2017 Kesling Sesi 6 SPS Heavy Metasls and Health
POINT
SOURCE
Masuk ke Air baku
Kategori
O2 demanding material
Nutrients
Pathogens
SS/sediments
Salts
Toxic metals
Toxic organic material
Heat
Point source
Domestic
Industrial
sewage
wastes
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
11
Non Point
Agriculture
Urban
runoff
runoff
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
•
•
•
Domestic refuse :
–
organic - infectious/toxic & inorganic
- toxic (glass, metals, battery etc)
Industrial waste :
–
toxic & inflammable wastes which
require special disposal facilities
Agricultural based industries :
–
large vol organic materials (paddy,
vegetables, livestock etc) - toxic
pesticides
Fig. 21-3, p. 560
Jenis Polutan & Dampak
Major Ion (Ion
Utama)
Ion Minor (minor constituents)
(ug/liter – mg/liter)
Sodium (Na) (mg/l)
PO43-
Molibdenum
(Mo)
Kalsium ( Ca)
(mg/l)
HPO42-
Strontium (Sr)
Magnesium ( Mg)
(mg/l)
H2PO4-
Kalium (K)
Bikarbonat ( HCOз) NO32- nitrat
(mg/l)
CO3
Sulfat (SOч) (mg/l)
Ammonium
NH4+
Fluorida
Klorida (mg/l)
Silikat (SiO)
Boron
Besi (Fe)
TDS (mg/l)
Mn
Ion Utama (Major
Contituents) (1.0 –
1000 mg/lt)
Seconday
Contituents (0.01 –
10.0 mg/lt)
Minor Constituents (0.0001 – 0.1 mg/lt)
Sodium
Besi
Arsen
Lead (Timbal)
Kalsium
Aluminium
Barium
Litium
Magnesium
Kalium
Bromida
Mangan
Bikarbonat
Karbonat
Kadmium
Nikel
Sulfat
Nitrat
Kromium
Fospat
Klorida
Flourida
Kobalt
Strontium
Silika
Boron
Selenium
Copper
Iodida
Uranium
Zinc
Jenis Air Tanah
No
Parameter
Magmatic
Rock
Sandstone
Carbonate
Rock
Gypsum
Rock Salt
1
Na+ (mg/liter)
5-15
3-30
2-100
10-40
Hingga 1000
2
K+ (mg/liter)
0,2-1,5
0,2-5
Hingga 1
5-10
Hingga 100
3
Ca²+
4-30
5-40
40-90
Hingga 100
hIngga 1000
4
Mg²+
2-6
0-30
10-50
Hingga 70
Hingga 1000
5
Fe²+
Hingga 3
0,1-5
Hingga 0,1
Hingga 0,1
Hingga 2
6
Cl¯
3-30
5-20
5-15
10-50
Hingga 1000
7
NOз¯
0,5-5
0,5-10
1-20
10-40
Hingga 1000
8
HCOз¯
10-60
2-25
150-300
50-200
Hingga 1000
9
SOч²¯
1-2
10-30
5-50
Hingga 100
Hingga 1000
10
SiOз
Hingga 40
10-20
3-8
10-30
Hingga 30
Fig. 21-7, p. 562
Fig. 21-17, p. 573
Pengelolaan Limbah
(Teknologi Minimisasi limbah & IPAL)
Udara
Pendekatan endEmisi
of pipe
(PP 41/2001)
fokusnya pada bagian hilir : menurunkan
kadar bahan pencemar sehingga memenuhi baku mutu
& zero waste
Bahan Baku,
media reaksi,
katalis
Proses
Produksi
Limbah Padat;
Limbah Cair
Produk
Air limbah
(diolah)
IPAL
Air Limbah
(Kepmen 51/1995)
Sisa kemasan,
Bahan kimia kadaluarsa
Limbah Padat;
Limbah Cair
In pipe pollution prevention :fokusnya pada bagian
hulu : Minimisasi (vol, konsentrasi & toksisitas), dll
Pollution Prevention
Cleaner Production
Waste Minimization dll
Badan Air Penerima
Sludge
(sungai/laut)
PP 82/2001
Fig. 21-6, p. 562
Raw materials
Processing
and manufacturing
Products
Solid and hazardous wastes
generated during the
manufacturing process
Waste generated
by households
and businesses
Plastic
Glass
Metal Paper
To manufacturers for reuse or
for recycling
Food/yard waste
Hazardous waste
Compost
Hazardous waste
management
Remaining mixed
waste
Landfill
Incinerator
Fertilizer
Fig. 21-6, p. 562
•
Inorganic contaminants, removal by:
–
•
Asam/Acids, sumber:
–
–
–
–
–
•
Chemical process operation tailored to the type & concentration of
contaminants
Oil refinery
neutralisation
Steel mill, paper mill
Acid mine
Acid sludge products (sulfuric acid) spray to furnace
Pabrik obat strong alkali atau strong acids
Treatment: Separation
–
–
–
Gas
Liquid/water
Sludge
Reverse Osmosis
Ion exchange
Polymeric resins
Filtration
Granular CA
Precipitation
Oxidation
Reduction
Heavy metals
To discharge, recycle,
treatment
Anaerobic treatment
Wet air oxidation
Air or stream
stripping
Chemical oxidation
Organic chemicals
Volatile Org.
Ammonia
Process WWater
Source treatment
68
Fig. 21-18, p. 575
Radioactive
contaminants
Sunflower
Landfill
Polluted
groundwate
r in
Soil
Groundwater
Rhizofiltration
Roots of plants such
as sunflowers with
dangling roots on ponds
or in greenhouses
can absorb pollutants
such as radioactive
strontium-90 and
cesium-137 and various
organic chemicals.
Inorganic
metal contaminants
Indian mustard Brake fern
Organic
contaminants
Poplar tree
Willow tree
Decontaminated
water out
Phytostabilization
Plants such as
willow trees and
poplars can absorb
chemicals and keep
them from reaching
groundwater or
nearby surface
water.
Oil
spill
Polluted leachate
Phytodegredation
Plants such as poplars
can absorb toxic organic
chemicals and break
them down into less
harmful compoinds
which they store or
release slowly into the
air.
Soil
Groundwater
Phytoextraction Roots of
plants such as Indian
mustard and brake ferns
can absorb toxic metals
such as lead, arsenic, and
others and store them in
their leaves. Plants can
then be recycled or
harvested and incinerated.
Fig. 21-18, p. 575
Fig. 21-19, p. 576
Fig. 21-20, p. 576
Fig. 21-21, p. 577
Fig. 21-22, p. 577
Fig. 21-23, p. 577
Bulk
waste
Gas
vent
Impervious
clay
Topsoil
Earth
Plastic cover
Sand
Impervious clayClay
cap
cap
Water
table
Earth
Groundwater
Double leachate
collection system
Leak
detection
system
Plastic
Reactive
double linerwastes
in drums
Groundwater
monitoring
well
Fig. 21-23, p. 577
Fig. 21-24, p. 578
SOURCE
Masuk ke Air baku
Kategori
O2 demanding material
Nutrients
Pathogens
SS/sediments
Salts
Toxic metals
Toxic organic material
Heat
Point source
Domestic
Industrial
sewage
wastes
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
11
Non Point
Agriculture
Urban
runoff
runoff
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
•
•
•
Domestic refuse :
–
organic - infectious/toxic & inorganic
- toxic (glass, metals, battery etc)
Industrial waste :
–
toxic & inflammable wastes which
require special disposal facilities
Agricultural based industries :
–
large vol organic materials (paddy,
vegetables, livestock etc) - toxic
pesticides
Fig. 21-3, p. 560
Jenis Polutan & Dampak
Major Ion (Ion
Utama)
Ion Minor (minor constituents)
(ug/liter – mg/liter)
Sodium (Na) (mg/l)
PO43-
Molibdenum
(Mo)
Kalsium ( Ca)
(mg/l)
HPO42-
Strontium (Sr)
Magnesium ( Mg)
(mg/l)
H2PO4-
Kalium (K)
Bikarbonat ( HCOз) NO32- nitrat
(mg/l)
CO3
Sulfat (SOч) (mg/l)
Ammonium
NH4+
Fluorida
Klorida (mg/l)
Silikat (SiO)
Boron
Besi (Fe)
TDS (mg/l)
Mn
Ion Utama (Major
Contituents) (1.0 –
1000 mg/lt)
Seconday
Contituents (0.01 –
10.0 mg/lt)
Minor Constituents (0.0001 – 0.1 mg/lt)
Sodium
Besi
Arsen
Lead (Timbal)
Kalsium
Aluminium
Barium
Litium
Magnesium
Kalium
Bromida
Mangan
Bikarbonat
Karbonat
Kadmium
Nikel
Sulfat
Nitrat
Kromium
Fospat
Klorida
Flourida
Kobalt
Strontium
Silika
Boron
Selenium
Copper
Iodida
Uranium
Zinc
Jenis Air Tanah
No
Parameter
Magmatic
Rock
Sandstone
Carbonate
Rock
Gypsum
Rock Salt
1
Na+ (mg/liter)
5-15
3-30
2-100
10-40
Hingga 1000
2
K+ (mg/liter)
0,2-1,5
0,2-5
Hingga 1
5-10
Hingga 100
3
Ca²+
4-30
5-40
40-90
Hingga 100
hIngga 1000
4
Mg²+
2-6
0-30
10-50
Hingga 70
Hingga 1000
5
Fe²+
Hingga 3
0,1-5
Hingga 0,1
Hingga 0,1
Hingga 2
6
Cl¯
3-30
5-20
5-15
10-50
Hingga 1000
7
NOз¯
0,5-5
0,5-10
1-20
10-40
Hingga 1000
8
HCOз¯
10-60
2-25
150-300
50-200
Hingga 1000
9
SOч²¯
1-2
10-30
5-50
Hingga 100
Hingga 1000
10
SiOз
Hingga 40
10-20
3-8
10-30
Hingga 30
Fig. 21-7, p. 562
Fig. 21-17, p. 573
Pengelolaan Limbah
(Teknologi Minimisasi limbah & IPAL)
Udara
Pendekatan endEmisi
of pipe
(PP 41/2001)
fokusnya pada bagian hilir : menurunkan
kadar bahan pencemar sehingga memenuhi baku mutu
& zero waste
Bahan Baku,
media reaksi,
katalis
Proses
Produksi
Limbah Padat;
Limbah Cair
Produk
Air limbah
(diolah)
IPAL
Air Limbah
(Kepmen 51/1995)
Sisa kemasan,
Bahan kimia kadaluarsa
Limbah Padat;
Limbah Cair
In pipe pollution prevention :fokusnya pada bagian
hulu : Minimisasi (vol, konsentrasi & toksisitas), dll
Pollution Prevention
Cleaner Production
Waste Minimization dll
Badan Air Penerima
Sludge
(sungai/laut)
PP 82/2001
Fig. 21-6, p. 562
Raw materials
Processing
and manufacturing
Products
Solid and hazardous wastes
generated during the
manufacturing process
Waste generated
by households
and businesses
Plastic
Glass
Metal Paper
To manufacturers for reuse or
for recycling
Food/yard waste
Hazardous waste
Compost
Hazardous waste
management
Remaining mixed
waste
Landfill
Incinerator
Fertilizer
Fig. 21-6, p. 562
•
Inorganic contaminants, removal by:
–
•
Asam/Acids, sumber:
–
–
–
–
–
•
Chemical process operation tailored to the type & concentration of
contaminants
Oil refinery
neutralisation
Steel mill, paper mill
Acid mine
Acid sludge products (sulfuric acid) spray to furnace
Pabrik obat strong alkali atau strong acids
Treatment: Separation
–
–
–
Gas
Liquid/water
Sludge
Reverse Osmosis
Ion exchange
Polymeric resins
Filtration
Granular CA
Precipitation
Oxidation
Reduction
Heavy metals
To discharge, recycle,
treatment
Anaerobic treatment
Wet air oxidation
Air or stream
stripping
Chemical oxidation
Organic chemicals
Volatile Org.
Ammonia
Process WWater
Source treatment
68
Fig. 21-18, p. 575
Radioactive
contaminants
Sunflower
Landfill
Polluted
groundwate
r in
Soil
Groundwater
Rhizofiltration
Roots of plants such
as sunflowers with
dangling roots on ponds
or in greenhouses
can absorb pollutants
such as radioactive
strontium-90 and
cesium-137 and various
organic chemicals.
Inorganic
metal contaminants
Indian mustard Brake fern
Organic
contaminants
Poplar tree
Willow tree
Decontaminated
water out
Phytostabilization
Plants such as
willow trees and
poplars can absorb
chemicals and keep
them from reaching
groundwater or
nearby surface
water.
Oil
spill
Polluted leachate
Phytodegredation
Plants such as poplars
can absorb toxic organic
chemicals and break
them down into less
harmful compoinds
which they store or
release slowly into the
air.
Soil
Groundwater
Phytoextraction Roots of
plants such as Indian
mustard and brake ferns
can absorb toxic metals
such as lead, arsenic, and
others and store them in
their leaves. Plants can
then be recycled or
harvested and incinerated.
Fig. 21-18, p. 575
Fig. 21-19, p. 576
Fig. 21-20, p. 576
Fig. 21-21, p. 577
Fig. 21-22, p. 577
Fig. 21-23, p. 577
Bulk
waste
Gas
vent
Impervious
clay
Topsoil
Earth
Plastic cover
Sand
Impervious clayClay
cap
cap
Water
table
Earth
Groundwater
Double leachate
collection system
Leak
detection
system
Plastic
Reactive
double linerwastes
in drums
Groundwater
monitoring
well
Fig. 21-23, p. 577
Fig. 21-24, p. 578