Effect of Discontinuing Sodium Bicarbonate on Fermentation Process of Palm Oil Mill Effluent
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[24]
Asian Journal of Chemistry; Vol. 28, No. 2 (2016), 377-380
ASIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY
http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2016.19353
Effect of Discontinuing Sodium Bicarbonate on Fermentation Process
Process of Palm Oil Mill Effluent
IVR
1,*
AN
, B. TRISAKTI1 , F. SOSANTY1 and Y. TOMIUCHI2
1
Chemical Engineering Department, University of Sumatera Utara, Jalan Almamater Komplek USU, Medan 20155, Indonesia
7, Yawata-kaigandori, Ichihara-city, Chiba 290-8511, Japan
2
*Corresponding author: Fax: +62 61 8213250; Tel: +62 61 8214396; E-mail: i_v_a_n_mz@yahoo.com
Received: 15 May 2015;
Accepted: 25 June 2015;
[10]
Published online: 3 November 2015;
AJC-17613
The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of discontinuing sodium bicarbonate on the fermentation of palm oil mill effluent to
[10]
[21]
biogas. This research was conducted in a two liters continuous stirred tank reactor at thermophilic temperature of 55 °C. Fresh palm oil
[9]
mill effluent from Adolina mill without further treatment was used as feed. The result showed that at hydraulic retention time of 6 days
and discontinuing of sodium bicarbonate addition, there was no significant effect on the production of biogas, change of pH, volatile solid
[9]
and total solid degradation, except alkalinity. By discontinuing sodium bicarbonate, biogas production was in the range of 4-6 L/day,
[25]
while by adding sodium bicarbonate was 6-10 L/day. About 45 % of volatile solid degradation by discontinuing of sodium bicarbonate
addition was obtained during the digestion, while by using sodium bicarbonate was 55 %. pH of digester was relatively stable with
average value was 6.7 and alkalinity was 2000 mg/L.
[1
1 5]
Keywords: Anaerobic, Biogas, Palm oil mill effluent,
effluent, Sodium bicarbonate, Thermophilic, Hydraulic retention time.
[14]
adding carbonates. There are several types of carbonates that
c o m m uo sn e l dy
s u c h b ai sc , a r s b o o d n i au t me ,
Palm oil industry in Indonesia is growing rapidly. This is
[14]
carbonate,
sodium
hydroxide,
magnesium oxide and lime. The
shown from the total area of oil palm plantation in Indonesia
sodium bicarbonate is the most commonly used chemical in
that increased to 9,074,621 ha and crude palm oil (CPO) proanaerobic process, because its high solubility and lack of the
duction was 23.5 million tons in 2012 [1]. It makes Indonesia
need for CO2 neutralization make it easy to use with little risk
become one of the countries with largest production of crude
[5].
palm oil. As the consequence, new problem appears where
[15]
Some studies about anaerobic process for the treatment
more wastes are generated. One kind of the wastes produced
of palm oil mill effluent have used NaHCO3 to adjust the pH
by palm oil mill in large numbers is palm oil mill effluent
[15]
within the optimum range for anaerobic microbial growth
(POME). Fresh palm oil mill effluent coming out from fat pit
[38]
[6-10]. Choi et al. [11] reported that 10 g/L of NaHCO 3 was
is hot (80-90 °C), typically has biological oxygen demand
added to the fresh palm oil mill effluent before it was fed into
(BOD) of 20,000-25,000 mg/L, chemical oxygen demand
[15]
[15]
the anaerobic hybrid reactor (AHR). Palm oil mill effluent pH
(COD) of 40,000-50,000 mg/L and pH 3.8-4.5. Generally for
increased to 7.1 from an initial level of 3.9. Then, after the 7th
one tonne of fresh fruit bunch (FFB) produces about one ton
week, NaHCO3 was not added anymore. Chan et al. [12] also
of palm oil mill effluent [2].
[22]
Nowadays, anaerobic digestion process becomes a popular reported in their experiment to treat palm oil mill effluent using
[22]
sequencing batch reactor (SBR), without pH adjustment the
method to treat palm oil mill effluent. This method involves a
operating pH increased from 7.4 up to the values ranging betgroup of microorganism digesting organic matters to produce
[10]
ween 8.33 and 9.14 and then it remained constant. No research
methane and carbon dioxide as major components in biogas.
[22]
has been conducted in order to investigate the effect of NaHCO
3
One of the key factors to successfully control the stability and
the
fermentation
of
palm
on
the
digestion
performance
from
efficiency of an anaerobic reactor is pH [3].
[9]
oil mill effluent. For this purpose, a series of experiments by
In the anaerobic process, the pH conditions required
[24]
performing the termination of addition NaHCO 3 was conby methanogenic bacteria are in the range 6.5 to 7.5 [4]. To
ducted, therefore the effect on biogas production, changes in
maintain this pH in the range of conditions required by
[15]
pH
and alkalinity were known.
microorganisms to live, the alkalinity is usually adjusted by
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
s
378 Irvan et al.
Asian J. Chem.
The material used in this study was palm oil mill effluent
aktoerpftnm
iafta
pom
afloli
's
waest
w
em
rateartfent
ytialci
belongs to Adolina palm oil mill PTPN IV, North Sumatera,
[13]
Indonesia. The characteristics of palm oil mill effluent used in
[9]
the experiment are shown in Table-1. While, anaerobic digested
wastewater taken from anaerobic pond of the same treatment
facility was used as inoculum. As supporting materials were
NaHCO3 , hydrochloric acid solution, metallic solution of trace
[10]
]9[
,il
and CoCl 2·6H2O. Thaodeiondtfi
metal; FeCl2NC
FeCl 2
2·6H2O
is to minimize H2S production and the addition of NiCl
2·6H2O
anaeorm
bcicom
ribaliaebtsm
oil.
anC
doCl
·H 2O erqaeruofdir
26
]43[
CHARACTERI
STI CO
SF
TABLE1
PALM
OI
Experimental design of this experiment was shown in
Fig. 2.
Loading up
Concentration
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
Main experiment
NaHCO3
Stop addition
Co
Ni
Time
MI
L
LL
EF
Parameters
pH
Total solid (mg/L)
Volatile solid (mg/L)
Chemical oxygen demand (mg/L)
Biological oxygen demand (mg/L)
VFA
(
m
L
g/ )
Oil and grease (mg/L)
FLUENT
Fig. 2. Experimental design
Vla ues
[34]
4.5
42,173
33,390
42,000
23,000
4,510
3,700
[10]
General procedure
procedure : The anaerobic digestion of the
experimental laboratory set-up for the fermentation of palm
oil mill effluent is shown in Fig. 1. The fermentation was
performed in a 2 L capacity transparent jar digester (EYELA,
Model MBF 300ME) which was provided with double walled
water jacket to control the temperature, valves for sampling,
conduit for discharge and feeding, turbine propeller and alarm
indicator bulb anticipating temperature disorder.A data logger
(KEYENCE, Model NR-250) was connected to computer to
enable automatic recording of temperature and pH, provided
by censoring equipment attached to digester [13].
During the experiment, feeding and discharging were
carried out automatically six times in a day, having an interval
of four hours (intermittent).
Detection method: Loading up was carried out based on
the increased production of biogas which measured by using
a wet gas meter (SHINAGAWA, Model W-NK-0.5B). If biogas
production raised by 20 % then the loading up was increased
by 20 % as well, until hydraulic retention time 6 days was
achieved. Concentrations of H2 S and CO2 in the biogas were
measured by using a suction gas injector (GASTEC, type GV100S) and inspection tube (GASTEC, 25-1600 ppm). Temperature and pH were measured using a connected thermocouple
and pH probes and then acquired in a data logger (KEYENCE,
Model NR-250). To ensure the accuracy, pH electrode was
calibrated once in two weeks. The measurement of total solid,
volatile solid, alkalinity and pH value were in accordance with
standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater
[14].
[4
4 6]
RESULTS
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
°C
M
55 ± 1°C
pH
M
Logger
Gas
meter
0.333 L/d
0.333 L/d
P
P
Feed tank (2 L)
Digester (2 L)
Fig. 1. Anaerobic digestion of the experimental laboratory set-up
This research was performed by two mayor steps; loading
up and main experiment.
[44]
• The loading up process took about 12 days to reach
hydraulic retention time of 6 days. During the loading up, 2.5
g/L NaHCO3, 0.49 mg/L NiCl 2·6H2O and 0.42 CoCl2 ·6H2O
were added into the feed tank
• After hydraulic retention time 6 days was reached the
addition of NaHCO 3 was stopped, except the addition of
NiCl2·6H 2O and CoCl2 ·6H2O.
Biogas production:
production: The measurement of biogas production during the fermentation process was carried out by using
a wet gas meter (SHINAGAWA, Model W-NK-0.5B). During
[13]
the loading up, 2.5 g/L NaHCO3 was added to the digester,
since palm oil mill effluent used in this study was acidic with
a pH around 4.5.
[31]
Fig. 3 shows biogas generation during the fermentation
[28]
process. As shown in Fig. 3, biogas generation increased from
the 1st day to the 11th day where the initial hydraulic retention
time was 60 days. The biogas production increased as hydraulic
retention time decreased. The biogas production increased
[36]
from 3.02 L/day to 9.01 L/day as hydraulic retention time
[36]
decreased from 20 days to 6 days. The increase of biogas
production was due to the higher loading rate with shorter
hydraulic retention time.
[28]
After hydraulic retention time 6 days was reached on the
th
11 day and stable data were achieved, shown by the stable
production of biogas on the 40th to 50th day, the addition of
[18]
NaHCO3 was stopped. After the addition of NaHCO 3 was
th
stopped on the 50 day, the gas generation decreased gradually,
although, until the 65th day the gas production was relatively
high, in the range of 7 to 8 L/day. This high biogas production
Vol. 28, No. 2 (2016)
Effect of Discontinuing Sodium Bicarbonate on Fermentation Process of Palm Oil Mill Effluent 379
From the 58th day until 100th day, the average alkalinity
values by discontinuing NaHCO3 was 2000 mg/L, which is
9
the lower limit of appropriate alkalinity values for effective
8
anaerobic digestion process [15].
7
[43]
Effect of discontinuation of NaHCO
3 on pH: In the
6
anaerobic process for biogas production requires a condition
5
for the methane-forming microorganisms to live and multiply.
4
[30]
One of the conditions that must be maintained is the pH of the
3
[30]
anaerobic treatment system. The pH must not be allowed to
2
NaHCO3 addition (from 1st to 50th day)
[22]
NaHCO
discontinuation
(from
51st
to
100th
day)
fall below 6.2 as it begins to impede the methanogenic bacteria,
1
3
or in the range of 6.5 to 7.5 [16]. To maintain the pH in the range
0
0
5
10
15
20 5 2 30
35
40
45
50
required by microorganisms in order to live, then the alkalinity
Time (day)
should be maintained by adding NaHCO3.
Fig. 3.[13] Effect of the addition and discontinuation of NaHCO
3 on biogas
production
During the early period of this experiment, 2.5 g/L NaHCO
3
was added to the fresh palm oil mill effluent before it was fed
could still be obtained because biogas producer microorgainto the digester. The palm oil mill effluent pH increased to
nisms were still stable since environmental condition was
approximately 7.1 from an initial level of 4.5. No significant
sufficient for the needs in the activity of methanogenic bacteria. difference of pH values was occurred, from the 1 st day until
[13]
From the 66th day biogas production kept on decreasing until
the 50th day of the fermentation process for system by adding
the 70th day and then fluctuating until the 85 th day indicating
NaHCO3 .
that the performance of the digester was not stabilized during
Fig. 5 shows the profile of pH inside the digester by
[13]
this period. Although no troubles were occurred to the equipdiscontinuing NaHCO3. Sodium bicarbonate was not added
ment or controller of the digester.
anymore after the 50th day. By discontinuing NaHCO3 , pH of
[13]
From the 86th day until the 100 th day of the experiment,
digester decreased slightly but not significantly. They were still
biogas production was stable at about 4.5 L/day, decrease 36 % in the range that is allowed for the anaerobic fermentation
from the highest biogas production. This is giving indication
(6.5 to 7.5). Average pH value was 6.7.
that microorganism condition has been stable.
[3
3 5]
Effect of discontinuation of NaHCO
3 on alkalinity:
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95100
[29]
9
Alkalinity is a measure of the capacity of water to neutralize
[29]
acids. In wastewater treatment, alkalinity is an important
parameter in determining the amenability of wastes to the
8
treatment process and control of processes such as anaerobic
digestion.
Fig. 4 shows the profile of alkalinity by adding and discon7
tinuing NaHCO3 in the fermentation of palm oil mill effluent.
[18]
Alkalinity increased from the 1st day to the 75th in the range of
4000 to 5000 mg/L and then relatively stable at the value of
6
[16]
NaHCO3 addition (from 1st to 50th day)
5000 mg/L. For discontinuing NaHCO3 system, the highest
NaHCO3 discontinuation (from 51st to 100th day)
alkalinity value was achieved at the beginning of the process,
on the 51st day. It was occurred because there was still supply
5
[16]
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
of bicarbonate. After that, alkalinity values decreased, indicating
Ti me
( day)
sodium bicarbonate was reduced in the digester, as the conseFig. 5. Effect of the discontinuation of NaHCO
3 on pH
quence the microbes in digester might not work as good as at
the beginning of the process.
Volatile solid and total solid degradation in the digester:
[16]
Volatile solid is the solid part of wastewater that turned into a
50
55
0 6 65
70 75
80
85
0 9 95 100
6000
gas phase on the acidification and methanogenesis stages in
5500
[16]
the fermentation of organic waste and biogas production. It
5000
can be referred to the percentage of volatile solid.
4500
4000
Fig. 6 shows the effect of discontinuing NaHCO3 on the
[25]
3500
volatile solid degradation. As shown on Fig. 6, the average results
3000
of the volatile solid degradation by discontinuing NaHCO3
[25]
2500
was 45 %, while by adding NaHCO3 was 55 %. It is known that
2000
the system by discontinuing NaHCO
3 still resulted good volatile
1500
solid
degradation.
1000
NaHCO3 addition (from 1st to 50th day)
[37]
Total solid is the amount of organic and inorganic solids
500
NaHCO3 discontinuation (from 51st to 100th day)
0
contained in the liquid waste. Fig. 7 shows the effect of discon0
5
10
15
20
25
30 5 3 40
45
50
tinuing NaHCO3 on total solid degradation. From Fig. 7 it
Time (day)
shows that total solid values from the both graphs basically
Fig. 4. Effect of the addition and discontinuation of NaHCO
3 on alkalinity
50
10
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
10
0
M-Alkalinity (mg/L)
pH
Volume of biogas (L/day)
[14]
380 Irvan et al.
50
90
55
Asian J. Chem.
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
9510
0
The termination of addition of sodium bicarbonate to the
fermentation process of palm oil mill effluent although decrease
the digester performance such as reduction of biogas production, alkalinity values, pH level and degradation of volatile solid
and total solid, but they were still in the range of appropriate
values for the good anaerobic fermentation.
80
70
VS degradation (%)
Conclusion
60
50
40
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
CKNOWLEDGEMENTS
30
20
NaHCO3 addition (from 1st to 50th day)
10
0
NaHCO3 discontinuation (from 51st to 100th day)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Time (day)
35
40
45
50
This research was supported by Hibah Penelitian Unggulan
Perguruan Tinggi fiscal year 2014 No. 1076/UN5.1.R/KEU/
2014, date February 17th, 2014 and METAWATER Co. Ltd.,
Japan.
Fig. 6. Effect of the addition and discontinuation of NaHCO
3 on volatile
solid degradation
50
90
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95100
1.
2.
3.
4.
80
70
TS degradation (%)
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6.
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Fig. 7. Effect of the addition and discontinuation of NaHCO
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11.
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[24]
Asian Journal of Chemistry; Vol. 28, No. 2 (2016), 377-380
ASIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY
http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2016.19353
Effect of Discontinuing Sodium Bicarbonate on Fermentation Process
Process of Palm Oil Mill Effluent
IVR
1,*
AN
, B. TRISAKTI1 , F. SOSANTY1 and Y. TOMIUCHI2
1
Chemical Engineering Department, University of Sumatera Utara, Jalan Almamater Komplek USU, Medan 20155, Indonesia
7, Yawata-kaigandori, Ichihara-city, Chiba 290-8511, Japan
2
*Corresponding author: Fax: +62 61 8213250; Tel: +62 61 8214396; E-mail: i_v_a_n_mz@yahoo.com
Received: 15 May 2015;
Accepted: 25 June 2015;
[10]
Published online: 3 November 2015;
AJC-17613
The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of discontinuing sodium bicarbonate on the fermentation of palm oil mill effluent to
[10]
[21]
biogas. This research was conducted in a two liters continuous stirred tank reactor at thermophilic temperature of 55 °C. Fresh palm oil
[9]
mill effluent from Adolina mill without further treatment was used as feed. The result showed that at hydraulic retention time of 6 days
and discontinuing of sodium bicarbonate addition, there was no significant effect on the production of biogas, change of pH, volatile solid
[9]
and total solid degradation, except alkalinity. By discontinuing sodium bicarbonate, biogas production was in the range of 4-6 L/day,
[25]
while by adding sodium bicarbonate was 6-10 L/day. About 45 % of volatile solid degradation by discontinuing of sodium bicarbonate
addition was obtained during the digestion, while by using sodium bicarbonate was 55 %. pH of digester was relatively stable with
average value was 6.7 and alkalinity was 2000 mg/L.
[1
1 5]
Keywords: Anaerobic, Biogas, Palm oil mill effluent,
effluent, Sodium bicarbonate, Thermophilic, Hydraulic retention time.
[14]
adding carbonates. There are several types of carbonates that
c o m m uo sn e l dy
s u c h b ai sc , a r s b o o d n i au t me ,
Palm oil industry in Indonesia is growing rapidly. This is
[14]
carbonate,
sodium
hydroxide,
magnesium oxide and lime. The
shown from the total area of oil palm plantation in Indonesia
sodium bicarbonate is the most commonly used chemical in
that increased to 9,074,621 ha and crude palm oil (CPO) proanaerobic process, because its high solubility and lack of the
duction was 23.5 million tons in 2012 [1]. It makes Indonesia
need for CO2 neutralization make it easy to use with little risk
become one of the countries with largest production of crude
[5].
palm oil. As the consequence, new problem appears where
[15]
Some studies about anaerobic process for the treatment
more wastes are generated. One kind of the wastes produced
of palm oil mill effluent have used NaHCO3 to adjust the pH
by palm oil mill in large numbers is palm oil mill effluent
[15]
within the optimum range for anaerobic microbial growth
(POME). Fresh palm oil mill effluent coming out from fat pit
[38]
[6-10]. Choi et al. [11] reported that 10 g/L of NaHCO 3 was
is hot (80-90 °C), typically has biological oxygen demand
added to the fresh palm oil mill effluent before it was fed into
(BOD) of 20,000-25,000 mg/L, chemical oxygen demand
[15]
[15]
the anaerobic hybrid reactor (AHR). Palm oil mill effluent pH
(COD) of 40,000-50,000 mg/L and pH 3.8-4.5. Generally for
increased to 7.1 from an initial level of 3.9. Then, after the 7th
one tonne of fresh fruit bunch (FFB) produces about one ton
week, NaHCO3 was not added anymore. Chan et al. [12] also
of palm oil mill effluent [2].
[22]
Nowadays, anaerobic digestion process becomes a popular reported in their experiment to treat palm oil mill effluent using
[22]
sequencing batch reactor (SBR), without pH adjustment the
method to treat palm oil mill effluent. This method involves a
operating pH increased from 7.4 up to the values ranging betgroup of microorganism digesting organic matters to produce
[10]
ween 8.33 and 9.14 and then it remained constant. No research
methane and carbon dioxide as major components in biogas.
[22]
has been conducted in order to investigate the effect of NaHCO
3
One of the key factors to successfully control the stability and
the
fermentation
of
palm
on
the
digestion
performance
from
efficiency of an anaerobic reactor is pH [3].
[9]
oil mill effluent. For this purpose, a series of experiments by
In the anaerobic process, the pH conditions required
[24]
performing the termination of addition NaHCO 3 was conby methanogenic bacteria are in the range 6.5 to 7.5 [4]. To
ducted, therefore the effect on biogas production, changes in
maintain this pH in the range of conditions required by
[15]
pH
and alkalinity were known.
microorganisms to live, the alkalinity is usually adjusted by
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
s
378 Irvan et al.
Asian J. Chem.
The material used in this study was palm oil mill effluent
aktoerpftnm
iafta
pom
afloli
's
waest
w
em
rateartfent
ytialci
belongs to Adolina palm oil mill PTPN IV, North Sumatera,
[13]
Indonesia. The characteristics of palm oil mill effluent used in
[9]
the experiment are shown in Table-1. While, anaerobic digested
wastewater taken from anaerobic pond of the same treatment
facility was used as inoculum. As supporting materials were
NaHCO3 , hydrochloric acid solution, metallic solution of trace
[10]
]9[
,il
and CoCl 2·6H2O. Thaodeiondtfi
metal; FeCl2NC
FeCl 2
2·6H2O
is to minimize H2S production and the addition of NiCl
2·6H2O
anaeorm
bcicom
ribaliaebtsm
oil.
anC
doCl
·H 2O erqaeruofdir
26
]43[
CHARACTERI
STI CO
SF
TABLE1
PALM
OI
Experimental design of this experiment was shown in
Fig. 2.
Loading up
Concentration
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
Main experiment
NaHCO3
Stop addition
Co
Ni
Time
MI
L
LL
EF
Parameters
pH
Total solid (mg/L)
Volatile solid (mg/L)
Chemical oxygen demand (mg/L)
Biological oxygen demand (mg/L)
VFA
(
m
L
g/ )
Oil and grease (mg/L)
FLUENT
Fig. 2. Experimental design
Vla ues
[34]
4.5
42,173
33,390
42,000
23,000
4,510
3,700
[10]
General procedure
procedure : The anaerobic digestion of the
experimental laboratory set-up for the fermentation of palm
oil mill effluent is shown in Fig. 1. The fermentation was
performed in a 2 L capacity transparent jar digester (EYELA,
Model MBF 300ME) which was provided with double walled
water jacket to control the temperature, valves for sampling,
conduit for discharge and feeding, turbine propeller and alarm
indicator bulb anticipating temperature disorder.A data logger
(KEYENCE, Model NR-250) was connected to computer to
enable automatic recording of temperature and pH, provided
by censoring equipment attached to digester [13].
During the experiment, feeding and discharging were
carried out automatically six times in a day, having an interval
of four hours (intermittent).
Detection method: Loading up was carried out based on
the increased production of biogas which measured by using
a wet gas meter (SHINAGAWA, Model W-NK-0.5B). If biogas
production raised by 20 % then the loading up was increased
by 20 % as well, until hydraulic retention time 6 days was
achieved. Concentrations of H2 S and CO2 in the biogas were
measured by using a suction gas injector (GASTEC, type GV100S) and inspection tube (GASTEC, 25-1600 ppm). Temperature and pH were measured using a connected thermocouple
and pH probes and then acquired in a data logger (KEYENCE,
Model NR-250). To ensure the accuracy, pH electrode was
calibrated once in two weeks. The measurement of total solid,
volatile solid, alkalinity and pH value were in accordance with
standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater
[14].
[4
4 6]
RESULTS
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
°C
M
55 ± 1°C
pH
M
Logger
Gas
meter
0.333 L/d
0.333 L/d
P
P
Feed tank (2 L)
Digester (2 L)
Fig. 1. Anaerobic digestion of the experimental laboratory set-up
This research was performed by two mayor steps; loading
up and main experiment.
[44]
• The loading up process took about 12 days to reach
hydraulic retention time of 6 days. During the loading up, 2.5
g/L NaHCO3, 0.49 mg/L NiCl 2·6H2O and 0.42 CoCl2 ·6H2O
were added into the feed tank
• After hydraulic retention time 6 days was reached the
addition of NaHCO 3 was stopped, except the addition of
NiCl2·6H 2O and CoCl2 ·6H2O.
Biogas production:
production: The measurement of biogas production during the fermentation process was carried out by using
a wet gas meter (SHINAGAWA, Model W-NK-0.5B). During
[13]
the loading up, 2.5 g/L NaHCO3 was added to the digester,
since palm oil mill effluent used in this study was acidic with
a pH around 4.5.
[31]
Fig. 3 shows biogas generation during the fermentation
[28]
process. As shown in Fig. 3, biogas generation increased from
the 1st day to the 11th day where the initial hydraulic retention
time was 60 days. The biogas production increased as hydraulic
retention time decreased. The biogas production increased
[36]
from 3.02 L/day to 9.01 L/day as hydraulic retention time
[36]
decreased from 20 days to 6 days. The increase of biogas
production was due to the higher loading rate with shorter
hydraulic retention time.
[28]
After hydraulic retention time 6 days was reached on the
th
11 day and stable data were achieved, shown by the stable
production of biogas on the 40th to 50th day, the addition of
[18]
NaHCO3 was stopped. After the addition of NaHCO 3 was
th
stopped on the 50 day, the gas generation decreased gradually,
although, until the 65th day the gas production was relatively
high, in the range of 7 to 8 L/day. This high biogas production
Vol. 28, No. 2 (2016)
Effect of Discontinuing Sodium Bicarbonate on Fermentation Process of Palm Oil Mill Effluent 379
From the 58th day until 100th day, the average alkalinity
values by discontinuing NaHCO3 was 2000 mg/L, which is
9
the lower limit of appropriate alkalinity values for effective
8
anaerobic digestion process [15].
7
[43]
Effect of discontinuation of NaHCO
3 on pH: In the
6
anaerobic process for biogas production requires a condition
5
for the methane-forming microorganisms to live and multiply.
4
[30]
One of the conditions that must be maintained is the pH of the
3
[30]
anaerobic treatment system. The pH must not be allowed to
2
NaHCO3 addition (from 1st to 50th day)
[22]
NaHCO
discontinuation
(from
51st
to
100th
day)
fall below 6.2 as it begins to impede the methanogenic bacteria,
1
3
or in the range of 6.5 to 7.5 [16]. To maintain the pH in the range
0
0
5
10
15
20 5 2 30
35
40
45
50
required by microorganisms in order to live, then the alkalinity
Time (day)
should be maintained by adding NaHCO3.
Fig. 3.[13] Effect of the addition and discontinuation of NaHCO
3 on biogas
production
During the early period of this experiment, 2.5 g/L NaHCO
3
was added to the fresh palm oil mill effluent before it was fed
could still be obtained because biogas producer microorgainto the digester. The palm oil mill effluent pH increased to
nisms were still stable since environmental condition was
approximately 7.1 from an initial level of 4.5. No significant
sufficient for the needs in the activity of methanogenic bacteria. difference of pH values was occurred, from the 1 st day until
[13]
From the 66th day biogas production kept on decreasing until
the 50th day of the fermentation process for system by adding
the 70th day and then fluctuating until the 85 th day indicating
NaHCO3 .
that the performance of the digester was not stabilized during
Fig. 5 shows the profile of pH inside the digester by
[13]
this period. Although no troubles were occurred to the equipdiscontinuing NaHCO3. Sodium bicarbonate was not added
ment or controller of the digester.
anymore after the 50th day. By discontinuing NaHCO3 , pH of
[13]
From the 86th day until the 100 th day of the experiment,
digester decreased slightly but not significantly. They were still
biogas production was stable at about 4.5 L/day, decrease 36 % in the range that is allowed for the anaerobic fermentation
from the highest biogas production. This is giving indication
(6.5 to 7.5). Average pH value was 6.7.
that microorganism condition has been stable.
[3
3 5]
Effect of discontinuation of NaHCO
3 on alkalinity:
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95100
[29]
9
Alkalinity is a measure of the capacity of water to neutralize
[29]
acids. In wastewater treatment, alkalinity is an important
parameter in determining the amenability of wastes to the
8
treatment process and control of processes such as anaerobic
digestion.
Fig. 4 shows the profile of alkalinity by adding and discon7
tinuing NaHCO3 in the fermentation of palm oil mill effluent.
[18]
Alkalinity increased from the 1st day to the 75th in the range of
4000 to 5000 mg/L and then relatively stable at the value of
6
[16]
NaHCO3 addition (from 1st to 50th day)
5000 mg/L. For discontinuing NaHCO3 system, the highest
NaHCO3 discontinuation (from 51st to 100th day)
alkalinity value was achieved at the beginning of the process,
on the 51st day. It was occurred because there was still supply
5
[16]
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
of bicarbonate. After that, alkalinity values decreased, indicating
Ti me
( day)
sodium bicarbonate was reduced in the digester, as the conseFig. 5. Effect of the discontinuation of NaHCO
3 on pH
quence the microbes in digester might not work as good as at
the beginning of the process.
Volatile solid and total solid degradation in the digester:
[16]
Volatile solid is the solid part of wastewater that turned into a
50
55
0 6 65
70 75
80
85
0 9 95 100
6000
gas phase on the acidification and methanogenesis stages in
5500
[16]
the fermentation of organic waste and biogas production. It
5000
can be referred to the percentage of volatile solid.
4500
4000
Fig. 6 shows the effect of discontinuing NaHCO3 on the
[25]
3500
volatile solid degradation. As shown on Fig. 6, the average results
3000
of the volatile solid degradation by discontinuing NaHCO3
[25]
2500
was 45 %, while by adding NaHCO3 was 55 %. It is known that
2000
the system by discontinuing NaHCO
3 still resulted good volatile
1500
solid
degradation.
1000
NaHCO3 addition (from 1st to 50th day)
[37]
Total solid is the amount of organic and inorganic solids
500
NaHCO3 discontinuation (from 51st to 100th day)
0
contained in the liquid waste. Fig. 7 shows the effect of discon0
5
10
15
20
25
30 5 3 40
45
50
tinuing NaHCO3 on total solid degradation. From Fig. 7 it
Time (day)
shows that total solid values from the both graphs basically
Fig. 4. Effect of the addition and discontinuation of NaHCO
3 on alkalinity
50
10
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
10
0
M-Alkalinity (mg/L)
pH
Volume of biogas (L/day)
[14]
380 Irvan et al.
50
90
55
Asian J. Chem.
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
9510
0
The termination of addition of sodium bicarbonate to the
fermentation process of palm oil mill effluent although decrease
the digester performance such as reduction of biogas production, alkalinity values, pH level and degradation of volatile solid
and total solid, but they were still in the range of appropriate
values for the good anaerobic fermentation.
80
70
VS degradation (%)
Conclusion
60
50
40
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
CKNOWLEDGEMENTS
30
20
NaHCO3 addition (from 1st to 50th day)
10
0
NaHCO3 discontinuation (from 51st to 100th day)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Time (day)
35
40
45
50
This research was supported by Hibah Penelitian Unggulan
Perguruan Tinggi fiscal year 2014 No. 1076/UN5.1.R/KEU/
2014, date February 17th, 2014 and METAWATER Co. Ltd.,
Japan.
Fig. 6. Effect of the addition and discontinuation of NaHCO
3 on volatile
solid degradation
50
90
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95100
1.
2.
3.
4.
80
70
TS degradation (%)
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60
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6.
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7.
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8.
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degradation
11.
12.
13.
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obtained for total solid degradation by adding NaHCO3 was
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