The influence of setting of place towards shinji kubo in yukio mishima`s the sound of waves - USD Repository

  

THE INFLUENCE OF SETTING OF PLACE TOWARD SHINJI

KUBO IN YUKIO MISHIMA’S THE SOUND OF WAVES

  AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented As Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

  By

ARI WIDYANTORO

  Student Number: 004214143

  

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

2007

  

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I realize that this thesis can be finished well only with the support of others.

  Therefore, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to those who have supported me in finish ing this thesis.

  First of all I would thank to GOD for the blessing in my life. He is my encouragement in doing this thesis. I do believe that without His li ghts I would be nothing.

  My deepest gratitude for Dra. Th. Enny Anggraini, M.A., as my major sponsor who is patient and has kindly spent her busy time in correcting my work and giving me valuable suggestions to finish this thesis soon . I would also thank to all the lecturing staff of the Department of English Letters for assisting me in going through the years of my study at Sanata Dharma University.

  I would like to express my momentous appreciation both to my beloved father

  

Mr. Pardi (Jambul) and my mother Mrs. Sutijah (Ica) who has always supported

  with unconditional prayers and also fund during my study at this university. I also thank to my cool brother Mr. Ardiyantho (Gotot) and my behave Sister Ms. Diyah

  (Dyol) for pushing me in finishing this thesis .

  I also thank to my campus mates who support me until the end, especially,

Andri, Galih, Debby, Wulan, Amanda and the other who was graduate first.

  Special thanks to Mr. Budi Riyanto for the lovely novel, I love you dude. I sincerely say big thanks only for Riyanto’s Family; the kind Tante, the cute Nining, the hot

  

Shinta, and also Rama the Dodols. Thanks for the care, smile, coffee, meal, and

supporting me.

  I give special thank for the great TiENS Company and Unicore Support System for my real vision in my life. Thanks for my unforgettable sponsor Mr. Ari

  

Triswanto, unbelievable *8 Up_Line Mr. Indra Friadi BL, Leonard, Eddo SL,

  and also for the great F!S Team, Mr. Victor, Jahid, Rahmat, Frieda, Richard,

  

Febry, Efand, Ipung, Berno, Oland, and others amazing people who I can’t say one

  by one. Go Freedom<<!!! My special thanks are given to the Miss Hitler, thanks for everything. You have kindled my Burning Desire. See you soon at the top.

  At last, there must be more people whose names cannot be mentioned here but have helped me to finish my study and this thesis. I will never forget their supports. I thank all of them. God bless u all!

  Ari-UciL-Widyantoro

  TABLE OF CONTENTS

  C. Theoretical Framework ..................................................... ............................. 15

  3. The Influence of the Society toward Shinji’s Character ………………... 45

  2. The Influence of the Fishing Village Activities toward Shinji’s Character ……………………………………………………………….. 41

  1. The Influence of Uta-jima Geographical Condition toward Shi nji’s Character ………………………………………………………………. 38

  C. The Influence of Setting toward the Main Character……………………… 38

  21 B. The Description of Setting……………………………………………….… 30

  21 A. The Description of Shi nji Kubo.....................................................................

  CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY...................... ..................................................... 17 A. Object of the Study................................. ...................................................... 17 B. Approach of the Study ........................... ........................... ..................... ....... 18 C. Method of the Study ............................... .......................... ............................ 19 CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS................... ...................................................................

  2. Theory on Setting………….………………...................................... 13

  TITLE PAGE ............................................................ ............................................... i APPROVAL PAGE ............................................................................................... ii ACCEPTANCE PAGE.............................................................................. ............... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………………………………………...iv TABLE OF CONTENTS......................................................................................... ..vi ABSTRACT ......................................................................... .................................... vii ABSTRAK………………………………………………………………………….viii CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION........... .................... .................................................

  1. Theory on Character............................................................ ................ 9

  9

  CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW................................................................. . 7 A. Review of Related Studies............................................................................... . 7 B. Review of Related Theories..............................................................................

  D. Definition of Terms......................................................................................... 5

  C. Objectives of the Study................................................................................. ... 5

  1 B. Problem Formulation ........................... ............................................................ 4

  1 A. Background of the Study........................................... ......................................

  CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ................................................... .............................. 50 BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................ ............................ 53

  

ABSTRACT

  Widyantoro, Ari. (2007). The Influence of Setting of Place toward Shinji Kubo in

  

Yukio Mishima’s The Sound of Waves. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters,

Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University.

  This study discusses a novel entitled The Sound of Waves. This is one of Yukio Mishima’s g reatest stories of first love. The scene is a Japanese fishing village, where the modern world is far away. There is a main character named Shinji Kubo, a young poor boy who falls in love with a girl named Hatsue, the daughter of the richest man in the village. The objective of writing this thesis is derived from the writer’s curiosity to find out the influence of the setting on the main character.

  There are three problems related to the topic of this thesis. The first problem is how the main character is described in the story. Since the setting also becomes the focus of the analysis, therefore the second problem deals with the description of the setting in the novel itself. Then, the third problem is what is the influence of the setting toward the main character.

  In order to answer the problems, a formalistic approach is used because this thesis analyzes how settings influence a character. A library study method is also applied in this s tudy. The sources for this analysis are the novel The Sound of Waves , books on literature, and internet.

  In this novel, Shinji Kubo is characterized as a n eighteen years old young boy who has a dark skin and well-built body . He is poor and not too clever boy, but such as a hard worker. Shinji is also a silen t boy who has great bravery as a tough fisherman. The story takes place in a small remote island that called Uta -jima Island. The island is surrounded by an endless sea. The society there is quiet simple and they are living as fisherman. The setting of the novel has a g reat influence on Shinji as the main character. The geographical condition of Uta-jima island that is surrounded by an endless sea has made Shinji becomes a fisherman for living. The activity of the society there shapes Shinji becomes a hard worker and tou gh fisherman. The fishing activity at sea makes his body well-built and his skin dark. His job as a fisherman does not give him much money so he lives in poverty. The Young Men’s Association in the village directs Shinji to care and help other people.

  

ABSTRAK

  Widyantoro, Ari. (2007). The Influence of Setting of Place toward Shinji Kubo in

  

Yukio Mishima’s The Sound of Waves. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris,

Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

  Studi ini membahas sebuah novel yang be rjudul The Sound of Waves. Novel ini merupakan salah satu novel kisah cinta pertama terbaik karangan Yukio Mishima. Cerita ini bertempat di sebuah perkampungan nelayan di Jepang yang jauh dari modernitas kehidupan. Tokoh utamanya adalah Shinji Kubo, seoran g pemuda miskin yang jatuh cinta kepada seorang wanita bernama Hatsue, putri dari orang terkaya di desa tersebut. Tujuan penulisan skripsi ini diawali dari keinginan penulis untuk mengetahui apa saja pengaru h dari latar terhadap tokoh utamanya.

  Ada tiga rumusan masalah yang berhubungan dengan topik dari skripsi ini. Rumusan masalah yang pertama adalah membahas bagaimana penggambaran tokoh utama di dalam novel tersebut. Latar juga menjadi fokus di dalam analisis ini, maka perumusan masalah yang kedua berhu bungan dengan penggambaran latar di dalam novel ini. Kemudian rumusan masalah yang ketiga adalah apa saja pengaruh latar terhadap tokoh utama dalam cerita novel tersebut.

  Untuk menjawab perumusan masalah di atas, penulis menggunakan pendekatan formalisti k karena penelitian ini manganalisa bagaimana latar mempengaruhi seorang tokoh. Metode studi pustaka juga digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Sumber acuan untuk studi ini diambil dari Novel The Sound of Waves, buku-buku sastra, dan juga internet.

  Di dalam novel ini, Shinji Kubo digambarkan sebagai pemuda berusia delapan belas tahun yang berkulit gelap dan bertubuh kekar. Dia miskin dan tidak terlalu cerdas, tetapi dia adalah seorang pekerja keras. Shinji juga seorang pendiam yang memiliki keberanian luar bia sa sebagai seorang nelayan tangguh. Cerita ini berlatar sebuah pulau terpencil yang bernama pulau Uta -jima. Pulau tersebut dikelilingi oleh lautan luas. Masyarakat di tempat tersebut sangat sederhana dan mereka hidup sebagai nelayan. Latar di novel ini mem iliki p engaruh yang kuat terhadap Shinji sebagai tokoh utama. Kondisi geografis pulau Uta -jima yang dikelilingi oleh lautan, mempengaruhi Shinji untuk menjadi nelayan sebagai mata pencahariannya. Aktivitas masyarakat di tempat tersebut membentuk Shinji men jadi seorang pekerja keras dan nelayan yang tangguh. Kegiatan sebagai nelayan di laut membuat tubuhnya kekar dan kulitnya menjadi gelap. Pekerjaannya sebagai seorang nelayan tida k memberikannya uang yang cukup , sehingga ia hidup dalam kemiskinan. Organisasi pemuda di desa tersebut juga mempengaruhi Shinji untuk mau peduli dan membantu orang lain.

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study One of the interesting ways in analyzing a literary work, especially a

  novel, is relating one element o f that novel to another. Each of the elements never stands on its own, it works together to make a good story. It is in the working together of these elements lies the failure or success of a story. As stated clearly in

  Reading and Writing about Literature :

  Successful prose fiction combines all the elements in such a way that there is a complex interaction among them. For this reason, it is difficult to separate single elements – to talk, for example about character without at the same time about plot or setting or conflict, because characters often determine plot, setting helps to define the characters, and conflict results from the placing of characters in situations. (Rohberger, 1971: 20)

  In the analysis of fiction it is necessary to examine the element s, not as entities in themselves, but as they are related to the whole. By relating those elements, someone can develop his or her intellectual in understanding a story and someone will also get satisfaction for himself or herself because he or she can get some values by the ends of this project, like a profound meaning in the relation between intrinsic elements. This thesis will discuss and focus on two intrinsic elements in a novel. Those are setting and character. Setting in a literary work, is one of the intrinsic elements that can give a description of ‘when’ or ‘where’ the story occurs or in other word it is the background of the story itself. In the relation with other intrinsic elements, this element of setting can influence the other elements in the novel such as plot, theme or character. Relating two different elements, in this case setting and character, will be interesting for the readers. It will give more experience in understanding a story since those intrinsic elements are related to each other.

  This thesis explores how setting can influence characters, especially the main character. A character in a novel must live in a certain environment and the environment as a setting must contain human life problems. Characters can be not a human. They c an be animal or plant, for example in George Orwell’s Animal Farm.

  Here in this novel, the character’s behavior can be shape by the place where he lives. This is supported by Murphy who says in his book Understanding Unseens .

  The setting can be concerned w ith the place in which the characters live and also the time in which they live. These have a great effect upon the personalities, actions and way of thinking of the characters.” (Murphy, 1972: 141)

  People’s relation to place, time, and weather, like their relationship to clothes and other objects, is charged with emotion more or less subtle, more or less profound. This relation alters according to what happens to them, some landscapes may lift their spirits, some others may depress them.

  One of literary works that depicts a setting incredibly close to the life of the main character is Yukio Mishima’s The Sound of Waves . This novel was first English in 1956 after won the Shinchosha Literary Prize (Mishima, 1998: Back cover). The novel strongly figures out the setting inside the story. Mishima, the author, describes the situation, condition and the story’s background clearly. That is why this topic is chosen because the strong description of setting in the story would be analyzed to see what its influence toward the character in the story, especially the main character.

  The Sound of Waves is one of Mishima’s greatest stories of first love.

  The scene is a Japanese fishing villa ge, where the air is rich with the salty tang of the sea, the fragrance of hemp cordage, and the invisible smoke of charcoal fires.

  The modern world is far away. Shinji Kubo, the main character of the novel, is a young poor boy who falls in love with a gir l named Hatsue, daughter of the richest man in village. The whole significant action takes place in an isolated island of Uta - jima, the Japanese fishing village. The life of a Japanese fishing village is still very strict. The men work from dawn to dusk. While the women, dive naked for precious abalone. There is little time for love. Yet Shinji did meet Hatsue shyly, tenderly, not quite accidentally. He did not meet her often, but their meetings were memorable. One took place during a storm in an old, ruined observation tower on the highest crag on the island.

  The story of The Sound of Waves takes place in an isolated island that makes the inhabitants meet other outside people rarely. Generally, the members of the village community knew each others and like d to talk about what have other member inside their community. The life style of a Japanese fishing village only gives little time for love, because they spend their all day in fishing and diving activity. This makes the activity, together with the isolated island of Uta -jima, the most important element of setting of the novel.

  This thesis will analyze that the setting, with the background of Japanese fishing village activity and the isolated island of uta-jima, can influence Shinji as the main character in the story in his personality, facing his life, making his own decision, and also in his relation with others. This novel shows Yukio Mishima’s ability in his writing skills , especially on his way combining in combining the setting and the character which create a great story of love.

B. Problem Formulation

  Based on the explanation above, the problems that occur in this thesis can be formulated into three questions. They are:

  1. How is the main character in the story described?

  2. How is the setting in the story described?

3. What is the influence of the setting toward the main character in the story? C.

   Objectives of the Study

  This thesis is intended to present a deep discuss ion of Yukio Mishima’s

  The Sound of Waves . The discussion mainly aims to answer the three problems explanation about how the main character in this novel is described by the aut hor. Second, it will give the explanation about how the setting in this novel is described by the author. Finally, this thesis aims to find the influence of the setting on the main character in this novel.

D. Definition of Terms

  In order to avoid misconception and to clarify the point, firstly the writer would like to explain the terms used in the title of this research. There are some terms in this thesis that that should be understood first. The terms presented here are:

  1. Setting

  According to Abrams (1981: 175) in his book A Glossary of Literary

  Terms, setting in a novel refers to the general locale, historical time and society

  circumstances in which its action occurs. To support this analysis, the writer will also use another term of setting. As Guth said in his book The literary Heritage: Setting is the time and place of events of a story. Often the setting helps shape the characters and events. Village or city, north or south, poor or wealthy neighborhood, mountain country or coast ---all these help decide h ow people live. They help decide what the people will be like and what is most important in their lives. (Guth, 1981: 729)

  2. Character

  In A Glossary of Literary Terms , Abrams defines character as follows; Character are the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral and disposition qualities that are expressed in what they say– dialogue and by what do- the

3. Influence

  The term of “influence”, according to Simon and Schu ster in Webster’s New

  

Twentieth Century Dictionary of The English Language , is “The power of persons

  or things to affect others, seen only in its effect” (1983: 940). So the power here produces effects on someone’s condition. In this study the writer would like to show the power of the setting in the novel in influencing its main character, especially in affecting the character’s physic and psychology.

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW This chapter is divided into two parts. The first part is review of related studies. This part discusses the criticism of Yukio Mishima and the novel analyzed. The second part there is theoretical ground. This part presents the theories used by the

  writer to analyze the novel. These theories are the basic guidance in answering the problems. Then, the result of the study will be applied to the variables which are discussed in the fourth chapter.

A. Review of Related Studies

  When a piece of literary work is published and read by the public, it might invite different kinds of comment from critics or its readers. Yukio Mishima’s

  

The Sound of Waves is one of those literary works that invites people to give

comments or criticism on it.

  One comment that comes from the public is Danny Yee’s comment. In his web (http://dannyreviews.com) Danny Yee gives comment on Yukio Mishima’s The

  

Sound of Waves. In his review he states that Shinji is a poor fisherman, while Hatsue,

  recently returned from training as a pearl diver, is the daughter of the richest man in the village. When they fall in love, they encounter malicious gossip and Hatsue is happily. According to him, The Sound of Waves is a simple, lyrical love stor y, set on the island of Uta-Jima, which has "about fourteen hundred inhabitants and a coastline of something under three miles". The protagonists and a few other characters are nicely rendered, but Mishima devotes just as much attention to the island, givi ng such detailed descriptions of locations that one could almost paint or map them. The various scenes depict the daily life of the islanders: fishermen catching octopus, a peddler selling wares to women diving for abalone, fetching water from a spring, me n relaxing in a bath -house, meetings of the Young Men's Association, and so forth. This is romanticized -- the women are attractive and the men strong and virile, while the perils of diving and the deprivations of poverty are passed over quickly -- but fascinating just the same. With its classical simplicity and unpretentious charm, The

  

Sound of Waves is an entrancing tale. (http://dannyreviews.com/ ) (16 September

  2005) Mishima is a productive writer, who is consi dered by many critics as the most important Japanese novelist of the 20th century. Mishima's works include 40 novels, poetry, essays, and modern Kabuki and Noh dramas. He was three times nominated for the Nobel Prize for literature. Among his masterpieces is The Temple of the Golden Pavilion (1956). The tetralogy The Sea of Fertility (1965-70) is regarded by many as Mishima's most lasting achievement. As a writer Mishima drew inspiration from pre -modern literature, both Japanese and Western. (Yukio Mishima 1925-1970 - Pseudonym for Hiraoka Kimitake)

B. Review of Related Theories

  Before analyzing the main character and the setting of the novel, the writer would like to explain some theories which will help the writer in the analyzing problems. The first part is the theory of character. The theory is meant to get the knowledge to study the main character and its traits in the story. The second part is the theory of setting which functions to lead the writer in finding the setting of the novel.

1. Theories on Character

a. Character and Characterization

  According to Abrams (1981: 20), character is an imagined person who inhabits a story and it shows a distinctive type of person. In order that he is a feature that inhabits a story and shows a distinctive type of pers on, a character must be a very important feature of the fiction. Moreover to interpret the characters that are presented in a dramatic or narrative work, the reader can interpret character’s moral and dispositional qualities through what they say and what they do. This method is called characterization.

  To be more specific, Murphy in his book Understanding Unseens (1972: 161-173) describes some examples of a few of the ways in which an author attempts to make his characters understandable to, and come alive , for the readers, so that the readers know and understand what sort of people they are.

  1. Personal description.

  The author can describe a person’s physical appearance and clothes. Here the readers are given the telling details, for example about the face, skin, eyes, and clothing.

  2. Character as seen by another.

  Instead of describing a character directly the author can describe him through the eyes and opinions of another. The reader gets, as it were, a reflected image.

  3. Speech.

  The author can give the reader an insight into the character of one of the person in the book through what that person says. Whenever a person speaks, whenever he is in conversation with another, whenever he puts forward an opinion, he is giving the reader some clue to his character.

  4. Past life.

  By letting the reader learn about a person’s past life the author can give the reader a clue to events that have helped to shape a person’s character. This can be done by direct comment by the author, through the person’s thoughts, through his conversation or through the medium of another person.

  5. Conversation of others.

  The author can also gives the reader clues to a person’s character through the conversations of other people and things they say about him. People talk about other people and the things they say often give a clue to the character of the person spoken about.

  6. Reaction.

  The author can also give the reader a clue to a person’s character by letting the reader know how that person reacts to various situations and events.

  7. Direct comment.

  The author can describe or comment on a person’s character directly.

  8. Thoughts.

  The author can give the reader direct knowledge of what a person is thinking about. In this respect he is able to do what the reader cannot do in real life.

  He can tell the reader what different people are thinking. In the novel the reader accepts this. The reader then is in a privileged position; he has, as it were, a secret listening device plugged into the inmost thoughts of a person in a novel.

  9. Mannerism.

  The author can describe a person’s mannerism, habits or idiosyncrasies which may also tell the reader something about his character. (Murphy, 1972: 161 - 173)

  To discuss a character in fiction, the reader must also attend to the relationships between character and the oth er elements of the story, and between character and the story as a whole. Thus, characters must be consistent as part of the

b. Types of Characters

  According to E.M. Forster, as quoted in Koesnobroto’s The Anatomy

  

of Prose Fiction (1988: 67), on the basis importance, the characters in fiction can be

  differentiated into main or major character and minor character. Main character is the most important character in a story. A main character appears continuously, so it seems that he dominates the whole story but he cannot stand on his own; he needs other characters to make the story more convincing and lifelike. On the other hand, a minor character is the character of less important than those of the main.

  Character also can be divided into the protagonist and the antagonist. They are clearly described on the following quotation.

  The chief character in fiction or in a play is called protagonist. In many stories, an important element opponent pitted against him, and he is called the antagonist, who provides opposition. In traditional fiction the protagonist is also the hero or heroin, an admirable character that embodies widely accepted strengths and virtues, who is morally good. The antagonist in such fiction represent contracting weakness and vices, and if the antagonist in unsavory enough the word villain or villains is used. (Koesnobroto, 1988: 67 -68)

  Furthermore, Perrine (1974: 71) says that the characters may be classified as static and dynamic. The static character is the sam e sort of person at the end of the story as he was at the beginning. The developing (or dynamic) character undergoes a permanent change in some aspects of his character, personality, or outlook. The change may be larger or smaller; it may be for better or for worst; but it is something important and basic. It is more than change in condition or a minor change in opinion

  Forster as quoted by Abrams (1981:20) also states that there are two kinds of characters. They are flat and round characters. He says that a flat character is described in a single phrase or sentence and is presented without much individualizing detail. It is compelled by a set in their creator. A round character is complex in temperament and motivation and is presented with subtle particular ity. A round character embodies all the variations and the complexities of human nature.

2. Theories on Setting

a. Setting and Types of Setting

  The characters in the novel need social circumstances, place, and time as people do in the real life. Abrams (1 981: 157) describes setting as general locale and the historical time in which the action occurs in a narrative or dramatic work, while the setting of an episode or scene within a work is the particular physical location in which it takes place.

  Lostracco and Wilkersen as quoted by Koesnobroto in The Anatomy of

Prose Fiction (1988: 80) write that setting is used to enrich the meaning of the story.

  For them, in limited sense, setting refers to the time and place of story; it is when and where the action occurs. In a large sense, setting refers to the condition or total environment – physical, emotional, economic, political, social, and psychological —in which the characters live. They also recognize two kinds of setting, the specific and the general. In specific setting, the author gives the reader a specific place and time for his story to take place, for example, in Columbus, Ohio, during the winter of

  1987. In a general setting, the author only states that the story takes place somewhere in the United States nearing the end of this century, for example.

b. The Relationship between Setting and Characters

  There is a clear relationship between setting and characters. The setting of the story is important in affecting action and characters as Murphy says “setting of the novel has a great effect upon the personalities, actions and way of thinking of the characters” (1972: 41). It can even be said that the characteristic pattern of a person will be formed by the condition of his environment. The setting of place and time may influence the character’s style of life, the way he speaks, the way he acts and the way he thinks. Therefore, the setting never exists by itself. It has participation in influencing the action of the character.

  According to Murphy in his Understanding Unseens (1972: 143), setting is divided into three points; they are time, place, and atmosphere. Time and place has been clearly described above. Atmosphere is also part of the novel. Sometimes people talk about the atmosphere of a novel or of part of the novel. By this they mean the general feeling that is conveyed to the reader. Thus people can talk of the atmosphere of a novel or of part of it as being: gloomy, somber, terrifying, evil, cheerful, happy, sordid, pessimistic, optimistic, and so o n. Burroway in his book Writing Fiction (1987: 194) also says that atmosphere includes setting which consists of the locale, period, weather, and time of day, and tone, an attitude taken by the narrative voice that can be described, not in terms of time and place, but as a quality---sinister, humorous, formal, solemn, wry, and so on.

  Whether there is a conflict between character and setting or the conflict takes place entirely I the foreground, within, between, or among the characters, the setting is impor tant to the writer’s understanding of type and of what to expect as well as to the emotional value that arises from conflict. The writer need to know in what atmosphere a character operates to understand the significance of the action.

  People’s relation to place, time, and weather is very important for their emotion. This relation changes according to what happens to them, some landscapes may lift their spirits, and some others may depress them. Such emotion can be used to dramatic effect in fiction. In other words what the characters do is related the condition of the environment at that time that happens in the story. They will do something as a result of the condition.

C. Theoretical Framework

  The issue that the writer would like to expose is the influence of the setting toward the main character in Yukio Mishima’s The Sound of Waves. There are some theories used and related to this analysis. They are theory of character, theory of characterization, and theory of setting. By using and developing those theories above, the writer tries to answer the problems that have been formulated in the previous The setting of place and time influences the attitudes of the characters. Theories of character and characterization are used to answer the second question in the problem formulation.

  It is very important for me to know what kind of setting presented in this novel. The setting is a very important element in this nov el so it is necessary to analyze the characteristic of the setting by using Lostracco and Wilkerson’s theories about the setting. In brief, the writer could say that the whole action takes place in the isolated island of Uta-jima with their daily activity of Japan fishing village. This setting becomes the problem for love relationship between Shinji, as the main character, with Hatsue. The characters is also important element in the novel so that it s necessary to analyze the characteristics of Shinji Kubo as the main character. To analyze this character, it is important to see his character through what he says and what he does. In Murphy’s theory, there are nine ways an author presents his characters in a literary work to the reader. Those are important for the writer to analyze about the main character in the novel. Furthermore, his characteristics can also be seen from the setting of place or time described in the novel based on Murphy Burroway’s theories about the relationship between setting and charact er. Murphy says that society is the background where the characters live. The theories above are very useful for the writer to make the analysis of this study. Finally, at the end of the analysis the writer may conclude that the setting in this novel influ ences the personality of Shinji Kubo.

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY A. Object of Study This research uses a literary work as the object of the study. This thesis

  deals with one of literary works, namely a novel as the object of the study. The novel that is going to be analyzed in this thesis is The Sound of Waves , a novel written by a Japanese writer Yukio Mishima. The novel was published by Charles E. Tuttle Company Inc. The first was published in Japan under the title of Shiosai in 1954.

  After won the Shinchosha Literary Prize, it translated in English in 1956. In Japan this story is already regarded as one of the world’s great love stories. The Sound of

  

Waves (1954) has been filmed several times. The first film version from 1954,

  directed by Senkichi Taniguchi, was shot on location in the Shima Peninsula in Mie Prefecture, home of Japan's famous women pearl divers.

  The Sound of Waves itself tells about a young boy, Shinji, who falls in

  love with a girl named Hatsue, Miyata’s daughter, the richest and most powerful man in the village. Shinji is a fisherman while Hatsue is a pearl diver. Another guy who also loves Hatsue is Yasuo. Knowing about their relationship, Yasuo spread malicious gossip about Shinji and Hatsue toward the community in the village. Then Miyata forbids his daughter to see Shinji again. Until finally when Shinji shows his courage during a storm, Miyata gives him and his daughter his blessing.

B. Approach of Study

  In analyzing the works of literature, some researchers have their own ways and approaches. They may be different from each other even though they may work on the same work of literature. They may have different views in learning and understanding the literary works. In this thesis, the formalistic approach is applied and used. The formalistic approach is considered to be the most appropriate approach to perform this analysis since the analysis is based on the interpretation of the work itself in terms of its content and form. The intrinsic element is the base of this approach. Therefore, the external element is unimportant for the formalistic criticism.

  The writer only needs to concentrate to the character, theme, point of view, plot, and setting. In this thesis the writer concentrates in the character and setting. As Guerin says in his bo ok A Handbook of Critical Approach to Literature that:

  The heart of the matter for the formalistic critic is quite simple: what is the literary work, what are its shape and effect, and how are these achieved? All relevant answers to these questions ought to come from the text itself. (Guerin, 1970: 70)

  The quotation above means that in formalistic approach, all answers about a literary work is laid in the text itself.

  Rohberger and Woods add in their book Reading and Writing about

  

Literature that the formalistic approach only examines the novel, play, or short story

  without giving the external factors, such as the biography, sociology, or the literary history.

  The extreme formalistic critic examines the literary piece without reference to in the development of the genre or in literary history, and without reference to its social milieu. (Rohberger, 1971: 27) This quotation explains that the extreme formalistic critics r eject the involvement of external factor such as the author’s life, place, history, and social condition in examining a literary work.

C. Method of Study

  This thesis applied a library research as the method of the study so that the materials were taken from library. The sources were used for evidence to support this thesis; they are the primary source and the secondary source. The primary source of the study was the novel itself, which is The Sound of Waves written by Yukio Mishima, meaning that all data for supporting the analysis were collected from the novel itself. The secondary sources were including books and selected criticism on the novel. In other words, those secondary sources were the observations of authorities in the literary fields. The secon dary sources were used to help strengthen this thesis.

  There several steps that are taken in the research. First of all, it is reading the novel carefully in order to understand the idea and massages throughout the story by seeing the description of the c haracters and how the setting is figured out. What makes it interesting is a finding about the influence of setting on Shinji Kubo’s characterization. Secondly, trying to find out some references related to the theory of novel, setting and characters. The next step is analyzing the setting and the influence of setting to the main character’s characterization, Shinji Kubo, by relating the two elements which are setting and chara cter. Finally, after writing the analysis, the writer brings the study to a conclusion.

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS There are three questions that are going to be analyzed in this chapter

  based on what have been formulated in the problem formulation. The firs t problem is how the main character is described in the story. The second problem is how the setting is described in the story. And the third part is the influence of the setting on the main character.

A. The Description of Shinji Kubo

  According to E.M. Forster, as quoted in Koesnobroto’s The Anatomy of

  

Prose Fiction (1988: 67), on the basis of importance, the characters in fiction can be

  differentiated into main or major character and minor character. In Mishima’s The

  

Sound of Waves , Shinji Kubo is the ma in character. He functions as the center of the

story. He becomes the most important character because he appears continuously.

  So it seems that he dominates the whole story. Shinji also can be called a protagonist character because he embodies widely acce pted strengths and virtues, who is morally good.

  Perrine (1974: 71) classifies character as static and dynamic. The static character is the same sort of person at the end of the story as he was at the beginning. The developing (or dynamic) character under goes a permanent change in some aspects of his character, personality, or outlook. Here, Shinji is a dynamic character. He undergoes some changes in his personality and appearance. His changes happened while he was struggling to be a good fisherman. In the beginning of the story, he is describes as a silent boy, have no spirit of life but after he meets Hatsue, he becomes a cheerful boy, full of spirit and energy so that he can save his boat from the storm.

  Forster as quoted by Abrams (1981:20) also states that there are two kinds of characters. They are flat and round characters. Shinji can be said as a round character because his complexities cannot be explained in a single sentence. He also has complex problems about his life. His life as a poor boy is co ntradictory with his expectation of marrying Hatsue, the richest man’s daughter. His circle of life, his activity, his thought, and his struggle to get Hatsue is the proof that he is a round character.