A MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY ON COMPOUND WORDS IN ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF AL- QUR’AN A Morphological Study On Compound Words In English Translation Of Al- Qur’an.
A MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY ON COMPOUND WORDS
IN ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF AL- QUR’AN
PUBLICATION ARTICLE
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for Getting Bachelor Degree of Education
in English Department
Proposed by
KRISTIN OKTIANA
A320090081
SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
2013
SURAT PERNYATAAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH
Bismillahhirrahmanirrohim
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya
Nama
: Kristin Oktiana
NIM
: A320090081
Fakultas/Jurusan : FKIP/Bahasa Inggris
Jenis
: Skripsi
Judul
: A Morphological Study on Compound words in English
Translation of Al- Qur’an
Dengan ini menyatakan bahwa saya menyetujui untuk :
1. Memberikan hak bebas royalti kepada Perpustakaan UMS atas penulisan
karya ilmiah saya, demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan
2. Memberikan hak menyimpan, mengalih mediakan/ mengalig formatkan,
mengelola dalam bentuk pangkalan data (database), mendistribusikan, serta
menampilkannya dalam bentuk softcopy untuk kepentingan akademis kepada
perpustakaan UMS, tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya selama tetap
mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis/pencipta
3. Bersedia dan menjamin untuk menanggung secara pribadi tanpa melibatkan
pihak perpustakaan UMS, dari semua bentuk tuntutan hukum yang timbul
atas pelanggaran hak cipta dalam karya ilmiah ini.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sesungguhnya dan semoga dapat
digunakan sebagaimana semestinya.
Surakarta, 29 Oktober 2013
Yang menyatakan,
Kristin Oktiana
APPROVAL
A MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY ON COMPOUND WORDS
IN ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF AL- QUR ’AN
PUBLICATION ARTICLE
Proposed by:
KRISTIN OKTIANA
A320090081
Approved by
First Consultant
Dra. Dwi Haryanti, M. Hum.
Second Consultant
Siti Fatimah, S. Pd, M. Hum.
A MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY ON COMPOUND WORDS IN ENGLISH
TRANSLATION OF AL- QUR’AN.
Kristin Oktiana
A 320090081.
This research paper is aimed at answering two
problems, namely the variation forms of compound
word and the meanings of the compound found in
English Translation of Al- Qur’ an. In collecting the data,
the writer applied documentation method. The several
steps are done to analyze the data such as reading and
collecting the data. In analyzing the form of compound
word, the step is analyzing by employing the tree
diagram. Based on the analyzed data taken from the
English Translation of Al- Qur’an there are two findings.
The first finding shows that there are 72 (100%) data of
compound words, consist of noun compound (14 or
19.4 %), verb compound (38 or 52.8 %), adjective
compound (8 or 11.1 %) and preposition compound (12
or 16.7 %). The second finding shows the meaning of
compound word consists of transparent meaning (43 or
63.8 %) and opaque meaning (26 or 36.2 %). Total is
72 (100 %).
Keywords: Compound word, Form of compound word,
Meaning of compound word.
Introduction
Qur'an or Koran Sacred scripture of Islam, regarded by Muslims as
the infallible word of God, revealed to the Prophet Muhammad. The book,
first compiled in its authoritative form in the 7th century, consists of 114
chapters (surahs) of varying length, written in Arabic. The earliest surahs
call for moral and religious obedience in light of the coming Day of
Judgment; the ones written later provide directives for the creation of a
social structure that will support the moral life called for by God.
As muslims reading and understanding every verses in Qur’an are
very important because the Qur'an demands absolute submission (Islam)
to God and his word, and it serves as the primary source of Islamic law.
That’s why they are also made the tanslation of Qur’an in many languages
to make easy for muslims arround the world to understand the content of
Qur’an.
In this study the writer deals with morphological study on compound
word in Al Qur’an (Q.S An Nisaa). Morphology is the system of categories
and rules involved in word formation. Morphology is the study of the
internal stucture of words did not emerge as a distinct sub branch of
linguistics until the nineteenth century. Morphology is briefly, the branch of
grammar that deals with the internal stucture of word.
According to Matthews (1991:1) Morphology is the study of forms of
words. In the traditional view of language, words are put together to form
sentences. The words differ from each other in both sound and meaning.
“Compounding is the process of combining two words (free
morphemes) to create a new word (commonly a noun, verb, or adjective).
Compounds are written sometimes as one word, sometimes as two
hyphenated words, and sometimes as two separate words”. Nordquist,
Richard (About.com Guide).
“A compound word contains at least two bases which are both
words, or at any rate, root morpheme. Compounding is very important way
of adding to the word stock of English”. (Katamba 1994:54). From the
phenomena, the writer wants to analyze the form of compound word used
morphological analysis in Al Qur’an. The purpose of the study is to
develop the knowledge of compound word. Based on the explanation
above, the writer has great interest in analyzing the compound word in
English Translation of Al Qur’an.
In collecting the data, the researcher read, noticing all compound
words, arranging the data into several groups based on the type of
compound word in English Translation of Al- Qur’an (Q. S An Nisaa). The
objectives of the study are to describe the variations of the forms of
compound words and to describe the meaning of compound words in
English Translation of Al- Qur’an (Q.S An Nisaa).
Research Method
In doing this research, the writer uses descriptive qualitative
research to describe the variations of the forms and the meaning of data.
By using descriptive qualitative research, the writer aims to (a) determine
the object of the research, (b) determine the source of data, (c) determine
the technique of collecting data, and (d) determine the technique of
analyzing data.
The object of the research is compound words. It is based on the
theory of Mattews and O’Grady and Dobrovolsky. The data of this
research are the English translation of Al- Qur’ an. The writer uses two
technique of analysis data, the steps are describing the variation of the
forms of compound words and describing the meaning of compound
words in English Translation of Al- Qur’an. In this research will be analyze
by using theory of Palmer and O’Grady and Dobrovolsky.
The Result of the Research
In this part, the writer discusses the research finding. It focuses on
the finding obtained from the data analysis. The writer found 162 data of
compound words in English translation of Al- Qur’ an. This finding is based
on the problems stated in the problem statement, which cover the
variations of the forms of compound words and the meaning of compound
words in English Translation of Al- Qur’an (Q.S An Nisaa).
According
to
O’Grady
and
Dobrovolsky
(1987:134-138),
“compounding is a process involving the combination of two or more roots
(with or without accompanying affixes) to yield a new word. Compounding
is the combination of two or more roots”.
Compound is a unit consisting of two or more bases or words.
Based on the analysis the writer find four forms of compound word found
in English translation of al- qur’an, namely noun compound (52), verb
compound (66), adjective compound (43) and preposition compound (1).
For example:
a. Noun Compound
Mankind
N
N
N
Man
kind
The word mankind is a noun compound that is formed
from the words man (N) and kind (N). Those words are from the
same element that is noun. The word man (N) means person,
either male or female. The word kind (N) means group of
people or things with similar feature, and the word mankind
means human race.
b. Verb Compound
Expel out
V
V
Prep
Expel
out
The tree diagram shows the forms of compound word
from two different elements. Those elements are verb +
preposition. The word expel (V) means force somebody to
leave. The word out (Prep) means away from the inside of a
place or thing. Those words forms a new word expel out which
means forbid to do something.
c. Adjective Compound
Vainglorious
Adj
Adj
Vain
Adj
glorious
From the anlysis of the tree diagram above, the
word vainglorious is a compound word which is forms from
the same elements. The word vain (Adj) means that does
not produce the result you want. The word glorious (Adj)
means deserving or bringing great fame and success.
Those words are vain and glorious that forms a new word
vainglorious which means too proud of your own abilities
or achievements.
d. Preposition Compound
Afterwards
Prep
Prep
After
V
wards
By analyzing the tree diagram above the word afterwards
is a compound word that is forms from two different elements,
those elements are preposition + verb. The word after (Prep)
means later than something. The word wards (V) means protect
or defend yourself from danger, illness, attact, etc. Those words
after and wards forms verb compound afterwards which the
meaning is at later time.
Based on the analysis the writer found 72 data of compound words
or 100 %, there are 14 or 19.4 % of noun compound, 38 or 52.8 % of verb
compound, 8 or 11.1 % of adjective compound, and 12 or 16.7 % of
preposition compound.
The next part, the writer explained the meaning of compound
words, they are transparent and opaque meaning. Transparent meaning is
the meaning can be known from its elements. Opaque meaning is the
meaning can not be identified from its elements.
a. Transparent Meaning
Growing up
The meaning of the word growing up can be determined
from the word growing which means increase in size, number,
strength or quality. The word up means toward or in a higher
position. Then the word growing up has a meaning develop
gradually. It can be determined from their elements.
b. Opaque Meaning
Mankind
The word mankind has opaque meaning because the
meaning of the word can not be identified from their elements.
Its have to be explained each word so that can be found the
meaning of it. The word man means person either male or
female. And the word kind means group of people or things with
similar feature. Those words man and kind create a new
meaning after they are combined. The meaning of the word
mankind is the human race.
Based on the analysis, the writer found 43 or 63.8 % data belongs
to transparent meaning and 26 or 36.2 % data belong to opaque meaning.
Total is 72 (100%). It can be concluded that the writer found all the
variations of the forms of compound word and the meaning of compound
word from the English translation of al- qur’an.
Conclussion
The conclusion is based on the problem statement of the previous
chapter, which is what the variations of the forms of compound words and
what the meaning of compound words in English Translation of Al- Qur’an
(Q.S An Nisaa). And it is elaborated as follows:
1. Forms of Compound Word
There are four forms of compound word found in English translation
of al- qur’an. The writer found 72 data of compound words. The
data are; 14 or 19.4 % data of noun compound, 38 or 52.8 % data
of verb compound, 8 or 11.1 % data of adjective compound and 12
or 16.7 % data of preposition compound.
2. Meaning of Compound Word
There are two form of meaning of compound word. They are
transparent and opaque meaning. The writer finds 72 data of
compound words in English translation of al- qur’an (QS An Nisaa).
The data are; 43 or 63.8 % data of transparent meaning and 26 or
36.2 % data of opaque meaning.
From the analysis, it can be concluded that the writer found all the
variations of the forms of compound word and the meaning of compound
word from the English translation of al- qur’an.
Bibliography
Bauer, L. 1998. Introducing Linguistic Morphology. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Booij, Greert. 2005. The Grammar of Words. an Introduction to Linguistics
Morphology. United States: Oxford University Press Inc. New York.
Katamba. Francis. 1994. English Word. London: Clays Itd
Kurniawan, Toni. 2007. An Analysis of Compound Words Used in
Information
Technology
Facility
(Semantics
Approach).
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
Kusuma, Aprilia. 2011. A Study on the Compound Word in National
Column in the Jakarta Post Newspaper Published December
2010.Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
Latief Adnan M., Prayoga J. A., Yudi C, Bambang. 2001. Introduction to
Morphology and Syntax. Jakarta: Universitas Terbuka.
Longman, Addision. W. 1999. Dictionary of Grammar and Usage.
Singapore: Singapore Pte ltd.
Lyons, J. 1997. Semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mattew, P. H. 1991. Morphology. Second Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Nashrudin,Ilham.2012.A Morphological Study on English Compund Words
Found in Sport News of The Jakarta Post. Muhammadiyah
University of Surakarta.
Nida, Eugene A. 2004. Morphology (The Descriptive Analysis of Words).
Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.
O’Grady, Dobrovolsky, Michael.1987. Contemporary Linguistics Analysis.
Toronto: A Longman Company.
Palmer, F. R. 1984. Semantics. Cambridge: University Press.
Virtual Reference
Richard, Nordquist, About.com http://grammar.about.com/od/tz/g/WordFormation.htm accesed on tuesday, August 20. 2013
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/morphology accesed on friday, March
22. 2013 at 19:15
Wikipedia. Notion of word. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word accesed on
tuesday, June 11. 2013 at 19.30
Definition of qur’an. http://www.questia.com/library/religion/islam/koran
accesed on sunday, July 07. 2013 at 20:45
IN ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF AL- QUR’AN
PUBLICATION ARTICLE
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for Getting Bachelor Degree of Education
in English Department
Proposed by
KRISTIN OKTIANA
A320090081
SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
2013
SURAT PERNYATAAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH
Bismillahhirrahmanirrohim
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya
Nama
: Kristin Oktiana
NIM
: A320090081
Fakultas/Jurusan : FKIP/Bahasa Inggris
Jenis
: Skripsi
Judul
: A Morphological Study on Compound words in English
Translation of Al- Qur’an
Dengan ini menyatakan bahwa saya menyetujui untuk :
1. Memberikan hak bebas royalti kepada Perpustakaan UMS atas penulisan
karya ilmiah saya, demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan
2. Memberikan hak menyimpan, mengalih mediakan/ mengalig formatkan,
mengelola dalam bentuk pangkalan data (database), mendistribusikan, serta
menampilkannya dalam bentuk softcopy untuk kepentingan akademis kepada
perpustakaan UMS, tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya selama tetap
mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis/pencipta
3. Bersedia dan menjamin untuk menanggung secara pribadi tanpa melibatkan
pihak perpustakaan UMS, dari semua bentuk tuntutan hukum yang timbul
atas pelanggaran hak cipta dalam karya ilmiah ini.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sesungguhnya dan semoga dapat
digunakan sebagaimana semestinya.
Surakarta, 29 Oktober 2013
Yang menyatakan,
Kristin Oktiana
APPROVAL
A MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY ON COMPOUND WORDS
IN ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF AL- QUR ’AN
PUBLICATION ARTICLE
Proposed by:
KRISTIN OKTIANA
A320090081
Approved by
First Consultant
Dra. Dwi Haryanti, M. Hum.
Second Consultant
Siti Fatimah, S. Pd, M. Hum.
A MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY ON COMPOUND WORDS IN ENGLISH
TRANSLATION OF AL- QUR’AN.
Kristin Oktiana
A 320090081.
This research paper is aimed at answering two
problems, namely the variation forms of compound
word and the meanings of the compound found in
English Translation of Al- Qur’ an. In collecting the data,
the writer applied documentation method. The several
steps are done to analyze the data such as reading and
collecting the data. In analyzing the form of compound
word, the step is analyzing by employing the tree
diagram. Based on the analyzed data taken from the
English Translation of Al- Qur’an there are two findings.
The first finding shows that there are 72 (100%) data of
compound words, consist of noun compound (14 or
19.4 %), verb compound (38 or 52.8 %), adjective
compound (8 or 11.1 %) and preposition compound (12
or 16.7 %). The second finding shows the meaning of
compound word consists of transparent meaning (43 or
63.8 %) and opaque meaning (26 or 36.2 %). Total is
72 (100 %).
Keywords: Compound word, Form of compound word,
Meaning of compound word.
Introduction
Qur'an or Koran Sacred scripture of Islam, regarded by Muslims as
the infallible word of God, revealed to the Prophet Muhammad. The book,
first compiled in its authoritative form in the 7th century, consists of 114
chapters (surahs) of varying length, written in Arabic. The earliest surahs
call for moral and religious obedience in light of the coming Day of
Judgment; the ones written later provide directives for the creation of a
social structure that will support the moral life called for by God.
As muslims reading and understanding every verses in Qur’an are
very important because the Qur'an demands absolute submission (Islam)
to God and his word, and it serves as the primary source of Islamic law.
That’s why they are also made the tanslation of Qur’an in many languages
to make easy for muslims arround the world to understand the content of
Qur’an.
In this study the writer deals with morphological study on compound
word in Al Qur’an (Q.S An Nisaa). Morphology is the system of categories
and rules involved in word formation. Morphology is the study of the
internal stucture of words did not emerge as a distinct sub branch of
linguistics until the nineteenth century. Morphology is briefly, the branch of
grammar that deals with the internal stucture of word.
According to Matthews (1991:1) Morphology is the study of forms of
words. In the traditional view of language, words are put together to form
sentences. The words differ from each other in both sound and meaning.
“Compounding is the process of combining two words (free
morphemes) to create a new word (commonly a noun, verb, or adjective).
Compounds are written sometimes as one word, sometimes as two
hyphenated words, and sometimes as two separate words”. Nordquist,
Richard (About.com Guide).
“A compound word contains at least two bases which are both
words, or at any rate, root morpheme. Compounding is very important way
of adding to the word stock of English”. (Katamba 1994:54). From the
phenomena, the writer wants to analyze the form of compound word used
morphological analysis in Al Qur’an. The purpose of the study is to
develop the knowledge of compound word. Based on the explanation
above, the writer has great interest in analyzing the compound word in
English Translation of Al Qur’an.
In collecting the data, the researcher read, noticing all compound
words, arranging the data into several groups based on the type of
compound word in English Translation of Al- Qur’an (Q. S An Nisaa). The
objectives of the study are to describe the variations of the forms of
compound words and to describe the meaning of compound words in
English Translation of Al- Qur’an (Q.S An Nisaa).
Research Method
In doing this research, the writer uses descriptive qualitative
research to describe the variations of the forms and the meaning of data.
By using descriptive qualitative research, the writer aims to (a) determine
the object of the research, (b) determine the source of data, (c) determine
the technique of collecting data, and (d) determine the technique of
analyzing data.
The object of the research is compound words. It is based on the
theory of Mattews and O’Grady and Dobrovolsky. The data of this
research are the English translation of Al- Qur’ an. The writer uses two
technique of analysis data, the steps are describing the variation of the
forms of compound words and describing the meaning of compound
words in English Translation of Al- Qur’an. In this research will be analyze
by using theory of Palmer and O’Grady and Dobrovolsky.
The Result of the Research
In this part, the writer discusses the research finding. It focuses on
the finding obtained from the data analysis. The writer found 162 data of
compound words in English translation of Al- Qur’ an. This finding is based
on the problems stated in the problem statement, which cover the
variations of the forms of compound words and the meaning of compound
words in English Translation of Al- Qur’an (Q.S An Nisaa).
According
to
O’Grady
and
Dobrovolsky
(1987:134-138),
“compounding is a process involving the combination of two or more roots
(with or without accompanying affixes) to yield a new word. Compounding
is the combination of two or more roots”.
Compound is a unit consisting of two or more bases or words.
Based on the analysis the writer find four forms of compound word found
in English translation of al- qur’an, namely noun compound (52), verb
compound (66), adjective compound (43) and preposition compound (1).
For example:
a. Noun Compound
Mankind
N
N
N
Man
kind
The word mankind is a noun compound that is formed
from the words man (N) and kind (N). Those words are from the
same element that is noun. The word man (N) means person,
either male or female. The word kind (N) means group of
people or things with similar feature, and the word mankind
means human race.
b. Verb Compound
Expel out
V
V
Prep
Expel
out
The tree diagram shows the forms of compound word
from two different elements. Those elements are verb +
preposition. The word expel (V) means force somebody to
leave. The word out (Prep) means away from the inside of a
place or thing. Those words forms a new word expel out which
means forbid to do something.
c. Adjective Compound
Vainglorious
Adj
Adj
Vain
Adj
glorious
From the anlysis of the tree diagram above, the
word vainglorious is a compound word which is forms from
the same elements. The word vain (Adj) means that does
not produce the result you want. The word glorious (Adj)
means deserving or bringing great fame and success.
Those words are vain and glorious that forms a new word
vainglorious which means too proud of your own abilities
or achievements.
d. Preposition Compound
Afterwards
Prep
Prep
After
V
wards
By analyzing the tree diagram above the word afterwards
is a compound word that is forms from two different elements,
those elements are preposition + verb. The word after (Prep)
means later than something. The word wards (V) means protect
or defend yourself from danger, illness, attact, etc. Those words
after and wards forms verb compound afterwards which the
meaning is at later time.
Based on the analysis the writer found 72 data of compound words
or 100 %, there are 14 or 19.4 % of noun compound, 38 or 52.8 % of verb
compound, 8 or 11.1 % of adjective compound, and 12 or 16.7 % of
preposition compound.
The next part, the writer explained the meaning of compound
words, they are transparent and opaque meaning. Transparent meaning is
the meaning can be known from its elements. Opaque meaning is the
meaning can not be identified from its elements.
a. Transparent Meaning
Growing up
The meaning of the word growing up can be determined
from the word growing which means increase in size, number,
strength or quality. The word up means toward or in a higher
position. Then the word growing up has a meaning develop
gradually. It can be determined from their elements.
b. Opaque Meaning
Mankind
The word mankind has opaque meaning because the
meaning of the word can not be identified from their elements.
Its have to be explained each word so that can be found the
meaning of it. The word man means person either male or
female. And the word kind means group of people or things with
similar feature. Those words man and kind create a new
meaning after they are combined. The meaning of the word
mankind is the human race.
Based on the analysis, the writer found 43 or 63.8 % data belongs
to transparent meaning and 26 or 36.2 % data belong to opaque meaning.
Total is 72 (100%). It can be concluded that the writer found all the
variations of the forms of compound word and the meaning of compound
word from the English translation of al- qur’an.
Conclussion
The conclusion is based on the problem statement of the previous
chapter, which is what the variations of the forms of compound words and
what the meaning of compound words in English Translation of Al- Qur’an
(Q.S An Nisaa). And it is elaborated as follows:
1. Forms of Compound Word
There are four forms of compound word found in English translation
of al- qur’an. The writer found 72 data of compound words. The
data are; 14 or 19.4 % data of noun compound, 38 or 52.8 % data
of verb compound, 8 or 11.1 % data of adjective compound and 12
or 16.7 % data of preposition compound.
2. Meaning of Compound Word
There are two form of meaning of compound word. They are
transparent and opaque meaning. The writer finds 72 data of
compound words in English translation of al- qur’an (QS An Nisaa).
The data are; 43 or 63.8 % data of transparent meaning and 26 or
36.2 % data of opaque meaning.
From the analysis, it can be concluded that the writer found all the
variations of the forms of compound word and the meaning of compound
word from the English translation of al- qur’an.
Bibliography
Bauer, L. 1998. Introducing Linguistic Morphology. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Booij, Greert. 2005. The Grammar of Words. an Introduction to Linguistics
Morphology. United States: Oxford University Press Inc. New York.
Katamba. Francis. 1994. English Word. London: Clays Itd
Kurniawan, Toni. 2007. An Analysis of Compound Words Used in
Information
Technology
Facility
(Semantics
Approach).
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
Kusuma, Aprilia. 2011. A Study on the Compound Word in National
Column in the Jakarta Post Newspaper Published December
2010.Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
Latief Adnan M., Prayoga J. A., Yudi C, Bambang. 2001. Introduction to
Morphology and Syntax. Jakarta: Universitas Terbuka.
Longman, Addision. W. 1999. Dictionary of Grammar and Usage.
Singapore: Singapore Pte ltd.
Lyons, J. 1997. Semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mattew, P. H. 1991. Morphology. Second Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Nashrudin,Ilham.2012.A Morphological Study on English Compund Words
Found in Sport News of The Jakarta Post. Muhammadiyah
University of Surakarta.
Nida, Eugene A. 2004. Morphology (The Descriptive Analysis of Words).
Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.
O’Grady, Dobrovolsky, Michael.1987. Contemporary Linguistics Analysis.
Toronto: A Longman Company.
Palmer, F. R. 1984. Semantics. Cambridge: University Press.
Virtual Reference
Richard, Nordquist, About.com http://grammar.about.com/od/tz/g/WordFormation.htm accesed on tuesday, August 20. 2013
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/morphology accesed on friday, March
22. 2013 at 19:15
Wikipedia. Notion of word. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word accesed on
tuesday, June 11. 2013 at 19.30
Definition of qur’an. http://www.questia.com/library/religion/islam/koran
accesed on sunday, July 07. 2013 at 20:45