An Error Analysis On The Use Of Gerund To The Fourth Semester Students Of English Department Faculty Of Cultural Studies University Of Sumatera Utara In The Academic Year of 2012 2013
AN ERROR ANALYSIS ON THE USE OF GERUND TO THE
FOURTH
SEMESTER
DEPARTEMENT,
STUDENTS
FACULTY
OF
OF
CULTURAL
ENGLISH
STUDIES,
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA IN THE ACADEMIC
YEAR OF 2012/2013
A THESIS
BY
MARIYADI
REG.NO. 110721022
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN 2013
Universitas Sumatera Utara
AN ERROR ANALYSIS ON THE USE OF GERUND TO THE FOURTH
SEMESTER STUDENTS OF ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF
CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA IN THE
ACADEMIC YEAR OF 2012/2013
A THESIS
BY
MARIYADI
REG NO. 110721022
SUPERVISOR
CO-SUPERVISOR
Dr. Masdiana Lubis, M.Hum
Drs. Chairul Husni, M.Ed. TESOL
NIP. 19570626 198303 2 001
NIP. 19570308 198403 1 004
Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan in
Partial Fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from
Department of English.
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN 2013
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University
of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination.
Head,
Secretary,
Dr. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S.
Dr. Nurlela,M.Hum
NIP. 19541117 198003 1 002
NIP. 19590419 198102 2 001
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for
the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of
Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.
The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies
University of Sumatera Utara on July 27 th, 2013
Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies
University of Sumatera Utara
Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, MA
NIP. 19511013 197603 1 001
Board of Examiners
Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S
.................................
Dr. Hj. Nurlela, M.Hum
.................................
Dr. Hj. Masdiana Lubis, M.Hum
.................................
Drs. H. Chairul Husni, M.Ed.TESOL
.................................
Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D
.................................
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to thank to the Almighty God, Allah SWT for blessing and
giving me strenght to accomplish this thesis.
There are many people who have supported me to accomplish this thesis. I realize
that I would not finish if there is no guidances, advices, and supports from them.
Therefore, in this occasion I would like to thank and grateful to:
a. My beloved parents, Saidi and Srifah for having supported me anytime and
anywhere.
b. My sisters, brothers, nephews and nieces Sri Yanti, Sri Yuni, Sri Wati, Sri Yani,
Susanto, Supriadi, Suparmin, Suparningsih, Sulasmi, Selamat Rahmadani, Agus,
Indrawati, Ayu, Lia and Ela. I do thank for having supported me anytime and
anywhere.
c. My supervisor, Dr. Masdiana Lubis, M.Hum and my co-supervisor, Mr. Drs.
Chairul Husni, M.Ed. TESOL. I do thank for having guided and advised me in
doing this thesis patiently.
d. The Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies, Dr. Syahron Lubis, MA.
e. Dr. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S. as the head of English Department.
f. Dra. Redita Lubis,Dip.Appl.Ling.,M.Hum, as my lecturer that had helped me by
giving her students as the object of my research, giving me many advices to be
better people and also giving me a chance to help her in her office.
g. My close friends, Fendi, Ferri, Fahmi, Maya, Aida, Mazla and also all my friends
in Faculty of Cultural Studies, USU.
h. All the Teater O members, USU.
Finally, the writer hopes that this thesis can be useful for the readers. He also hopes
getting critic and suggestion to make this paper better.
Hopefully, this paper can be a consideration of everyone who wants to analyze this
topic.
Medan, July 2013
Mariyadi
Universitas Sumatera Utara
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
I, MARIYADI DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS
THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS
THESIS.
THIS
THESIS
CONTAINS
NO
MATERIAL
PUBLISHED
ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A
THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER
DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT
DUE TO ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS.
THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF
ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.
Signed
:...............................
Date
: July 27th, 2013
Universitas Sumatera Utara
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION
NAME
: MARIYADI
TITLE OF THESIS
: AN ERROR ANALYSIS ON THE USE OF
GERUND
STUDENTS
FACULTY
TO
THE
OF
OF
FOURTH
ENGLISH
SEMESTER
DEPARTMENT
CULTURAL
STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA IN THE
ACADEMIC YEAR OF 2012/2013
QUALIFICATION
: S-1/SARJANA SASTRA
DEPARTMENT
: ENGLISH
I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR
REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT
USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW
OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.
Signed :....................................
Date
: July 27th, 2013
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ABSTRAK
Skripsi yang berjudul “ AN ERROR ANALYSIS ON THE USE OF GERUND TO
THE FOURTH SEMESTER STUDENTS OF ENGLISH DEPARTMENT,
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
IN THE ACADEMIC YEAR OF 2012/2013” berisi tentang analisa kesalahan yang
dibuat oleh mahasiswa/i semester IV. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menemukan
jenis-jenis kesalahan, penyebab kesalahan dan kesalahan yang paling dominan yg
dibuat oleh mahasiswa berdasarkan jenis-jenis kesalahannya. Dalam menyelesaikan
penelitian ini, metode yang digunakan adalah penelitian lapangan dengan
menerapkan metode kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Subjek penelitian ini adalah 54
mahasiswa/i semester empat. Instrumen yang digunakan untuk mengumpulkan data
adalah dengan memberikan ujian mengenai penggunaan gerund yang disusun dalam
dua bentuk, yaitu: tes melengkapi dan menuliskan paragraf pendek tentang
“shopping”. Berdasarkan fungsi gerund, kesalahan-kesalahan yang dianalisis dibatasi
hanya pada gerund as subject, gerund as (direct) object, gerund as subjective
complement, gerund after preposition, gerund after possesive, dan gerund used in the
negative adjective “no”. Sebagai hasil penelitian, ditemukan bahwa persentase
kesalahan berdasarkan fungsi gerund yang paling tinggi adalah gerund as (direct)
object 36,5% dan yang paling rendah adalah gerund as subjective complement 5,5%.
Persentase kesalahan berdasarkan jenis kesalahan yang paling tinggi adalah
kesalahan informasi 44% dan yang paling rendah adalah kesalahan susunan 6,6%.
Jika disimpulkan dari 2.369 kalimat, hanya terdapat 21,6% kalimat yang salah dan
78,4% kalimat yang benar. Dengan kata lain, kemampuan mahasiswa dalam
menggunakan gerund meningkat dibandingkan dengan hasil penelitian awal.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ABSTRACT
Thesis entitled "AN ERROR ANALYSIS ON THE USE OF GERUND TO THE
FOURTH SEMESTER STUDENTS OF ENGLISH DEPARTMENT, FACULTY
OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA IN THE
ACADEMIC YEAR OF 2012/2013" contains about the analysis of errors made by
the the fourth semester students. The purpose of this study is to find out the kinds of
error, the cause of error and the most dominant error made by students based on the
kinds of error. In completing this research, the method that is used is field research
by applying quantitative and qualitative methods. The subjects were 54 students
semester four. The instrument used to collect data is by giving a test about the use of
gerund that is arranged into two forms, namely: completion test and writing a short
paragraph entitled "shopping". Based on the functions of the gerund, the errors that
were analyzed limitted to gerund as subject, gerund as (direct) object, gerund as
subjective complement, gerund after preposition, gerund after possesive, and gerund
used in the negative adjective "no". As the result of the study, it was found that the
most dominant error in using gerund based on the function is gerund as (direct)
object 36.5% and the less dominant error is gerund as subjective complement 5.5%.
The most dominant error in using gerund based on the kinds of error is
misinformation error 44% and the less dominant error is misordering error 6.6%. In
conclusion, from 2,369 sentence, there is only 21.6% of incorrect sentence and
78.4% of correct sentence. In other words, the students’ ability in using gerund
increase compared with the results of preliminary test.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements ...............................................................................................
i
Author’s Declaration .............................................................................................
ii
Copyright Declaration ...........................................................................................
iii
Abstrak .................................................................................................................
iv
Abstract ................................................................................................................
v
Table of Contents ..................................................................................................
vi
List of Tables .......................................................................................................
viii
BAB I INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the Study ..............................................................................
1.2. Problem of the Study ....................................................................................
1.3. Objective of the Study ..................................................................................
1.4. Scope of the Study ........................................................................................
1.5. Significance of the Study ..............................................................................
1
6
7
8
8
BAB II REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2. 1 Gerund ........................................................................................................
2.1 1 Definition of Gerund ...........................................................................
2.1 2 Functions of Gerund ............................................................................
a. Gerund as Subject ..........................................................................
b. Gerund as (Direct) Object ..............................................................
c. Gerund as Subjective Complement ................................................
d. Gerund after Preposition .................................................................
e. Gerund after Possesive ...................................................................
f. Gerund Used in the Negative Adjective “NO” ...............................
g. Gerund as Noun Compounds ..........................................................
2.1 3 Comparison between Gerund and Present Participle ............................
2.1 4 Comparison between Gerund and Infinitive .........................................
2. 2 Error and Error Analysis .............................................................................
2.2. 1 Error ......................................................................................................
2.2. 1.1 The Source of Error Occurance ............................................
2.2. 2 Error Analysis .......................................................................................
9
9
10
10
12
14
15
17
19
19
20
22
25
25
26
26
BAB III METHOD OF RESEARCH
3. 1 Research Design ............................................................................................ 33
Universitas Sumatera Utara
3. 2 Population and Sample ..................................................................................
3.2.1. Population ..........................................................................................
3.2.2. Sample ...............................................................................................
3. 3 Research Instrument ......................................................................................
3. 4 Data Collection Method ................................................................................
3. 5 Data Analysis Method ...................................................................................
34
34
35
35
36
36
BAB IV ANALYSIS AND FINDING
4.1. Data Analysis ................................................................................................ 38
4.1.1. The Number of Errors in Using Gerund ............................................ . 38
4.2. Analysis and Finding .................................................................................... 39
4.2. 1
4.2. 2
4.2. 3
4.2. 4
4.2. 5
4.2. 6
The Kinds of Error in Using Gerund as Subject ....................................
The Kinds of Error in Using Gerund as (Direct) Object ........................
The Kinds of Error in Using Gerund as Subjective Complement ..........
The Kinds of Error in Using Gerund after Preposition ...........................
The Kinds of Error in Using Gerund after Possesive .............................
The Kinds of Error in Using Gerund Used in the Negative Adjective
“NO” .......................................................................................................
4.3. Classification of Error ...................................................................................
4.3. 1 Error Based on Function of Gerund ........................................................
4.3. 2 Kinds of Error in Using Gerund ..............................................................
39
45
51
55
60
64
67
67
70
BAB V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1. Conclusions ..................................................................................................... 72
5.2. Suggestions ...................................................................................................... 73
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
i. Surat Izin Penelitian
ii. Error Sentences in Using Gerund Based on the Function of Gerund
iii. Test
Universitas Sumatera Utara
List of Tables
Table 4.1. The Number of Errors in Completion Test ............................................ 38
Table 4.2. The Number of Errors in Writing a Short Paragraph ............................. 38
Table 4.3. Classification of Error per Sub-Category ............................................... 67
Table 4.4. The Percentage of Error per Sub-Category ............................................. 68
Table 4.5. Number of Correct abd Incorrect Sentence ............................................ 69
Table 4.6. Frequency and Percentage of Population Error in Using Gerund .......... 69
Table 4.7. Frequency and Percentage of Error Based on the Kinds of Error ........... 70
Table 4.8. Percentage of Kinds of Error in Using gerund Based on the Most
Dominant Error and Less Dominant Error .............................................. 71
Universitas Sumatera Utara
FOURTH
SEMESTER
DEPARTEMENT,
STUDENTS
FACULTY
OF
OF
CULTURAL
ENGLISH
STUDIES,
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA IN THE ACADEMIC
YEAR OF 2012/2013
A THESIS
BY
MARIYADI
REG.NO. 110721022
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN 2013
Universitas Sumatera Utara
AN ERROR ANALYSIS ON THE USE OF GERUND TO THE FOURTH
SEMESTER STUDENTS OF ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF
CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA IN THE
ACADEMIC YEAR OF 2012/2013
A THESIS
BY
MARIYADI
REG NO. 110721022
SUPERVISOR
CO-SUPERVISOR
Dr. Masdiana Lubis, M.Hum
Drs. Chairul Husni, M.Ed. TESOL
NIP. 19570626 198303 2 001
NIP. 19570308 198403 1 004
Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan in
Partial Fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from
Department of English.
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN 2013
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University
of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination.
Head,
Secretary,
Dr. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S.
Dr. Nurlela,M.Hum
NIP. 19541117 198003 1 002
NIP. 19590419 198102 2 001
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for
the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of
Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.
The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies
University of Sumatera Utara on July 27 th, 2013
Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies
University of Sumatera Utara
Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, MA
NIP. 19511013 197603 1 001
Board of Examiners
Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S
.................................
Dr. Hj. Nurlela, M.Hum
.................................
Dr. Hj. Masdiana Lubis, M.Hum
.................................
Drs. H. Chairul Husni, M.Ed.TESOL
.................................
Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D
.................................
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to thank to the Almighty God, Allah SWT for blessing and
giving me strenght to accomplish this thesis.
There are many people who have supported me to accomplish this thesis. I realize
that I would not finish if there is no guidances, advices, and supports from them.
Therefore, in this occasion I would like to thank and grateful to:
a. My beloved parents, Saidi and Srifah for having supported me anytime and
anywhere.
b. My sisters, brothers, nephews and nieces Sri Yanti, Sri Yuni, Sri Wati, Sri Yani,
Susanto, Supriadi, Suparmin, Suparningsih, Sulasmi, Selamat Rahmadani, Agus,
Indrawati, Ayu, Lia and Ela. I do thank for having supported me anytime and
anywhere.
c. My supervisor, Dr. Masdiana Lubis, M.Hum and my co-supervisor, Mr. Drs.
Chairul Husni, M.Ed. TESOL. I do thank for having guided and advised me in
doing this thesis patiently.
d. The Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies, Dr. Syahron Lubis, MA.
e. Dr. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S. as the head of English Department.
f. Dra. Redita Lubis,Dip.Appl.Ling.,M.Hum, as my lecturer that had helped me by
giving her students as the object of my research, giving me many advices to be
better people and also giving me a chance to help her in her office.
g. My close friends, Fendi, Ferri, Fahmi, Maya, Aida, Mazla and also all my friends
in Faculty of Cultural Studies, USU.
h. All the Teater O members, USU.
Finally, the writer hopes that this thesis can be useful for the readers. He also hopes
getting critic and suggestion to make this paper better.
Hopefully, this paper can be a consideration of everyone who wants to analyze this
topic.
Medan, July 2013
Mariyadi
Universitas Sumatera Utara
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
I, MARIYADI DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS
THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS
THESIS.
THIS
THESIS
CONTAINS
NO
MATERIAL
PUBLISHED
ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A
THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER
DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT
DUE TO ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS.
THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF
ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.
Signed
:...............................
Date
: July 27th, 2013
Universitas Sumatera Utara
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION
NAME
: MARIYADI
TITLE OF THESIS
: AN ERROR ANALYSIS ON THE USE OF
GERUND
STUDENTS
FACULTY
TO
THE
OF
OF
FOURTH
ENGLISH
SEMESTER
DEPARTMENT
CULTURAL
STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA IN THE
ACADEMIC YEAR OF 2012/2013
QUALIFICATION
: S-1/SARJANA SASTRA
DEPARTMENT
: ENGLISH
I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR
REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT
USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW
OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.
Signed :....................................
Date
: July 27th, 2013
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ABSTRAK
Skripsi yang berjudul “ AN ERROR ANALYSIS ON THE USE OF GERUND TO
THE FOURTH SEMESTER STUDENTS OF ENGLISH DEPARTMENT,
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
IN THE ACADEMIC YEAR OF 2012/2013” berisi tentang analisa kesalahan yang
dibuat oleh mahasiswa/i semester IV. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menemukan
jenis-jenis kesalahan, penyebab kesalahan dan kesalahan yang paling dominan yg
dibuat oleh mahasiswa berdasarkan jenis-jenis kesalahannya. Dalam menyelesaikan
penelitian ini, metode yang digunakan adalah penelitian lapangan dengan
menerapkan metode kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Subjek penelitian ini adalah 54
mahasiswa/i semester empat. Instrumen yang digunakan untuk mengumpulkan data
adalah dengan memberikan ujian mengenai penggunaan gerund yang disusun dalam
dua bentuk, yaitu: tes melengkapi dan menuliskan paragraf pendek tentang
“shopping”. Berdasarkan fungsi gerund, kesalahan-kesalahan yang dianalisis dibatasi
hanya pada gerund as subject, gerund as (direct) object, gerund as subjective
complement, gerund after preposition, gerund after possesive, dan gerund used in the
negative adjective “no”. Sebagai hasil penelitian, ditemukan bahwa persentase
kesalahan berdasarkan fungsi gerund yang paling tinggi adalah gerund as (direct)
object 36,5% dan yang paling rendah adalah gerund as subjective complement 5,5%.
Persentase kesalahan berdasarkan jenis kesalahan yang paling tinggi adalah
kesalahan informasi 44% dan yang paling rendah adalah kesalahan susunan 6,6%.
Jika disimpulkan dari 2.369 kalimat, hanya terdapat 21,6% kalimat yang salah dan
78,4% kalimat yang benar. Dengan kata lain, kemampuan mahasiswa dalam
menggunakan gerund meningkat dibandingkan dengan hasil penelitian awal.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ABSTRACT
Thesis entitled "AN ERROR ANALYSIS ON THE USE OF GERUND TO THE
FOURTH SEMESTER STUDENTS OF ENGLISH DEPARTMENT, FACULTY
OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA IN THE
ACADEMIC YEAR OF 2012/2013" contains about the analysis of errors made by
the the fourth semester students. The purpose of this study is to find out the kinds of
error, the cause of error and the most dominant error made by students based on the
kinds of error. In completing this research, the method that is used is field research
by applying quantitative and qualitative methods. The subjects were 54 students
semester four. The instrument used to collect data is by giving a test about the use of
gerund that is arranged into two forms, namely: completion test and writing a short
paragraph entitled "shopping". Based on the functions of the gerund, the errors that
were analyzed limitted to gerund as subject, gerund as (direct) object, gerund as
subjective complement, gerund after preposition, gerund after possesive, and gerund
used in the negative adjective "no". As the result of the study, it was found that the
most dominant error in using gerund based on the function is gerund as (direct)
object 36.5% and the less dominant error is gerund as subjective complement 5.5%.
The most dominant error in using gerund based on the kinds of error is
misinformation error 44% and the less dominant error is misordering error 6.6%. In
conclusion, from 2,369 sentence, there is only 21.6% of incorrect sentence and
78.4% of correct sentence. In other words, the students’ ability in using gerund
increase compared with the results of preliminary test.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements ...............................................................................................
i
Author’s Declaration .............................................................................................
ii
Copyright Declaration ...........................................................................................
iii
Abstrak .................................................................................................................
iv
Abstract ................................................................................................................
v
Table of Contents ..................................................................................................
vi
List of Tables .......................................................................................................
viii
BAB I INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the Study ..............................................................................
1.2. Problem of the Study ....................................................................................
1.3. Objective of the Study ..................................................................................
1.4. Scope of the Study ........................................................................................
1.5. Significance of the Study ..............................................................................
1
6
7
8
8
BAB II REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2. 1 Gerund ........................................................................................................
2.1 1 Definition of Gerund ...........................................................................
2.1 2 Functions of Gerund ............................................................................
a. Gerund as Subject ..........................................................................
b. Gerund as (Direct) Object ..............................................................
c. Gerund as Subjective Complement ................................................
d. Gerund after Preposition .................................................................
e. Gerund after Possesive ...................................................................
f. Gerund Used in the Negative Adjective “NO” ...............................
g. Gerund as Noun Compounds ..........................................................
2.1 3 Comparison between Gerund and Present Participle ............................
2.1 4 Comparison between Gerund and Infinitive .........................................
2. 2 Error and Error Analysis .............................................................................
2.2. 1 Error ......................................................................................................
2.2. 1.1 The Source of Error Occurance ............................................
2.2. 2 Error Analysis .......................................................................................
9
9
10
10
12
14
15
17
19
19
20
22
25
25
26
26
BAB III METHOD OF RESEARCH
3. 1 Research Design ............................................................................................ 33
Universitas Sumatera Utara
3. 2 Population and Sample ..................................................................................
3.2.1. Population ..........................................................................................
3.2.2. Sample ...............................................................................................
3. 3 Research Instrument ......................................................................................
3. 4 Data Collection Method ................................................................................
3. 5 Data Analysis Method ...................................................................................
34
34
35
35
36
36
BAB IV ANALYSIS AND FINDING
4.1. Data Analysis ................................................................................................ 38
4.1.1. The Number of Errors in Using Gerund ............................................ . 38
4.2. Analysis and Finding .................................................................................... 39
4.2. 1
4.2. 2
4.2. 3
4.2. 4
4.2. 5
4.2. 6
The Kinds of Error in Using Gerund as Subject ....................................
The Kinds of Error in Using Gerund as (Direct) Object ........................
The Kinds of Error in Using Gerund as Subjective Complement ..........
The Kinds of Error in Using Gerund after Preposition ...........................
The Kinds of Error in Using Gerund after Possesive .............................
The Kinds of Error in Using Gerund Used in the Negative Adjective
“NO” .......................................................................................................
4.3. Classification of Error ...................................................................................
4.3. 1 Error Based on Function of Gerund ........................................................
4.3. 2 Kinds of Error in Using Gerund ..............................................................
39
45
51
55
60
64
67
67
70
BAB V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1. Conclusions ..................................................................................................... 72
5.2. Suggestions ...................................................................................................... 73
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
i. Surat Izin Penelitian
ii. Error Sentences in Using Gerund Based on the Function of Gerund
iii. Test
Universitas Sumatera Utara
List of Tables
Table 4.1. The Number of Errors in Completion Test ............................................ 38
Table 4.2. The Number of Errors in Writing a Short Paragraph ............................. 38
Table 4.3. Classification of Error per Sub-Category ............................................... 67
Table 4.4. The Percentage of Error per Sub-Category ............................................. 68
Table 4.5. Number of Correct abd Incorrect Sentence ............................................ 69
Table 4.6. Frequency and Percentage of Population Error in Using Gerund .......... 69
Table 4.7. Frequency and Percentage of Error Based on the Kinds of Error ........... 70
Table 4.8. Percentage of Kinds of Error in Using gerund Based on the Most
Dominant Error and Less Dominant Error .............................................. 71
Universitas Sumatera Utara