The rebellion of south Asian-Indian and Pakistani women against forced marriage as seen through Jasvinder Sanghera`s Daughters of Shame - USD Repository

  

THE REBELLION OF SOUTH ASIAN-INDIAN AND PAKISTANI

WOMEN AGAINST FORCED MARRIAGE AS SEEN THROUGH

JASVINDER SANGHERA’S DAUGHTERS OF SHAME

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

  

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

  

By

SARAH ISFANDIARY CONSTANTIA

  

Student Number: 074214033

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

  

THE REBELLION OF SOUTH ASIAN-INDIAN AND PAKISTANI

WOMEN AGAINST FORCED MARRIAGE AS SEEN THROUGH

JASVINDER SANGHERA’S DAUGHTERS OF SHAME

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

  

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

  

By

SARAH ISFANDIARY CONSTANTIA

  

Student Number: 074214033

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

  PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI but God chose the foolish things of the world to shame the wish;

  God chose the weak things of the world to shame the strong.

  (1 Corinthians 1:27) This undergraduate thesis is dedicated to: my Lord JESUS my beloved mother and father all my beloved family

  

On the opposite coast of sadness is something called a smile

In order to chase our dreams, we can’t have a reason to run away

We’ve got to go, to that far away summer’s day

If we find it tomorrow, we can’t sigh

  

Because like a boat that opposes the stream

We have to walk straight on

In a place worn down by sadness

Something called a miracle, is waiting

  

Yet we are still searching

For the sunflower that grows at the end of spring

Even if we’ve grown used to loneliness

Only relying on the light of the moon

  

We have to fly away with featherless wing

Just go forward, just a little further

As the rainclouds break

The wet streets sparkling

  

Although it brings only darkness

A powerful light helps push us to walk on

Taken from: the theme song of “One Liter of Tears”

  PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN

PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIK

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma: Nama : Sarah Isfandiary Constantia Nomor Mahasiswa : 074214033

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan

Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:

  

The Rebellion of South Asian-Indian and Pakistani Women against Forced

Marriage as Seen through Jasvinder Sanghera’s Daughters of Shame

Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian, saya memberikan

kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan,

mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data,

mendistribusikannya di Internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa

perlu meminta ijin ataupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap

mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

  Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya. Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal:  7 September 2011 Yang menyatakan Sarah Isfandiary Constantia  

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I send my greatest thanks and gratitude to Almighty Jesus Christ, for His endless love, blessings, guidance, strength and each present He gives me to every single day. I am nothing without You, Jesus and I truly believe that He has planned all events which have happened and will happen in my life in His perfect time arrangement.

  I would like to give my gratitude to Ni Luh Putu Rosiandani, S.S, M.Hum for sharing me her precious time and also for all attention, patience, advice, guidance and great support given for me throughout this process of this thesis writing. I would also say thanks to my co-advisor, Tatang Iskarna, S.S, M.Hum, for giving suggestions on this thesis. I would like to thank my thesis examiner, Dewi Widyastuti, S.Pd., M.Hum., for her questions and suggestions to enrich my thesis.

  My deepest gratitude also dedicated to my big family who always stands behind me to support me every time I needed them. I also would like to thank my beloved father and mother for strengthening me in walking through my choice by each pray they send to Jesus every time. Then, I also thank my brothers and sisters for loving me and supporting me. I am very lucky to have you all as my family.

  For my very best friends: Putri, Gangga, Ferdi, Ageng, Tina, Sondang, PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI my days and strengthening me to face all the hardest days with support, care, love and pray. I give huge thanks for Bundo Sri, Mbak Ikom, Mba Rina, Mba Mirah, and friends in “Kasuari 7” for laugh, love and togetherness in our second home. And last but not least, thank for all whose names are not listed here, it does not mean that I forget them since they are in my heart. Thank for Jogjakarta for giving me chance to be a part in its life and to learn how to live such a meaningful life.

  Sarah Isfandiary Constantia

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TABLE OF CONTENT  

  TITLE PAGE ..................................................................................................... i

APPROVAL PAGE ........................................................................................... ii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE ...................................................................................... iii

MOTTO PAGE .................................................................................................. iv

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI……………….......vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMNTS ................................................................................. vii

TABLE OF CONTENT ……………………………………………………….ix

ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................... xi

ABSTRAK .......................................................................................................... xii

  

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ................................................................... 1

A. Background of the Study ................................................................... 1 B. Problem Formulation ......................................................................... 6 C. Objectives of the Study ..................................................................... 6 D. Definition of Terms ........................................................................... 7

CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW .................................................... 9

A. Review of Related Studies ................................................................ 9 B. Review of Related Theories .............................................................. 11

  1. Theory of Character and Characterization ................................. 11

  2. Theory of Feminism ................................................................... 14

  3. Theory of Patriarchy ................................................................... 16

  4. South Asian Women ................................................................... 17

  5. The Tradition of South Asian Society ......................................... 19

  C. Theoretical Framework ..................................................................... 24

  

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ................................................................. 25

A. Object of the Study ........................................................................... 25 B. Approach of the Study ...................................................................... 26 C. Method of the Study .......................................................................... 27

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ............................................................................. 29

A. The Characterizations of the Female Characters .............................. 30

  1. Jasvinder Sanghera ....................................................................... 30

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  3. Yasmin ........................................................................................ 39

  4. Surjit ............................................................................................ 41

  5. Shazia .......................................................................................... 42

  6. Navjeet ........................................................................................ 43

  7. Robina ......................................................................................... 43

  B. Forced Marriage ................................................................................ 44

  C. The Rebellion of South Asian-Indian and Pakistani women Against Forced Marriage .................................................................. 55

  

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ......................................................................... 68

BIBLIOGRAPHY .............................................................................................. 72 APPENDICES

Appendix 1: Summary of Jasvinder Sanghera’s Daughters of

Shame ................................................................................ 75 Appendix 2: Biography of Jasvnider Sanghera .................................. 76

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ABSTRACT

SARAH ISFANDIARY CONSTANTIA. The Rebellion of South Asian-Indian and

Pakistani Women against Forced Marriage as Seen through Sanghera’s

Daughters of Shame. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters,

Sanata Dharma University, 2011.

  This study concerns about a novel of Jasvinder Sanghera’s Daughters of

Shame . The novel tells the stories of South Asian-Indian and Pakistani women about

forced marriage. Forced marriage is one of tradition preserved in India and Pakistan

but it becomes the oppression to many women there. The aim of this study is first to

find the forced marriage’s depiction and the sufferings that South Asian-Indian and

Pakistani women have experienced, and the second is to find how South Asian-Indian

and Pakistani women rebel against forced marriage.

  In analyzing the problems the writer conducted library research. The primary

source is the novel Daughters of Shame itself, while the secondary sources are

reference books, the sites from internet, and other resources that support the

discussion of this thesis. There are 5 theories applied, they are theory of character and

characterization, theory of feminism, theory of patriarchy, South Asian women and

the tradition of South Asian society. The approach that is used to analyze the novel is

feminist approach.

  The result of the study shows three things. First, the characteristics of the

female characters in the novel are justice fighter, brave, rebellious, independent,

responsible women, and risk taker. Second, the female characters who have not

experienced forced marriage yet consider forced marriage as treatment which refuse

individual free choice and the female characters in the novel who have experienced

forced marriage find no happiness in it because in many cases of forced marriage,

they accepted violence and unfair treatment from their husband. They have no

freedom to choose, opportunity and equality with men in forced marriage. Third,

because of sufferings, unfair treatments and no equal rights in forced marriage, many

women in India and Pakistan rebel against forced marriage by running away and

committing suicide. They want to value themselves, to show the importance of women as individual and to get equality with men. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ABSTRAK

SARAH ISFANDIARY CONSTANTIA. The Rebellion of South Asian-Indian and

Pakistani Women against Forced Marriage as Seen through Sanghera’s

Daughters of Shame. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra,

Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2011.

  Skripsi in membahas tentang novel yang berjudul Daughters of Shame karya

Jasvinder Sanghera. Novel tersebut bercerita tentang kisah-kisah yang dialami para

wanita Asia Selatan, khususnya India dan Pakistan tentang kawin paksa. Kawin paksa

merupakan salah satu tradisi yang melekat di India dan Pakistan tapi kawin paksa

merupakan tekanan bagi banyak wanita di sana. Tujuan dari skripsi ini adalah untuk

mengetahui gambaran kawin paksa dan derita yang dialami oleh wanita India dan

Pakistan dan bagaimana para wanita tersebut memberontak melawan kawin paksa.

  Dalam menganalisa masalah, penulis menggunakan penelitian pustaka.

Sumber utamanya adalah novel itu sendiri, Daughters of Shame, sedangkan sumber

keduanya adalah buku-buku referensi, situs-situs dan internet, dan juga sumber

lainnya yang mendukung pembahasan ini. Ada lima teori yang digunakan, yaitu teori

karakter dan karakterisasi, teori feminis, teori patriarki, teori tentang wanita Asia

selatan dan teori tentang tradisi masyarakat Asia selatan. Pendekatan yang digunakan

untuk menganalisa pokok permasalahan adalah pendekatan feminis.

  Hasil dari pembelajaran ini menunjukkan tiga hal. Pertama, karakter wanita di

novel ini adalah wanita yang memperjuangkan keadilan, berani, suka memberontak,

mandiri, bertanggung jawab, berani mengambil dan menghadapi resiko. Hal yang

kedua adalah, para karakter wanita di novel yang belum mengalami kawin paksa

menganggap kawin paksa sebagai tindakan yang menentang kebebasan tiap individu

untuk memilih. Para karakter wanita di novel yang sudah mengalami kawin paksa

tidak menemukan kebahagiaan dalamnya karena dalam kawin paksa, mereka

menerima kekerasan dan perlakuan tidak adil dair suami mereka. Mereka tidak

mempunyai kebebasan untuk memilih, kesempatan dan kesetaraan dengan laki-laki

dalam kawin paksa. Hal ketiga, oleh karena derita, perlakuan tidak adil, tidak adanya

kebebasan dan kesetaraan hak dalam kawin paksa, banyak wanita di India dan

Pakistan yang memberontak melawan kawin paksa dengan cara melarikan diri dan

bunuh diri. Mereka ingin menhargai diri mereka sendiri, mereka ingin menunjukkan

pentingya wanita sebagai individu dan mereka ingin mendapat kesetaraan dengan PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study

  “No one, of course, can deny these assertions: first, that literature is not created in vacuum, and second, that literature embodies ideas significant to the culture that produced it” (Rohrberger, Mary and Samuel H.Woods Jr, 1971: 9) The opening quotation above is taken from Mary Rohrgerber’s and

  Samuel H. Woods Jr’s Reading and Writing about Literature. It affirms two important things, first, literature is not created to be static but literature is created to be dynamic, and second, literature can be a form of ideas related to the history and culture that produced it. Literature also records social realities which are portrayed by many writers and authors through their works. In the work of literature such as novels, the authors reveal their opinions and views about various issues related to their surroundings.

  Novel as a work of literature not only can entertain the readers but also can give knowledge to the readers. We can read a work of literature to get knowledge about human experiences and struggles in a society who solidly held their cultural tradition.

  Every place in the world surely has its own history and cultural traditions. Some examples are taken from some places in South Asia. South Asia is divided into some countries that are: Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Srilanka. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

  In these countries, there are many cultural traditions and most of its citizens are solidly held their cultural tradition. One of many cultural traditions in South Asia is forced marriage.

  “Marriage is considered by most South Asia as a crucial part of a person’s and family life. Arranged marriage has long been the most widely accepted marriage practice across South Asia, where the parents and others family members make the match, taking into consideration the background and character of not only the bride and the groom but also the families, considering matters such as caste endogamy, family status, community reputation, wealth, occupation, education, potential business alliances, physical attractiveness, and perceived compatibility. (Mines, Diane P. and Sarah Lamb, 1992:10) Forced marriage is one of many cultural traditions in some regions of

  South Asia like India and Pakistan. Both Indian and Pakistani young men and women cannot choose their mate by their own selves, parents will take part to choose their mate.

  Jasvinder Sanghera is the author of a novel entitled Daughters of

  Shame . The novel is based on true story that Jasvinder and many women in

  South Asia, especially in India and Pakistan, have experienced. She is a victim of forced marriage and because of that, she built Karma Nirvana, an organization to help many victims of forced marriage.

  “Karma Nirvana was set up in 1994 and can be contacted on their helpline 01332 604098, they now make referrals to refuge, offer advocacy and support, make referrals for counseling and legal support, assist with budgeting, finances, and re-housing and help women with parenting and lifestyle skills.” <http://www.karmanirvana.org.uk> (7 April 2011) Forced marriage has been the most widely accepted marriage practice PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

  choosing the mate. The majority involved women, but men were also become the victim of forced marriage in Pakistan and India.

  “Britain's Forced Marriage Unit, established in 2005, receives around 5,000 calls and deals with about 300 cases each year -- figures that officials fear are just the tip of a very large iceberg. At least 3,000 young women in Britain are the victims of forced marriages each year, with the scale of the problem far bigger than originally thought.

  Men account for just 15 percent of the FMU's cases. Around 30 percent involve minors, including boys, some as young as 10 years old.” <http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2008/mar/08/religion> (26 August 2010) The quotation above shows that both men and women become the victims of forced marriage but women are the majority victims of forced marriage than men. In many cases of forced marriage, women suffered more than men because men have higher privileges than women. Women in South Asia, especially in India and Pakistan are subordinated than men.

  “Woman life is a journey of subordination. When she is young her father decides for her on matters ranging from whether she will get any education, to the all important matters of whom she would marry. After marriage, her husband and her in-laws get hold of her reins and decide matters or her behalf like shall she or shall she not have a child every year, or whether she would produce only boys, or whether she can seek independent employment and so on. Finally when she becomes old and her husband gets weak or may have gone already, it is her sons who decide her fate in the declining years of her life.” (Najam, 2003:9) The quotation above shows that woman have no right to choose what they want. Men take control of their live and they just cannot do anything except obeying what their father or husband want. This makes many women suffered more than men in most cases of forced marriage. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

  “Marriages formed out of love do happen in India. It is an accepted fact that a person’s family will play a role in picking the marriage partner.”

    (http://www.pardesiservices.com/tradition/arrangedmarg.asp)

  From the quotation above shows that forced marriage is the main issue that happened in some countries in South Asia like in India and Pakistan.

  Parents and other family members forced their will to their children and they must obey what their parents want.

  Honor in many South Asian countries is called izzat. Izzat is central to many South Asian families’ sense of self-worth. In Everyday Life in South

  Asia , it is stated that, “For the sake of izzat, or honor, the cornerstone of the

  Asian community, and since the beginning of time it's been the job of girls and women to keep it polished,” (Mines, Daniel P. and Sarah Lamb, 1992:11). The key element in izzat or honor is modesty and obedience in their children. Daughters and sons must obey what their parents say and want to make their parents happy.

  Forced marriage is reality that happens in South Asian community because it is a cultural tradition in South Asian community especially in Pakistan and India. Honor or izzat is also central and be the cornerstone to South Asian families. Many daughters and sons must do what their parents ask them to do. If parents want them to marry their chosen mate, they must go through with that arranged married. If daughter or son refuses it, he or she will be considered as someone who shames her or his parents. Both daughter and son are forced to marry someone who is chosen by their parents. Women PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

  marriage is not the same to women and men. Women suffered more than men in most cases of forced marriage because men have higher privileges than women.

  Based on the fact above, the writer is interested to choose forced marriage as the topic in this study. Many victims of forced marriage feel that forced marriage is like a nightmare and many of them must face and experience unhappy and loveless marriage. Many of them also experienced violence in their household.

  The bad experience of Indian and Pakistani women as the victims of forced marriage became the background of Daughter of Shame, the novel that will be analyzed in this study. Daughters of Shame is a novel written by Jasvinder Sanghera. She is a Pakistani. Forced marriage is a cultural tradition of her country and izzat-honor is the most important thing for her family and her surroundings. This novel tells the stories about some of thousands women that Sanghera has subsequently met through Karma Nirvana, the organization which she found in 1994 to help Asian women in similar situations: victim of forced marriage and honor-based violence, usually the one who does the violence is the family member, who sees shame in Asian girl touching a white boy but none in abusing, beating, raping, torturing and murdering their own flesh and blood. This condition affects the Indian and Pakistani women characters. They feel that forced marriage is oppression to them and they rebel against forced marriage to end that oppression. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI Daughters of Shame is chosen to be the object of this study because

  this novel contains many cases of forced marriage in South Asia, especially in India and Pakistan. The background of Daughters of Shame is the bad experience of Indian and Pakistani women as the victims of forced marriage.

  Daughters of Shame also contains many female characters that can be used to

  reveal the rebellion of South Asian-Indian and Pakistani women against forced marriage. Hopefully this study can give a greater understanding of how some Indian and Pakistani women rebel cultural tradition that is forced marriage.

  B. Problem Formulation

  Related to the topics of the research that the writer tries to develop, the questions are formulated as follows.

  1. How are the female characters described in the novel?

  2. How is the forced marriage depicted through the female characters in the novel?

  3. How is the rebellion of South Asian-Indian and Pakistani women against forced marriage revealed through the female characters?

  C. Objectives of the Study

  Both men and women are become the victim of forced marriage but women become the most dominant victim of forced marriage. Women suffered more than men in most cases of forced marriage. This study will focus on the rebellion of Indian and Pakistani women against forced marriage in Jasvinder Sanghera’s novel, Daughters of Shame. The rebellion will be seen the satisfying answers of the problem formulation. First, the objective of this study is meant to find out the main female characters in Daughters of Shame.

  The second objective is to find out how forced marriage is depicted through the female characters in the novel and the third objective is to find out how the female characters rebel against forced marriage.

  In this part, the writer gives a definition about some terms that related to the study to avoid misunderstanding in analyzing the research. Here are the definitions of some words stated in the title and the problem formulation.

  1. Marriage According to Description and Comparison in Cultural Anthropology, marriage is a contract in which a person or group establishes its right of sexual access to a woman and in which is eligible to bear offspring. (Goodenough, 1970: 33). And Murdock in Social Structure, stated that marriage is a socially accepted relationship between a man and a woman that combines economic and sexual activities. (1949:36)

  2. Forced Marriage In Sociology, forced marriage is a marriage that arranged by parents without consulting the young people themselves. It seems constraining to those people and refuse individual free choice. (Light Donald Jr, Suzanne Keller, and Craig Calhoun, 1942: 484)

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D. Definition of Terms

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  3. Rebellion According to The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms, rebellion means against somebody or something or the action of resisting authority or control, (Baldick, 1991:971).

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW This chapter provides various studies on the novel and some theories related to the issue of forced marriage which is the topic of the study. A. Review of Related Studies Daughters of Shame tell the stories about some of thousands women

  who are the victims of forced marriage. The stories share about their bad experience when they are forced to follow their cultural tradition that is forced marriage, how they run away rather than experience a forced marriage, and how they live their life without their family. The stories also share about violence, abusing, beating, raping, torturing that happens to them.

  There have been some comments on the novel, Daughters of Shame which is made by Jasvinder Sanghera. However, since this novel has not been discussed yet by many people, the writer finds limited information or source related to the work. In this part, the writer presents some comments to the novel, Daughters of Shame. The first comment is taken from the Sunday Times Book review which is reviewed by India Knight:

  “Sanghera also runs a network of much-needed refuges in Derby and Stok-on-Trent. She refers to a national rail company’s report on track suicides. The document showed that a disproportionately high number of that year’s death had occurred on the stretch of line that went through predominantly Asian areas such as Southall and Slough. The rate of self-destruction among young Asian women is three times the average for women of other ethnic group.” < http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/bo

  oks/non-fiction/article5468029.ece > (4 March 2010) PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

  Sanghera in her work, Daoughters of Shame, shows the document about the high number of the death that happen to South Asian young girls because they are committed suicide, and there are some of them who killed by the member of their family.

  The second comment is taken from Ceri’s book six: Daughters of

  Shame by Jasvinder Sanghera . Ceri in her sixth book stated that:

  “Sanghera’s work shocked me, and surpassed my expectations of the genre, in equal measure. The author comes to the realization that this woman did not adhere to the rules of the community out of pride and strength. The attitude which this book attacks is that women are essentially objects rather than individuals with choices, that “honor” is more important than health, happiness or anything else.” <http//:www.26books.com/ceris-book-six-daughtersofshame-by- jasvindersanghera> (23 February 2010)

  Daughters of Shame by Jasvinder Sanghera is a group of stories about

  women and the rule of the society. It shocked the readers because there are many stories about women who are killed by the family members because they do not obey the rule of the society that is forced marriage. Honor is central to many South Asian families, honor is more important than women happiness, health or anything else.

  The topic of this study is forced marriage that happens in South Asia, and this research is about the struggle of South Asian women against forced marriage. The writer is interested to investigate this thesis based on the review that women as the main characters must follow their cultural tradition that is forced marriage and they rebel against forced marriage because it is oppression to them. The female characters are described well in this novel and PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

  exploring the forced marriage that is depicted through the female characters and to find out how the female characters rebel against forced marriage.

B. Review of Related Theories

  In doing this study, there are several theories needed to support the analysis. In the analysis, the writer tries to analyze the female characters as the victims of forced marriage and the writer tries to reveal the rebellion of the South Asian-Indian and Pakistani women as seen from the female characters in the story. The theory of character will help the writer analyzing the female characters.

1. Theory Character and Characterization

  A work of literature is developed from some significant intrinsic elements, such as character. Since the writer wants to analyze the characteristics of the female characters related to their rebellion against forced marriage, therefore it is important to present theory of characters. M.H Abrams in Glossary of Literary Terms stated that:

  “Characters are the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral, dispositional, and emotional qualities that are expressed in what they say-the dialogue-and by what they do the action. A character remains stable or changes, the reader of traditional and realistic work expect “consistency” –the character should not suddenly break off and act in a way not plausibly grounded in his or her temperament as we have already come to know it,” (1993:24) Abrams also says that “Character’s motivation can be in their temperament, desires, and moral nature for their speech and actions”

  (1993:23). There are two things that can be concluded, first, the character PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

  of his or her surroundings and the character changing in the novel can be analyzed through their environment and surroundings. Second, the position, motivation and the struggle can be analyzed through their dialogues and actions.

  According to Baldick in his book The Concise Oxford Dictionary of

  Literary Terms, character is different from characterization. “Characterization

  is the way which a character is presented. Therefore, character is the result while characterization is the process” (1991:83). Although character is different from characterization, but they are related to each other and they cannot be separated.

  M.J. Murphy in Understanding Unseens: An Introduction to English

  Poetry and the English Novel for overseas Student states that there are nine

  ways in which the author presents his character. Those are:

  a) Personal Description Character which is described by the author through his/her appearance and clothes.

  b) Character as Seen by another Instead of describing a character directly the author can describe him through eyes and opinions of another.

  c) Speech The author can give us an insight into the character of one of the persons in the book through what the person says. Whenever a person speaks, PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

  whenever he is in conversation with another, whenever he puts forward an opinion, he is giving us some clue to his character.

  d) Past Life By letting the reader learn something about a person’s past life, the author can gives us a clue to events that have helped to shape a person’s character.

  e) Conversations of others Through the conversations of other people and the things they say about him/her.

  f) Reactions Person reacts to various situations and events can also give the reader a clue to a person’s character.

  g) Direct Comment The author can describe or comment on a person’s character directly.

  h) Thought The author can give us direct knowledge of what a person is thinking about.

  It is something that we cannot do in our real life. The author also can tell us what different people are thinking. i) Mannerism

  The author can describe a person’s mannerisms, habits, or idiosyncrasies which may also tell us something about his character (1972: 161-173) That is how the author makes the readers aware of the personalities and the characteristics of the people that the author writes about in his or her PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

  emotional feeling of the readers will be also concerned when they read the story.

2. Theory of Feminism

  Works of literature are usually based on the author’s imagination but some of works of literature are usually written based on the true story. Many works of literature show the fact that women are less valued than men, women are currently disadvantaged with respect to rights and respects, compared with men. Maggie Humm in Feminism: A Reader, stated that feminism is defined as the principal that women should have political, economic and social rights equal to men,” (1992:xi). And Helen Tery in Women’s Studies Encyclopedia, stated that: “Feminism can be described as a belief and a commitment to equal rights and opportunities for women,” (1989:139). The quotations above show that feminism is a principal, commitment and belief that women should have equal rights and opportunities with men in all fields, like social, political and economic.

  Virginia Woolf says in Bressel’s Literary Criticism: An Introduction

  to Theory and Practice , that:

  “Women must reject this social construct and establish their own identity. Women must challenge the prevailing, false cultural notions concerning their gender identity and develop a female discourse that will accurately portray their relationship “to the world of reality” and not to the world of men,” (1994:182). Women born as individuals who have opportunities, freedom of choice and equal rights with men. But in patriarchal society where men PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

  do due to their sex. Patriarchal society considers that men are superior and women are inferior. There is a belief in societies that men are cleverer than women, this belief makes women are treated different with men, they are not given chance to state their arguments and develop their ability.

  Hester Eisenstein in Contemporary Feminist Thought stated that, “The oppression of women was at the root of all other oppression, racial, economic, or political.” (1983: 127). Feminism appears because there are unfair treatments toward women, and its goal is to end women’s oppression. Deborah L. Madsen in Feminist Theory and Literary Practice, stated that:

  Feminist literary theory had three main aims: to expose the workings of the ubiquitous patriarchal power structure; to promote the rediscovery of women’s historical achievements (including critical, literary, political, scientific, philosophical and other) theories of the cultural forces that shape our lives. The intended aim was to change the sexist bias of traditional, educational and social practices. (2000:15) It can be concluded that some purposes of feminist theory are to show the work of patriarchal system in society, to show cultural forces that shape women’s lives, and the main aim is to change sexist thought in many practices.

  Maggie Humm says that, “Feminism depends on the principle that women could consciously and collectively change their social place. The word feminism could stand for a belief in sexual equality combines with a commitment to eradicate sexist domination and to transform society” (1992: 1). PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

  The quotation above shows us two important points. First, it shows that feminist’s purpose is to reform patriarchal society, not to replace it with matriarchal society, feminists only struggle to get equality. Second, the goal of feminism is to change the degrading view of women so that all women will realize that they have the equal right with all men in all fields.

  In conclusion, theory of feminism reveals the importance of women as individual and it also shares their experiences, rebellion and struggle to end their oppression and get equality with men.

3. Theory of Patriarchy

  In many parts of the world, men exert and control over women. Kate Millet in her work, Sexual Politics, used a word which has become part of the standard vocabulary of feminist writing that is patriarchy. The word patriarchy comes from Greek that means the rule of the father (1970: 25). Maggie Humm in The Dictionary of Feminist Theory, stated that: “Patriarchy is a system of male authority which oppresses women through its social, political and economic institutions. Patriarchy has power from men’s greater access to, and mediation of, the resources and rewards of authority structures inside and outside home,” (1995:200). The quotation above shows that patriarchy can be described as the world of men where men have authority to oppress women in all fields like social, political and economic. This makes women depend on men and they have no chance to develop themselves.

  The fundamental fact of male domination over women could be PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

  therefore justified by this fact, that of the universal oppression of women by men” (1970: 5).

  Adrienne Rich in her work, Of Woman Born: Motherhood as

  Experience and Institution, stated that

  “Patriarchy is the power of the fathers: a familial-social, ideological, political system in which men by force, direct pressure, or through ritual, tradition, law, and language, customs, etiquette, education, and the division of labor, determine what part women shall or shall not play, in which the female is everywhere subsumed under the male.” (1976: 57-58) The quotation above shows that patriarchy refers to society in which family unit structures focus on males who exert authority over females.

  Barbara A. Weightman in Dragons and Tigers: A Geography of South, East

  and Southeast Asia , stated that: “In patriarchal system, men also dominate

  social, economic and political realms. Unfortunately, the majority of women in Asia are forced into subordinate roles and statutes embedded in wide array of male-dominated cultures,” (2006:73).

  From the quotation above, it can be inferred that in patriarchal system, men control and oppress women in social, politic and economic and it makes women become subordinate of men.

4. South Asian Women

  The term South Asia refers to India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan and Maldives. Most of people in South Asia are Hindustani and Muslims. “South Asian women do not directly adopt foreign countries ways because in fact they are a conservative force keeping traditional Hindu and PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI th

  Muslim gender patterns during most of the 19 C” (Hughes and Hughes, 1997: 206).