LAPORAN TUGAS AKHIR PABRIKASI FIXED BED DOWNDRAFT GASIFIER UNTUK PRODUKSI BAHAN BAKAR GAS DARI ARANG SEKAM PADI KAPASITAS 3 KG/JAM.
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LAPORAN TUGAS AKHIR
PABRIKASI FIXED BED DOWNDRAFT GASIFIER
UNTUK PRODUKSI BAHAN BAKAR GAS
DARI ARANG SEKAM PADI KAPASITAS 3 KG/JAM
Disusun oleh:
1. Muhammad Hasby Rizky
NIM: I8310044
2. Pangky Ari Wibowo
NIM: I8310048
PROGAM STUDI DIII TEKNIK KIMIA
JURUSAN TEKNIK KIMIA
FAKULTAS TEKNIK
UNIVERSITAS SEBELAS MARET
SURAKARTA
2013
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KATA PENGANTAR
Puji syukur kami panjatkan kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, sehingga kami
dapat menyelesaikan Tugas Akhir sampai dengan selesainya penyusunan Laporan
Tugas Akhir ini.Pelaksanaan Tugas Akhir dan penulisan Laporan Tugas Akhir
kami tidak akan berjalan lancar tanpa dukungan dan bimbingan dari berbagai
pihak. Untuk itu kami menyampaikan terima kasih yang sebesar-besarnya kepada:
1. Ibu, Ayah, dan Keluarga tercinta atas doa dan dukungannya baik secara moril
dan materil.
2. Bregas ST Sembodo, S.T., M.T., selaku Ketua Program Studi Diploma III
Teknik Kimia Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta.
3. Dr. Sunu Herwi Pranolo selaku Dosen Pembimbing Tugas Akhir yang
senantiasa memberikan pengarahan dalam pengerjaan maupun penyusunan
Laporan Tugas Akhir ini.
4. Bapak Wusana, Yoga, Wiranto, Risal, Riska, Rendra, Oki, Chandra,
Djatmiko, Untsa, Galuh dan Gilang yang memberi bantuan tenaga dan pikiran
serta dukungan.
Kami menyadari bahwa laporan ini masih jauh dari kesempurnaan, oleh
karena itu kami mengharapkan saran dan kritik yang bersifat membangun dari
semua pihak demi penyempurnaan laporan ini.
Akhirnya kami selaku penyusun meminta maaf kepada semua pihak, apabila
dalam pelaksanaan Tugas Akhir dan penyusunan laporan ini terdapat kesalahan.
Kami berharap laporan ini dapat bermaanfaat bagi semua pihak dan semoga
Tuhan senantiasa memberikan anugerah-Nya pada kita. Amin.
Surakarta, Juni 2013
Penyusun
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DAFTAR ISI
Halaman Judul ...................................................................................................
i
Lembar Pengesahan...........................................................................................
ii
Lembar Konsultasi ............................................................................................
iii
Kata Pengantar...................................................................................................
iv
Daftar Isi ............................................................................................................
v
Daftar Tabel .......................................................................................................
vi
Daftar Gambar ................................................................................................... vii
Intisari ................................................................................................................ viii
BAB I PENDAHULUAN
A. Latar Belakang..............................................................................................
1
B. Rumusan Masalah ........................................................................................
1
C. Tujuan............................................................................................................
2
D. Manfaat .........................................................................................................
2
BAB II LANDASAN TEORI
A. Tinjauan Pustaka ..........................................................................................
3
B. Kerangka Pemikiran ..................................................................................... 10
BAB III METODOLOGI
A. Alat dan Bahan ............................................................................................. 11
B. Lokasi Pembuatan Alat dan Pengoperasian ................................................ 12
C. Cara Kerja................................................................................ .................. 12
BAB IV HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN
A. Unit Gasifikasi .............................................................................................. 14
B. Perlakuan Awal Bahan ................................................................................. 17
C. Hasil Perancangan Alat ................................................................................ 18
D. Hasil Percobaan ............................................................................................ 19
BAB V PENUTUP
A. Kesimpulan .................................................................................................. 22
B. Saran .............................................................................................................. 22
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ....................................................................................... 23
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LAMPIRAN
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DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel II.1 Karakteristik Proximate dan Ultimate Sekam Padi ...............................
4
Tabel II.2 Kandungan kimia dari abu hasil pembakaran sekam padi ...........
5
Tabel II.3 Kelebihan dan Kelemahan Updraft dan Downdraft Gasifier ......... 10
Tabel III.1 Bahan dan Kegunaannya.................................................................. 12
Tabel III.2 Alat dan Kegunaannya ..................................................................... 26
Tabel IV.1 Persentase Gas Hasil Analisis ......................................................... 20
Tabel IV.2 Persentase Jumlah Residu Padat...................................................... 20
Tabel IV.3 Perhitungan AFR .............................................................................. 21
Tabel IV.4 Data Perhitungan SGR untuk setiap Laju Alir Udara .................... 21
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DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar II.1 Sekam Padi dan Arang Sekam Padi............................................
3
Gambar II.2 Prinsip Proses Gasifikasi .............................................................
7
Gambar II.3 Updraft Gasifier dan Downdraft Gasifier .................................. 15
Gambar IV.1 Diagram Alir Proses Gasifikasi .................................................. 16
Gambar IV.2 Arang Sekam Padi sebagai Bahan Baku Gasifikasi .................. 17
Gambar IV.3 Dimensi Gasifier.......................................................................... 18
Gambar IV.4 Hubungan antara Waktu Gasifikasi (menit) terhadap Temperatur
Reaktor (o C)................................................................................. 19
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ABSTRACT
Muhammad Hasby Rizky, Pangky Ari Wibowo, 2013, ” Fixed Bed Downdraft
Gasifier Fabrication to Produce Gas Fuel made by Rice Husk Capacity 3
kg/hr” Program Studi Diploma III Teknik Kimia, Fakultas Teknik
Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta.
One alternative energy in Indonesia is being developed that biomass
energy. Indonesia has abundant biomass resources, so the potential to make it as a
source of energy is very large, which is 10 million tons per year. Formulation of
the issues discussed in this case, among others, how to make rice husk gasifier for
the batch and how the performance obtained gasifier to produce gas producer. The
final goal, among others, make rice husk gasifier for batch and produce gas
producer.
One processing biomass gasification process can be done. Biomass
gasification process is a process of thermo-chemical conversion of solid biomass
materials into gaseous material. Venue for the gasification reaction called a
gasifier. Results obtained from the gasification of biomass is a gas that can be
burned later called producer gas. Producer gas composition include CO, H2, CO2,
CH4, N2 and small amounts of other compounds including tar and solid particles.
The final activity in the form of early-dimensional design tools, fabrication and
performance test equipment. Equipment fabrication is done by a professional
workshop and conducted surveillance during manufacturing jobs. As for the
materials required in the manufacturing, among others, that is, 2 mm thick iron
plate, nuts, bolts, nuts water, burner, hose and thermocouple. In the performance
test tools, charcoal biomass initially introduced into the reactor. Furthermore
ensure grate in the open state. Next initiator takes the form of wood and charcoal
is placed on top of a pile of rice husk. Then the blower is used to draw air into the
reactor penggasifikasi. The data observed in the gasification process such as
temperature reactor, producer gas generated and the amount of solid residues
generated.
The reactor temperature gasification process can reach 900 0C - 985 0C.
The resulting gas producers such as CO and H2 with the percentage of each gas at
9.007% and 0.109%. SGR values in the range of 110-113 kg/m2 hour. The
average value 0.07 AFR. Solid residues generated between 14% -16%. The
advantages of this gasifier unit include easy operation, charcoal produced
relatively few, and many do not produce smoke.
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LAPORAN TUGAS AKHIR
PABRIKASI FIXED BED DOWNDRAFT GASIFIER
UNTUK PRODUKSI BAHAN BAKAR GAS
DARI ARANG SEKAM PADI KAPASITAS 3 KG/JAM
Disusun oleh:
1. Muhammad Hasby Rizky
NIM: I8310044
2. Pangky Ari Wibowo
NIM: I8310048
PROGAM STUDI DIII TEKNIK KIMIA
JURUSAN TEKNIK KIMIA
FAKULTAS TEKNIK
UNIVERSITAS SEBELAS MARET
SURAKARTA
2013
commit to user
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id
digilib.uns.ac.id
commit to user
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id
digilib.uns.ac.id
commit to user
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KATA PENGANTAR
Puji syukur kami panjatkan kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, sehingga kami
dapat menyelesaikan Tugas Akhir sampai dengan selesainya penyusunan Laporan
Tugas Akhir ini.Pelaksanaan Tugas Akhir dan penulisan Laporan Tugas Akhir
kami tidak akan berjalan lancar tanpa dukungan dan bimbingan dari berbagai
pihak. Untuk itu kami menyampaikan terima kasih yang sebesar-besarnya kepada:
1. Ibu, Ayah, dan Keluarga tercinta atas doa dan dukungannya baik secara moril
dan materil.
2. Bregas ST Sembodo, S.T., M.T., selaku Ketua Program Studi Diploma III
Teknik Kimia Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta.
3. Dr. Sunu Herwi Pranolo selaku Dosen Pembimbing Tugas Akhir yang
senantiasa memberikan pengarahan dalam pengerjaan maupun penyusunan
Laporan Tugas Akhir ini.
4. Bapak Wusana, Yoga, Wiranto, Risal, Riska, Rendra, Oki, Chandra,
Djatmiko, Untsa, Galuh dan Gilang yang memberi bantuan tenaga dan pikiran
serta dukungan.
Kami menyadari bahwa laporan ini masih jauh dari kesempurnaan, oleh
karena itu kami mengharapkan saran dan kritik yang bersifat membangun dari
semua pihak demi penyempurnaan laporan ini.
Akhirnya kami selaku penyusun meminta maaf kepada semua pihak, apabila
dalam pelaksanaan Tugas Akhir dan penyusunan laporan ini terdapat kesalahan.
Kami berharap laporan ini dapat bermaanfaat bagi semua pihak dan semoga
Tuhan senantiasa memberikan anugerah-Nya pada kita. Amin.
Surakarta, Juni 2013
Penyusun
commit to user
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id
digilib.uns.ac.id
DAFTAR ISI
Halaman Judul ...................................................................................................
i
Lembar Pengesahan...........................................................................................
ii
Lembar Konsultasi ............................................................................................
iii
Kata Pengantar...................................................................................................
iv
Daftar Isi ............................................................................................................
v
Daftar Tabel .......................................................................................................
vi
Daftar Gambar ................................................................................................... vii
Intisari ................................................................................................................ viii
BAB I PENDAHULUAN
A. Latar Belakang..............................................................................................
1
B. Rumusan Masalah ........................................................................................
1
C. Tujuan............................................................................................................
2
D. Manfaat .........................................................................................................
2
BAB II LANDASAN TEORI
A. Tinjauan Pustaka ..........................................................................................
3
B. Kerangka Pemikiran ..................................................................................... 10
BAB III METODOLOGI
A. Alat dan Bahan ............................................................................................. 11
B. Lokasi Pembuatan Alat dan Pengoperasian ................................................ 12
C. Cara Kerja................................................................................ .................. 12
BAB IV HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN
A. Unit Gasifikasi .............................................................................................. 14
B. Perlakuan Awal Bahan ................................................................................. 17
C. Hasil Perancangan Alat ................................................................................ 18
D. Hasil Percobaan ............................................................................................ 19
BAB V PENUTUP
A. Kesimpulan .................................................................................................. 22
B. Saran .............................................................................................................. 22
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ....................................................................................... 23
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LAMPIRAN
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DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel II.1 Karakteristik Proximate dan Ultimate Sekam Padi ...............................
4
Tabel II.2 Kandungan kimia dari abu hasil pembakaran sekam padi ...........
5
Tabel II.3 Kelebihan dan Kelemahan Updraft dan Downdraft Gasifier ......... 10
Tabel III.1 Bahan dan Kegunaannya.................................................................. 12
Tabel III.2 Alat dan Kegunaannya ..................................................................... 26
Tabel IV.1 Persentase Gas Hasil Analisis ......................................................... 20
Tabel IV.2 Persentase Jumlah Residu Padat...................................................... 20
Tabel IV.3 Perhitungan AFR .............................................................................. 21
Tabel IV.4 Data Perhitungan SGR untuk setiap Laju Alir Udara .................... 21
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DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar II.1 Sekam Padi dan Arang Sekam Padi............................................
3
Gambar II.2 Prinsip Proses Gasifikasi .............................................................
7
Gambar II.3 Updraft Gasifier dan Downdraft Gasifier .................................. 15
Gambar IV.1 Diagram Alir Proses Gasifikasi .................................................. 16
Gambar IV.2 Arang Sekam Padi sebagai Bahan Baku Gasifikasi .................. 17
Gambar IV.3 Dimensi Gasifier.......................................................................... 18
Gambar IV.4 Hubungan antara Waktu Gasifikasi (menit) terhadap Temperatur
Reaktor (o C)................................................................................. 19
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ABSTRACT
Muhammad Hasby Rizky, Pangky Ari Wibowo, 2013, ” Fixed Bed Downdraft
Gasifier Fabrication to Produce Gas Fuel made by Rice Husk Capacity 3
kg/hr” Program Studi Diploma III Teknik Kimia, Fakultas Teknik
Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta.
One alternative energy in Indonesia is being developed that biomass
energy. Indonesia has abundant biomass resources, so the potential to make it as a
source of energy is very large, which is 10 million tons per year. Formulation of
the issues discussed in this case, among others, how to make rice husk gasifier for
the batch and how the performance obtained gasifier to produce gas producer. The
final goal, among others, make rice husk gasifier for batch and produce gas
producer.
One processing biomass gasification process can be done. Biomass
gasification process is a process of thermo-chemical conversion of solid biomass
materials into gaseous material. Venue for the gasification reaction called a
gasifier. Results obtained from the gasification of biomass is a gas that can be
burned later called producer gas. Producer gas composition include CO, H2, CO2,
CH4, N2 and small amounts of other compounds including tar and solid particles.
The final activity in the form of early-dimensional design tools, fabrication and
performance test equipment. Equipment fabrication is done by a professional
workshop and conducted surveillance during manufacturing jobs. As for the
materials required in the manufacturing, among others, that is, 2 mm thick iron
plate, nuts, bolts, nuts water, burner, hose and thermocouple. In the performance
test tools, charcoal biomass initially introduced into the reactor. Furthermore
ensure grate in the open state. Next initiator takes the form of wood and charcoal
is placed on top of a pile of rice husk. Then the blower is used to draw air into the
reactor penggasifikasi. The data observed in the gasification process such as
temperature reactor, producer gas generated and the amount of solid residues
generated.
The reactor temperature gasification process can reach 900 0C - 985 0C.
The resulting gas producers such as CO and H2 with the percentage of each gas at
9.007% and 0.109%. SGR values in the range of 110-113 kg/m2 hour. The
average value 0.07 AFR. Solid residues generated between 14% -16%. The
advantages of this gasifier unit include easy operation, charcoal produced
relatively few, and many do not produce smoke.
commit to user