The struggles of Indian women against forced marriage in India as portrayed in Jasvinder Sanghera`s Daughters of Shame.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

THE STRUGGLES OF INDIAN WOMEN AGAINST FORCED MARRIAGE
IN INDIA AS PORTRAYED IN JASVINDER SANGHERA’S
DAUGHTERS OF SHAME
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education

By
Maria Christy
Student Number: 06 1214 138

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2012

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

THE STRUGGLES OF INDIAN WOMEN AGAINST FORCED MARRIAGE
IN INDIA AS PORTRAYED IN JASVINDER SANGHERA’S
DAUGHTERS OF SHAME
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education

By
Maria Christy
Student Number: 06 1214 138

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2012

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“The Lord is my rock, my fortress, and my savior; my God
is my rock, in whom I find protection. He is my shield, the
power that saves me, and my place of safety”

Psalm 18:2

I dedicate this thesis to my beloved family and my best boyfriend.
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STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY
I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work or
parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and
bibliography, as a scientific paper should.

Yogyakarta, December 12, 2011
The Writer

Maria Christy

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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:

Nama

: Maria Christy

Nomor Mahasiswa

: 061214138

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:
THE STRUGGLES OF INDIAN WOMEN AGAINST FORCED MARRIAGE
IN INDIA AS PORTRAYED IN JASVINDER SANGHERA’S DAUGHTERS
OF SHAME
beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan
kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan
dalam

bentuk

media

lain,

mengelolanya

dalam

bentuk

pangkalan

data,

mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di Internet atau media
lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin saya maupun memberikan
royalty kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal 11 Januari 2012
Yang menyatakan

Maria Christy

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to devote my gratitude to Jesus Christ for His blessing
and His mercy. He gives me faith and strength along the hard path of my life.
I would like to give my deepest gratitude to my advisor Drs. L. Bambang
Hendarto Y., M.Hum., who has patiently helped me to finishing my thesis. I really
thank him for his help, guidance, and suggestion. My great thank is also given to Drs.
Antonius Herujiyanto, M.A., Ph.D. for his willingness to read, correct, and discuss
this thesis with me. I would also like to thank all PBI lecturers who have shared their
knowledge during my study, the staff of PBI secretariat who have been very patient
in helping me to accomplish my study.
I am sincerely grateful to my parents. I thank them for their prayers. I beg a
big forgiveness for making them worried about my thesis. I thank my father, Raharjo
Hadi Saptono for giving me advice and financial support and my mother Vincentia

Esti Yuni Pertiwi who has given her attention and prayer for me every night. I thank
my little brother Galatia Atmaja for his encouragements in my study.
My deepest love goes to my lovely partner in life, Vando Hendriko
Pangaribuan who always stays beside me whenever I need him and gives his
shoulder to cry on. I thank him for his support and love. Those whom I could not
forget are my best friends in my life, Intan W.K, Eka, Satrio, Pipit, Sonya, Ririn,
Lisa, Siska Ong, Irfan, Jalu, Jojo, Christin, Andreas Agung, Dita, Susan, Deean,
Riris, Tyas, Etha. I thank them for their never - ending support and prayer. No
words can ever be good enough to describe how much I love them. Last but not least,
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I would like to thank all people that I cannot mention one by one, who have given me
support in finishing my thesis. May God bless them all.

Maria Christy

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE …………………………………………………………….

i

PAGES OF APPROVAL ………………………………………………..

ii

PAGE OF DEDICATION ……………………………………………….

iii

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY………………………….

v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ……………………………………………...

vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………………

viii

ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………….

xi

ABSTRAK ………………………………………………………………….

xii

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………

1

A. Background of the Study …………………………………….

1

B. Problem Formulation ………………………………………..

3

C. Objectives of the Study ……………………………………..

3

D. Benefits of the Study ………………………………………..

3

E. Definition of Terms ………………………………………….

4

1. Marriage …………………………………………………

4

2. Forced Marriage …………………………………………

4

3. Women …………………………………………………..

4

4. Caste ……………………………………………………..

4

CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ……………………

6

A. Review of Related Theory ……………………………………

6

1. Critical Approaches ………………………………………

6

2. Motivation ………………………………………………..

7

a. Physiological Needs …………………………………..

8

b. Safety Needs……………………………………………

9

c. Love Needs……………………………………………

9

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d. Esteem Needs …………………………………………

9

e. Self Actualization……………………………………..

9

3. Struggle for Life …………………………………………

9

B. Review of Indian’s Women’s Social Roles …………………..

11

1. The Indian Caste System ………………………………….

11

2. Position of Women in Society …………………………….

13

3. Marriage ……………………………………………………

14

4. Forced Marriage in India …………………………………..

16

C. Theoretical Framework ………………………………………..

17

CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY ……………………………………………

19

A. Object of the Study …………………………………………….

19

B. Approach of the Study …………………………………………

20

C. Method of the Study ……………………………………………

21

CHAPTER IV. ANALYSIS ……………………………………………………

23

A. The Description of Marriage in India in Relation to the Caste

23

System…………………………………………………………….

25

1. The Influence of Caste System on Indian’s Marriage ……

26

2. Forced Marriage in India as Represented in Daughters of
Shame ……………………………………………………..

29

B. The Struggles of Indian Women Against Forced Marriage as

29

Described in Jasvinder Sanghera’s Daughters of Shame ……….

30

1. Causes ……………………………………………………

32

a. Caste System …………………………………………

32

b. Abuses ………………………………………………..

35

1. Physical Abuses ………………………………….

38

2. Verbal Abuses ………………………………………

39

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3. Sexual Abuses ………………………………………

40

2. The Struggles ……………………………………………….

42

a. Struggles within Self ……………………………………

43

b. Struggles against Their Husbands ………………………

47

c. Struggles against Their Family …………………………
d. Against Society …………………………………………

50
50

CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS………………………

52

A. Conclusions …………………………………………………….

52

B. Suggestions ……………………………………………………..

52

1. Suggestion for Future Researchers …………………………
2. Suggestion for Teachers …………………………………….

53

REFERENCES………………………………………………………………….

55

APPENDICES ………………………………………………………………….

-1-

Appendix 1 Summary of Daughters of Shame …………………………………

-2-

Appendix 2 Biography of Jasvinder Sanghera …………………………………

-4-

Appendix 3 Lesson Plan to Teach Cross Cultural Understanding …………….

-7-

Appendix 4 Lesson Plan of Cross Cultural Understanding ……………………

-

Appendix 5 Pictures of Jasvinder Sanghera ……………………………………

10-

Appendix 6 Chapter 3 of Daughters of Shame …………………………………

1617-

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ABSTRACT
Christy, Maria (2011): The Struggles of Indian Women against Forced Marriage
in India as Portrayed in Jasvinder Sanghera’s Daughters of Shame. Yogyakarta:
Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Department of Language and Arts
Education, English Education Study Program, Sanata Dharma University.
The novel Daughters of Shame by Jasvinder Sanghera tells about Indian
women who struggle hard against forced marriage. In their marriage, Indian women
receive abuses such as physical, verbal, and even sexual abuses. Through Karma
Nirvana, the organization which is developed by Jasvinder Sanghera, Indian women
receive the aid and support to struggle against forced marriage.
This study aims to answer two problems. The first is to describe Indian
marriage in relation to the caste system. The second is to describe the struggles of
Indian women against forced marriage as portrayed in Daughters of Shame.
This thesis employed a library research where the data were gained from the
books related to the topic. There were two kinds of sources. The primary source was
the novel itself. The secondary sources were several books related to the theory of the
literary term, the theory of motivation, the theory of struggle for life, and the theory
related with the Indian caste system.
This thesis used the psychological and socio-cultural historical approaches to
describe the caste system in Indian society particularly in marriage in the novel, and
Indian women’s motivation to struggle hard against forced marriage.
The result of the study shows that the Indian caste system is the important
regulation which restricts the relationship among people particularly in marriage.
Indian women are not allowed to marry people from different caste or outside of the
group. Consequently, Indian women are expected to get married with the same level
and caste. Therefore, all Indian women must obey that kind of regulation. Further,
marriage in Indian society is determined by their parents or family. This condition
puts them in disadvantage positions. That is why they struggle against forced
marriage. In this study, their struggles are divided into four types, namely struggles
against self, husband, family, and society.
This study also provides suggestion for future researchers and teachers. This
study opens the opportunity to conduct further analysis on women’s struggles against
forced marriage. This study also provides the lesson plan to teach Cross Cultural
Understanding. It is intended to be applied to third semester students of English
Language Education Study Program.
Keywords: Forced Marriage, Indian Women

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ABSTRAK
Christy, Maria (2011): The Struggles of Indian Women against Forced Marriage
in India as Portrayed in Jasvinder Sanghera’s Daughters of Shame. Yogyakarta:
Program Studi Bahasa Inggris, Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra, Fakultas Keguruan dan
Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Novel Daughters of Shame yang ditulis oleh Jasvinder Sanghera menceritakan
tentang wanita-wanita India yang berjuang keras melawan pernikahan paksa. Dalam
pernikahannya, wanita-wanita India mendapatkan perlakuan kasar secara fisik,
verbal, dan seksual. Melalui Karma Nirvana, organisasi yang didirikan oleh Jasvinder
Sanghera, wanita-wanita India memperoleh bantuan dan dukungan untuk berjuang
melawan pernikahan paksa.
Skripsi ini bertujuan untuk menjawab dua permasalahan. Pertama, untuk
mengetahui pernikahan India dalam hubungannya pada sistem kasta. Kedua, untuk
mengetahui perjuangan wanita-wanita India menentang pernikahan paksa yang di
digambarkan dalam novel Daughters of Shame.
Skripsi ini menerapkan studi pustaka yang didapat dari buku-buku yang
berhubungan dengan topik. Terdapat dua jenis sumber. Sumber utama adalah novel
itu sendiri. Sumber kedua adalah beberapa buku yang berhubungan dengan
kesusastraan, motivasi, perjuangan untuk hidup, dan teori yang berhubungan dengan
sistem kasta India.
Skripsi ini menerapkan pendekatan psikologis dan sosiokultural-historis untuk
mendeskripsikan sistem kasta pada masyarakat India terutama dalam pernikahan
didalam novel, dan untuk mengetahui motivasi wanita-wanita India dalam berjuang
melawan pernikahan paksa.
Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sistem kasta India dipandang
sebagai hukum penting yang mengatur hubungan antara manusia terutama didalam
sebuah pernikahan. Wanita-wanita India tidak diperbolehkan untuk menikahi orangorang dari kasta yang berbeda atau diluar dari kelompok tersebut. Akibatnya, wanitawanita tersebut diharuskan untuk menikah dengan orang-orang dari kasta atau
kedudukan yang setara. Semua wanita India diharuskan mematuhi aturan tersebut.
Lebih lanjut, pernikahan dalam masyarakat India ditentukan oleh orang tua. Kondisi
tersebut menempatkan anak perempuan mereka pada kondisi yang merugikan. Oleh
karena itu mereka akhirnya berusaha melawan pernikahan paksa. Dalam penelitian
ini, perjuangan mereka dikelompokkan menjadi empat tipe, yaitu perjuangan batin

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dalam diri mereka, perjuangan melawan suami, perjuangan melawan keluarga, dan
perjuangan melawan masyarakat.
Penelitian ini juga menyediakan saran bagi peneliti di masa yang akan datang
dan para guru. Penelitian ini membuka kesempatan untuk melakukan analisis yang
lebih jauh pada perjuangan wanita India melawan pernikahan paksa. Penelitian ini
juga menyediakan rencana pembelajaran untuk mengajar Cross Cultural
Understanding yang dapat diterapkan di semester tiga pada siswa Pendidikan Bahasa
Inggris.
Kata Kunci: Pernikahan Paksa, Wanita India

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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter consists of five parts. They are background of the study, problem
formulation, objectives of the study, benefits of the study, and definition of terms. The
background of the study explains the reason of choosing the topic. In the research
problem sections of this study, some problems are formulated in the form of questions.
The objectives of the study describe the purpose of writing this thesis and the benefits
of the study for the students who learn literature and also for everyone who wants to
learn literature. The last part of this chapter is definition of terms which provides some
explanations of important terms.
A. Background of the Study
Marriage is a kind of institution which involves values in a society. Moreover,
marriage is a kind of human relationship and learning process between two individuals
with different sexes. It is the process of adjustment between a husband and a wife in
their personalities (Merrill, 1974, p. 310). Bowman (1954) says a marriage is a legal
institution in a social pattern. It consists of attitudes, ideas, ideals, and also legal
restriction (p. 2). Furthermore, Kane (1974) in his book Marriage and the Family says,
“Fundamentally people marry because such an institution exists in society and the
system of values accords prestige to this institution. If the marriage did not exist, no
one could marry. The culture however, possesses such institution” (p. 99).
Marriage is a great thing in human’s life, especially for women in the world.
Every woman must be delightful when she is going to get married. It is because she
will face a new life with someone she loves. Moreover, marriage is a holy union
because it involves a promise to God. Therefore, marriage should be based on love and
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not force. Nevertheless, there are still a lot of unhappy marriages experienced by
women nowadays. They are unhappy because they have to get married with people
who they do not really or never know before. There are many daughters who get
married by force.
Works of literature may portray human life experiences, such as marriages as
described above. People can share their life experiences through works of literature.
Literary works can also be perceived as means of communication between an author
and the readers. Furthermore, an author usually writes the stories based on his/her or
even of other people’s experiences.
Daughters of Shame is one of novels which is written based on life experiences
of Indian women experiencing forced-marriages. Jasvinder, the author, portrays how
Indian women struggle hard to escape from forced-marriages and fight against forced
marriage to obtain their right. The story describes lots of true stories about forced
marriage experienced by Indian women who struggle hard to flee from the houses
because they are tortured by their husbands. Most of them leave their houses because
they get abused and become the victims of crime of their husbands. They are very
desperate when they come to Jasvinder at Karma Nirvana, a foundation where she
works, to tell their marriage stories. Sometimes, they feel shy in sharing their
experiences.
The novel is interesting to discuss because this novel also exposes social
condition in India, especially the caste system and some elements that are involved in
marriage system in India. Thus, this novel was chosen because it tells about the
struggle of Indian women against forced marriage in India. The reader can feel their
struggles in facing forced marriage. Moreover, this novel is challenging because it

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exposes the social condition in India. This is a novel which presents a real description
about forced marriage relating to the caste system in India. The reader will have a
better understanding the novel if they know exactly the real society background in
India.
B. Problem Formulation
There are two major problems formulated in the study. They are as follows:
1. How is Indian marriage in relation to the caste system described in Daughters of
Shame?
2. How are the struggles of Indian women against forced marriage described in
Daughters of Shame?
C. Objectives of the Study
This thesis provides the reader with information about forced marriage
experienced by Indian women told to Jasvinder Sanghera. Thus, this thesis is beneficial
for those who study literature because it provides the opportunities to analyze. Many
aspects in this novel are interesting to discuss.

Therefore, this study focuses on

analyzing one aspect of discussion namely forced marriage. The objectives of the study
are to find out how the caste system influences forced marriage and the struggle against
forced marriage in India.
D. Benefits of the Study
There are some benefits of this study. First, that this study will help the reader
understand that marriage is an important thing in human’s life. Moreover, this study
will give the reader understanding to have a reference to understand more about forced
marriages that happen in India. Thus, this thesis is beneficial for those who are
interested in social life and culture, especially in India. The last benefit is for those

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who use a novel for teaching and learning. They can also use the novel as a source of
language teaching.
E. Definition of Terms
In order to avoid misunderstanding of the content of this thesis, there are some
terms that must be clearly defined. They are Marriage, Forced Marriage, Women, and
Caste.
1. Marriage
According to Schwarz (1956), marriage is defined as a permanent union between a
man and woman which is legalized by the authority of the state. It is expected that
marriage happens just once in a lifetime and it is only separated by the death (p. 218)
2. Forced Marriage
According to Angelica Bray, (2010, p. 1) forced marriage is “a marriage that is
performed under duress and without the full and informed consent of the couple. Being
under duress includes feeling both physical and emotional pressure. Their families
trick some victims of forced marriage into going to another country”.
3. Women
Based on the Dictionary of Sociology by Rose (1964), ‘women’ refers to the
feminine half of humanity. Specifically, women are mature human beings of the
female sex. In the abstract, women are a generalized total of all feminine traits (p.
339). Women in this study are the Indian women.
4. Caste
In his book entitled A World of Transition, Lamb (1963) states that the division
of the caste system in India society consists of the Brahmans (priests and teacher), the
Ksatriyas (rulers and warriors), the Vaishyas (merchants and traders), and the Sudras

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(workers and peasants). Outside this fourfold social order is a despised fifth group of
still lower persons, often called “outcastes” or “untouchables”. They have suffered
from a number of civil and religious disabilities, which have now been prohibited by
laws but have not entirely vanished in practice. They are not allowed to enter certain
part of villages, or drink water from the common village well used by other Hindus.
They are required to live in a special area or hamlets outside the villages (p. 144).

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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter consists of the three parts. The first is theoretical review which
consists of some theories used in analyzing the novel. They are theory of critical
approach, theory of motivation, theory of struggle for life. Meanwhile, review of the
women’s social roles consists of the caste system, the position of women in society, and
marriage in India.
A. Review of Related Theory
1.

Critical Approaches
According to Rohrberger and Woods, Jr (1971), there are five approaches which

can be applied to analyze a work of literature. The first approach is the formalist
approach. This approach insists on the total integrity of the literary piece. It focuses
almost on its esthetics value, so they are concern with demonstrating harmonious
involvement of all parts of the novel and also with pointing out how meaning is derived
from structures and how matters of technique determines structure (pp. 6-15).
The second is the biographical approach. The proponents of the biographical
assert the necessity for an appreciation of the ideas and personality of the author to an
understanding of the literary object (p. 8). This approach gives us awareness that what
author writes in the work of art is a reflection of their personality. In this case, the
readers try to learn as much as they can about the life and development of the author.
Furthermore, they can apply this knowledge in understanding the author’s work. What
the author thinks and feels can be reflected through the literary work.

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The third approach is the sociocultural - historical approach. According to
Rohrberger and Woods Jr., the sociocultural - historical approach insists that the only
way to locate the real work is in reference to the civilization that produces it (p. 9).
Here, they try to define civilization as the attitudes and actions of a specific group of
people and point out that literature takes these attitudes and actions as it subject matter.
The next approach is the mythopoeic approach. Rohrberger and Woods Jr., state
that this approach seeks to discover a certain universally recurrent pattern of human
thought, which they believe will find an expression in significant works of art (p. 9-11).
The last approach is the phychological approach. This approach involves the
effort to locate and demonstrate certain recurrent pattern (p. 13). This approach is
usually used to account briefly for the misunderstanding of psychological criticism.
This study uses sociohistorical approach and psychological approach. It
conducts the problem that occurs from the last decade until now. In order to understand
this novel fully, the analyst is expected to provide themselves with some knowledge
about the historical, culture of society in India. In this case are about the caste system
and marriage.
2. Motivation
Motivation is something that people have in their life. It stimulates them to do
something that aims to influence their life. Motivation can push someone to do
something to achieve what he wants. The continued functioning of an urge, in spite of
one or two frustrating experiences, is the evidence of a strong push for a person to attain
a particular goal. Murray (1964) defines motivation as a desire and it relates to behavior
because it involves in all kinds of behaviors, such as learning, perceiving, attending,
remembering, forgetting, thinking, creating, and feeling. It affects someone’s behavior

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because motivation functions as incentive for someone to behave in a certain manner
(p.7).
We know that a person usually has motivation for their action to achieve what
they want. Some people who are motivated by something will struggle to achieve their
needs and their goals. Their goals must be something which occurs behind the action
and by understanding this we can understand why people do that particular thing.
Further, Beck (1978) divides motivation into two types namely intrinsic motivation and
extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation comes from within based on personal
interests, desires, and need for fulfillment. Extrinsic motivation comes from external
factors outside of the performer, such as rewards or punishment. Extrinsic motivation
drives the performer to do things for rewards or pressures, rather than the fun to do it (p.
144).
Maslow classifies motivation into a hierarchy of needs. They are described as a
pyramid consisting the lists of human needs, with the lowest level is in the basic of the
pyramid followed by the higher needs (as cited in Ziegler, 1981, pp. 368-374). It is
divided as:
a. Physiological needs
Physiological needs are the basic needs. They are the primary requirements for
human survival, such as air, water, sleep, food, and sexual activity. For the example,
when a person lacks of food, self-esteem and love, he is going to demand food first. He
will ignore the other needs until the need of food is fulfilled.
b. Safety needs

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In this level, human is looking for stability and security. It includes personal
security, financial security, health, well beings and safety against accident or illness.
These needs occur after psychological maybe fully satisfied.
c. Love needs
Love needs are on the third level. This needs deal with emotionally based human
relationship namely friendship and intimacy. Love needs relate with acceptance,
affection, giving, and receiving love. Humans have a desire to belong to group such as
clubs, work groups, religious groups, family, gangs, etc. People need to be loved,
accepted, and to be needed by others.
d. Esteem needs
Esteem need presents human desire to be respected and valued by others. There
are two distinctions of esteem needs, a lower and a higher one. A lower one is the needs
for gaining status, fame, prestige, and recognition by others. The higher one is the needs
for self- esteem, self confidence, independence, and freedom.
e. Self actualization
The needs for self actualization are considered the final needs. It may occur
when the lower level of needs have been satisfied. These needs are the identification of
the psychological need for growth, development, and utilization of potential.
3. Struggle for Life
Life does not always mean sweet moments. Sometimes, there are many problems
come up in our daily lives. We cannot escape from the problem whether it is easy or
hard one. We have to struggle hard and try to solve the problems wisely. People who
live in this world have their own problems with their own business. Morris (1990) states
that the life events themselves, such as death of spouse or a close family member,

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divorce, violence in marriage, personal injury, etc, are the problems of life that cause
people to struggle for life (p. 493). They, in fact, have great differences in the way they
react to this situation.
Braun, Linder, Asimov (1979) conclude that there are many life events that cause
people to struggle for life. These life events can be the death of a close family member,
personal injury or illness, fired from work, gain of a new family member, etc. People
will react differently toward the life events in their life if they are unable to cope with it.
When people cannot cope with these life events happening in their life, they will
become stressed. Stress is one of reactions that emerge when people are unable to
overcome their problems. Because of stress, people will need to adjust (pp. 478-480).
Morris (1990) also states that how people will react to this entire event which they
experience is one aspect of the processes called adjustment. Adjustment is a continuous
and ever changing process among interacting of the people, event, and forces that affect
our lives such as our friends and family, physical growth and aging, and the
environment. All these factors continue to change as long as we live. Any attempt to
cope with situations falls into three categories. The first category is problem solving.
The development of problem solving skill to meet a wide variety of situations is very
useful for the process of adjustment. The second category is an acceptance of situation.
It can also be an effective tool of adjustment. The third category is the use of defense
mechanism, as the means of coping with the stress and anxiety. It is a tool for
adjustment; its overuse can lead to severe disturbance (p. 490).
However, struggle for life is the competition between organism especially as an
element in natural selection, or between persons seeking a livelihood. Struggle for life is
very important to hold out from human suffering. Struggle means a series of determined

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efforts that people do under the difficult condition and situation in their life (Abate,
1996, p. 1514).

B. Review of Indian Women’s Social Roles
1.

The Indian Caste System
In every society there is social status and it cannot be separated from real life.

For some society the position of someone is quite important. A specific position which a
person holds in a social structure might contribute to social status in society. Different
social classes can be distinguished by some aspects in such areas as power, authority,
wealth, working, and living conditions, life styles, life span, education, religion, and
culture. Therefore, a group of people a certain social class is expected to behave
according to their social status. Smith (1955) states that the upper class should have a
high social status and they have to live in a certain style of life which shows that they
belong to an exclusive class. Status is based on the specific position which they hold in
a social structure and the way they carry out their duties of the position and by the
personal quality or reputation (p. 268).
The Indian society with the Hindus as the majority cannot be separated from the
caste system as it is the most important part in Hindu tradition. Caste system divides the
society into many classes with specific difference. Hutton, Dutt, Ketkar (1963) conclude
in Caste in India Its Nature, Function, and Origin that the word caste derived from the
Portuguese word casta signifying breed, race, or the kind (p. 47-56). Risley (as cited in
Hutton, 1963, p. 56) also defines caste as “a collection of families or group of families
bearing a common descent from a mythical ancestor, human or divine; professing to

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follow the same hereditary calling; and regarded by those who are competent to give an
opinion as a forming a single homogenous community” .
The Hindus in India often speak of their society as containing just the four castes
referred to in the Sanskrit writings. They are the Brahmans which is the highest level of
caste system whose members are mostly religious leaders and teachers, the Ksatriyas
which members are from the wealthy ruling families, kings, and warriors owning most
of the land and villages, the Vaishyas which consists of businessmen and traders, and
the Sudras comprising the laborers and artisans. Outside the fourfold social order is
despised the fifth group of still lower position, often called “the outcastes” or “the
untouchables”. The effective units in Indian society in the 20th century were some 3000
separated castes and sub-castes. In other social contacts, also caste is an important factor
in how people deal with each other. (Lamb, 1963, p. 135)
Many castes are traditionally associated with an occupation, such as highranked Brahmans, middle-ranked farmers, such as porters, barbers, carpenters, and very
low-ranked. The Indian caste system describes the social stratification and the social
restrictions in the Indian subcontinent, in which social classes are defined by thousands
of endogamous hereditary groups. Furthermore, castes and families are, then, the
building blocks of Hindu society. Membership of caste is by birth. The Hindu idea of
reincarnation influences the position of one’s caste. Hindus believe when a person dies,
he or she is reincarnated as another being, hopefully in a higher caste. The only way to
move to a higher caste in the next life is to strictly obey the rules of one’s current caste.
Further, one may lose one’s caste identity by being thrown out of one ‘jati’(caste) for
severe misconduct but one does not thereby become a member of another caste.
(Cambridge Encyclopedia of India, 1989, p.364).

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Further, Hutton, Dutt, and Ketkar state that caste can be described from its
features: member of a caste cannot marry a person outside it. Hence, the marriage
should be within the caste (endogamous marriage). There are also rules for eating and
drinking with a member of another caste which does not allow people in higher caste
position having an interaction with another in the lower position. There are also fixed
occupations for each caste. Dutt states that the best recognized position is being that of
the Brahmans. The Brahmans position at the top of the caste hierarchy. Achievement of
a caste is determined by man’s birth, unless he is expelled for violation of its rules.
Transition from one caste to another is not possible. The whole caste system turns on
the prestige of the Brahmans (as cited in Hutton, 1963, p. 49).
2.

Position of Women in Indian Society
If we talk about society, we will imagine some people who live together in a

place and have same rules and culture. According to Elizabeth Langland (1984), society
is an animation of an outside world, which has tended to obscure the formal variety of
social presentation in novels. Therefore, the societies in a real life and in a literary work
are almost the same because usually the author describes the society of his work based
on the society in a real life (p. 4).
Although India once was colonialized by the British, Hughes (1997) states that
up to now Indian women do not directly adopt English ways because in fact there has
been a conservative force for keeping traditional Hindu and Muslim gender patterns
since the 19th century. However, the long political dominance of both European cultural
practices and the economy has given a very big influence on India. Even it has been
continuing after the British left India in 1947. Women, influenced by Both European
feminism and indigenous struggles, emerged from the seclusion of their homes to join

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nationalists and other reform movements. One outcome of colonialism and decades of
nationalist struggle against the British had heightened a tension between the Hindus and
the Muslims, which resulted in the partition in 1947 creating India and Pakistan (p.
206).
In no other regions of the world have women been so prominent as the heads of
state as in South Asia. Modern India after 1947 has provided an example. Its 1950
Constitution has proclaimed women’s equality and voting rights, as well as abolishing
untouchable status among Hindus. In the 1950s and 1960s, more women won more
seats in the state legislatures and the National Parliament of India than these in Western
countries. However, thirty years later, the proportion of women elected to sit as
members of parliament had never exceeded 8 percent. Women from elite families have
monopolized access to education and public office. Efforts have been done to
implement civil rights for women who traditionally are called untouchables by the
Hindus (now called Dalits). Before independence, they had done the dirtiest job and
were humiliated by some Hindus who considered contact with a Dalit as so polluting
that a purification ceremony had to be performed. After being freed from statesanctioned segregation, Dalit women still suffered unemployment, poverty, and high
levels of domestic violence (Hughes, 1984, p. 207).
In the nineteenth century, a primary role was the man’s world becomes one of
ensuring ritual purity for the family. It included strict adherence to rules of
commensality and provided physical sustenance as well as sexual services. However, in
order to make the system work effectively, women, particularly those in large
households, had to develop the art of distributing largesse as well as tasks, mediating
between rivals, or putting the use tensions of these rivalries judiciously. Despite the fact

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that in most upper-middle class homes domestic servants were routinely employed,
women of the family played a vital role in the planning and preparation of meals,
cooking, and serving the men (Hughes, 1997, p. 211-213).

3.

Marriage
Pierce Dufoyer (1964) in his book, The Choice of A Husband, gives a definition

of a marriage as the following; “A marriage is the complete and harmonious
communion of two human beings of different sex” (P. 21). From his opinion it is clear
that marriage is a serious thing. The couple needs serious preparation dealing with a
long process in advance to understand each other well. According to Robinson (1989),
marriage is by far the most important rite. Most marriages are arranged, being seen as
an alliance between two families, and the greatest possible congruence is sought
regarding language, social status and family tradition (p. 366).
Marriage is generally considered the highest and the most noble in India.
Marriage should come as a symbol of reaching a stage of life, especially for men. The
privileged young man would receive spiritual and temporal forms of education until he
is qualified as an adult and will then be expected to take a wife immediately, so as to
notify to the world this change in his status. It is important to get right choice because
marriage is very unluckily to be dissolved before the death of one of the partners.
However, Fishbern (1947, p. 53) states that marriage is an association between
two people in which economic, reproductive, protective, and societal aspects are the
most important. The personal relationship between a husband and a wife is also
important but secondary. Marriage is moving from an association of unequal to an
association of equals. The man’s social status, ambition, economic condition and

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prospects, conduct and moral standards and his stability were readily observable. The
woman’s domestic inclinations and ability and her social behavior were equally
apparent.
Marriage in India involves the caste system which has several types of applied
marriage, such as endogamous, hypergamous, isogamy, and hypogamy. As Risley
states the caste name is generally associated with a specific occupation and that a caste
is almost invariably endogamous, so that a Brahman is not only restricted to marrying
another Brahman, but to marrying a woman of the same subdivision of Brahmans.
Meanwhile, the hypergamous type is also applied in marriage based on the caste system
in India. Hutton describes that hypergamous (reciprocal intermarriage) is typical of the
extreme variability of status found as between sub-castes, and of the very variable
pattern of the caste system in general. In one instance hypergamous is practiced in
alternate generations: a Brahman of the Asht-bans sub-caste of the Bunjahi section of
Saraswat Brahmans in the Punjab may marry a wife from the Bans-pujsub-caste of that
group; but if the son by such a marriage does the same, he loses status for he must
marry an Asht-bans. Hypergamous marriages between the Bans-puj and Asht-baans
sub-castes are thus limited to alternate generations. Basically, the practice of
hypergamous is seeking a bridegroom in a higher caste or subcaste than that of the
bride. The third type is isogamy that is marrying a spouse from the same caste. Thus,
the hypogamy is a type of marriage which tries to seek a bridegroom in a caste or subcaste lower than that of the bride (as cited in Hutton, 1963, p. 52-53).
In The Wonder That Was India, Balsham (1959) also affirms the differentiation that
was made by the caste system in India. He states that, “Relations between classes and
social groups in later Hinduism are governed by rules of endogamy (marriage was only

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legitimate within the group), commensality (food was only to be received from and
eaten in the presence of members of the same or a higher group), and craft –
exclusiveness (each man was to live by the trade or profession of his own group, and
not take up that of another (p. 147).
4. Forced marriage in India
According to Encyclopedia of Dictionary, forced marriage is a term used to
describe a marriage in which one or more of the parties are married without their
consent or against their will. A forced marriage differs from an arranged marriage in
which both parties consent to the assistance of their parents or a third party (p. 11).
According to The Hindu Marriage Act (Dadra & Nagar Haveli, 2007, p. 2), forced
marriage is defined as the expression “custom” and “usage” that signifies any rule
which having been continuously and observed for a long time, has obtained the force
of law among Hindus in any local area, tribe, community, group or family
(http://indiacode.nic.in/fullact1.asp?tfnm=195525).
According to Angelica Bray, (2010, p. 1) forced marriage is “a marriage that is
performed under duress and without the full and informed consent of the couple.
Being under duress includes feeling both physical and emotional pressure. Their
families trick some victims of forced marriage into going to another country”. Victims
fall prey to forced marriage through deception, abduction, coercion, fear, inducements.
A forced marriage may be between children, a child and an adult, or between adults. A
forced marriage is considered to be a domestic violence and an abuse of human rights.
(www.mightystudents.com/essay/Forced.Marriages.India 16614 )
C. Theoretical Framework

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In this study, the researcher uses some theories that help to answer the problem
formulations. The theories are socio cultural historical approach and psychological
approach. The writer chooses these approaches because they are relevant with the social
conditions of the time. The sociocultural-historical approach is used to know how the
caste system applies in Indian marriage during twentieth century. By understanding the
history of marriage in India, the researcher is able to understand the story occurs as
portrayed in the novel. Psychological approach is used to investigate the struggles of
Indian women in the novel and their mental conditions.
Theory of motivation is applied to understand how people motivate themselves
to struggle in reaching their goals and need. In this case, the researcher would like to
know how the daughters and women in India try to escape from forced marriage as their
goal.
The researcher also uses theory of struggle for life. In this case, theory of
struggle for life is used to know how the Indian women keep on struggling to face the
violence because of forced marriage. Indian women try to flee from their house to avoid
the violence, such a physical abuse from their husbands.
In addition, to develop understanding the marriage in India, this study is
supported with some reviews of the social roles of Indian women which involve the
caste system in India, position of women in society, and marriage. After all when
related reviews mentioned above are gained, the analysis of this study can be
implemented.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter consists of three parts. The first part discusses the object of the
study that contains a brief description of the novel. The second part is the critical
approach used in this study. The third part is about the method of the study, which
discusses the steps the researcher followed to answer the questions stated in the problem
formulation.
A. Object of the study
The novel discussed in this study is entitled Daughters of Shame. This is a novel
written by Jasvinder Sanghera, an Indian author. This 288-page novel consists of 32
chapters. It tells about the real life of Indian women who must get married by the force
of their family.
This novel is a sequel or the last sequel of fiction novel written by the same
author entitled ‘Shame’. Following the publication of her own story in Shame, Jasvinder
has brought the issue of forced marriage into the public eye and helped the Forced
Marriage Bill to go through Parliament. In 2007 she received one of the prestigious
Women of the Year awards for her work. She also received the Mc Whirter Foundation
Award 2007, Best magazine Bravest woman Award 2007, and the Inspiration Award
for Women 2008. Jasvinder was made an Honorary Doctor of the University of Derby
in 2008. Meanwhile, Daughters of Shame, is the second book of Jasvinder Sanghera
which are published in Great Britain in 2009 by Hodder and Stounghton An Hachette
UK company.

19

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This novel provides a portrayal of forced marriages that have happened in India.
This novel wants to reveal that forced marriages really happen to many daughters in
India. The author is a co founder of ‘Karma Nirvana’ foundation (a community-based
project that supports South Asian women affected by domestic violence and honourbased crimes because of marriage), who accepts many women, especially daughters
who get violence by forced marriage. Commonly, their parents sell their daughters to
the foreigners who come from Pakistan. They sell their daughters because of economic
conditions. Thus, the India’s daughters are forced to live with people who they have not
known before; even they have not met before. Many India’s daughters flee from their
home because most of them have been abused by husbands. They must struggle hard
against their husbands.
B. Approach of the Study
The approaches used to analyze this novel are the psychological approach and
socio-historical approach. The psychological approach is the approach which analyzes
human mind, thought, behavior and attitude. By using the psychological approach, the
writer can analyze the main character’s psychological aspects. The psychological of
human being present the values of relationship in their interaction with other people in
the society. Meanwhile, the socio historical approach is used to get a clear description
about the India’s daughter’s life. T