The effect of cruel treatment on Antoinette Cosway, the daughter of the slaves` owner as seen in Jean Ryhs Wide Sargasso Sea.

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ABSTRACT

Apriliyani, Ni Putu Nova Rosdiana. 2012. The Effect of Cruel Treatment on
Antoinette Cosway, the Daughter of Slaves’ Owner as seen in Wide Sargasso Sea.
Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program, Department of Language
and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma
University.
The novel Wide Sargasso Sea tells about the struggle of a girl named Antoinette.
Her life is full of misery. Since her childhood, she has suffered from many unhappy
experiences. Her mother does not care about her especially after both her father’s
death and her family’s financial problem. It is even worse, when her mother becomes
mad due to the death of Antoinette’s brother. Her husband has also betrayed her by
having an affair with their servant.
The problems of the study are “how is Antoinette described?”, and “what is the

effect of the cruel treatment against Antoinette?” In discussing the problems, the
theories uses are theory of character and characterization and theory of motivation.
The study uses the psychological approach and theory of character and
characterization to analyze Antoinette’s personality.
The findings are that Antoinette’s personality is influenced by her childhood
experiences. She is a beautiful and independent girl. She is introvert and vulnerable.
The effect of cruel treatment is an unhappy life experienced by Antoinette. She
becomes an emotional person even she turns mad like her mother.
It is suggested for the future researchers to discuss some possible aspects in the
novel such as socio-culture and feminism. It is also recommended that the novel is
used as the material to learn Basic Reading I class in English Education Study
program.

Keywords: cruel, treatment, slave, wide sargasso sea

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ABSTRAK
Apriliyani, Ni Putu Nova Rosdiana. 2012. The Effect of Cruel Treatment on
Antoinette Cosway, the Daughter of Slaves’ Owner as seen in Wide Sargasso Sea.
Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Jurusan Pedidikan Bahasa
dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Novel Wide Sargasso Sea menceritakan tentang perjuangan seorang gadis
bernama Antoinette. Hidupnya penuh dengan kesengsaraan. Sejak Ia masih kecil, Ia
mendapat banyak pengalaman yang tidak menyenangkan. Ibunya tidak peduli
kepadanya baik setelah kematian ayahnya dan kondisi keuangan keluarganya. Ini
menjadi bertambah ketika ibunya mejadi wanita gila karena kematian adik laki-laki
Antoinette. Suaminya juga mengkhianatinya dengan mempunyai hubungan dengan
pembantu mereka.
Masalah-masalah dari penelitian ini adalah “Bagaimana Antoinette digambarkan
dalam novel?” dan “Apa dampak dari perlakuan kejam terhadap Antoinette?” dalam
diskusi mengenai masalah-masalah ini, teori yang digunakan adalah teori karakter
dan karakterisasi dan teori motivasi. Pendekatan psikologi, teori karakter dan

karakterisasi dapat membantu penulis dalam menganalisa kepribadian Antoinette.
Hasil membuktikan bahwa kepribadian Antoinette dipengaruhi oleh pengalaman
masa kecilnya. Ia adalah gadis yang cantik dan mandiri. Ia adalah gadis yang
tertutup dan rapuh. Dampak dari perlakuan buruk yang diterima Antoinette adalah
kehidupan yang tidak bahagia yang dialami oleh Antoinette. ia menjadi orang yang
sangat emosional dan berubah menjadi orang gila seperti ibunya.
Disarankan kepada peneliti yang akan datang untuk mendiskusikan beberapa
aspek yang memungkinkan dalam novel ini yaitu kultur social dan feminism.
Disarankan pula bahwa novel ini digunakan sebagai materi pembelajaran bahasa
inggris di kelas Basic Reading I program studi Bahasa Inggris.

Kata kunci: buruk, perlakuan, budak, wide sargasso sea

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TH E E FFE CT O F CRUEL T RE AT M E NT O N ANTO I N E T TE
COSW AY, TH E D AUGH TER O F TH E SLAVES’ OW NER
AS SE EN I N J EAN RYH S W I DE SARGASSO SEA
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education

By
NI PUTU NOVA R.A.
Student Number: 051214020

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2012

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TH E E FFE CT O F CRUEL T RE AT M E NT O N ANTO I N E T TE
COSW AY, TH E D AUGH TER O F TH E SLAVES’ OW NER
AS SE EN I N J EAN RYH S W I DE SARGASSO SEA
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education

By
NI PUTU NOVA R.A.
Student Number: 051214020

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2012
i

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TINDAKANTIDAK
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STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY
I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work or
parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and the
references, as a scientific paper should.

Yogyakarta, 20 April 2012
The Writer

Ni Putu Nova R.A
051214020

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LEMBAR PERYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:
Nama

: Ni Putu Nova R.A.

Nomor Mahasiswa

: 051214020

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:
T H E E FFE C T O F C R U E L T R E A T M E N T O N A N T O I N E T T E C O S W A Y ,
T H E D A U GH T E R O F T H E S L A V E S ’ O W N ER
AS S E E N I N J E AN RY H S W I DE S A R GA SS O S E A
Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma
hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam
bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikannya secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikanya
di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari
saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama
saya sebagai penulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta,
Pada tanggal: 20 April 2012
Yang menyatakan,

(Ni Putu Nova R.A.)

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There is always some madness in love. But there is also always some
reason in madness.
(Friedrich Nietzsche)

This thesis is dedicated to
My Beloved Family
And myself
To keep fighting to conquer the world

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ABSTRACT

Apriliyani, Ni Putu Nova Rosdiana. 2012. The Effect of Cruel Treatment on
Antoinette Cosway, the Daughter of Slaves’ Owner as seen in Wide Sargasso Sea.
Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program, Department of Language
and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma
University.
The novel Wide Sargasso Sea tells about the struggle of a girl named Antoinette.
Her life is full of misery. Since her childhood, she has suffered from many unhappy
experiences. Her mother does not care about her especially after both her father’s
death and her family’s financial problem. It is even worse, when her mother becomes
mad due to the death of Antoinette’s brother. Her husband has also betrayed her by
having an affair with their servant.
The problems of the study are “how is Antoinette described?”, and “what is the
effect of the cruel treatment against Antoinette?” In discussing the problems, the
theories uses are theory of character and characterization and theory of motivation.
The study uses the psychological approach and theory of character and
characterization to analyze Antoinette’s personality.
The findings are that Antoinette’s personality is influenced by her childhood
experiences. She is a beautiful and independent girl. She is introvert and vulnerable.
The effect of cruel treatment is an unhappy life experienced by Antoinette. She
becomes an emotional person even she turns mad like her mother.
It is suggested for the future researchers to discuss some possible aspects in the
novel such as socio-culture and feminism. It is also recommended that the novel is
used as the material to learn Basic Reading I class in English Education Study
program.

Keywords: cruel, treatment, slave, wide sargasso sea

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ABSTRAK
Apriliyani, Ni Putu Nova Rosdiana. 2012. The Effect of Cruel Treatment on
Antoinette Cosway, the Daughter of Slaves’ Owner as seen in Wide Sargasso Sea.
Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Jurusan Pedidikan Bahasa
dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Novel Wide Sargasso Sea menceritakan tentang perjuangan seorang gadis
bernama Antoinette. Hidupnya penuh dengan kesengsaraan. Sejak Ia masih kecil, Ia
mendapat banyak pengalaman yang tidak menyenangkan. Ibunya tidak peduli
kepadanya baik setelah kematian ayahnya dan kondisi keuangan keluarganya. Ini
menjadi bertambah ketika ibunya mejadi wanita gila karena kematian adik laki-laki
Antoinette. Suaminya juga mengkhianatinya dengan mempunyai hubungan dengan
pembantu mereka.
Masalah-masalah dari penelitian ini adalah “Bagaimana Antoinette digambarkan
dalam novel?” dan “Apa dampak dari perlakuan kejam terhadap Antoinette?” dalam
diskusi mengenai masalah-masalah ini, teori yang digunakan adalah teori karakter
dan karakterisasi dan teori motivasi. Pendekatan psikologi, teori karakter dan
karakterisasi dapat membantu penulis dalam menganalisa kepribadian Antoinette.
Hasil membuktikan bahwa kepribadian Antoinette dipengaruhi oleh pengalaman
masa kecilnya. Ia adalah gadis yang cantik dan mandiri. Ia adalah gadis yang
tertutup dan rapuh. Dampak dari perlakuan buruk yang diterima Antoinette adalah
kehidupan yang tidak bahagia yang dialami oleh Antoinette. ia menjadi orang yang
sangat emosional dan berubah menjadi orang gila seperti ibunya.
Disarankan kepada peneliti yang akan datang untuk mendiskusikan beberapa
aspek yang memungkinkan dalam novel ini yaitu kultur social dan feminism.
Disarankan pula bahwa novel ini digunakan sebagai materi pembelajaran bahasa
inggris di kelas Basic Reading I program studi Bahasa Inggris.

Kata kunci: buruk, perlakuan, budak, wide sargasso sea

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Realizing that my life is so wonderful and blessed, I would like to express my
highest gratitude to God who always gives me an unlimited blessing. His blessing
means everything for me in each second I wrote this thesis.
I also give my sincere gratitude to my only sponsor, Drs. A. Herujiyanto,
M.A., PhD., who has never given up on me. His advice and motivation are very
meaningful for me during writing this thesis. I thank him for the guidance, patience,
ideas, support and the lesson about the world of literature.
My special gratitude goes to all of the lecturers and staff of the English
Language Education Study Program Sanata Dharma University for valuable
lesson during my study in this study program, especially Mbak Danik and Mbak
Tari who always helps me.
My deepest gratitude goes to my beloved parents, I Nyoman Widiana and
Lusiana Padmasari for all the love, care, trust, prayer and support all this time. My
sister Winda and my brother Omen for the unlimited love, for all of my big family,
sisters, brothers who always support and remind me to finish my thesis, I thank them
very much.
I would also like to thank all of my best friends in English Language
Education Study Program especially Melissa Prastowo, Leo, Sedik, Taufik,
Thomas, Vita, Dita, Olive, Yoan, Ayuni and Yaya for wonderful time we spend
together. Also all my friends in English Education Study Program that I can not
mention one by one, I thank them very much. Last, I also want to thank my self to
keep fighting to finish the thesis. For all the people whom I love, may God always give
happiness.
Ni Putu Nova R.A

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ................................................................................................

i

APPROVAL PAGES ....................................................................................

ii

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ..............................................

iv

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ................................

v

DEDICATION PAGE......................................................................................

vi

ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................

vii

ABSTRAK .......................................................................................................

viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..........................................................................

ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...............................................................................

x

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study ..............................................

1

B. Objective of the Study ..................................................

3

C. Problem Formulation ...................................................

4

D. Benefits of the Study ....................................................

4

E. Definition of Terms .....................................................

4

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
A. Review of Related Theories..........................................

6

1 Theory of Critical Approach ........................................

7

2 Theory of Character .....................................................

9

3 Theory of Characterization ..........................................

10

4 Theory of Motivation....................................................

11

a) Definition of motivation ..............................................

11

b) Human motives ............................................................

13

B. Context of The Novel ..................................................

15

C. Theoretical Framework .................................................
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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
A. Object of the Study ...........................................................

18

B. Approach of the Study ......................................................

19

C. Method of The Study ........................................................

19

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS
A. The Description of Antoinette’s Character ......................

21

B. The Surface and The Deeper Meaning the Effect of
The Cruel Treatment Conducted Against Antoinette ........

32

1 The Effect of the Cruel Treatment Conducted
Against Antoinette (the surface) .....................................

32

2 The effect of the Cruel Treatment Conducted
Against Antoinette (the deeper) .........................................

37

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions .......................................................................

40

B. Suggestions .......................................................................

41

1. Suggestion for the Future Researchers...............................

41

2. Suggestion for the Implementation of the Teaching
Learning Process ..............................................................

41

REFERENCES ..............................................................................................

44

APPENDICES .............................................................................................

46

Appendix 1 Summary of Wide Sargasso Sea ................................................

47

Appendix 2 Biography of Jean Ryhs ............................................................

51

Appendix 3 Syllabus of Basic Reading 1 .........................................................

53

Appendix 4 Lesson Plan and material for teaching Basic Reading 1 ...........

57

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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter consists of five parts. The first part is the Background of the Study,
stating the reason of choosing the book as the primary data of this study. The second
is Objectives of the Study which elaborates the main purpose of this study. The third
part is the Problem Formulation that contains questions to be answered as the focus of
this study. The fourth is Benefits of the Study that contain the advantages of this
study and the last part is Definition of Terms that will help readers to understand this
thesis better.
A. Background of the study
Literature is an expression of life through medium of language (Hudson,
1960:10). Literature presents some kinds of human aspects of life such as history,
psychology, moral, society and many more. By reading literary works, we can get
some lessons of life which are closely related to human aspects of life. There are two
aspects of human life, namely individual and social aspects. Especially for the
individual aspects, they are concerned with physical changes and personality
development of human life.
A literary work cannot be separated from the real life since it is a presentation of
the phenomena that happen in the world seen from first point of view. In fact, every
event or phenomenon that happens in this life has its effect either on the individual
who experiences it or the people around him.
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Wide Sargasso Sea contains many lessons which can also improve our reading
skills and enrich our vocabularies, since it has varied diction. In this novel, Jean Rhys
sets out to show in her novel how the main female character may have been driven to
madness by the cruel treatments from her family, husband and environment. In Wide
Sargasso Sea, Antoinette Cosway in her treatment period has significant changes by
her experiences with her family, husband and environment. Moreover, she tells her
experiences, her thoughts and feelings clearly which make the readers feel that they
are involved in the story. Wide Sargasso Sea has won several literary awards which
prove that it is worth reading. Because of its strengths, I choose Jean Ryhs’s literary
work as the primary source of my study.
I am interested in studying this novel because of the content and writing style.
The novel clearly describes about the situation and the condition when the rejection
and cruel treatment really affect the individual in it. In this case Antoinette as the
main character is rejected by the family and environment. Those problems influence
Antoinette’s life.
The novel sets in nineteenth century and there are three parts. The first part is
narrated by Antoinette, the main character. The second part is narrated by Rochester,
who is Antoinette’s husband. The narrators of the third part are Antoinette and Grace
Poole. Different narrators who tell about Antoinette give me more information about
Antoinette’s character. Meanwhile, the topic of this study is about the effect of cruel
treatments on Antoinette Cosway. This topic is interesting since there are many

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factors that influence one’s personality. Those factors can come from family and
environment.
Antoinette Cosway lives in Jamaica in the middle 1830. During her life time, she
faces treatment both from inside and outside the house. Since the death of her father,
Antoinette is ignored by her mother who is obsessed with her sick son, Pierre.
Antoinette only has one friend, Tia, who later leaves her, steals her dress and throws a
stone at her. The only person who loves and cares about her is Christophine, her
servant. Christophine practices magic. Ironically, Christophine’s magic cannot save
her happiness, her name, her money and her freedom because of the cruel treatment
from her husband who manipulates and treats her life. How her mother treats her has
given significant influences to her life.
For common people, family still becomes the first social factor influencing
individual’s life. So, for a kind of person like Antoinette, who never makes
conversation to the others, family will play important role toward her life.
B. Objectives of the Study
The aim of the study is to see the effect of cruel treatment on Antoinette Cosway,
the daughter of the slaves’ owner as seen in Jean Rhys Wide Sargasso Sea.

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C. Problem Formulation
Regarding the information above, there are two questions to be discussed in this
study:
1. How is Antoinette, one of the main characters in the novel, described?
2. What is the effect of the cruel treatment on Antoinette?

D. The Benefit of the Study
The benefit of the study is to investigate the effect of people cruel treatments
toward Antoinette’s life. By reading this thesis, the readers especially the students of
English Language Education Study Program may know how human beings deal with
their surroundings and actions they did in order to achieve completeness. It also deals
with an individual’s unhappy life. Besides, the students who want to analyze the same
literary work can use this study as a reference to have a different perspective of it.

E. Definition of the Terms
1.

Cruel
Cruel is the unfair action that cause pain or suffering. In this study what I mean by

cruel are those actions on Antoinette Cosway that cause pain or suffering. Antoinette
experience cruel treatment from her mother; she does not care about Antoinette since
her father’s death. Antoinette also gets cruel treatment from people around (black and
white people) and the worst is her husband also gives pain to her.

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2.

Treatment
Treatment is away of behaving towards or dealing with a person or thing. In this

study treatment refers to bad or cruel treatment on Antoinette Cosway, she badly
treated by people around and make her life is full of misery and unhappy experience.
3.

Slave
Slave is a person who owned by someone and having no freedom of action.

Slave itself is a cruel and unusual punishment no one should ever deserve. They lost
the power of resistance and surrender themselves. Antoinette is the daughter of the
slaves’ owner who lives at Coulibri near Spanish Town, Jamaica. With the passage of
the Emancipation Act and the death of her father, the family is financially ruined.
Moreover, they are ostracized by both the black and white communities on the island.
The black community despises them for being former slaveholders, and the white
community looks down on them because they are poor. As the daughter the slaves’
owner, Antoinette does not get enough chance to get along because the black slaves
hate her.

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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In carrying out this study, I present some theories which are relevant to the
analysis of the novel. This chapter consists of three main parts. The first one is
review of related theories. The second one is context of the book and the third is
Theoretical Framework. In the review of related theory, I give a brief explanation
of the theories that support my study. Context of the book gives the description of
the setting in Wide Sargasso Sea while Theoretical framework gives a brief
summary about the theories that is used in my study.
A. Review of Related Theories
This section presents some theories and reviews which can be used in
analyzing a literary work. I have two problems in this study. Psychological
approach will be used in answering the two problems. Besides that, theory of
character and characterization are used to find out a clear description of
Antoinette as the main character to support the answer. To support the answer of
the second problem, theories of motivation are used to find out the surface and
deeper the effect of the cruel treatment on Antoinette.

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1. Theory of Critical Approach
In order to achieve an important point of this novel, I apply a critical
approach. An approach will guide us to understand the nature, function and the
possible value of literary work. According to Rohrberger and Woods in Reading
and Writing about Literature, there are five critical approaches which can be
implemented in analyzing a literary work. The first is formalist approach that
emphasizes the derivation of meaning from the structure and the consideration of
technique towards the structure for the sake of the integrity. (pp. 13-17).
Therefore, this approach is said to be concentrated on esthetic value.
The second is biographical approach that considers the author’s personality
development and life as a guidance to understand his or her literary work. It is
correlated with a belief that the author’s ideas and personality might be reflected
into his work of art. The third is sociocultural-historical approach that is used to
analyze the literary works by referring to the social, cultural, and historical
environment in the literary work.
Mythopoeic approach, as the fourth approach uses a particular recurrent
pattern of human thoughts such as myths and folk rites in order to understand the
literary works. It also concerns with the concept of death and rebirth, guilt, and
sacrifices, primitive rites and theological aspect of Christian doctrine.
The last one is psychological approach that applies psychology to explain
human motivation, personality and behavior patterns written in literary objects in
analyzing the literary works (pp. 13-17). From those approaches, the
psychological approach is chosen and implemented in analyzing the effect of cruel

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treatment on antoinette Cosway, the daughter of slaves’ owner as seen in Jean
Rhys Wide Sargasso Sea.
I choose this approach because this study deals with Antoinette’s unhappy life.
Therefore, psychological approach is the most suitable approach to be
implemented in this study. Using this approach enables me to have better
understanding on the main character’s behavior. Psychological approach also
helps me to dig out some psychological characteristics influenced by the moral
values in the main character.
According to Lester D. Crow and Alice Crow in Reading In General
Psychology, psychology is often said as the study of human behavior and the
progress of man’s self development. Human behavior and development are
influenced by the environment and the potential that man have. That is why
psychology can be said as the study of personality. (pp. 228-231).
In this book, the most famous work of personality is Sigmund Freud’s theory
of personality. As the first psychoanalyst he states three elements, namely the id,
the ego, and the superego, can affect human personality. Those three elements
have their own function. The first component is the id. The id is that aspect of self
that encourages the fulfillment of personal needs and urges, possibly through
personally and socially harmful behavior. This component is the only one
component that every human has since he or she is born. The second is the ego.
The ego represents conscious states and acts. Human will have this ego if they are
able to develop their id first. Id gives some impulses to ego so that a human being
can act appropriately in society. This component deals with the reality. The third

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is the superego. The superego was one of personality trait that controls
participation in selfish or self-centered activities. As the last component of
personality, superego holds very important part. This component of personality
provides human being to be able to make judgment, build a sense of right or
wrong. Since the id gives impulses to the ego then the superego acts what the ego.
(p. 229).
2. Theory of Character
Characters are important elements of a fiction. M. H. Abrams in his book, A
Glossary of Literary Terms, points out that characters are the persons presented
in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the readers as being
endowed with moral and disposition qualities that are expressed in what they
say- the dialogue- and by what they do-the actions (p. 20).
The character is interpreted as having moral, dispositional and emotional
qualities through their action and their dialogs in the story. According to E. M.
Foster (1927) in Aspects of the Novel, there are two categories of characters. The
first is round character, which is capable to surprise the reader. A round character
has complex temperament and motivation and represented with subtle peculiarity.
The second classification is flat character. This type of character is built around a
single idea or quality. Thus, this type of character can be described in a single
phrase or sentence. (p. 46).

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3 Theory of Characterization
M.J. Murphy (1972) suggests nine ways in which the author attempts to
make his characters understandable and lifelike for his reader. (pp. 161-173).
Those nine ways to characterize a character are discussed as follows.
1) Personal description. In this way I characterize the character by seeing a
character from his physical appearance like his build, his face, his skin, his
eyes, his hair or his clothes.
2) Another character point of view or character as seen by another. A character
can be analyzed through another character’s eyes and opinions to describe
the character that I want to expose.
3) Character’s speech. The readers can have an opinion about the character by
paying attention on the character’s speech. The reader can also see the
conversation in which the character is involved; the way he or she gives his
or her opinion may also show the personality of the character.
4) Character’s past life. The readers are made known some important clues to
get to know about the character. It can be described by the author’s direct
comment, through the character’s thoughts, through the character’s
conversation, or through the medium of another person.
5) Conversation of others; the readers can get to know a character through the
conversations of other people and the things they say about him.
6) Character’s reactions to various situations and events, an author shows his
character’s tendency, and this tendency gives the readers a clue about the
character’s personality.

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7) Author’s direct comment and description on the character. In this way there
is no medium the author used to characterize the character. The author
directly describes the character and also gives comment on the character.
8) Thought. The author shows the character’s personality by letting the readers
understand the deepest thought of the character in a novel.
9) Mannerism. The author shows the personalities of the character by stating
the character’s gestures and habits, so that it can help the reader to get
closer to the character personalities.
4. Theory of Motivation
There are many types of motivation stated by theorists. However, this study
only focuses on achievement and affiliative motive proposed by David
McClelland.
a. Definition of Motivation
According to McConnell, motivation originally comes from the Latin word
“motivate” meaning “to move”-is defined in many different ways, the most
common one is a series of questions that you ask about why people think, feel,
and behave as they do. (p. 259). Murray distinguishes motivation from the other
factors that also influence behavior, such as the past experience of a person, the
physical capabilities, and the environmental situation in which a person finds
himself. (p. 7).
When we are talking about motivation it assumes that there is a cause in every
behavior (Franken, p.3). Robert Beck states that motivation is broadly concerned

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with the contemporary determinants of choice (direction), persistence, and vigor
of goal-directed behavior. (p. 24).
According to Huffman, et al (2000), motivation refers to factors within an
individual (such as needs, desires, and interests) that activate, maintain, and direct
behavior toward a goal. This indicates that the way a person does some behaviors
is guided by some purposes and goals or satisfaction of some needs. Research in
motivation attempts to answer ‘why’ questions about human and animal behavior.
That is why to answer the question of why people behave as they do. (p. 392).
The ground in the characters’ temperament, desires, and moral nature for their
speech and actions are called their motivation (Abrams, p. 23). This definition is
applied in literary terms meaning motivation in literary works can be analyzed
from the characters’ speech and actions. While, Petri proposes, some motivation
theories emphasize that the basic motive of all humans is to become as personally
fulfilled as we can. Every human has socially motivated, it deals their interaction
with others, and this interaction both generates and directs behavior. (p. 4).
Therefore, it can be concluded that motivation is any factors (such as needs,
desires, and interests) that activate and maintain on why one thinks, feels and
behaves and the other factors that influence behavior, such as her past experience,
her physical capabilities and the environmental situation. Motivation can be
determined by answering ‘why’ people behave as they do to reach their goal.

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b. Human Motives
Based on David C. McClelland’s theory, there are four human motives
including achievement motive, power motive, affiliative motive and avoidance
motive. (p. 224). However, I only discuss achievement and affiliative motive
since these two motives are appropriate to this research.
“Rewarding the achievement motive is doing something better” is the natural
incentive for the achievement motive. It now is time to become more precise,
for people can do better for all sorts of reasons – to please the teacher, to avoid
criticism, to gain the approval of a loved one, or simply to get some time off
from work. What should be involved in the achievement motive is doing
something better for its own sake, for the intrinsic satisfaction of doing
something better.
(p. 227)
From the statement above, achievement motivation can be concluded as a
better means to improve and to get the same output or to get greater output for the
same work. Thus, people who have high achievement are attracted primarily to
the situations where they are possible to make an improvement.
According to Murray in Huffman, Vernoy and Vernoy’s Psychology in Action
identify “achievement motivation as the need for success, for doing better than
others, and for mastering challenging tasks”. In McClelland’s Human Motivation,
Murray states his Illustrative List of Need, in which one of them is achievement
motives. (p. 399). He defines achievement as follows:
To accomplish something difficult. To master, manipulate, or organize
physical objects, human beings, or ideas. To do this as rapidly and as
independently as possible. To overcome obstacles and attain a high standard.
To excel oneself. To rival and surpass others. To increase self-regard by the
successful exercise of talent. (p. 46)
While in Beck’s Motivation, Murray defines “need for achievement as a desire
or tendency ‘to overcome obstacles, to exercise power, to strive to do something

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difficult as well and as quickly as possible’. Though it seems there are different
definitions of achievement motivation, they have the same meaning. In this study,
achievement motivation can be defined as motives to overcome obstacles and
make improvement; to strive to do something difficult as well, as rapidly as and
independently as possible. (p. 317).
The term ‘affiliations’ refers just to associate with others, apart from the
question liking them or loving them ( Beck, p. 354). It indicates that affiliation
consists of all kinds of relationship, not only because of liking or loving someone
but also hating or confronting someone. According to Illustrative List of Murray’s
Need in McClelland’s Human Motivation, affiliation is:
To draw near and enjoyable cooperate or reciprocate with an allied other (an
other who resembles the subject or who likes the subject). To please and win
affection of a cathected object. To adhere and remain loyal to a friend. (p. 46)
This definition shows that affiliation motives have something to do with
human relationship.

McClelland states “whether or not it is exactly what people

seek in interacting with others, certainly depriving individuals of the opportunity
for interaction arouses in them what has been called the need for affiliation or the
need to be with people”. Everybody needs others in their life; it cannot be avoided
by human. (pp. 346-347).
There is a considerable evidence when people are fearful they prefer to be
with others as it can provide comfort. It clarifies that individual needs others in
their life. Epley in Beck’s Motivation suggests three ways by which the presence
of others may reduce responses. (p. 356).

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Epley suggests three ways by which the presence of others may reduce
responses to aversive stimuli (or conditioned aversive stimuli). First, the other
person may serve as a ‘calm’ model for the anxious person to imitate. Second, the
companion may do something to distract the subject. Third, the mere physical
presence of another might be fear reducing, even though the other person does
nothing.
The presence of others may have good and bad side. When it can calm down
the other, it can be said that it is good. However, if it distracts one’s concentration
then that must be the bad one. While due to the presence of others can reduce fear,
it can also be very helpful.
Based on the above definition, affiliative motive is summarized as loyalty to
others in having good relationship or good interaction; and being cooperative with
other people. The need for affiliation is also called the need to be with people. The
presence of others can either calm an individual and reduce his/her fear, or distract
the human being.
B. Context of The Novel
Wide Sargasso Sea is a 1966 postcolonial novel by Jean Rhys. The story is
set just after the emancipation of the slaves, in that uneasy time when racial
relations in the Caribbean were at their most strained. Wide Sargasso Sea is set
in a lush 19th century Jamaica, all violence, voodoo and vibrant colors, and like
many of Jean Rhys's work contains many elements of her own life story. Jane
Eyre is considered one of the defining texts of the literary genre known as the
Gothic, and Wide Sargasso Sea is often referred to as a work of "Caribbean

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Gothic" fiction. Choose one of the fundamental tropes of the Gothic mode - such
as incest, doubles and the uncanny, mothers as monsters, haunted houses, and
live burial or life-in-death - and analyze how Jean Rhys modifies this
convention to make her novella into a particularly "Caribbean" example of the
Gothic.
Throughout the 1920s, Rhys traveled in Europe as a bohemian artist, living
sporadically in Paris, where she became familiar with the innovative works of
modern artists and writers. This period of wandering placed Rhys on the outskirts
of conventional society. Thus marginalized, she began to question the codes and
traditions of the male-dominated urban environment. Plagued by poverty, illness,
and alcoholism, she felt firsthand the psychological and physical toll of being a
single woman in a patriarchal culture—a theme she explores in much of her
writing. Ryhs’s first four novels Postures or Quartet (1928), After Leaving Mr.
Mackenzie (1930), Voyage in the Dark (1934), and Good Morning Midnight
(1939) mirror her own life, with heroines who lead drifting, alienated lives as
stigmatized outsiders. While these early novels met with some success, they never
went far in establishing Rhys as a leading European modernist. With some
reluctance, Rhys settled down in England, a country for which she felt little
fondness. She more or less disappeared from the literary scene until the 1960s,
when her work was rescued from obscurity. The 1966 publication of Wide
Sargasso Sea, twenty-seven years after the appearance of her last novel, reflects
the culmination of her earlier heroine sketches, while shifting focus away from an

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industrial European context and back to a nineteenth-century Caribbean
landscape.
C. Theoretical Framework
This study uses library research in analyzing the data. Besides using the novel
Wide Sargasso Sea as primary source of data, this study also use articles and
books that deal with psychology. By using theory of character, characterization
and motivation, I can identify the characteristic of the main character in order to
understand the effect of cruel treatment on Antoinette.
I apply Murphy’s theory of characterization to understand the characteristic of
the main character. It is important to see the characteristic of the main character
because the reader can understand the main character. The theory helps to know
what kind of Antoinette’s character is.
Theory of motivation investigates surface and deeper meaning of the effect of
the cruel treatment on Antoinette.

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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter consists of three parts; the first part is Object of the Study which
explains what the literary work is generally about. The second part is Approach of
the Study that discusses the approach which is used to analyze this literary work.
The last part is Method of the Study which explains about the method that is
applied in conducting this study.
A. Object of the Study
The object of the study is Jean Rhys’s Wide Sargasso Sea. It is a novel that
portrays the journey of a young woman who tries to search for meaning and unity
within her life. This book is an English version, Wide Sargasso Sea, which was
published in United States by W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.
This book tells us about the journey of a young girl named Antoinette; she is
beautiful, lonely young girl growing up in post-Emancipation Jamaica. She looks
like any other girl but she is lonely girl. She lives with her mother (Annette), her
sick brother (Pierre), and three servants (Godfrey, Christophine and Sass).
Antoinette's sanity begins to deteriorate. She is a white Creole, not accepted by
the black community, and barely acceptable to the white.
There are many messages on insanity, how people cruel treatments influence
the personality changes and the importance of finding a unity within her
personalities in order to live exactly the way she wanted to live, not the way other
expected her to live.
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B. Approach of the Study
The approach applied in this study is the psychological approach. Specifically,
the study refers to Lewis Leary (1967) in A Study and Research Guide that sates
“A psychological approach is an approach that applies principles of modern
psychology to characters or situations within a literary work or to the person who
wrote that work” (p. 57). It means that the character of the novel, Antoinette, is
examined as the character that reveals some principles of modern psychology.
Antoinette’s psychological condition is examined through the interpretation of
her thought, behavior and feeling which occur explicitly and implicitly in the
novel. The novel shows Antoinette’s unhappy life because of cruel treatments
from family and environment.
This study focuses on the character as the intrinsic element to be means for
psychological interpretation. The psychological approach helps us to interpret the
psychological aspect of the main character in the novel. In the relation between
both significant parts above, the study explains a character that involves patterns
of behavior, thoughts and feelings. Therefore, the psychological approach will be
very helpful to reveal the issue of this study since it views a literary work based
on the psychological interpretation.
C. Methods of the Study
In order to reach the objectives of the study, the study used a library research
to collect the needed theories. The primary data was Jean Rhys’s novel entitled
Wide Sargasso Sea. The theories were taken from the other sources, which were
closely related to the study, such as internet and other books; An Approach to

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English Literature by E. Van Der Laar and N. Schoonderwoerd, Abnormal
Psychology by Davidson and Neale, Psychology by Robert A. Baron, Social
Psychology: Understanding Human Interaction by Robert A. Baron and Donn
Byrne.
In analyzing this novel, there were four steps that were applied respectively.
The first step was having a through reading of the novel for several times to help
understand the story and the subject was going to be analyzed. A thorough
reading also helped in making notes of points, quotation and also summary of the
story, which were used to find the significant element of the story.
The second step was referring to some references that are related to the studies
of Wide Sargasso Sea and theories of literature focusing on character,
characterization and psychology of human being. The reference supported the
study in gathering more data to link all of the findings.
The third step was applying the psychological approach in order to answer the
problems formulated in this works. The approach and the theories were used to
analyze the character and make the analysis based on the three questions that were
formulated earlier.
The last step that had to be done was drawing a conclusion from the analysis.
This part contained the statement that is based on the answer to the problems and
a broader conclusion that related to the topic of the study.

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CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS
Two Research Problems have been further analyzed in this chapter; first, how
Antoinette is described in Wide Sargasso Sea, both before and after her marriage.
Second, the effect of the cruel treatment on Antoinette.
A. The Description of Antoinette’s Character
This part discusses how the major character is described in Wide Sargasso
Sea. Antoinette is the major character in Wide Sargasso Sea for she appears in the
entire story.
This part consists of two sub parts. The first part describes Antoinette’s
physical description and the second part describes Antoinette’s personality
description. Antoinette has some personality traits which can be analyzed by using
Murphy’s theory of Characterization.
Antoinette, as the major character in Wide Sargasso Sea, can also be
determined as a protagonist, round, and dynamic character. Antoinette is classified
into a protagonist character because she becomes the central figure of the story.
Wide Sargasso Sea focuses on the effect of cruel treatment on Antoinette Cosway.
In the first part, the story is told from Antoinette’s point of view in first
person narrative. Then the second part is told from Rochester‘s point of view and
the last part is told from Grace Poole’s point of view. Antoinette is regarded as a
round character since she tends to grow, develop and change. She is also classified
as dynamic character that undergoes personality changes.
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It is earlier stated that the nine ways presented by Murphy include: personal
description, character as seen by another, speech, past life, conversation of others,
reactions, direct comment, thoughts, and mannerism. (pp. 161-173). Some of
those nine ways are applied to analyze Antoinette’s character. The direct
comments of Antoinette herself, her thoughts, her reactions and the opinions of
another are some of the nine ways to analyze Antoinette’s personality.
1.

Antoinette’s Physical Description
This part describes Antoinette’s physical description. It can be seen from how

her husband and people around describe her.
Antoinette is a white Creole girl growing up in post-emancipation Jamaica in
the middle of 1830. She spends her childhood in