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RESISTANCE TOWARDS NAZISM PRESENTED THROUGH
THE SHIFTING OF CHARACTER’S IDEOLOGY IN THOMAS
KENEALLY’S SCHINDLER’S LIST
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
In English Letters

By:
FEBI RIANA ANINDITA PERTIWI
Student Number: 094214054

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2014

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RESISTANCE TOWARDS NAZISM PRESENTED THROUGH
THE SHIFTING OF CHARACTER’S IDEOLOGY IN THOMAS
KENEALLY’S SCHINDLER’S LIST
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

In English Letters

By:
FEBI RIANA ANINDITA PERTIWI
Student Number: 094214054

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2014
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“YOU NEED CHAOS IN YOUR SOUL

TO GIVE BIRTH TO A DANCING
STAR”
Friedrich Nietzsche

“NO MATTER WHAT ANYBODY
TELLS YOU, WORD AND IDEAS CAN
CHANGE THE WORLD”
John keating in dead poets society

“EVERYTHING YOU CAN IMAGINE IS
REAL”
Pablo Picasso

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TERPUJI

.....FOR ALL LIVING BEINGS IN
THIS WONDERFUL WORLD

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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH
UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma :
Nama

: Febiriana Anindita Pertiwi

Nomor Mahasiswa

: 094214054

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah yang berjudul :
RESISTANCE TOWARDS NAZISM PRESENTED THROUGH THE
SHIFTING OF CHARACTER’S IDEOLOGY IN THOMAS KENEALLY’S
SCHINDLER’S LIST
Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan
kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan,
mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan
data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau
media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu ijin dari saya maupun
memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai
penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta.

Pada tanggal: 18 Agustus 2014
Yang menyatakan,

(Febi Riana Anindita Pertiwi)

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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY

This is to certify that all ideas, phrases, sentences, unless otherwise stated, are the
ideas, phrases, and sentences of the thesis writer. The writer understands full
consequences including degree cancellation if she took somebody else’s ideas,
phrases, or sentences without proper references.

Yogyakarta, August 18th, 2014

Febiriana Anindita Pertiwi

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This thesis came to exist through the direct and indirect participation of
many people. I would like to address my gratitude to my mother Valentina Istinah
and my father Endro Priyanto who always support me through the efforts and
vision. I give my deepest gratitude to my uncle Ir. Mudjadijono and my

grandfather Sudipawiro for the eternal inspiration of life experience. Thanks to
my one and only brother Pradipta Kumara for the knowledge in art, the passion
and spirit to realize dreams.
My thanks go to the thesis advisor Paulus Sarwoto, S.S., M.A.,Ph.D. who
has provided knowledge and constructive notes especially the grammatical errors
and elaboration in this thesis. I would like also thanks to the co-advisor Dra. Sri
Mulyani, M.A.,PhD. for the detailed and systematic correction and Adventina
Putranti, S.S., M.Hum for the critical questions and technical correction.
The next person to thank is Maria Puspitasari Munthe for the willingness
to be an unofficial proofreader. The next big thanks go to Arianni Ayu and Louisa
Manihuruk for the college friendship and sisterhood. I am also grateful to be one
of Kepik Teater family members. Thanks for the chance to learn new things, the
stories behind the stage, and the performance. The whole ‘JAKSA’ (Jalinan Akrab
Sastra) family whose the burning passion and spirit have become the enduring
motivation for myself.
I would like to thank my Stella Duce I high school friends: Rani, Fifi,
Tika, Ria, Tyas, Rhesa, Thea, Merry, Ayik, Dina, and Hanum for being my travel

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mates and for the time to learn together. My big thanks go to my fellows in
English Letters Department: Sakha, Adul, Pucil, Vina, Refa, Vince, Riza, Vindy,
Titus, Aulia, Richard, Dhika, Samsul, Kezia, Dinda, Pinka, Mov, Bea, Indra,
Ubaid, Ucca, and many others.
Gratitude also goes to Dianing Estihana and Anastasia Shanty for every
lesson and discussion in spiritual and psychological knowledge. Thanks for the
time to share any experience, knowledge and living inspiration about life.
My deepest thanks goes to Natan Arya Leksana Gayuh for being a close
friend. Thanks for sharing the dreams and knowledge through the companionship
and all the stories made.
Last but not least, thanks to Mother Mary and Jesus Christ for every lesson
given so I have a chance to live in this wonderful world with wonderful people.

Febiriana Anindita Pertiwi.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ........................................................................................... i
APPROVAL PAGE ................................................................................. ii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE ............................................................................ iii
MOTTO PAGE ......................................................................................... iv
DEDICATION PAGE .............................................................................. v
PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH..... vi
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY …………………………………….. vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………….………………... viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………… x
ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………. xii
ABSTRAK………………………………………………………………... xiii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ............................................................
A. Background of the Study ..........................................................
B. Problem Formulation ................................................................
C. Objectives of the Study .............................................................
D. Definition of Terms ...................................................................

1
1
7
7
8

CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW ............................................ 10
A. Review of Related Studies ......................................................... 10
B. 1. Review of Related Theories ................................................... 13
1.1. Theory of Character and Characterization ..................... 13
1.2. Theory of Ideology ......................................................... 14
1.3. Theory of Subject and Agent .......................................... 15
1.4. Theory of Reification ...................................................... 16
1.5. Theory of Resistance ...................................................... 16
2. Review on Historical Background ......................................... 18
2.1. Holocaust ........................................................................ 18
2.2. Nazism ............................................................................ 19
2.3. The Relation between Marxism and Literature .............. 19
C. Theoretical Framework .............................................................. 21
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ......................................................... 23
A. Object of the Study .................................................................... 23
B. Approach of the Study ............................................................... 23
C. Method of the Study ................................................................... 27
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ...................................................................... 29
A. The Depiction of Oskar Schindler’s Characteristics .................. 29
1. Oskar Schindler as an Upper Middle Class ........................... 31
a. Glamorous ...................................................................... 31
b. Hedonistic ...................................................................... 34
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c. Rebellious ...................................................................... 35
d. Ambitious ………………………………………………38
2. Oskar Schindler as a member of Nazi Party .......................... 42
a. Generous ......................................................................... 43
b. Tolerant ........................................................................... 43
B. Oskar Schindler’s Shifting Ideology:Capitalism to Humanism...45
1. Oskar’s Ideology of Capitalism ............................................. 46
2. Oskar’s New Ideology: Humanism ....................................... 52
C. Oskar Schindler’s Humanism as a Form of Resistance towards
Nazism…………………………………………………………. 63
1. Individual Resistance ............................................................. 64
2. Collective Resistance ............................................................. 69
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ................................................................. 72
BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................................................................... 75

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ABSTRACT
FEBI RIANA ANINDITA PERTIWI. Resistance towards Nazism presented
through the Shifting of Character’s Ideology in Thomas Keneally’s
Schindler’s List. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters,
Sanata Dharma University, 2014.
Ideology which is enacted in the structure of state has an important role for
both the political party and the state to lead the masses through the enacted
system. In this case, the state’s ideology is inculcated to the society through the
system ruled and the society is not aware of. Indirectly, the inculcated ideology
oppresses and exploits the society which does not agree with it. This stimulates
reaction from the society who realizes the oppression which is done by the state
through its ideology and manifestation. Resistance becomes a form of reaction
and people’s struggle of any oppression which happens through the system.
Through the work of Thomas Keneally entitled Schindler’s List, the condition of
society, especially the Jews,in the era of Nazi is portrayed.
In order to get the deeper analysis of this study, the writer analyzes the
depiction of the main character’s characteristics. The next step is the writer
analyzes the shifting of main character’s ideology. The last step is analyzing the
main character’s new ideology to see the resistance towards Nazism.
The writer uses library research method in conducting this research. The
writer employs books, articles, encyclopedia and internet as the sources. The
sources consist of some theories to be applied in this research. The theories are
theory of character and characterization, theory of ideology, theory of subject and
agent, theory of reification, and theory of resistance. Review on historical
background is also presented to give review and explanation about Holocaust and
Nazism.
The result of the analysis in this study shows that the political party and
the state’s ideology have a function to control the masses. It is manifested through
the system of the state which acts as an instrument of oppression. Related to the
novel, it is seen that Nazism as the ideology of Nazi Party practices fascism
through the ruling system. Nazism which carries racism in its political and
ideological practice oppresses the Jews. The oppression is the form of freedom’s
exploitation of human’s life. Later, the resistance, which is done by the Jews and
the people who do not agree with the system, emerges in two different ways:
resistance without violence and with violence. The main character in the novel,
Oskar Schindler, is both a German and a member of Nazi Party. He eventually
resists the system which is created by his party. It is because the circumstance,
which is Nazi Party, practices an ideology which is totally different from his. The
result of the process in embracing between the individual ideology and the
dominant ideology can be seen through the shifting of Oskar’s ideology from
capitalism to humanism.

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ABSTRAK
FEBI RIANA ANINDITA PERTIWI. Resistance towards Nazism presented
through the Shifting of Character’s Ideology in Thomas Keneally’s
Schindler’s List. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters,
Sanata Dharma University, 2014.
Ideologi yang diberlakukan dalam sebuah tatanan negara memiliki peranan
penting baik bagi partai politik dan negara itu sendiri untuk memimpin massa.
Dalam hal ini, ideologi negara ditanamkan kepada masyarakat melalui sistem
yang berlaku dan pada praktiknya tidak disadari oleh masyarakat. Secara tidak
langsung, ideologi yang ditanamkan tersebut menindas dan mengeksploitasi
sekelompok masyarakat yang tidak sepaham. Hal ini memunculkan reaksi dari
masyarakat yang sadar akan penindasan yang dilakukan oleh negara melalui
ideologi dan manifestasinya. Perlawanan menjadi bentuk reaksi dan perjuangan
pihak-pihak yang menyadari penindasan yang terjadi melalui sistem yang berlaku.
Melalui karya Thomas Keneally, Schindler’s List, situasi masyarakat pada rezim
Nazi, terutama kaum Yahudi, tergambarkan dalam novel ini.
Untuk mendapatkan analisis mendalam, penulis menganalisa penggambaran
tokoh utama dan penokohannya. Selanjutnya, penulis menganalisa pergeseran
ideologi tokoh utama. Langkah terakhir adalah menganalisa ideologi baru dari
tokoh utama untuk melihat bentuk perlawanannya terhadap Nazisme.
Penulis menggunakan metode penelitian pustaka dalam menyusun penelitian
ini. Penulis menggunakan buku, artikel, ensiklopedia, dan internet sebagai
sumber-sumber untuk penelitian ini. Teori-teori yang diterapkan adalah teori
tokoh dan penokohan, teori ideologi, teori subyek dan agen, teori reifikasi, dan
teori resistensi. Tinjauan latar belakang sejarah turut dicantumkan untuk
mendapatkan ulasan dan penjelasan mengenai Holocaust dan Nazisme.
Hasil dari analisa studi menunjukkan bahwa partai politik dan ideologi negara
berfungsi sebagai alat pengontrol massa. Hal ini dimanifestasikan melalui tatanan
sistem negara yang bertindak sebagai instrumen penindasan. Dalam novel ini,
Nazisme sebagai ideologi partai Nazi memberlakukan praktik-praktik fasisme
terhadap sebuah sistem. Nazisme mengusung rasisme dalam praktik politik dan
manifestasi ideologinya yang berdampak pada penindasan terhadap Yahudi.
Penindasan adalah bentuk dari eksploitasi kebebasan dalam diri manusia.
Selanjutnya, bentuk perlawanan, yang dilakukan oleh Yahudi dan kelompok yang
tidak setuju dengan sistem tersebut, diterapkan dalam dua cara: perlawanan tanpa
kekerasan dan perlawanan dengan kekerasan. Tokoh utama dalam novel ini,
Oskar Schindler, adalah seorang berkebangsaan Jerman dan anggota partai Nazi.
Ia pada akhirnya melawan sistem yang telah dibentuk oleh partainya sendiri. Hal
ini dikarenakan,lingkungannya memiliki ideologi yang sangat berbeda dengannya.
Hasil dari proses pemahaman antara ideologi individu dan ideologi yang dominan
dapat dilihat dari pergeseran ideologi kapitalisme menjadi humanisme.

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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study
Literature is the expression of idea which is implemented through novel,
play script, movie script, prose, and poems. It reflects the condition of the society
and its life. In English Literature: An Introduction for Foreign Readers, R.J. Rees
states that, “Literature is permanent expression in words of some thoughts or
feelings in ideas about life and the world” (Rees, 1973: 157). Therefore, literature
is a form of human’s knowledge which is the result of a reflection and an
observation from the environment. Meanwhile, the environment can be a
particular society, history, or human itself. Recently, several themes about society
and history can be found many in literary works. Some of them aim to show how
the culture and society are formed. It is based on the history behind. One of the
themes which draws attention on history and its society is a theme about Nazi.
Some of them concern the political beliefs behind and the rest put attention on the
racism issue during that era. Talking about Nazi and the system, the reader is
brought to the era when the state dominates the society by using its ideology.
The attack of Nazi Germany to Poland in 1939 was one of the examples of
historical moment which presented the ideological function of the state towards
the society. Nazism with its fascist ideology ruled the system in Europe. There
was separation between two large groups during the era of Nazi. The first group
was German who claimed themselves as the purest and the highest race; the

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second was the Jews. Adolf Hitler who led Germany to the ideology of Nazism,
which was based on his Nationalism, presented his ideology through the system in
Europe. Nazism as the ideology of the Nazi Party emphasizes that “Aryanism”
was more important than the others. The doctrine believed in the superiority of
Aryan race. It aims to increase power and gains the Aryan’s supremacy to become
a ‘master race’. This idea came from Hitler’s obsession as a Nationalist to reunite
Germany and it was based on his hatred of the Jews. The reason behind was
because the Jews almost get involved in every single organization and system in
the entire world. He questioned about this thing since German becomes the
minority among the Jews. Then, it came up to the idea that German should reunite
again to occupy the system. B.J. Elliot says that:
We can find many reasons to explain why Adolf Hitler came to hate Jews.
They are an international race, while Hitler was a fervent Nationalist
(Elliot, 1968:14).
His Nationalism makes him believe that German is a super-man, the purest and
the highest race among others. They believe that they are the only race who can
rule the world. However, the Jews become the only obstacle to defeat since they
are dominant in every single world. Therefore, Adolf Hitler with his ideology of
Nationalism led Nazi and announced the rules to destroy the Jews.
The regulation which was made by Nazi was intensely racist. It concerned
the Jews in Germany as their object of experiments in terms of medicine and
laboring. In this case, Nazism and fascism are both applied through the system. In
Today’s Isms written by Ebbenstein, it is explained the description of fascism. He
argues that, “Stripped to its essentials, fascism is the totalitarian organization of

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government and society by a single-party dictatorship, intensely nationalist,
racialist, militarist, and imperialist” (Ebbenstein, 1993: 79). It can be concluded
that Nazism brings the idea of fascism to conquer the world. The implementation
of Hitler’s obsession and ideology was presented through the ‘massive killing’
known as Holocaust he made. It is one of the facts how fascism is applied towards
the system. This was also one of the main programs of the party in order to
destroy the Jews. The party also added regulation for the Jews such as the
implementation of deskilling the Jews, restriction to the Jews’ ritual tradition, and
even the withdrawal of the Jews’ fundamental rights. The Jews should leave their
house, inheritance and also their job. They should live in the concentration camps
which were built by the Nazi Army before they were sent to the gas chamber. It
was chosen because massive killing is the effective way to destroy the race.
Through these facts, fascism gives bad impacts to the Jews’ right to live.
One of the examples how Nazi system works towards the Jews is the fact
that all Jews should work for Nazi. All of them were deskilled and the job was
organized by Nazi. Meanwhile, the Jews’ occupation in the public office was
withdrawn. They were not allowed to hold any jobs privately. During this era, the
Jews experienced the era of poverty and they had to struggle hardly to survive.
Again, the regulation took aside the fundamental rights of the Jews. They were not
allowed to get proper foods, clothing, and place to stay. This then influences both
of their psychological and physical conditions. All of them were haunted by the
massive fear and illness. Another fact that shows how the system works toward
the Jews is in the Jews’ citizenship. The Jews were denied in Germany; they were

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not allowed to get in a public access such as using transportation, to read news
paper, and to have any communication with the outside world. The state with this
kind of system became the jail for the Jews as almost half of them died in this
condition. In the end, for those who were still alive were sent to the gas chamber
to face their death. Almost 6.000 Jews died because of this ‘massive killing’.
According to the system, the Second World War costed more money, destroyed
many places and killed people. However, Hitler and his party had been succeeding
to conquer the world by his dictatorship for almost 12 years (Elliot, 1968: 14).
After Hitler as a dictator fell, the life of Nazi and its system were published in
many versions.
One of the authors who write about Nazism is Thomas Keneally. He was
born in Sydney and enters St. Patrick Seminary to be trained as a Catholic priest.
However, after he finished his study he did not continue his journey to priesthood.
Instead, he worked as a schoolteacher before his success in writing novels. He
also writes novels, memoirs, and screenplay that make him a Nobel Prize winner.
Schindler’s List is one of his well known literary works. It is the work of
literature which presents a topic about Nazism. The book was first published
entitled Schindler’s Ark and was adapted into screenplay by Steven Zailian. Both
Schindler’s List and Schindler’s Ark gain success and they were adapted into a
movie entitled Schindler’s List. It is about Oskar Schindler who becomes a
righteous man and savior for the Jews (Keneally, 1994: 14). In the story, Thomas
Keneally presents the story of Nazism by revealing the character of Oskar
Schindler who resists the system. Thomas Keneally writes the novel as a way to

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express his idea about Nazi: how he sees the condition of society in the regime of
Nazism.
It is shown in the story that Oskar is a Sudeten German, a Czech who
comes from the German speaking area in Czech Republic, and a member of Nazi
Party. He works in the party to supply things such as weapon for the war. Since he
is a German industrialist and capitalist, he joins in the party to make profits. He is
successful in building and redeveloping a bankrupt factory and even he gains
more profit from it. It can be seen that his desire in running his business is very
passionate. He tries to expand his relation through the party to take advantage of
them just for his own business. It can be considered that Oskar Schindler practices
capitalism by doing his business among the party. After he succeeds in building
his factory, he faces a different reality. He realizes that the reality does not seem
the same like he thinks before. It begins when Oskar meets his Jewish accountant
Itzhak Stern, and how Oskar reacts to a phenomenon when the Jews are
slaughtered before his eyes. He refuses the reality and cannot give any tolerance
towards the system. The condition then affects the raises of his humanist side.
This is the beginning of his action in saving the Jews. In this case, the dominant
ideology of Oskar Schindler gives power to struggle for the society.
The raise of Oskar’s humanism is shown when it opposes the
government’s system and ideology. The definition of humanism concerns with the
value of human being. The freedom of an individual can be seen from the freedom
in racial discrimination and any oppression from the others. Corliss Lamont in
The Philosophy of Humanism defines humanism as follows:

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…Humanism believes in the complete social implementation of reason
and scientific method; and thereby in the use of democratic procedures,
including full freedom of expression and civil liberties, throughout all
areas of economic, political and cultural life (Lamont, 1957: 11).
The term humanism concerns in the full freedom and liberties. Freedom is
manifested through the field of economic, politic, and cultural life. It can be seen
that individual’s freedom is caused by the strict role of custom, law, and authority.
In relation to human emancipation, the civilization which concerns in tribe, clan,
and also race creates no freedom to express the people to be an independent
person. Therefore, humanism is very contradictive with the term authority which
bounds individual to the system.
Oskar’s passion in gaining more profit for himself then turns into taking
risks of his life for his workers. It is seen that the ideology becomes the essential
part before he does an action. It can be seen from his humanism which opposes
the idea of Nazism. He sees that there is no room for the Jews to get their freedom
since their fundamental rights are taken by the system. This perspective is based
on Oskar’s experience of seeing death which raises his humanism to defeat the
system. It is presented by his action and attitude toward the system. He continues
to struggle for his workers by gaining more profit from the factory. The
relationship he has with the other members is used to help him in saving the Jews.
Recruiting the Jews to work in his factory is the only way to save them. This
action becomes the point of his resistance to the system.
The reason for choosing this topic is because this novel is different from
the other novel which has topic about Nazism. It contains the opposing ideology

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of the main character as the member of the Nazi and its party. The main
character’s ideology is defined as humanism which opposes his previous
ideology: capitalism. The shifting ideology then influences his decision to save
the Jews instead of employing them as workers. It is clearly seen from the
function of factories which first becomes his source of profits into a place to
protect the Jews from the holocaust. The ideology can be seen from the action and
attitude that are presented toward the milieu in the party and also the Jews. It
continues to the resistance as the implementation of his opposing ideology. In
sum, the novel implicitly contains a story of a state hegemonic system which fails
to be inculcated in an individual ideology. Hence, this novel is worth analyzing.

B. Problem Formulation
In this research, to focus on the topic and to understand it better, the writer
formulates the topic in the following questions:
1. How is the main character, Oskar Schindler, depicted?
2. How is the shifting of character’s ideology presented?
3. How does the character’s new ideology show the resistance toward Nazism?

C. Objective of the Study
There are three objectives in conducting the study as it is formulated in the
problem formulation. The first aim is to analyze the character and to see how the
character is presented in the novel. The study gives deeper understanding on the
character and characterization in the novel.

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Secondly, the study is to identify the shifting of character’s ideology
which is reflected through the main character. This study aims to explore the main
character’s capitalistic ideology to humanistic ideology through the action,
attitude and speech.
Thirdly, the study is to see the main character’s ideology which resists
Nazism. This study aims to see the resistance from the character’s attitude and
action as the manifestation of his ideology.

D. Definition of Terms
To avoid misunderstanding in this research and to focus the study in this
topic, the terms that are closely related with this topic will be explained. The
writer uses another book to guide in finding the meaning of some terms.
1. Nazism
According to Nault in The World Book of Encyclopedia (Nault, 2011: 382)
Nazism was the political and social doctrine of the German dictator Adolf Hitler
and his followers. Hitler and Nazis rule Germany from 1933 to 1945. Nazi stands
for the German name for the National Socialist German Worker’s Party.
2. Ideology
Michael Ryan in The Encyclopedia of Literary and Cultural Theory, states
that, Ideology is a doctrine that is overly prescriptive and not supported by
rational argumentation (Ryan, 2009: 639). Based on Ryan’s explanation, ideology
cannot be defined by rational argumentation. It means that ideology is an abstract
thing which occurs in every individual.

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3. Resistance
Webster’s New World Dictionary gives an explanation about the general
meaning of resistance. It is stated below:
Resistance means to stand against, or withstand, to oppose, to fend off, and
to withstand the action of. The other meaning is to oppose actively, to
fight, to argue, or work against, to endeavor, to counteract, and to be
disagreeable. Resistance means a resisting, an opposing, and opposition of
some force to others (1984: 1541).
Resistance is a form of withstanding towards other forces and doing action to stop
it. It happens when there is oppression between groups of people. One of the
examples is racism. There are two different groups which have different
ideologies and make particular oppression to one another. The inferior groups will
be oppressed by the superior.
According to Marvin Haris and Orna Johnson in Cultural Anthropology:
Seventh Edition, racism refers to “the belief that the cultural and intellectual
characteristics of population are linked to its biological racial character, with the
notion that some races are inherently superior to others (Johnson, 2007: 216).” It
can be said that the quality of people is defined by their races. This phenomenon
causes the superior and inferior race and creates the unfair treatments to the
inferior race. Then, resistance is begun from the inferior race which aims to stop
the force from the superior.

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CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW

This chapter consists of some theories, reviews, and review of other study
which are considered to be related to this study. There are three parts that will
explain further. The first part is the review of related studies containing the
previous study related to this study. The second part is the review of related
theories to be applied in this study. The last part is theoretical framework which
will explain further about the function of the studies and how the theory is applied
in this study.
A. Review of Related Studies
Thomas Keneally is an Australian author and playwright. He has written
many books and play scripts. Keneally’s best novel is Schindler’s List published
in 1994. This novel wins a Booker Prize in Britain and it is adapted into movie
directed by Steven Spielberg and scripted by Steven Zailian. Schindler’s List
movie wins The Academy Best Picture and Best Director in Golden Globe
Award.
Peter Quatermaine who writes his essay in Sue Vice’s book entitled
Holocaust Fiction says:
The story of Oskar and his ark (whether we see the latter as analogous to
that of Noah or of the Jewish Covenant) is a story unique in its scale and
daring, and able to stand as an emblem for the inherent divinity and
corruption of humanity itself (Vice, 2000: 94).

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His essay explains that Schindler’s List is a unique and daring story. It is
interesting because it enacts the struggle between human kindness and corruption
of humanity in the story.
On the other hand, James Raid, the student from Cambridge University,
writes an article The Endangered Species Act is Analogous to Schindler’s List:
Looking at the public reaction to it, one might say that Schindler’s List is
undoubtedly the most successful novel about the Holocaust. The book’s
success in the U.S. and other Western countries can be traced back mainly
to the fact that it creates the impression of telling a true apparently
authentic story (Raid, 2012).
Different from Peter Quatermanine, Raid puts an attention on how the novel can
have massive public’s reactions. As holocaust in Germany always becomes a
controversial theme, Schindler’s List is stated by Raid as the most successful
novel about holocaust. According to Raid, it is because the novel creates
impression that Schindler’s List is an authentic story.
Another essay about Schindler’s List comes from Brian L.Ott and Carl R.
Burgchardt on their essay entitled On Critical Rhetorical Pedagogy: Dialoging
with Schindler’s List. Their essay analyzes Schindler’s List movie which is quite
different from the novel.
The action in Schindler’s List is structured around two primary characters:
the pro-tagonist and reluctant hero (Liam Neeson) and the antagonist and
Nazi commandant Amon Goeth (Ralph Fiennes). The general narrative
slant valorizes Schindler’s perspective, while vilifying Goeth’s, reducing
the moral action of the film to a simple good vs evil dichotomy
(Burgchardt, 2013).
They state that Schindler’s List contains moral action which is presented through
both the protagonist and the antagonist. However, the film translates it into a

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simple story which presents good versus evil that are seen between the protagonist
and the antagonist.
Considering the reviews above, there are several points of view which can
support this thesis. The first review from Peter Quatermaine concludes that
Schindler’s List is one of literary works which is unique and daring. It is seen
from the story which can stand for the struggle of contradictive things between
human kindness and corruption of humanity. In relation to the writer’s research
Quatermaine’s review gives a picture of the novel that it is a qualified novel seen
from the uniqueness of the story. The second and the last reviews have different
perspectives in seeing the novel. From James Raid, it can be concluded that the
novel is well known because the story tells as if it is an authentic story. For Raid,
the novel is successful in giving impression of the authentic story to the reader.
The last critic analyzes that Schindler’s List tells that the moral action which is
presented through the antagonist and protagonist, is simplified into the story about
good and evil.
In this research, the writer analyzes deeply on how Oskar’s ideology goes.
The critique from Brian L. Ott describes that Schindler’s List exposes the good
versus evil’s dichotomy presented through the antagonist and the protagonist.
Using this review, the writer analyzes the main protagonist character, Oskar
Schindler and his ideology. The analysis of Oskar’s ideology does not merely stop
in the surface of being good, but also how Oskar embraces his ideology of
capitalism and Nazism as the society’s ideology, into a struggle and final action to
save the Jews.

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1. Review on Related Theories
This subchapter consists of some theories that will be applied to develop
the analysis.
1. 1. Theory on Character and Characterization
Abrams in Glossary of Literary Terms defines a character as the person
presented in dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as
being endowed with moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in what
they are saying and what they do- their action (Abrams, 2009: 42).
Richard M. Eastman explains in A Guide to the Novel that character can be
described under two terms; flatness and roundness. The flat character can be
considered as a type rather than individual. A flat character usually typifies a
social or economic class, a virtue or folly, a basic temperament or outlook. He
does not face any inner conflict that is why the flat character is not likely change,
he is static: and his responses are predictable. A novelist usually uses flat
characteristic to make the readers instantly recognize the minor character
(Eastman, 1965: 17).
While the round (complex) character is an individual trait; his responses
are unpredictable; and also dynamic, capable of different kind of behavior under
different strains (Eastman, 1965: 18). Thus, the round character is more complex
than the flat character.

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1.2. Theory of Ideology
Some theorists have explained about the concept of ideology; examine
how the ideology works in every subject. The theorists have also proved that
ideology relates to the political issue and power that dominates particular class
and society.
In the book entitled Literary Theory: The Basics, Bertens explains about
the description and the concept of ideology. The description is characteristically
seen by Marxist and it is explained as follows:
For Marxist usage, ideology is not so much a set of beliefs or assumptions
that we are aware of, but it is that which makes us experience our life in a
certain way and makes us believe that that way of seeing ourselves and the
world is natural (Bertens, 2001: 84).
Bertens describes ideology as the way of human’s thinking and seeing about the
world. It is about conception, assumption or particular belief which sometimes we
are not aware of. Unconsciously, the action, speech and way of thinking of people
indicate their ideology. Ideology comes from the experience of life which
influences human’s perspective in seeing something. In this case, society takes an
essential part of forming a person’s ideology.
Another theorist who states about the concept of ideology is Antonio
Gramsci. Ideology has function in more sociological action which involves
masses and the state. He describes ideology as the first stage before it comes to
hegemony. As Bertens’ quoted, Gramsci states the meaning of ideology as
follows:
Gramsci, writing in the 1930’s, is fully aware of the power of ideology,
which leads to ‘[t]he “spontaneous” consent given by great masses of the

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population to the general direction imposed on social life by the dominant
fundamental group’ (Bertens, 2001: 88).
In the explanation above, Gramsci states that ideology gives power towards an
action in the social life. The dominant ideology, which is usually owned by state,
is inculcated to the society’s mind. However, the society does not aware of it yet
actually they are directed into it unconsciously. It can be considered that the state
inculcates the ideology to the society. Here, ideology is the first phase before it
comes into hegemony. The hegemonic action is usually done by the dominant
ideology.
This research employs theory of ideology quoted by Bertens. The theory is
used to analyze the shifting ideology in the main character. Gramsci’s theory of
ideology is employed to analyze the historical condition in the era of Nazi as the
state’s ideology has power to control the masses.

1.3. Theory of Subject and Agent
As an individual, a person can be constructed in the term of subject and
agent. The English Studies Book written by Rob Pope, explains about the subject
and agent as the relation between human and society. He says that, “Subjects are
perhaps thereby cast in the role of victims, those who are ‘done to’ rather than
those ‘who themselves do’” (Pope, 2002: 242). It means that subject is the passive
term. It does not give any action to the others, but usually the others do an action
to it. On the other hand, the active term of a person is constructed as agent. Rob
Pope says that, “…it implies a degree of activity and independence, even if the
agent is partly acting on behalf of someone or something else” (Pope, 2002: 242).

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It means that agent is a form of activity which implies some actions as the
effort for independence and struggle. By considering this, every individual can be
both a subject and an agent at the same time.

1.4. Theory of Reification
Reification emerges in the practice of laboring system especially in the
industrial era. It discredits the value of human being into a machine in order to
fulfill the economic productions. Peter Barry defines reification in Beginning
Theory:
…it concerns the way, when capitalist goals and questions of profit and
loss are paramount, workers are bereft of their full humanity and are
thought of as ‘hands’ or ‘the labor force’, so that, for instance the effects
of industrial closures are calculated in purely economic terms (Barry,
2009: 151).
Reification reduces the value of humanity. It is because in the reification, the
workers are forced to work within the purpose of economic productions. This is
the fact which shows that dehumanization is one of the results of reification.

1.5. Theory of Resistance
The opposing of individual’s ideology towards the others causes
resistance. It is considered as a movement from the ruling system. The term
resistance is defined as the ‘structure of feeling’ as it is explained by Raymond
Williams. Besides, resistance can also be defined in two ways. The first one is
individual resistance and the other one is collective resistance.

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Raymond Williams sees that the resistance is a form of power towards the
dominant ideology. Peter Barry explains further as follows:
Instead of Foucault’s notion of ‘discourse’ Williams invented the term
‘structures of feeling’: these are concerned with ‘meaning and values as
they are lived and felt.’ Structures of feeling are often antagonistic both to
explicit systems of values and beliefs and to the dominant ideology within
society (Barry, 2009: 177).
Williams believes that structure of feeling which concerns with ‘meaning and
values’ creates the resistance towards the dominant ideology. It happens when
dominant ideology does not fit in ‘meaning and values’ of each individuals. It
means that the resistance towards the dominant ideology is possible unlike the
Foucault’s notion of ‘discourse’.
Jefferson Mack in Invisible Resistance to Tyranny, How to Lead a Secret
Life of Insurgency in an Increasingly Unfree World, explains about individual
resistance. He states that:
When individual acting without direction or guidance from any leader, -to
resist, obstruct, frustrate, expose, and interfere. Individual involved in
resistance act alone or in cooperation with few trusted friends or others
who also face the same risks (Mack, 2006: 163).
This explanation shows that resistance is the action without direction of single or
few people to refuse against the particular system. This happens when the
people’s action deviates from the regulation. It can be seen through the risk which
is carried by a person or few people when they fight against the system.
The second one is collective resistance which is explained by Kristina E.
Thalhammer in Resistance, The Power of Ordinary People. She argues that:
Resistance is not solely the province of individuals. Collective resistance
occurs when people chooses to challenge injustice together. The nature of

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collective resistance requires significant interaction with a large and
potentially expanding group of activists (Thalhammer, 2007: 104).
Collective resistance can be seen through organization or particular group of
people which has the same ideology, vision and mission. Usually, they are
activists or leftist which against towards particular system.
2. Review on Historical Background
This subchapter consists of two terms which are related to the historical
background of this research. It aims to give reviews about the history which
happens in the novel.
2.1. Holocaust
In the era of World War II and when the Nazi regime occupied several
areas in Europe, Holocaust became the ‘final solution’ to destroy human race.
Based on racism, holocaust raised not only in Europe but also in several
countries in the United States. This type of genocide destroyed almost 6.000
Jews in Europe especially in Poland and Germany.
According to Holocaust Encyclopedia, it is defined that holocaust is a
system which is created by Nazi. It is explained that:
The Holocaust was the systematic, bureaucratic, state-sponsored
persecution and murder of approximately six million Jews by the Nazi
regime and its collaborators. "Holocaust" is a word of Greek origin
meaning "sacrifice by fire." The Nazis, who came to power in Germany in
January 1933, believed that Germans were "racially superior" and that the
Jews, deemed "inferior," were an alien threat to the so-called German
racial community (2013).
It is described that holocaust is the system which is planned by the state when
Nazi occupied Poland and Germany. The system of destroying the Jews is
based on their claim that German was superior while the Jews was inferior.

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The aim of using this system was to keep German, as the superior, became the
purest and the highest race.
2.2. Nazism
Nazism is the political ideology which is created by Nazi. This ideology is
created according to Hitler’s Nationalism. On its practice, Nazism presents
fascism to lead the state. According to Ayn Rand, a female writer who writes her
article entitled The Fascist New Frontier explains about Nazism. She says that:
If the term “statism” designates concentration of power in the state at the
expense of individual liberty, then Nazism in politics was a form of
statism. In principle, it did not represent a new approach to government; it
was a continuation of the political absolutism—the absolute monarchies,
the oligarchies, the theocracies, the random tyrannies—which has
characterized most of human history (Rand: 2013).
It is stated that Nazism is a form of statism. According to her, Nazism is a
political system which takes human liberty. This system is the continuation of the
absolutism system in the state.

2.3. The Relation between Marxism and Literature
In the early history, Marxism did not begin as a literary approach.
Marxism concerns with the historical movement and view on history as it aims to
make the working classes society changes the world (Bressler, 1998: 211). It is
based on the era of capitalism which creates the class division in the society where
economic production belongs to private ownership. As the consequence, this kind
of system differentiates people’s function in the economic system. Eventually, the
desires and expectations of the various social classes will clash (Bressler, 1998:
212). Furthermore, the clash or such a class conflict leads to a radical change in

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the economic base of society from a feudal system of power based on inherited
wealth and status to a capitalist system based on the ownership of private property
(Bressler, 1998: 212).
The early Marxist critic concerns with the economic as the basis idea of
Marxism. It can be seen from the term ‘base’ and ‘superstructure’ as Marxist’s
model of society. The ‘base’ consists of the material means of productions,
distribution, and exchange while the ‘superstructure’ consists of ‘cultural’ world
of ideas, art, religion, law, and so on (Barry, 2009: 151). The ‘superstructure’ is
always determined by the ‘base’. Therefore, according to this traditional Marxist
idea, e