Roots Bioassay of Upland Rice Varieties on Several Soil Moisture Gradients | Mayly | Proceedings of The Annual International Conference, Syiah Kuala University - Life Sciences & Engineering Chapter 5806 11813 1 SM

Proceedings of The 5 th Annual I nt er nat ional Conf er ence Syiah Kuala Universit y ( AI C Unsyiah) 2015
I n conj unct ion w it h The 8 th I nt ernat ional Conference of Chem ical Engineering on Science and Applicat ions ( ChESA) 2015
Sept em ber 9- 11, 2015, Banda Aceh, I ndonesia

Root s Bioa ssa y of Upla nd Rice Va r ie t ie s on Se ve r a l Soil
M oist ur e Gr a die nt s
1*

Syarifa Mayly, 2A. Rauf, 2 Chairani Hanum , and 2 Ham idah Hanum

1

Depart m ent of Agroecot echnology, Facult y ofAgricult ure, Al Washliyah Medan Universit y,
Medan, I ndonesia;
1
Depart m ent of Agroecot echnology, Facult y ofAgricult ure, Sum at era Ut ara Universit y,
Medan, I ndonesia;
* Corresponding Aut hor: syarifam ayly@yahoo.com
Abst ra ct
Wat er av ailabilit y is a m aj or fact or affect ing rice prod uct ion especially in upland.
The

Product ion of upland rice is low because of t he low of wat er av ailabilit y in upland. Root s play
an im port ant role in upland rice adapt at ion t o drought con dit ions. Th is st udy aim ed t o ident ify
t he charact erist ic of upland rice v ariet y root dev elopm ent under soil m oist u re gradient s. This
st udy use random ized fact or ial design consist ing of 2 fact ors and 3 replicat e. Fact or I : 12
upland rice v ariet y , ie: Silum ut , Bat ut egi, Lim bot o, Sit u pat enggang, Sit ubagendit , Towut i,
Cirat a, Danau Gaung, Gaj ah Mungk ur, I npago 4, I npago 5, I npago 6. Fact or I I : gradien of soil
m oist u re lev el, ie: 20 % , 40 % , 60 % , 80 % field capacit y. The Result of research indicat e all
t he upland rice v ariet y were classified t oleran ce based on relat iv e v alue of root leght . The
highest root lenght and t he heav iest root dry m at t er were generally from com binat ion
uplandrice v ariet ies wit h 60 & 80 % field capacit y ex cept I npago 4 and Sit ubagendit showed
t he highest root lenght at 20 % field capacit y and com binat ion The heav iest root dry m at t er at
40 % were I npago 4 and Jat iluhur generally from charact erist ic of root gro field capacit y .
Ke y w ords : r oot lenght , root dry m at t er, relat iv e v alue, upland rice, t olerance.

I nt r oduct ion
Upland rice is one im port ant plant in upland area. Nat ional product ion of upland rice was 2.4 m illion
t onnes t hat was st ill lower com pared with lowland rice which reached 54.4 m illion t ons ( Puslit bang
Tanam an Pangan, 2007) . Upland rice product ion can be im proved by expansion t he new upland rice
planted area, increased t he yield per hectare, and t he reduct ion of yield losses due t o biot ic and
abiot ic st resses ( Las et al, 2008) .

The im portant subject t o increase rice product ion was form ed t he plant m aterial wit h resist ance t o
drought. There are t wo m ain m echanism s of plant resist ance t o drought which plants avoid drought
( Drought avoidance) and ( 2) plant s t olerate drought ( Drought t olerance) . The abilit y of plant s t o avoid
from t he drought is a st rategy t hat is m ore relevant t o avoid drought and im prove t he appearance of
t he plant before t he survivabilit y of drought - form ed (Serraj et al., 2009) while t he drought t olerance is
m ore im portant for plants t o survive t he severe drought . The abilit y of plant s t o avoid drought is
m ainly concerned wit h t he characterist ics of root s lik e as deep root, root t hin and abilit y t o penet rate
deep root s ( Kam oshita et al., 2002, Kat o et al., 2006, Nguyen et al., 2004; Subere et al., 2009;
Zhang et al. 2001) .
M a t e r ia ls a nd M e t hods
This st udy was conduct ed in green house of agriculture facult y Methodist Universit y. This st udy used
a random ized fact orial design wit h t wo fact ors and 3 replicat ions. The first experim ent consisted 12
upland rice variet ies were Silum ut , Bat utegi, Lim boto, Sit upat enggang, Sit ubagendit , Towut i, Cirata,
Danau Gaung, Gaj ah Mungkur, I npago 4, I npago 5, I npago 6. All t he upland rice variet ies derived
from I CRR Sukam andi, expect Si Lum ut was a local Sum at era variet ies. The second experim ent
consisted four level of soil m oist ure gradient were nam ely 20% , 40% , 60% , 80% of field capacit y.
Soil used in this st udy collect ed from BMKG Sam pali Medan field research. Soil sam ple was t aken for
physical and chem ical propert ies analysis. The am ount of water added determ ined by gravim et ri
m ethods. Soil dried for a week, and t hen sieved wit h 2 m esh for cleared t he debris and dirt. Then soil
was weight five kg and put in polybag.

Rice seeds are soaked in a m ixt ure of 2 g Dit hane M 45 and 0,1 g Curater 2G. Upland rice variet ies
grown by 5 seed per polybag and t he water added at 80% field capacit y unt il t wo weeks after
plant ing. Soil m oist ure gradient t reat m ent began at two weeks after plant ing, according t o t reatm ent
of 20% , 40% , 60% , 80% of field capacit y. At t he age of 30 HST, plant roots are rem oved and
m easured developm ent include root lengt h, and root dry weight .

195

Proceedings of The 5 th Annual I nt er nat ional Conf er ence Syiah Kuala Universit y ( AI C Unsyiah) 2015
I n conj unct ion w it h The 8 th I nt ernat ional Conference of Chem ical Engineering on Science and Applicat ions ( ChESA) 2015
Sept em ber 9- 11, 2015, Banda Aceh, I ndonesia

Results a nd D iscussion
Gr ow t h of Root Le nght a nd Root D ry M a t t e r
Research result showed significant variat ion for int eract ion bet ween upland rice variet ies and soil
m oist ure gradient on root lenght and root dry m at ter. The average of root lenght can be seen at Table
1. The highest value of root lenght was 43,67 cm from com binat ion of I npago 6 and 60 % field
capacit y, which had significant ly different wit h all ot her t reatm ent com binat ions except wit h
com binat ion of I npago 4 and 20 % field capacity. While t he shortest value of root lenght was
com binat ion of Sit ubagendit and 20 % field capacit y. I n general, t he highest root lengt h com es from

com binat ion of each variet ies wit h 60 % field capacity ( Danau Gaung, I npago 6, Lim bot o, Towut i) and
80% field capacit y ( Bat utegi, I npago 5, Jat i Luhur, Sit upatenggang) . Only I npago 4 and Sit ubagendit
showed t he highest root lenght at com binat ion wit h 20 % field capacit y.
Table 1. Root Lenght of Upland Rice Variet ies at 30 days Aft er Plant ing on Several Soil Moisture
Gradient
Va r ie t as
Root Le nght ( cm )
Av e r age V
K1
K2
K3
K4
( 2 0 % FC)
( 4 0 % FC)
( 6 0 % FC)
( 8 0 % FC)
V1 ( Bat ut egi)
24.33 c- h
23.17 c- h
25.00 c- h

26.00 c- f
24.63
V2 ( Danau Gaung)
20.50 c- h
28.00 bc
27.83 cd
25.17 c-g
25.38
V3 ( Gaj ah Mungkur)
20.17 c- h
22.33 c- h
27.00 cde
24.33 c- h
23.46
V4 ( I npago 4)
38.17 ab
25.00 c- h
22.50 c- h
25.83 c- f
27.88

V5 ( I npago 5)
18.83 c- h
19.17 c- h
18.67 c- h
20.83 c- h
19.38
V6 ( I npago 6)
21.50 gh
19.33 d- h
43.67 a
27.83 fgh
28.08
V7 ( Jat iluhur)
19.83 c- h
20.00 c- h
22.83 c- h
24.17 c- h
21.71
V8 ( Lim bot o)
15.00 c- h

17.67 c- h
18.00 c- h
15.83 cd
16.63
V9 ( Silum ut )
17.00 e- h
23.67 c- h
18.17 c- h
23.50 c- h
20.58
V10 ( Sit ubagendit )
23.83 c- h
16.00 fgh
14.83 h
21.67 c- h
19.08
V11 ( Sit upatenggang)
26.33 c- h
24.83 c- h
23.00 c- h

27.17 c- h
25.33
V12 ( Towut i)
16.50 fgh
21.00 c- h
21.50 c- h
21.00 c- h
20.00
Av e r age K
21.83
21.68
23.58
23.61
Not e : Dat a in t he sam e colum n followed by t he com m on let t ers are not significant ly different
at t he P= 0.05 level according t o t he Duncan’s Mult iple Range Test
Underst anding t he root funct ional t raits is needed for plant st rategies t o increase crop product ivit y
under different drought condit ions. Root t rait s associated wit h m aintaining plant product ivit y under
drought include sm all fine root diam eters, long specific root lengt h, and considerable root lengt h
densit y, especially at dept hs in soil wit h available wat er. Screening of root t rait s at early stages in
plant developm ent can proxy t rait s at m at ure stages but verificat ion is needed on a case by case basis

t hat t rait s are linked t o increased crop product ivit y under drought (Com as et al., 2013).
Upland rice has a deeper root in direct sowing syst em t han t ransplant ing rice in field rice. Cult ivat ion
m ethod affected root system . Rice root ing has lim ited absorb water at a depth of m ore than 60 cm
below t he soil surface ( Tuong et al., 2002) , upland rice in direct sowing syst em has a deeper root
system t han the root syst em of t ransplant ing rice in rice field.
The average of root dry m att er can be seen at Table 2. The heaviest value of root dry m at t er was
0,33 g from com binat ion of Lim bot o and 80 % field capacit y, which had significant ly different wit h all
ot her t reatm ent com binat ions. While t he lightest value of root m at ter was com binat ion of I npago 5
and 20 % field capacit y. I n general, the heaviest root dry m at t er com es from com binat ion of each
variet ies wit h 60 % field capacit y ( Bat utegi, Danau Gaung, Gajah Mungkur, Towut i) and 80% field
capacit y ( I npago 5, I npago 6, Lim boto, Si Lum ut , Situbagendit , Sit upatenggang ) . Only I npago 4 and
Jat iluhur showed the heaviest root lenght at com bination wit h 40 % field capacit y.
Suralta et al, ( 2010) research result s found t hat ut ilizat ion of CSSLs could precisely reveal t hat root
plast ic developm ent in response t o t ransient soil m oist ure st resses cont ributed t o t he m aintenance of
shoot dry m att er product ion. The root syst em can im prove t he dist ribut ion of roots in t he soil
( Siopongco et al., 2005) and absorb water m ore efficient ly under condit ions of lim it ed wat er. Root
system s have a posit ive cont ribut ion t o t he product ion of dry m at ter t hrough t he addit ion of a t otal
lengt h of roots and wat er absorpt ion, especially in m ild water st ress condit ions.

196

Proceedings of The 5 th Annual I nt er nat ional Conf er ence Syiah Kuala Universit y ( AI C Unsyiah) 2015
I n conj unct ion w it h The 8 th I nt ernat ional Conference of Chem ical Engineering on Science and Applicat ions ( ChESA) 2015
Sept em ber 9- 11, 2015, Banda Aceh, I ndonesia

Table 2. Root Dry Mat ter of Upland Rice Variet ies at 30 Days After Planting on Several Soil Moist ure
Gradient
Va r ie t ies
Root Dr y M a t t e r ( g)
Av e r age
V
K1 ( 2 0 %
K2 ( 4 0 %
K3 ( 6 0 %
K4 ( 8 0 %
FC)
FC)
FC)
FC)
V1 ( Bat ut egi)

0.08 i
0.20 d
0.22 c
0.20 d
0.18
V2 ( Danau Gaung)
0.08 i
0.23 c
0.28 b
0.20 d
0.20
V3 ( Gaj ah Mungkur)
0.15 f
0.12 g
0.20 d
0.17 e
0.16
V4 ( I npago 4)
0.23 c
0.27 b
0.23 c
0.20 d
0.23
V5 ( I npago 5)
0.07 i
0.13 g
0.13 g
0.22 c
0.14
V6 ( I npago 6)
0.10 h
0.08 i
0.13 g
0.17 e
0.12
V7 ( Jat iluhur)
0.08 i
0.18 e
0.15 f
0.17 e
0.15
V8 ( Lim bot o)
0.15 f
0.15 f
0.12 g
0.33 a
0.19
V9 ( Silum ut )
0.08 i
0.17 e
0.13 g
0.27 b
0.16
V10 ( Sit ubagendit )
0.08 i
0.17 e
0.10 h
0.23 c
0.15
V11 ( Sit upatenggang)
0.25 c
0.27 b
0.27 b
0.28 b
0.27
V12 ( Towut i)
0.08 i
0.17 e
0.27 b
0.23 c
0.19
Av e r age K
0.12
0.18
0.19
0.22
Not e : Dat a in t he sam e colum n followed by t he com m on let ters are not significant ly different
at t he P= 0.05 level according t o the Duncan’s Mult iple Range Test
Re la t iv e Va lue of Root Lenght
Based on vegetat ive growt h of upland rice variet ies in several soil m oisture gradient, t he opt im um
growth achieved at 80 % field capacit y water applicat ion and it s defined as t he norm al condit ion,
furher growt h at 20 % field capacit y level defined as t he st ress condit ion. Tolerance classificat ion of
upland rice variet ies based on relat ive value of Root lenght can be seen in Table 3.
All of upland rice variet ies used in t his study had relat ive value of root lenght above 50 % , and t here
were t wo variet ies like I npago 4 and Sit ubagendit which had relat ive value above 100 % . Based on
relat ive value of root lenght, variet ies can be classified t olerance if it s value above 50 % , and sensit ive
if it s value below 50 % .
Table 3. Tolerance Classificat ion of Upland Rice Varieties at 30 Days After Plant ing Based on Relat ive
Value of Root Lenght
Va r ie t ies
Root le nght ( cm )
Re la t iv e
Cr it er ia
v a lue
20% Field Capacit y
80% Field capacit y
(% )
St ress Condit ion
Norm al Condit ion
V1 ( Bat ut egi)
24.33
26.00
0.94
Tolerance
V2 ( Danau Gaung)
20.50
25.17
0.81
Tolerance
V3 ( Gaj ah Mungkur)
20.17
24.33
0.83
Tolerance
V4 ( I npago 4)
38.17
25.83
1.48
Tolerance
V5 ( I npago 5)
18.83
20.83
0.90
Tolerance
V6 ( I npago 6)
21.50
27.83
0.77
Tolerance
V7 ( Jat iluhur)
19.83
24.17
0.82
Tolerance
V8 ( Lim bot o)
15.00
15.83
0.95
Tolerance
V9 ( Silum ut )
17.00
23.50
0.72
Tolerance
V10 ( Sit ubagendit )
23.83
21.67
1.10
Tolerance
V11 ( Sit upatenggang)
26.33
27.17
0.97
Tolerance
V12 ( Towut i)
16.50
21.00
0.79
Tolerance
Conclusions
All t he upland rice variet y were classified t olerance based on relat ive value of root leght. The highest
root lenght and the heaviest root dry m at ter were generally from com binat ion uplandrice variet ies
wit h 60 & 80 % field capacit y except I npago 4 and Sit ubagendit showed t he highest root lenght at 20
% field capacit y and com binat ion The heaviest root dry m at ter at 40 % were I npago 4 and Jat iluhur
generally from charact erist ic of root gro field capacity.
Re fe re n ce s
Com as, L.H., Beck er, S.R., Cruz, V.M.V., By rne, P.F., and Dierig D.A., Root t rait s ont ribut ing t o plant product iv it y
under drought Front Plant Sci. 2013 ; 4: 442. Published onlin e 2013 Nov 5. doi: 10.3389/ fpls.201 3.004 42

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Proceedings of The 5 th Annual I nt er nat ional Conf er ence Syiah Kuala Universit y ( AI C Unsyiah) 2015
I n conj unct ion w it h The 8 th I nt ernat ional Conference of Chem ical Engineering on Science and Applicat ions ( ChESA) 2015
Sept em ber 9- 11, 2015, Banda Aceh, I ndonesia

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