Application of Soil Conservation in Oil Palm Plantation | Satriawan | Proceedings of The Annual International Conference, Syiah Kuala University - Life Sciences & Engineering Chapter 5800 11801 1 SM
Proceedings of The 5 t h Annual I nt ernat ional Conference Syiah Kuala Universit y ( AI C Unsyiah) 2015
I n conj unct ion wit h The 8 t h I nt ernat ional Conference of Chem ical Engineering on Science and Applicat ions ( ChESA) 2015
Sept em ber 9 - 11, 2015, Banda Aceh, I ndonesia
Applica t ion of Soil Conse r va t ion in Oil Pa lm Pla nt a t ion
1*
Halus Sat riawan, 1 Zahrul Fuady, and 1 Zara Yunizar
1
Alm uslim Univesit y, Bireuen, Aceh, I ndonesia
* Corresponding Aut hor : sat riawan_80@yahoo.co.id
Abst r a ct
Oil palm developm ent in Bireuen very im por t ant t o increase t he regional incom es, however, is also
faced wit h t he danger of land resources and environm ent al dam age because it sit ed in an area wit h a
slope 15- 35% , wit h land capabilit y class I I I – VI I . This st udy aim ed t o obt ain soil and wat er
conser vat ion t echniques are m ost appropriat e and opt im al in each land capabilit y class. The st udies
were conduct ing by Experim ent al Met hod ( St andard Erosion Plot ) . Test ing of soil and wat er
conservat ion t echniques was done wit h land capabilit y base. On land capabilit y class I I I was t est ed
four t reat m ent s, nam ely: t he syst em of farm ers; individual t errace ( horseshoe) ; individual t erraces +
st rips plant ; cover crops + organic fert ilizer.Land in class I V was t est ed four t reat m ent s, nam ely: t he
syst em of farm ers; sedim ent t rap; sedim ent trap + vert ical m ulching; sedim ent t rap + cover crops +
organic fert ilizer. Result s of m easurem ent s of surface runoff and erosion on land capabilit y class I I I ,
soil conservat ion t echniques capable of suppressing erosion com pared t o t h e cont rol treat m ent , in
t his case t he best t reat m ent is t he cover crops and organic fert ilizers. Cover crops and organic
fert ilizers is able to suppress runoff and erosion by 23.73% and 27.29% com pared t o cont rols. As
well as t he applicat ion of soil conser vat ion t echniques in land capabilit y class I V wit h sedim ent t rap +
cover crop and organic fert ilizer is very effect ive in cont rolling runoff and erosion t o 45.81 and
45.63% com pared t o cont rols.
Ke y w or ds: runoff, erosion, oil palm , soil conservat ion
I nt r oduct ion
New oil palm plant at ions t oday are oft en being lim it ed t o m arginal lands which include t hose in hilly,
st eep land areas. Oil palm ( Elaeis guineensis Jacq) are m aj or crops in Bireuen Dist rict , which
spreadm oredom inant onlandwit hslopesbet ween9 % ‒ and 45% . The land area for oil palm plant at ions
in Bireuen has increased r apidly, wit h 4,644 ha of cult ivat ion under 5 years since 2008 ( I I CB, 2013) .
But t oday, oil palm cult ivat ion is lim it ed t o m arginal areas such as hilly sloping lands where t hey
com prise about 60% of t he m arginal land areas ( Sat riawan & Fuady 2012) . These areas are frequent ly
relat ed t o soil erosion and run off losses caused by excessive rain falls. Lit t e or no canopy cover can
cause large losses t o soil, nut rient s and organic m at t er on sloping lands ( Ping et .al, 2012) . Several
Furt herm ore, wit hout proper conservat ion m et hods t o ret ain t op soil which is suscept ible t o soil
erosion, reduct ion on soil product ivit y will occur ( Morgan, 2005) . I n order t o reduce soil erosion on
sloping lands, silt pit / sedim ent t rap, cover crops, t errace and ridge have been used by m aj or oil palm
plant at ion.
The aim s of soil conservat ion for growing m ore product ion can be achieved by using land in
accordance wit h it s capabilit ies, t o apply m easures t o rest or e t he product ivit y of t he soil where it has
been dam aged and t o prevent furt her dam age from t aking place, and t o com bine sound m et hods of
soil m anagem ent wit h ot her m et hods and input s of m odern agricult ure t o obt ain sat isfact ory
product ion on sust ainable basis ( Hudson 1993) . Silt pit s/ sedim ent t rap, which are long and wide
t renches, are dug on t o t erraces t o prevent soil erosion as well. Silt pit ret ain wat er, leading t o
significant ly higher soil m oist ure cont ent in com parision t o no conservat ion pract ices ( Ping et al.,
2012) . The obj ect ives of t his st udy were t o det erm ine t he rat e of runoff and erosion on oil palm
plant at ion.
M a t e r ia ls a nd M e t hods
St udy Area
The st udy experim ent al plot used t o m easure t he overland flow, sedim ent and nut rient loss w as
locat ed on oil palm plant at ion at Bukit Sudan and Blang Mane Village, Bireuen. Plant at ion locat ed in
t hree land capabilit y class are I I I and I V. Land capabilit y Class I I I is locat ed on land t hat slopes wit h a
slope slight ly sloping or undulat ing ( 8 - 15 % ) . Furt herm ore, land capabilit y class I V is locat ed on t he
slopes gent ly sloping or hilly ( 15 - 30 % ) . The experim ent last ed for t hree m ont hs ( April‒ June 2015) .
The area was cult ivat ed wit h 2 years old oil palm t rees. Tot al rainfall during experim ent in t his area
was 739 m m , and t he daily m ean air t em perat ure was 27.6 ° C. The soil of t he experim ent al area is
classified as Typic Paleudult s ( USDA Soil Taxonom y) , w hich has sandy clay in t he t opsoil ( 0 ‒ 15 cm
dept h) .
175
Proceedings of The 5 t h Annual I nt ernat ional Conference Syiah Kuala Universit y ( AI C Unsyiah) 2015
I n conj unct ion wit h The 8 t h I nt ernat ional Conference of Chem ical Engineering on Science and Applicat ions ( ChESA) 2015
Sept em ber 9 - 11, 2015, Banda Aceh, I ndonesia
Experim ent al Design
The field experim ent layout has a com plet ely random ized block design wit h t hree replicas. The
conservat ion pract ices were not t he sam e for each land capabilit y class. Four t reat m ent s were t est ed
for oil palm plant at ion where locat ed at land capabilit y class I I I ( t hree conservat ion pract ices and t he
convent ional t reat m ent as cont rol) , it was ( 1) cont rol ( no soil conservat ion) ; ( 2) individual t errace; ( 3)
individual t errace + crops in st rip; ( 4) cover crops + m anure. For oil palm in land capabilit y clas I V it
was: ( 1) cont rol ( no soil conservat ion) ; ( 2) sedim ent t rap; ( 3) sedim ent t rap+ slot m ulch; ( 4)
sedim ent t rap + cover crops + m anure.
The erosion plot s was an acreage of 80 m 2 ( 4 × 20 m ) ( Figure 1) . Each erosion plot consist ed of a
galvanized enclosure, drawer collect or, sedim ent and runoff collect or ( ϴ 0.6 m , 0.8 m high) . The
applicat ion rat e of chem ical fert ilizer during t he st udy was ( 150 kg N/ ha, 100 kg P/ ha, and 75 k g
K/ ha) for each t reat m ent .
4m
Zink/plasti
c
Waster hole
Pipe ᴓ 1 in.
Collector
l
Figure 1.Sket ch t he experim ent al plot s
Measurem ent of runoff and erosion was conduct ed for each rainfall event during t he period of t he
experim ent . Erosion m easurem ent s involved t he m easurem ent of t he runoff volum e and t he
m easurem ent of eroded soil. The weight of soil sedim ent was m easured by filt ering t he wat er sam ples
using filt er paper. The soil left on t he filt er paper w as dried in an oven at 60° C unt il t he sedim ent
weight becam e const ant . The am ount of sedim ent ( E) is calculat ed using t he following equat ion:
Cap x Vap x 10 3
E
A
where:
E
Cap
Vap
A
10 - 3
‒ is t he eroded soil[ t / ha] ,
‒ is t he concent rat ion of sedim ent load [ kg/ m 3 ] ,
‒ is t he volum e of runoff [ m 3 ] ,
‒ is t he wide of area [ ha] ,
‒ is unit conversionkg t ot on.
The am ount of runoff and erosion was subj ect ed t o ANOVA procedure, and m eans separat ion t est was
done by prot ect ed Least Significant Difference ( LSD) t est at 5% level of significance.
Re sut s a nd D iscussion
The result s ofsur face r un off anderosion m easurem ent s on land capabilit y I I I clust er obt ained soil
conservat ion t echniques can reduce t hee rosion com pared t o t he cont rol t reat m ent . The lowest
erosion was found in cover crops and organic fert ilizers t reat m ent . Table 1 present s all runoff and
erosion event s m onit ored during t he experim ent . The runoff fluxes from t est ed t reat m ent s ranged
from 12.05 m 3 / ha for individual t errace + crops t reat m ent t o 15.80 m 3 / ha for cont rol plot .
Proceedings of The 5 t h Annual I nt ernat ional Conference Syiah Kuala Universit y ( AI C Unsyiah) 2015
I n conj unct ion wit h The 8 t h I nt ernat ional Conference of Chem ical Engineering on Science and Applicat ions ( ChESA) 2015
Sept em ber 9 - 11, 2015, Banda Aceh, I ndonesia
Furt herm ore, t he soil conservat ion wit h cover cr ops + m anure consist ent ly produced t he lowest
erosion as com pared t o t hree ot her m et hods ( 3.73 t / ha) and as com pared t o t he cont rol t reat m ent ,
t he erosion under cover cr ops + m anure decreased by 27.29% . Then, im plem ent ed of I T + crops also
shows a high abilit y for cont rolling t he erosion ( 3.86 t / ha) , slight ly lower t han cover crops + m anure,
but it is m uch m ore effect ive t han individual t errace and cont rol absolut ely, decrease by 24.78% .
Table 1. Runoff and erosion on oil palm at land capabilit y class I I I
Treat m ent s
Runoff ( m 3 / ha)
Erosion ( t on/ ha)
Cont rol
15.80ab
5.13b
I ndividual Terrace
14.47ab
4.07a
I T + Crops
12.05a
3.86a
CC+ Manure
12.80a
3.73a
LSD 0.05
2.86
0.38
I n t he sam e colum n, values wit h different indices are significant ly different from one anot her at t he
LSD t est at P ≤ 0.05.
Cover crops bet ween rows of oil palm is m ore effect ive in cont rolling runoff and erosion by 1) reducing
rain erosivit y t hrough t he int ercept ion and dissem inat ion of plant canopy, 2) dense root syst em of
plant s can st rengt hen soil aggregat es on t he upper layer t hrough granulat ion of soil part icles, 3)
presence of organic root exudat es could increase soil m icrobial populat ion t hereby increasing t he
porosit y of t he soil and t he im pact on t he increasing infilt rat ion. The best soil conservat ion can reduce
runoff flow unt il 23.73% t han t ot al highest runoff.
Table 2. Runoff and erosion on oil palm at land capabilit y class I V
Treat m ent s
Runoff ( m 3 / ha)
Erosion ( t on/ ha)
Cont rol
235,81d
21,08c
Sedim ent t rap
187,31c
15,27b
ST+ MV
160,55b
14,43b
ST+ CC+ P
127,77a
11,46a
BNT 1%
11,26
1,85
I n t he sam e colum n, values wit h different indices are significant ly different from one anot her at t he
LSD t est at P ≤ 0.05.
I n t he applicat ion of soil conservat ion, t reat m ent of sedim ent t rap+ cover cr op+ m anure am ong oil
palm t rees in land capabilit y class I V show s significant ly different on runoff and erosion bet ween
cont rol, sedim ent t rap, and sedim ent t rap+ vert ical m ulch t reat m ent .The use of cover crops reduce t he
rat e of runoff and erosion t hrough t he increased volum e of wat er infilt rat ion,and use of m anure
increased t he im provem ent of soil physical propert ies and reduct ion of high rainfall im pact . High
rainfall cause int ensive det achm ent of soil part icles, so t he soil becom es easily eroded, but alley
cropping, fert ilizat ion can reduce soil erosion t o t olerable level ( Noer 2011) . Probable m echanism s for
t he great er sedim ent reduct ion in t his st udy are linked wit h changes in flow dynam ics t hrough at least
t hree processes. First , t he veget at ive barrier and ridges m ay int ercept concent rat ed flow by
decreasing velocit y and dispersing runoff; second, increased ponding m ay prom ot e deposit ion of
sedim ent ; t hird, t he ponding m ay absorb runoff energy t hat would cause soil det achm ent and
t ransport and t hus reduce t he erosion and t ransport capacit y.
Sedim ent Trap is one of t he recom m ended soil- wat er conservat ion m et hods on oil palm plant at ion.
Sedim ent t rap funct ion by reducing soil erosion, cont rolling run - off and sedim ent at ion, increasing oil
palm yield t hrough supplying m ore wat er specially during dry weat her, prot ect ing and increasing soil
fert ilit y t hrough reduct ion of nut rient loss and redist ribut ion of eroded nut rient s back int o t he soil.
Sedim ent t rap redist ribut es collect ed wat er and nut rient s int o t he oil p alm root zone rat her t han being
lost t hrough deep percolat ion.
Conclusion
Result s from t his st udy show t hat cover crops + m anure m ost effect ively reduces erosion on t he oil
palm plant at ion at land capabilit y class I I I , and sedim ent t rap+ cover crop+ m anure is m ore effect ive in
t he oil palm at land capalit y class I V.
Re fe re n ce e s
I ndonesia I nvest m ent Coordinat ing Board. 2013. Kom odit as Unggulan Daerah. Ret rieved Decem ber 15 from
PubMed
dat abase
on
t he
world
wide
web:
ht t p: / / regionalinvest m ent .bkpm .go.id/ newsipid/ id/ com m odit yarea.php?ia= 11&ic= 2580
177
Proceedings of The 5 t h Annual I nt ernat ional Conference Syiah Kuala Universit y ( AI C Unsyiah) 2015
I n conj unct ion wit h The 8 t h I nt ernat ional Conference of Chem ical Engineering on Science and Applicat ions ( ChESA) 2015
Sept em ber 9 - 11, 2015, Banda Aceh, I ndonesia
Lord. S, and J. Clay. Environm ent al I m pact s of Oil Palm Pract ical Considerat ions in Defining Sust ainabilit y for I m p
act s
on
t he
Air,
Land
and
Wat er.
ht t p: / / www.nbpol.com .pg/ wpcont ent / uploads/ downloads/ 2011/ 02/ Environm ent alI m pact OfOilPalm .pdf. Accessed on 21 st January 2015.
Morgan. R.C.P., 2005. Soil Erosion and Conservat ion. Third Edit ion. Blackwell Publishing.
Noer , H. 2011. Opt im izing ut ilizat ion of wat er resources t hrough im proved plant ing pat tern and repair cult ivat ion
t echniques in farm ing syst em s. I nI ndonesian Journal of Agricult ural Econom ics,vol. 2, no. 2, p.169- 182.
Ping. L.Y, C.T.B. Sung, G.K. Joo, A. Moradi, 2012. Effect s of four soil conservat ion m et hods on soil aggregat e
st abilit y. Malaysian Journal of Soil Science Vol. 16 : 43- 56.
Sat riawan, H, and Fuady, Z. 2012. Referral Land Use For Agricult ural Developm ent in Peusangan Selat an Sub dist rict . I n Proceedings of t he Nat ional Sem inar and Annual Meet ing of t he Dean of Agricult ural Sciences BKS
– PTN West Regional 2012. Facult y of Agricult ure Universit y of Sum at era Ut ara. I SBN 979-458- 597-1.pp
497.
178
I n conj unct ion wit h The 8 t h I nt ernat ional Conference of Chem ical Engineering on Science and Applicat ions ( ChESA) 2015
Sept em ber 9 - 11, 2015, Banda Aceh, I ndonesia
Applica t ion of Soil Conse r va t ion in Oil Pa lm Pla nt a t ion
1*
Halus Sat riawan, 1 Zahrul Fuady, and 1 Zara Yunizar
1
Alm uslim Univesit y, Bireuen, Aceh, I ndonesia
* Corresponding Aut hor : sat riawan_80@yahoo.co.id
Abst r a ct
Oil palm developm ent in Bireuen very im por t ant t o increase t he regional incom es, however, is also
faced wit h t he danger of land resources and environm ent al dam age because it sit ed in an area wit h a
slope 15- 35% , wit h land capabilit y class I I I – VI I . This st udy aim ed t o obt ain soil and wat er
conser vat ion t echniques are m ost appropriat e and opt im al in each land capabilit y class. The st udies
were conduct ing by Experim ent al Met hod ( St andard Erosion Plot ) . Test ing of soil and wat er
conservat ion t echniques was done wit h land capabilit y base. On land capabilit y class I I I was t est ed
four t reat m ent s, nam ely: t he syst em of farm ers; individual t errace ( horseshoe) ; individual t erraces +
st rips plant ; cover crops + organic fert ilizer.Land in class I V was t est ed four t reat m ent s, nam ely: t he
syst em of farm ers; sedim ent t rap; sedim ent trap + vert ical m ulching; sedim ent t rap + cover crops +
organic fert ilizer. Result s of m easurem ent s of surface runoff and erosion on land capabilit y class I I I ,
soil conservat ion t echniques capable of suppressing erosion com pared t o t h e cont rol treat m ent , in
t his case t he best t reat m ent is t he cover crops and organic fert ilizers. Cover crops and organic
fert ilizers is able to suppress runoff and erosion by 23.73% and 27.29% com pared t o cont rols. As
well as t he applicat ion of soil conser vat ion t echniques in land capabilit y class I V wit h sedim ent t rap +
cover crop and organic fert ilizer is very effect ive in cont rolling runoff and erosion t o 45.81 and
45.63% com pared t o cont rols.
Ke y w or ds: runoff, erosion, oil palm , soil conservat ion
I nt r oduct ion
New oil palm plant at ions t oday are oft en being lim it ed t o m arginal lands which include t hose in hilly,
st eep land areas. Oil palm ( Elaeis guineensis Jacq) are m aj or crops in Bireuen Dist rict , which
spreadm oredom inant onlandwit hslopesbet ween9 % ‒ and 45% . The land area for oil palm plant at ions
in Bireuen has increased r apidly, wit h 4,644 ha of cult ivat ion under 5 years since 2008 ( I I CB, 2013) .
But t oday, oil palm cult ivat ion is lim it ed t o m arginal areas such as hilly sloping lands where t hey
com prise about 60% of t he m arginal land areas ( Sat riawan & Fuady 2012) . These areas are frequent ly
relat ed t o soil erosion and run off losses caused by excessive rain falls. Lit t e or no canopy cover can
cause large losses t o soil, nut rient s and organic m at t er on sloping lands ( Ping et .al, 2012) . Several
Furt herm ore, wit hout proper conservat ion m et hods t o ret ain t op soil which is suscept ible t o soil
erosion, reduct ion on soil product ivit y will occur ( Morgan, 2005) . I n order t o reduce soil erosion on
sloping lands, silt pit / sedim ent t rap, cover crops, t errace and ridge have been used by m aj or oil palm
plant at ion.
The aim s of soil conservat ion for growing m ore product ion can be achieved by using land in
accordance wit h it s capabilit ies, t o apply m easures t o rest or e t he product ivit y of t he soil where it has
been dam aged and t o prevent furt her dam age from t aking place, and t o com bine sound m et hods of
soil m anagem ent wit h ot her m et hods and input s of m odern agricult ure t o obt ain sat isfact ory
product ion on sust ainable basis ( Hudson 1993) . Silt pit s/ sedim ent t rap, which are long and wide
t renches, are dug on t o t erraces t o prevent soil erosion as well. Silt pit ret ain wat er, leading t o
significant ly higher soil m oist ure cont ent in com parision t o no conservat ion pract ices ( Ping et al.,
2012) . The obj ect ives of t his st udy were t o det erm ine t he rat e of runoff and erosion on oil palm
plant at ion.
M a t e r ia ls a nd M e t hods
St udy Area
The st udy experim ent al plot used t o m easure t he overland flow, sedim ent and nut rient loss w as
locat ed on oil palm plant at ion at Bukit Sudan and Blang Mane Village, Bireuen. Plant at ion locat ed in
t hree land capabilit y class are I I I and I V. Land capabilit y Class I I I is locat ed on land t hat slopes wit h a
slope slight ly sloping or undulat ing ( 8 - 15 % ) . Furt herm ore, land capabilit y class I V is locat ed on t he
slopes gent ly sloping or hilly ( 15 - 30 % ) . The experim ent last ed for t hree m ont hs ( April‒ June 2015) .
The area was cult ivat ed wit h 2 years old oil palm t rees. Tot al rainfall during experim ent in t his area
was 739 m m , and t he daily m ean air t em perat ure was 27.6 ° C. The soil of t he experim ent al area is
classified as Typic Paleudult s ( USDA Soil Taxonom y) , w hich has sandy clay in t he t opsoil ( 0 ‒ 15 cm
dept h) .
175
Proceedings of The 5 t h Annual I nt ernat ional Conference Syiah Kuala Universit y ( AI C Unsyiah) 2015
I n conj unct ion wit h The 8 t h I nt ernat ional Conference of Chem ical Engineering on Science and Applicat ions ( ChESA) 2015
Sept em ber 9 - 11, 2015, Banda Aceh, I ndonesia
Experim ent al Design
The field experim ent layout has a com plet ely random ized block design wit h t hree replicas. The
conservat ion pract ices were not t he sam e for each land capabilit y class. Four t reat m ent s were t est ed
for oil palm plant at ion where locat ed at land capabilit y class I I I ( t hree conservat ion pract ices and t he
convent ional t reat m ent as cont rol) , it was ( 1) cont rol ( no soil conservat ion) ; ( 2) individual t errace; ( 3)
individual t errace + crops in st rip; ( 4) cover crops + m anure. For oil palm in land capabilit y clas I V it
was: ( 1) cont rol ( no soil conservat ion) ; ( 2) sedim ent t rap; ( 3) sedim ent t rap+ slot m ulch; ( 4)
sedim ent t rap + cover crops + m anure.
The erosion plot s was an acreage of 80 m 2 ( 4 × 20 m ) ( Figure 1) . Each erosion plot consist ed of a
galvanized enclosure, drawer collect or, sedim ent and runoff collect or ( ϴ 0.6 m , 0.8 m high) . The
applicat ion rat e of chem ical fert ilizer during t he st udy was ( 150 kg N/ ha, 100 kg P/ ha, and 75 k g
K/ ha) for each t reat m ent .
4m
Zink/plasti
c
Waster hole
Pipe ᴓ 1 in.
Collector
l
Figure 1.Sket ch t he experim ent al plot s
Measurem ent of runoff and erosion was conduct ed for each rainfall event during t he period of t he
experim ent . Erosion m easurem ent s involved t he m easurem ent of t he runoff volum e and t he
m easurem ent of eroded soil. The weight of soil sedim ent was m easured by filt ering t he wat er sam ples
using filt er paper. The soil left on t he filt er paper w as dried in an oven at 60° C unt il t he sedim ent
weight becam e const ant . The am ount of sedim ent ( E) is calculat ed using t he following equat ion:
Cap x Vap x 10 3
E
A
where:
E
Cap
Vap
A
10 - 3
‒ is t he eroded soil[ t / ha] ,
‒ is t he concent rat ion of sedim ent load [ kg/ m 3 ] ,
‒ is t he volum e of runoff [ m 3 ] ,
‒ is t he wide of area [ ha] ,
‒ is unit conversionkg t ot on.
The am ount of runoff and erosion was subj ect ed t o ANOVA procedure, and m eans separat ion t est was
done by prot ect ed Least Significant Difference ( LSD) t est at 5% level of significance.
Re sut s a nd D iscussion
The result s ofsur face r un off anderosion m easurem ent s on land capabilit y I I I clust er obt ained soil
conservat ion t echniques can reduce t hee rosion com pared t o t he cont rol t reat m ent . The lowest
erosion was found in cover crops and organic fert ilizers t reat m ent . Table 1 present s all runoff and
erosion event s m onit ored during t he experim ent . The runoff fluxes from t est ed t reat m ent s ranged
from 12.05 m 3 / ha for individual t errace + crops t reat m ent t o 15.80 m 3 / ha for cont rol plot .
Proceedings of The 5 t h Annual I nt ernat ional Conference Syiah Kuala Universit y ( AI C Unsyiah) 2015
I n conj unct ion wit h The 8 t h I nt ernat ional Conference of Chem ical Engineering on Science and Applicat ions ( ChESA) 2015
Sept em ber 9 - 11, 2015, Banda Aceh, I ndonesia
Furt herm ore, t he soil conservat ion wit h cover cr ops + m anure consist ent ly produced t he lowest
erosion as com pared t o t hree ot her m et hods ( 3.73 t / ha) and as com pared t o t he cont rol t reat m ent ,
t he erosion under cover cr ops + m anure decreased by 27.29% . Then, im plem ent ed of I T + crops also
shows a high abilit y for cont rolling t he erosion ( 3.86 t / ha) , slight ly lower t han cover crops + m anure,
but it is m uch m ore effect ive t han individual t errace and cont rol absolut ely, decrease by 24.78% .
Table 1. Runoff and erosion on oil palm at land capabilit y class I I I
Treat m ent s
Runoff ( m 3 / ha)
Erosion ( t on/ ha)
Cont rol
15.80ab
5.13b
I ndividual Terrace
14.47ab
4.07a
I T + Crops
12.05a
3.86a
CC+ Manure
12.80a
3.73a
LSD 0.05
2.86
0.38
I n t he sam e colum n, values wit h different indices are significant ly different from one anot her at t he
LSD t est at P ≤ 0.05.
Cover crops bet ween rows of oil palm is m ore effect ive in cont rolling runoff and erosion by 1) reducing
rain erosivit y t hrough t he int ercept ion and dissem inat ion of plant canopy, 2) dense root syst em of
plant s can st rengt hen soil aggregat es on t he upper layer t hrough granulat ion of soil part icles, 3)
presence of organic root exudat es could increase soil m icrobial populat ion t hereby increasing t he
porosit y of t he soil and t he im pact on t he increasing infilt rat ion. The best soil conservat ion can reduce
runoff flow unt il 23.73% t han t ot al highest runoff.
Table 2. Runoff and erosion on oil palm at land capabilit y class I V
Treat m ent s
Runoff ( m 3 / ha)
Erosion ( t on/ ha)
Cont rol
235,81d
21,08c
Sedim ent t rap
187,31c
15,27b
ST+ MV
160,55b
14,43b
ST+ CC+ P
127,77a
11,46a
BNT 1%
11,26
1,85
I n t he sam e colum n, values wit h different indices are significant ly different from one anot her at t he
LSD t est at P ≤ 0.05.
I n t he applicat ion of soil conservat ion, t reat m ent of sedim ent t rap+ cover cr op+ m anure am ong oil
palm t rees in land capabilit y class I V show s significant ly different on runoff and erosion bet ween
cont rol, sedim ent t rap, and sedim ent t rap+ vert ical m ulch t reat m ent .The use of cover crops reduce t he
rat e of runoff and erosion t hrough t he increased volum e of wat er infilt rat ion,and use of m anure
increased t he im provem ent of soil physical propert ies and reduct ion of high rainfall im pact . High
rainfall cause int ensive det achm ent of soil part icles, so t he soil becom es easily eroded, but alley
cropping, fert ilizat ion can reduce soil erosion t o t olerable level ( Noer 2011) . Probable m echanism s for
t he great er sedim ent reduct ion in t his st udy are linked wit h changes in flow dynam ics t hrough at least
t hree processes. First , t he veget at ive barrier and ridges m ay int ercept concent rat ed flow by
decreasing velocit y and dispersing runoff; second, increased ponding m ay prom ot e deposit ion of
sedim ent ; t hird, t he ponding m ay absorb runoff energy t hat would cause soil det achm ent and
t ransport and t hus reduce t he erosion and t ransport capacit y.
Sedim ent Trap is one of t he recom m ended soil- wat er conservat ion m et hods on oil palm plant at ion.
Sedim ent t rap funct ion by reducing soil erosion, cont rolling run - off and sedim ent at ion, increasing oil
palm yield t hrough supplying m ore wat er specially during dry weat her, prot ect ing and increasing soil
fert ilit y t hrough reduct ion of nut rient loss and redist ribut ion of eroded nut rient s back int o t he soil.
Sedim ent t rap redist ribut es collect ed wat er and nut rient s int o t he oil p alm root zone rat her t han being
lost t hrough deep percolat ion.
Conclusion
Result s from t his st udy show t hat cover crops + m anure m ost effect ively reduces erosion on t he oil
palm plant at ion at land capabilit y class I I I , and sedim ent t rap+ cover crop+ m anure is m ore effect ive in
t he oil palm at land capalit y class I V.
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