source of errors, namely: interlingual transfer and
intralingual transfer. So, the students in SMP N 2 Colomadu especially eight
grade class C make many error in their composition on descriptive text. The
dominant error is lexical error especially in wrong spelling and grammatical
construction.
Keywords : error analysis, descriptive text, surface strategy taxonomy, linguistic
category taxonomy.
ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS
page
COVER……………………………….........…………………………….............. i
APPROVAL...........................................................................................................ii
ACCEPTANCE.....................................................................................................iii
TESTIMONY........................................................................................................iv
MOTTO..................................................................................................................v
DEDICATION......................................................................................................vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT.....................................................................................vii
SUMMARY...........................................................................................................ix
TABLE OF CONTENT……..........................………………………..................x
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION.......................................................................1
A. Background of the Study ………...........…….........................1
B. Problem Statement ……………....................………..............4
C. Objective of the Study ………………………….……............4
D. Significance of the Study ……....………......……..................5
E. Research Paper Organization...................................................7
CHAPTER II : UNDERLYING THEORY..........................................................8
A. Previous Study.........................................................................8
B. Theoritical Review.................................................................14
1. An Error Analysis...........................................................14
a. Notion of Interlanguage ..........................................14
b. Cognitive Process of Interlanguage............... .........15
x
c. Notion of Error Analysis..........................................16
d. Pedagogical Goal of Error Analysis.........................17
e. The Differences between Error and Mistakes..........18
f. The Classification of Error.......................................19
1) Linguistic Category Taxonomy........................19
2) Surface Strategy Taxonomy..............................19
a) Omission....................................................20
b) Addition.....................................................20
c) Misformation.............................................20
d) Misordering................................................21
3) Comparative Effect Taxonomy.........................21
a) Developmental Errors................................21
b) Interlingual Errors......................................22
c) Ambiguous Errors......................................22
4) Communicative Effect Taxonomy....................22
a) Global Errors.............................................22
b) Local Errors...............................................23
g. Source of Error.........................................................23
1) Brown’s Concept..............................................23
a) Interlingual Transfer..................................23
b) Intralingual Transfer..................................24
c) Context of Learning...................................24
d) Communicative Strategy............................25
xi
2) Norrish’s Concept.............................................25
a) Carelessness...............................................25
b) First Language...........................................25
c) Translation.................................................25
3) Richard’s Concept............................................26
a) Overgeneralization.....................................26
b) Incomplete application of rules..................26
c) False concepts hypothesized......................26
d) Ignorance of rule restriction.......................27
2. English Text....................................................................27
a. The Notion of Text..................................................27
b. Types of the Text.....................................................28
1) Narrative...........................................................28
2) Recount.............................................................29
3) Procedure..........................................................29
4) Discussion.........................................................29
5) Report...............................................................30
6) Explanation.......................................................30
7) Description........................................................31
8) Exposition.........................................................31
c. Descriptive Text.......................................................31
xii
CHAPTER III : RESEARCH METHOD..........................................................34
A. Type of the Study..... …………………...…..........................34
B. Subject of the Study...............................................................34
C. Object the Study.....................................................................35
D. Data and Data Source.............................................................35
E. Method of Collecting Data.....................................................35
F. Technique for Analysis Data..................................................36
CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION.........................38
A. Research Finding.................................................................. 38
1. The Type of Lexical Errors............................................ 38
a. Wrong Spelling........................................................39
b. False Friend..............................................................40
c. Use Indonesian Word/ Code Switching...................40
2. Type of Syntactical Errors..............................................42
a. Bound Morpheme (-S).............................................42
1) Possessive Adjective.........................................42
2) Present Tense Marker.......................................43
3) Pronoun.............................................................44
4) Plural.................................................................48
b. BE............................................................................48
c. Misordering..............................................................50
d. Article......................................................................51
3. Type of Discourse...........................................................52
xiii
a. The Component of Discourse Error.........................52
1) Reference..........................................................53
2) Conjunction.......................................................54
4. The Frequency of Each Types of Errors.........................56
5. The Dominant Type of Errors........................................60
6. The Sources of Error.......................................................60
a. Interlingual Transfer................................................61
b. Intralingual Transfer................................................62
1) Ignorance of Rules Restriction..........................62
2) Over Generalization..........................................63
3) False Concepts Hypothesized.......................... 63
7. Discussion.......................................................................64
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION......................................68
A. Conclusion..............................................................................68
B. Suggestion..............................................................................71
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX
xiv
BY EIGHT GRADE STUDENTS OF SMP N 2 COLOMADU
IN 2013/2014 ACADEMIC YEAR
RESEARCH PAPER
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for Getting Bachelor Degree of Education
in English Department
by
KRISTINA FITRIA YUNIATI
A320100113
SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
MUHAMMADIYAHUNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
2014
i
TESTIMONY
Herewith, I testify that in this research paper, there is no plagiarism of the
previous literary work which has been raised to obtain bachelor degree of a
university, nor there are opinions or masterpieces which have been written or
published by others, except those in which the writing are referred in the
manuscript and mentioned in literary review and bibliography. Therefore, if it is
proved that there are some untrue statements in this testimony, I will hold fully
responsible.
Surakarta, February 2014
KRISTINA FITRIA YUNIATI
A320100113
iv
MOTTO
Take time before the time will take you.
Delay does not make us deserve to be success.
(Writer)
Create positif think in your mind, if you want to be true.
(Friend’s word)
v
DEDICATION
This research paper is dedicated to:
1. Allah SWT.
2. My lovely father DARTO, my mother JUWARIYEM.
3. My little sister Linda.
4. My consultants (Mrs. Endang Fauziati and Mrs. Dwi Haryanti).
5. Teacher and Students in SMP N 2 Colomadu.
6. All of friends in English Department 2010
vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Assalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb.
Alhamdulillahirrobil’alamin. Thanks to Allah for the blessing writer in
completing of this research paper. She also wants to say thank you for many
individuals who help her in every time. Because of them, she has spirit and
fighting to complete this research paper. On this very special opportunity, she
wishes to express her gratitude to those who helped her.
1. Prof. Dr. Joko Harun Prayitno, M. Hum.Dean of School of Teacher
Training and Education of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
2. Titis Setyabudi, S.S. M.Hum. Head of English Education Department.
3. Prof. Dr. Endang Fauziati, M. Hum. The first consultant for advice, guide
her, knowledge, correction and suggestion in the process of doing this
research paper.
4. Dr. Dwi Haryanti, M.Hum, as the second consultant who guides her with
patience, advice, suggestion, knowledge, and correction until the end of this
research paper.
5. All lecturers of English Department who have given their knowledge.
6. Teachers and students of SMP Negeri 2 Colomadu who help her in collecting
the data.
7. All of friends in English Department 2010.
vii
8. My beloved parents: My father (Darto) and my mother (Juwariyem) who are
love me so much, you are my spirit in life. Thanks for your pray and love.
9. My little sister, Linda Tri Utami who gives the color of my life.
10. My friend, Heri Budi Susilo who is always be my power.
11. My friends, Azmi, Gayuh, Rossa, Cyntia who accompany me to consult.
12. My beloved friend, Endang who always gives laugh, support and advice in all
the time.
13. My beloved friends Tuble’s club (Henny, Astri, and Fita) always fighting.
14. All of my lovely friends in zhombie’s boarding house (Ita, Yani, May, Anis,
Rizky, Ina, Nanda) thanks for loving me.
15. All of my beloved friends class C (Ratna, Novi, Septi, Effendy, Ardy, Septian,
Hanum, Ratih, Yessy, Nita, Achira, Vera, etc)
16. My sisters (Yanik, Novaiana, Dani, Widi) who give me solution if I confuse.
17. Last, those who cannot be mentioned one by one have supported to reach my
dream.
This research paper is far from being perfect because of limited
capability. The writer hopes for revision, suggestion, and criticism for perfection
of this work. The writer hope this research paper can be useful for the readers.
Wassalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb.
Surakarta, February 2014
KRISTINA FITRIA YUNIATI
viii
SUMMARY
Kristina Fitria Yuniati. A320100113. LEARNER ERRORS IN DESCRIPTIVE
TEXT MADE BY EIGHT GRADE STUDENTS OF SMP N 2 COLOMADU
IN 2013/2014 ACADEMIC YEAR. Research Paper. Teacher Training and
Education Faculty. Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta. 2014.
This study aims to describe the learner errors made by the eight grade
students of SMP N 2 Colomadu in their composition of writing descriptive text;
identifies the types of lexical errors, syntactical errors, and discourse errors;
explains the frequency of each type of errors; describes the dominant type of
errors; and identifies the source of errors.
The type of this research is descriptive qualitative research. In collecting
the data, the writer uses elicitation technique. There are some steps in collecting
data, namely: the writer gets the data from the teacher, the writer reads every text
made by the students accurately, the writer giving marks in erroneous sentences,
the writer writes again all the erroneous sentences of the student’s composition in
a list and it become a data. In analyzing data, the writer uses Dulay, Burt and
Krashen classification of errors theory, Slamet theory for the frequency of each
type of error, and Brown, Norrish, Richard are source of error theories.
The result of the research shows that the eight grade students of SMP N 2
Colomadu still make 162 errors in their compositions. The writer finds that from
162 data, there are three classification of error based on the combination of
linguistic category taxonomy and surface strategy taxonomy. They are lexical
error consist of 32,7% which cover: wrong spelling 28,39%, false friends 1,23%,
and use Indonesia word/code switching 3,08%. Errors in syntactical consist of
52,41% which cover: bound morpheme (-S) 16,63 %, BE 35,78 %, misordering
11,72 %, article 1,85 %. Errors on discourse consist of 14,81 % which cover of
component of discourse in reference 8,64% and conjunction 6,17 %. The writer
also finds 2 dominant source of errors, namely: interlingual transfer and
intralingual transfer. So, the students in SMP N 2 Colomadu especially eight
grade class C make many error in their composition on descriptive text. The
dominant error is lexical error especially in wrong spelling and grammatical
construction.
Keywords : error analysis, descriptive text, surface strategy taxonomy, linguistic
category taxonomy.
ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS
page
COVER……………………………….........…………………………….............. i
APPROVAL...........................................................................................................ii
ACCEPTANCE.....................................................................................................iii
TESTIMONY........................................................................................................iv
MOTTO..................................................................................................................v
DEDICATION......................................................................................................vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT.....................................................................................vii
SUMMARY...........................................................................................................ix
TABLE OF CONTENT……..........................………………………..................x
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION.......................................................................1
A. Background of the Study ………...........…….........................1
B. Problem Statement ……………....................………..............4
C. Objective of the Study ………………………….……............4
D. Significance of the Study ……....………......……..................5
E. Research Paper Organization...................................................7
CHAPTER II : UNDERLYING THEORY..........................................................8
A. Previous Study.........................................................................8
B. Theoritical Review.................................................................14
1. An Error Analysis...........................................................14
a. Notion of Interlanguage ..........................................14
b. Cognitive Process of Interlanguage............... .........15
x
c. Notion of Error Analysis..........................................16
d. Pedagogical Goal of Error Analysis.........................17
e. The Differences between Error and Mistakes..........18
f. The Classification of Error.......................................19
1) Linguistic Category Taxonomy........................19
2) Surface Strategy Taxonomy..............................19
a) Omission....................................................20
b) Addition.....................................................20
c) Misformation.............................................20
d) Misordering................................................21
3) Comparative Effect Taxonomy.........................21
a) Developmental Errors................................21
b) Interlingual Errors......................................22
c) Ambiguous Errors......................................22
4) Communicative Effect Taxonomy....................22
a) Global Errors.............................................22
b) Local Errors...............................................23
g. Source of Error.........................................................23
1) Brown’s Concept..............................................23
a) Interlingual Transfer..................................23
b) Intralingual Transfer..................................24
c) Context of Learning...................................24
d) Communicative Strategy............................25
xi
2) Norrish’s Concept.............................................25
a) Carelessness...............................................25
b) First Language...........................................25
c) Translation.................................................25
3) Richard’s Concept............................................26
a) Overgeneralization.....................................26
b) Incomplete application of rules..................26
c) False concepts hypothesized......................26
d) Ignorance of rule restriction.......................27
2. English Text....................................................................27
a. The Notion of Text..................................................27
b. Types of the Text.....................................................28
1) Narrative...........................................................28
2) Recount.............................................................29
3) Procedure..........................................................29
4) Discussion.........................................................29
5) Report...............................................................30
6) Explanation.......................................................30
7) Description........................................................31
8) Exposition.........................................................31
c. Descriptive Text.......................................................31
xii
CHAPTER III : RESEARCH METHOD..........................................................34
A. Type of the Study..... …………………...…..........................34
B. Subject of the Study...............................................................34
C. Object the Study.....................................................................35
D. Data and Data Source.............................................................35
E. Method of Collecting Data.....................................................35
F. Technique for Analysis Data..................................................36
CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION.........................38
A. Research Finding.................................................................. 38
1. The Type of Lexical Errors............................................ 38
a. Wrong Spelling........................................................39
b. False Friend..............................................................40
c. Use Indonesian Word/ Code Switching...................40
2. Type of Syntactical Errors..............................................42
a. Bound Morpheme (-S).............................................42
1) Possessive Adjective.........................................42
2) Present Tense Marker.......................................43
3) Pronoun.............................................................44
4) Plural.................................................................48
b. BE............................................................................48
c. Misordering..............................................................50
d. Article......................................................................51
3. Type of Discourse...........................................................52
xiii
a. The Component of Discourse Error.........................52
1) Reference..........................................................53
2) Conjunction.......................................................54
4. The Frequency of Each Types of Errors.........................56
5. The Dominant Type of Errors........................................60
6. The Sources of Error.......................................................60
a. Interlingual Transfer................................................61
b. Intralingual Transfer................................................62
1) Ignorance of Rules Restriction..........................62
2) Over Generalization..........................................63
3) False Concepts Hypothesized.......................... 63
7. Discussion.......................................................................64
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION......................................68
A. Conclusion..............................................................................68
B. Suggestion..............................................................................71
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX
xiv