AGRICULTURAL WORKERS SHARE IN THE WORLD

Programme on safety, health and _{the environment} _{Labour Protection Department} _{International Labour Office} 4, route de Morillons _{CH-1211 Geneva 22 – Switzerland} _{Tel.: +41.22.799.67.15 – Fax.: +41.22.799.68.78} W O R K E R S i n W O R K E R S i n

W O R K E R S i n A G R

I C U L T U R E A G R

I C U L T U R E _{How many workers are employed in agriculture?} A G R

I C U L T U R E _{world, with more than 40% of the world's agricultural population concentrated in China and} _{of agricultural workers are found in Asia, which is the most densely populated region of the} _{industrialized countries. Almost 60% of them are in developing countries. A great majority} _{represents half of the total world labour force. Only 9% of agricultural workers are in} An estimated 1.3 billion workers are engaged in agricultural production worldwide. This more than 20% in India. _{Developing countries} _World Industrialized countries _{non agricultural EAP} agricultural EAP

AGRICULTURAL WORKERS SHARE IN THE WORLD

_{74% Asia & Pacific} 16% Africa _{3% Latin America} _{to the incidence of poverty.} _{Available data shows that the distribution of agricultural workers in the world is proportional} 4% Industrialized countries _{3% Transition countries}

POVERTY SHARE IN THE WORLD

76% Asia & Pacific _{17% Africa} _{3% Latin America} 4% other regions

_{sharecroppers, who constitute the majority in the rural sector.}

_{About 1.1 billion people live below the poverty line in developing countries. The incidence}

_{incomes of waged workers, small farmers, subsistence farmers, small tenants and}

_{and the severity of poverty are greater in rural areas. This situation results from the low}

How do they live?

POVERTY SHARE IN RURAL AND URBAN AREAS

_{Source: ILO, Geneva, 1998.} % population % population _{services available to them. In many countries, rural populations do not participate actively in} _{and live, their standard of living, and their nutrition are as important to their health as the} _{conditions of farmers and agricultural workers. The environment in which rural people work} _{policymaking and are not involved in the decisions which concern them.} Socio-economic, cultural and environmental factors influence the health and living

_{of labour relations and different forms of labour force participation. The different categories}

_{One of the specific characteristics of the agricultural sector is the lack of clear-cut}

_{distinctions between different categories of workers. Consequently, there are numerous types}

Are there different categories of agricultural workers?

_{of workers also vary within each country and, in certain cases, a single farmer may be}

_{smallholders supplement their income with wages earned by working in large commercial} _{farms during harvesting periods.} grouped in more than one category. For example, in developing countries, many _{LARGE and MIDDLE SCALE} NON WAGED _FARMERS _{TEMPORARY and SEASONAL} _{PERMANENT WORKERS} _WAGED

SMALL SCALE FARMERS _{SUBSISTENCE FARMERS MIGRANT WORKERS} _WORKERS UNPAID FAMILY WORKERS SUBCONTRACTED WORKERS _{COLLECTIVE FARMERS} _{INFORMAL SECTOR} _SQUATTERS TENANTS and SHARE CROPPERS LAND-LESS WORKERS

_{perform the lowest-skilled tasks in poor working conditions. Much of this labour often} _{workers. Permanent workers not only receive some job security but also relatively higher} _{labour is carried out by day-labourers, seasonal labourers and temporary workers who} _{wages and better housing, health and work benefits. However, most agricultural waged-} Working conditions and labour relations differ very much for permanent and non-permanent _{always heavily disadvantaged in terms of pay, social protection, housing and medical} _{mobility is very significant throughout the world. Wherever they come from, migrants are} _{Labour migration and casual employment are highly present in agriculture. This labour} involves a worker's whole family (including children and the elderly). _{the total agricultural workforce, and child labour is widespread. Women are mainly engaged} _{increasingly left to women and children. Women now account for more than 40 per cent of} protection. The migration of young men to the city means that agricultural work is _{they reduce their domestic activities. Rural women have a double role as workers and} _{in non-permanent jobs in both large- and small-scale holdings, but this does not mean that} _{Inequalities in the economic development of different countries, or regions within the same} _{How do they work?} housewives. _{consequently, achieve high productivity with relatively few workers. There is also a wide} _{agricultural waged workers, who use highly automated production processes and,} _{population works; whilst the second includes skilled market-oriented farmers and} _{characterized by low-skilled subsistence farming, in which a large proportion of the rural} country, have resulted in the coexistence of two main agricultural sectors. The first is range of landownership patterns and methods of cultivation. _{TYPE OF HOLDINGS PRODUCTION TECHNIQUE} _{MICRO-HOLDINGS subsistence agriculture} _{SMALL-HOLDINGS traditional and traditional methods} a very limited area _{under 10 Ha small-cattle raising} _{small local marketable surplus} MIDDLE-SIZED traditional methods and semi-mechanized agriculture _{LARGE FARMS advanced mechanized agriculture with great use of} _{10 to 50 Ha national and international marketable production} _{FARMS small-cattle raising} _{LARGER FARMS advanced mechanized agriculture with great use of} 50 to 500 Ha chemicals intensive and extensive industrial agriculture _{national and international marketable production} _{cattle raising} _{Agricultural work involves multiple tasks and multiple locations, both on a daily and} above 500 Ha chemicals intensive and extensive industrial agriculture _{large cattle raising} _{national and international marketable production} _{• the fact that most of the tasks are carried out in the open air, exposing the workers to} _{conditions are:} seasonal basis. Some of the specific features of agricultural work which determine working _{climatic conditions;} _{• the contact with animals and plants, thus exposing workers to bites, poisoning, infections,} _{• the type of working postures and the length of the tasks performed;} _{• the variety of tasks to be performed by the same person;} • the seasonal nature of the work and the urgency of certain tasks in specific periods; _{• the considerable distances between workers' living quarters and workplaces.} _{• the use of chemicals and biological products;} parasitic diseases, allergies and other health problems;

_{According to the latest ILO estimates, at least 250 million children of between 5 and 14}

_{than in urban centres. Rural children, in particular girls, tend to start working at an early age.}

_{basis. The participation rates of children in economic activities is much higher in rural areas}

_{years of age work in developing countries. Almost half of these children work on a full-time}

Is there child labour in agriculture? _{They work long hours, and a very high proportion of these children are injured at work.} _{children work seven days a week and are paid less than the prevailing rates in their localities.} _{some countries, children account for as much as 30% of the agricultural workforce. Most} _{market, 56 per cent work in the agricultural sector from the age of 5 to 7 years onwards. In} In Latin America and the Caribbean, out of 15 million children involved in the labour _{infections, skin problems, fever, and headaches caused by excessive heat or by exposure to} Exposure to poor working conditions has serious repercussions on children's growth, _{pesticides while working in agricultural fields.} _{development and health. The most common injuries include: cuts and wounds, eye}

_{resources to the detriment of the rural sector. Limited funds are available, in particular, in}

_{of health services in large urban areas, resulting in an imbalance in the distribution of health}

_{developing countries. The drift of the population to cities has contributed to a concentration}

_{The health status in rural areas is lower than in urban centres in both developed and}

Are health services available for agricultural workers? _{the distance from urban centres. The mortality rate is also higher in rural areas.} _{staff. The deterioration of the health status in rural areas increases progressively the greater} _{the rural populations. Small rural health centres often find it difficult to attract and retain} _{In developing countries, agricultural workers may live in extremely primitive conditions, in} preventive and primary health care, those areas where a greater impact could be made among _{diseases and health impairments arise from poor sanitation, inadequate housing, malnutrition} _{diseases in most rural areas further aggravates rural workers' poor health and misery. Many} _{both general and occupational diseases. The high prevalence of epidemic and endemic} _{of the rural population in developing countries have an inadequate diet and are exposed to} areas where roads are non-existent or inadequate and transportation is difficult. The majority _{local communities.} _{greater, as traditional health approaches have provided few effective mechanisms to reach} _{In less-developed countries, the challenge to provide health for the whole rural community is} and a wide variety of parasitic and bacterial infections affecting the entire rural population. _{E-mail: safework@ilo.org – Website: www.ilo.org/safework} _{Tel: +41.22.799.67.15 - Fax: +41.22.799.68.78} _{International Labour Office – 4, route de Morillons – CH-1211 Geneva 22 Switzerland} _{SafeWork, Programme on safety, health and the environment, Labour Protection Department} For further information please contact

O C C U P A T

I O N A L O C C U P A T

I O N A L H A Z A R D S i n

H A Z A R D S i n H A Z A R D S i n

A G R

I C U L T U R E A G R

I C U L T U R E

_{fatal workplace accidents worldwide, there are some 170,000 deaths among agricultural}

_{ILO estimates, workers suffer 250 million accidents every year. Out of a total of 335,000}

_{fatal accident rate in agriculture is double the average for all other industries. According to}

_{Agriculture is one of the most hazardous occupations worldwide. In several countries the}

Is agricultural work dangerous? _{of injury. Available data from developing countries shows that there has been an increase in} _{risks. Machinery such as tractors and harvesters has the highest frequency and fatality rates} _{The intensive use of machinery and of pesticides and other agrochemicals has raised the} workers. _rising. _{workers, as well as women and children whose numbers in waged labour are constantly} _{Exposure to pesticides and other agrochemicals constitutes a major occupational risk which} the accident rate in agriculture. Such accidents occur mainly among migrants and daily may result in poisoning and death and, in certain cases, work-related cancer and reproductive _impairments.

_{• hazardous chemicals: pesticides, fertilizers, antibiotics and other veterinarian products;} _{• machinery such as tractors, trucks and harvesters, and cutting and piercing tools;} _{Those related to:} Which are the most frequent hazards in agriculture?
_{• transmissible animal diseases: brucellosis, bovine tuberculosis, hydatid disease,} _{• carcinogenic substances or agents: certain pesticides such as arsenicals and phenoxy-acetic} • toxic or allergenic agents: plants, flowers, dusts, animal waste, gloves (chrome), oils; _{herbicides, UV radiations, parasitic diseases such as bilharziasis and facioliasis;} _{• other infectious and parasitic diseases: leishmaniasis, bilharziasis, facioliasis, malaria,} _{• confined spaces such as silos, pits, cellars and tanks;} _{tetanus, mycosis;} tularaemia, rabies, Lyme disease, tinea, listerioses; _{• extreme temperatures due to weather conditions;} _{• ergonomic hazards: use of inadequate equipment and tools, unnatural body position or} • noise and vibration; _{prolonged static postures, carrying of heavy loads, repetitive work, excessive long hours;}

contact with wild and poisonous animals: insects, spiders, scorpions, snakes, certain wild _mammals.

_{Official data on the incidence of occupational accidents and diseases are imprecise and}

_{mandatory, available information on workplace accidents does not reflect the very many}

_{systems. Furthermore, as only relatively few accidents are fatal and their notification}

_{notoriously underestimated, due to inadequate and heterogeneous recording and notifications}

How much we know about occupational hazards in agriculture?

_{agricultural workers. Many countries group agriculture together with other sectors such as}

_{compensation systems may exclude the agricultural sector or certain categories of}

_{agricultural sector under-reporting is even more evident. In many countries the reporting and}

_{cause of death, this fact is often missing from the death certificate. In the case of the}

_{RATES OF INJURIES IN AGRICULTURE, HUNTING, FORESTRY}

AND FISHING

_{particularly serious with rapid technological changes in agricultural production and with an} _{of proper treatment and appropriated preventive measures. This situation is becoming} _{to evaluate due to their long-term effects and uncertain symptoms. Workers are thus deprived} _{conditions due to noise, vibration, and low exposure to dusts or pesticides are more difficult} Problems in diagnosis also lead to under-reporting in the vast majority of countries. Chronic _{safety and health regulations in agricultural settings.} _{have over the rhythm, content and organization of their work and the weak enforcement of} increasing use of hazardous substances. It is also amplified by the poor control that workers _{limited number of countries (i.e. from about one-third of the ILO's member States).}

_{on different national recording and notification systems, reasonable reliable data may only be obtained from a rather}

1 The International Labour Office collects and publishes global figures of accidents and diseases. As these are based

The following table shows the incidence rate of some of the main occupational diseases in _{agriculture recorded at national level:} _{Allergic eczema} _{Articular disorders 837} Occupational diseases Number of cases Incidence rate ₅₉ _{per 100,000 workers} _81.3 _5.7 _{Vibration and shock-related disorders} Respiratory allergy _{Leptospirosis 15} ⁶¹ ₂₂ ^5.9 _1.5 _2.1 _{Pesticides intoxication} _{Noise induced impairment} Brucellosis 22 ₂₂ ₂₂ _2.1 _2.1 ^2.1 _{Agricole, Paris, France, 1997).} _{Source: MSA – Données chifrées. Le risque d'accident des salaries agricoles, 1976-1996 (Mutualité Sociale} Other occupational diseases ⁵⁸ ^5.6 _{– TOTAL OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES 1158} _{development, nutrition and health are still problem areas. This situation provokes a vicious} _{Despite the fact that certain developing countries have reached higher levels of economic} _agriculture? Are there other aspects which affect the health of workers in _{malnutrition, general and occupational diseases, and complications arising from undiagnosed} _{mortality pattern among agricultural workers, which is due to the combination of} _{interaction between poor living and working conditions determines a distinctive morbidity-} circle of low productivity, low wages, malnutrition, ill-health and low working capacity. The _{or untreated diseases. Low working capacity is closely related to workers' malnutrition and} _{technological development, quality of services, etc. Agricultural workers are dependent on} _{such as climate, fauna, population density, living conditions, level of education, training,} _{Diseases and accidents caused by agricultural work are also conditioned by a range of factors} poor health. _{communities often lack education and information on the health hazards they may face.} _{enterprises which provide housing for temporary workers and for migrant workers. Rural} _{standards of hygiene in living quarters affect not only smallholdings, but also the large} _{care, adequate water supply and sanitation systems are generally insufficient. The low} the general standards of public health services in rural areas where the provision of health Traditional health approaches have few effective mechanisms to reach rural communities.

_{E-mail: safework@ilo.org – Website: www.ilo.org/safework} _{Tel: +41.22.799.67.15 - Fax: +41.22.799.68.78}

_{SafeWork, Programme on safety, health and the environment, Labour Protection Department}

_{International Labour Office – 4, route de Morillons – CH-1211 Geneva 22 Switzerland}

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L E G

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S A F E T Y a n d H E A L T H

I C U L T U R E i n A G R

I C U L T U R E _laws? _{What is the definition of agriculture under national safety and health} i n A G R

I C U L T U R E

_{• livestock rearing;} _{• tillage of the soil, cultivation and harvesting;} _activities: Its definition is often general and imprecise, and may include one or more of the following _{• seeds and plants production;} _{• forestry work and forest conservation;} • breeding of other animals (poultry, apiculture, fish farming); _{• manufacture of animal husbandry products;} _legislation? _{How is the agricultural sector covered by national safety and health} • primary processing of agricultural products. _{full to the agricultural sector.} _{most cases general labour laws may give no specific reference or may not be applicable in} _{member States have developed a comprehensive set of standards applicable to agriculture. In} There is a wide diversity of approaches in national legislation. Only a small number of
_{• safety and health laws and regulations which indirectly or specifically exclude agriculture}
_{• safety and health laws and regulations which do not exclude agriculture;} _{• safety and health laws and regulations which comprehensively address agriculture;}

National legislation can be grouped under the following headings:

_{• safety and health regulations, standards and codes of practice which specify safety and} _{health measures concerning:} or certain categories of agricultural workers; _{– mobile machinery for agriculture and forestry,} _{– special protective measures for the use of explosives,} _{– personal protective equipment,} _{– the prevention of accidents in silos and other confined spaces,} _{– list of recognized occupational diseases in agriculture,} – pesticides and other agrochemicals, _{Do compensation schemes for occupational injuries and diseases apply to} _{– welfare, housing and other facilities.} – occupational medical services in agriculture,
_{• most member States exclude the agricultural sector or certain categories of agricultural} agricultural workers? _employed); _{workers from their formal systems of compensation (migrant, temporary workers, self-}

only some member States provide coverage in a single national insurance scheme;
_{• only in a few member States recording and notification systems are regularly applied to} • only a small number of member States have a special voluntary insurance scheme for _{agricultural workers;} _agriculture;
due to under-reporting, available statistics on occupational injuries and diseases in _{agriculture are insufficient in most countries.}
_{• inspection in agriculture may be carried by the Ministry of Labour or by the Ministry of} How does inspection in agriculture is carried out? _{agricultural undertakings;} _{primary responsibility for regulating the use of pesticides and working conditions in} _{Health, depending on the country's enforcement regulations. In most cases, they have a}
in some cases, legislation provides for Ministries of Environment and Agriculture, and _{• labour inspectorates are traditionally confined to the urban areas. When this is not the case,} _{the relevant institutions;} _{applicable to the sector. Frequently, this situation causes an overlapping of roles between} _{social security institutions to participate in the administration and enforcement of laws} _{• lack of resources for inspection, in terms of skills, basic infrastructure and means of} _{transportation, seriously limit the effectiveness of protective labour laws in rural areas.} _{rural areas;} there are wide disparities in the number of inspectors allocated between the urban and

_{need to be take into account in the context of labour administration reforms and rural}

_{agricultural sector in an appropriate manner. National priorities and financial constraints}

_{development policies. Extension services and other bodies could support the enforcement}

How to overcome enforcement constraints?

_{An adequate system of inspection is necessary in order to extend inspection services to the}

_{employers and workers organisations should be promoted.}

_{• a single labour service responsible for all sectors of economic activity;}

_{which labour inspection in agriculture may be carried out:}

ILO Convention on Labour Inspection (Agriculture) No. 129, provides for different ways in

a single labour service, which would arrange for internal specialization either through _{• a labour inspection service specialized in agriculture, reporting to a central body} _{– the appropriate training of inspectors in agriculture, or} _{– an unit technically qualified in agriculture;} _{• a labour inspection service assisted for certain inspection functions at the regional or local} _{levels by appropriate government services or public institutions.} responsible for coordinating labour inspection;

_{E-mail: safework@ilo.org – Website: www.ilo.org/safework}

_{Tel: +41.22.799.67.15 - Fax: +41.22.799.68.78}

_{International Labour Office – 4, route de Morillons – CH-1211 Geneva 22 Switzerland}

_{SafeWork, Programme on safety, health and the environment, Labour Protection Department}

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W O M E N i n W O M E N i n

W O M E N i n A G R

I C U L T U R E A G R

I C U L T U R E How important are women to agricultural production?

_{Economic integration has been strongly associated with increased employment of women in}

_{the paid, non-agricultural labour. Nevertheless, today, more than half of all women}

_{almost half of the world's agricultural workforce. They represent 47% in Africa, 17% in}

_{contribute to food production both for household production and sale. Women account for}

_{unpaid family members. In addition to their productive work, they have the primary}

_{of women workers in agriculture are in subsistence farming, self-employed or working as}

_{gender inequalities are pronounced in this sector. In developing countries, the great majority}

_{However, women's role in agricultural production has been traditionally under-estimated and}

responsibility for domestic chores such as cleaning, cooking, taking care of the children, the _{generating activities to contribute to the family subsistence.} _{sick and the elderly, fetching water and fuel-wood. They are also engaged in other income-}

_{by market liberalization in developing countries have also displaced women from permanent}

_{in sub-Saharan Africa and South and Western Asia. New employment opportunities created}

_{left to women and a large percentage of rural households are headed by women, particularly}

_{Due to the migration of young men to urban centres, waged agricultural work is increasingly}

Has their traditional role changed?

_{earnings are less than those of men. Negative factors such as political docility appear to be}

_{agriculture in developing countries involve in most cases poor quality jobs and their average}

_{manual labour in the areas of agricultural export. Women employment in export-oriented}

_{behind the preferential demand for female labour. Long hours of work, congested housing,}

_{worker's whole family (including children and the elderly). Women often take their children}

_{complement the income of small-scale farmers. Much of this labour often involves a}

_{The cultivation of non-traditional export crops has also provided low-paid jobs which}

_{marketers of food for the local market.}

_{disproportionate effect on women since they have traditionally been the producers and}

_{to share the work with women but not the profits from sales. This is likely to have a}

_{hazards. With the introduction of non-traditional crops in small-scale farming, men are found}

_{Women in agriculture, like many other rural workers, have a high incidence of injuries and}

_{education, training or access to information on the risks involved in their work.}

_{diseases and are insufficiently reached by health services. Most of them have practically no}

What is the impact of working conditions on women's health?

_{studies have shown that traditional "female" tasks, such as sowing out, picking out, and}

_{exposure to pesticides. Heavy work during crop cultivation and harvesting is frequent. Some}

_{spontaneous abortions has been directly related to work in greenhouses microclimates and to}

_{worsen pathologies brought on by old age. The risk of miscarriages, premature deliveries and}

_{mechanical means during irrigation, ridging and farming. When such tasks involve}

_{Carrying loads is one of the major chores of rural women-workers in developing countries.}

_{machinery handling, they are traditionally undertaken by male workers.}

_{musculoskeletal disorders, such as chronic back pain, chest pain and miscarriages.}

_{heads and backs over considerable distances. Carrying heavy loads can cause serious}

_{livestock, tending and marketing goods and carrying weights of more than 35 kg on their}

_{E-mail: safework@ilo.org – Website: www.ilo.org/safework}

_{Tel: +41.22.799.67.15 - Fax: +41.22.799.68.78}

_{International Labour Office – 4, route de Morillons – CH-1211 Geneva 22 Switzerland}

_{SafeWork, Programme on safety, health and the environment, Labour Protection Department}

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T h e

I L O T h e

I L O P R O G R A M M E o n

P R O G R A M M E o n P R O G R A M M E o n

O C C U P A T

I O N A L O C C U P A T

I O N A L S A F E T Y a n d H E A L T H

S A F E T Y a n d H E A L T H

I C U L T U R E i n A G R

I C U L T U R E

_{estimated 1.3 billion workers active in agricultural production worldwide. The majority of}

_{In today's world the agricultural sector employs half of the world's labour force with an}

I C U L T U R E _century. _{the technological development and the globalization trends which characterized the 20th} _{farmers. They have been more often victims rather than beneficiaries of the green revolution,} agricultural workers are found in developing countries. A great majority are small scale _{agriculture run at least twice the risk of dying on the job as compared with workers in other} _{sectors. Agricultural mortality rates have remained consistently high in the last decade as} _{developing countries. According to estimates from the International Labour Office (ILO),} Agriculture is one of the three most hazardous sectors of activity, both in industrialized and _{some 170,000 agricultural workers are killed each year. This means that workers in} _{of the occupational health and safety of farm workers is likely to be worse than what official} _{under-reporting of deaths, injuries and occupational diseases in agriculture, the real picture} _{or poisoned by pesticides and other agrochemicals. Furthermore, due to the widespread} _{agricultural workers are seriously injured in workplace accidents with agricultural machinery} compared with other sectors, where fatal accident rates have decreased. Millions of _{categories of agricultural workers are covered by national legislation, employment injury} _{Although conditions vary greatly from one country to another, in most countries only some} statistics indicate. _{benefits or insurance schemes. A large number of agricultural workers are thus deprived of} _{and low levels of organization among agricultural workers.} _{understanding and training on hazards and their prevention of both of employers and workers} _{applied. Effective enforcement is poor due to insufficient labour inspection, lack of} any form of social protection. When national regulations exist, they are often sporadically _{the environment is also crucial for the future of the world's food production and for its} _{health and welfare. An adequate balance between agricultural growth and the protection of} _{sustainability. Occupational health in agriculture must be integrated into a rural development} In order to guarantee sustainable agricultural development in the new millennium, rural _{workers and their families should have access to adequate working and living conditions,} _{national and international levels.} _{environmental protection to be consistent with current trends and should be addressed both at} policy with a well-defined strategy. It should place an emphasis on prevention and

_{the problems of safety and health in agriculture. Therefore, the Governing Body decided, at}

_{Convention, 1981 (No. 155), there is no comprehensive international standard dealing with}

_{(No. 110) and agriculture is generally covered by the Occupational Safety and Health}

_{Although waged-workers in agriculture are protected by the Plantations Convention, 1958}

New standards on safety and health in agriculture

_{double-discussion procedure foreseen in article 39 of the Standing Orders of the Conference.}

_{Session (2000) of the International Labour Conference. This item will be addressed under the}

_{preliminary report (Safety and Health in Agriculture, Report VI(1), International Labour} _{in the second Report VI(2), which also indicates the main points that the Conference may} _{were asked to reply, stating the reasons for their replies. These replies have been summarized} _{Conference, 88th Session, 2000) was accompanied by a questionnaire to which Governments} The Office has prepared two reports to serve as a basis for the first discussion. The _developed. _{on which national policies on occupational safety and health in agriculture could be} wish to consider. This new international standards intend to contribute to set the framework

_{A Central American Technical Cooperation Project on Occupational Safety and Health in}

Technical cooperation: The ILO's Central American Project on Safety

_{Agriculture was developed from 1993 to 1998. This project drawn up and tested a model}

_{and Health in Agriculture.}

_{and children) including temporary workers. Special attention was paid to the active}

_{The target beneficiaries of the project were agricultural workers and their families (women}

_{agriculture in developing countries, in order to orient future ILO action in this area.}

_{The project strategy was oriented towards the implementation of a national policy for the}

_{and actively participated in awareness raising and training of other agricultural workers.}

_{improvement of working and living conditions of rural workers and the prevention of}

_{supportive mechanisms to implement the programme; a network of information and training}

_{agrochemicals; a preventive health surveillance system; national capacity building and}

_{national policy on occupational safety and health for the sector; a system of classification of}

_{legislative framework including the updating of occupational safety and health legislation; a}

_{cooperation activities. Such model will be further developed through the launching of an}

_{number of training tools, policy guidelines and model regulations used for technical}

_{sustainable agriculture. The experience gained has contributed to the development of a}

_{International Programme on Safety and Health in Agriculture within the framework of the}

_{exchange and capacity building.}

_{be enhanced by combining standard setting, safety and health promotion, information}

_{E-mail: safework@ilo.org – Website: www.ilo.org/safework}

_{Tel: +41.22.799.67.15 - Fax: +41.22.799.68.78}

_{International Labour Office – 4, route de Morillons – CH-1211 Geneva 22 Switzerland}

_{SafeWork, Programme on safety, health and the environment, Labour Protection Department}

For further information please contact

I I T a E

9 _{1. Plantations Convention, 1958 (No. 110), and its accompanying Recommendation} _{(No. 110).}

2. Guarding of Machinery Convention, 1963 (No. 119), and its accompanying _{Recommendation (No. 118).} _{3. Employment Injury Benefits Convention, 1964 (No. 121), and its accompanying} _{Recommendation (No. 121) [Schedule I amended in 1980].}

4. Maximum Weight Convention, 1967 (No. 127), and its accompanying _{Recommendation (No. 128).} _{5. Labour Inspection (Agriculture) Convention, 1969 (No. 129), and its accompanying} _{Recommendation (No. 133).}

6. Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138), and its accompanying Recommendation _{(No. 146).} _{7. Occupational Cancer Convention, 1974 (No. 139), and its accompanying} _{Recommendation (No. 147).}

8. Working Environment (Air Pollution, Noise and Vibration) Convention, 1977 (No. _{148), and its accompanying Recommendation (No. 156).} _{9. Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981 (No. 155), and its accompanying} _{Recommendation (No. 164).}

10. Occupational Health Services Convention, 1985 (No. 161), and its accompanying _{Recommendation (No. 171).} _{11. Safety in Construction Convention, 1988 (No. 167), and its accompanying} _{Recommendation (No. 175).}

12. 12. Chemicals Convention, 1990 (No. 170), and its accompanying Recommendation _{(No. 177).} _{Ratifications of ILO Conventions of direct relevance to safety and health in agriculture}

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Convention ^{Countries that have ratified the Convention} _{(by March 2000)} ^{No. of} ^ratifica- _tions _{C.110 Plantations} _{Convention, 1958} _{Brazil; Côte d'Ivoire; Cuba; Ecuador; Guatemala; Liberia; Mexico;} _{Nicaragua; Panama; Philippines; Sri Lanka; Uruguay.} ₁₂ _{C.119 Guarding} _{Convention, 1963} of Machinery ^{Algeria; Azerbaijan; Belarus; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Brazil; Central} ^{African Republic; Congo; Croatia; Cyprus; Democratic Rep. of the}

_{Congo; Denmark; Dominican Rep.; Ecuador; Finland; Ghana;}

_{Guatemala; Guinea; Iraq; Italy; Japan; Jordan; Kuwait; Kyrgyzstan;}

_{Latvia; Madagascar; Malaysia; Malta; Morocco; Nicaragua; Niger;}

_{Norway; Panama; Paraguay; Poland; Russian Fed.; San Marino; Sierra}

_{Tajikistan; The former Yugoslav Rep. of Macedonia; Tunisia; Turkey;}

_{Ukraine; Uruguay; Yugoslavia.}

⁴⁹

_C.121

_Employment

_{Convention, 1964}

_{[Schedule I}

_{amended in 1980]}

^{Belgium; Bolivia; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Chile; Croatia; Cyprus;}

^{Democratic Rep. of the Congo; Ecuador; Finland; Germany; Guinea;}

^{Ireland; Japan; Libyan Arab Jamahiriya; Luxembourg; Netherlands;}

_{Senegal; Slovenia; Sweden; The former Yugoslav Rep. of Macedonia;}

_{Uruguay; Venezuela; Yugoslavia.}

²³

Convention ^{Countries that have ratified the Convention} _{(by March 2000)} ^{No. of} ^ratifica- _tions _{C.127 Maximum} _Weight _{Convention, 1967}

_{Algeria; Brazil; Bulgaria; Chile; Costa Rica; Ecuador; France;}

_{Guatemala; Hungary; Italy; Lebanon; Lithuania; Madagascar; Malta;}

_{Rep. of Moldova; Nicaragua; Panama; Poland; Portugal; Romania;}

²⁵

_{C.129 Labour}

_Inspection

_{(Agriculture)}

_{Convention, 1969}

_{Argentina; Belgium; Bolivia; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Burkina Faso;}

_{Colombia; Costa Rica; Côte d'Ivoire; Croatia; Denmark; El Salvador;}

_{Finland; France; Germany; Guatemala; Guyana; Hungary; Italy;}

_{Kenya; Latvia; Madagascar; Malawi; Malta; Rep. of Moldova;}

_{Spain; Sweden; Syrian Arab Rep.; The former Yugoslav Rep. of}

_{Macedonia; Uruguay; Yugoslavia; Zimbabwe.}

³⁸

_{C.138 Minimum}

_{Age Convention,}

^{Albania; Algeria; Antigua and Barbuda; Argentina; Azerbaijan;}

^{Barbados; Belarus; Belgium; Bolivia; Bosnia and Herzegovina;}

^{Botswana; Bulgaria; Burkina Faso; Cambodia; Chile; China; Congo;}

_{Costa Rica; Croatia; Cuba; Cyprus; Denmark; Dominica; Dominican}

_{Rep.; Egypt; El Salvador; Equatorial Guinea; Ethiopia; Finland;}

_{France; Georgia; Germany; Greece; Guatemala; Guyana; Honduras;}

_{Hungary; Iceland; Indonesia; Iraq; Ireland; Israel; Italy; Jordan;}

_{Arab Jamahiriya; Luxembourg; Malaysia; Malta; Morocco; Mauritius;}

_{Nepal; Netherlands; Nicaragua; Niger; Norway; Philippines; Poland;}

_{Portugal; Romania; Russian Fed.; Rwanda; San Marino; Slovakia;}

_{Slovenia; Senegal; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Tajikistan; The}

_{Tunisia; Turkey; Ukraine; United Arab Emirates; Uruguay;}

_{Venezuela; Yugoslavia; Zambia.}

⁸⁵

_C.139

_Occupational

_{Convention, 1974}

^{Afghanistan; Argentina; Belgium; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Brazil;}

^{Croatia; Czech Rep.; Denmark; Ecuador; Egypt; Finland; France;}

^{Germany; Guinea; Guyana; Hungary; Iceland; Iraq; Ireland; Italy;}

_{Japan; Nicaragua; Norway; Peru; Portugal; Slovakia; Slovenia;}

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Dukungan

Links

AGRICULTURAL WORKERS SHARE IN THE WORLD

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POVERTY SHARE IN THE WORLD

AND FISHING

1 The International Labour Office collects and publishes global figures of accidents and diseases. As these are based

Dokumen yang terkait

THE ANALYSIS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS AS THE AFTERMATH OF THE WORLD WAR I IN VIRGINIA WOOLF’S MRS. DALLOWAY

ELEMENTS OF HUMANITY IN SCORPIONS’S WIND OF CHANGE AND MICHAEL JACKSON’S HEAL THE WORLD

FEMALE WORKERS IN POST DISASTER RECO

THE DEVELOPMENT OF ISLAMIC ECONOMICS IN VARIOUS PARTS OF THE WORLD

THE WORLD WITHOUT US BY ALAN WEISMAN

THE PROBLEMATICS IN MEASUREMENT OF MARKET SHARE

VARIOUS VEGETATION MODIFIES THE DIVERSITY OF HERPETOFAUNA IN WONOSOBO AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE

THE POSITION OF ISLAM NUSANTARA IN GEOPOLITICAL DINAMYCS OF ISLAMIC WORLD

ABSTRACT THE IMPACT OF GENAIDY PHYSICAL ENDURANCE TRAINING ON FEMALE WORKERS OF SHOE FACTORIES IN TANGERANG

THE READINESS OF FOREIGN WORKERS REGULATIONS IN THE ENGINEERING AND MEDICAL PRACTITIONERS SECTOR ENTERING THE ASEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY

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