DAFTAR PUSTAKA UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIRADIKAL EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN Elephantopus schaber L., Ocimum basilicum L.forma citratum Back., Graptophylum pictum Griff, dan Gynura procumbens Merr. DENGAN METODE DPPH (1,1- Difenil-2- Pikril Hidrazil) SERTA PENETAPAN KAD
35
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Amic, D., Davidovic- Amic, D., Beslo, Trinajstc, 2003, Structure-Radical
Scavenging Activity Relationship of Flavonoids, Croatia Chemica
Acta, 76 (1), 55-61
Andarwulan, N., Batari, R., Sandrasari, D. A., Bolling, B., Wijaya, H., 2010,
Flavonoid Content and Antioxidant Activity of Vegetables from
Indonesian, Food Chemistry 121, 1231-1235
Andersen, O. M. and Markham, K. R., 2005, Flavonoids: Chemistry,
Boichemistry, and Aplications, Taylor and Francis Group, London,
New York, 10-11.
Anonim, 1997, Antioksidan, Resep Sehat dan Umur Panjang, tulisan lepas juni
1997, http://wwwindomedia.com/intisari/1997/juni/juni97.htm,
diakses tanggal 27 Mei 2008.
Anonim, 2000, Parameter Standar Umum Ekstrak Tumbuhan Obat,
Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, Jakarta.
Ardi, A. W., 1987, Pemeriksaan Senyawa Golongan Flavonoid dari Daun
Handeuleum (Graptophylum (L.) Griff). Skripsi. Program Studi
Farmasi FMIPA ITB, Bandung.
Aydemir, T and Becerik, S., 2009, Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity
of Different Extracts From Ocimim basilicum, Apium graveolens and
Lepidium sativum Seeds, Journal of Food Biochemistry., 35, 62-79.
Cholisoh, Z dan Hanwar, D., 2006, Aktivitas Antiradikal Ekstrak Etanol Daun,
Bunga dan Biji Ocimum sanctum serta Hubungannya dengan
Karakteristik Kandungan Polifenol, Pharmacon, 7 (1), 16-20.
Cronquist, A., 1981, An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering
Plants, Newyork: Columbia University Press, 477.
Daisy, P., Jasmine, R., Ignacimuthu, S., Murugan, E., 2009, A novel steroid
from Elephantopus scaber L. an ethnomedicinal plant with
antidiabetic activity, Phytomedicine., 16 (2), 252-257.
Dalimartha, S and Soedibyo M., 1999, Awet Muda Dengan Tumbuhan Obat
dan Diet Suplemen, Trubus Agriwidya, Jakarta, 1-8.
de Guzman, C.C. and Siemonsa, J.S. (Editors), 1999, Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia No 12: Medicinal and Poisonous plant 1, PROSEA, Bogor,
253
36
Demopoulos, H.B., Pietronigro, Flamm, Seligman, 1980, J. Environ Pathol,
Toxicol, 3:273 in Madhavi, D.L., Deshpande, S.S., Salunkhe, D.,K,
1995, Food Antioxidant, Marcel Dekker Inc, New York
Einbond, L.S., Reynertson, K.A., Luo. X.D., Basile, M.J., Kennelly, E.J., 2004,
Anthocyanin Antioxidants From Edible Fruits, Food Chemistry 84,
23–28.
Gulcin I, Elmastas M, Aboul-Enein HY, 2007, Determination of antioxidant
and radical scavenging activity of Basil (Oscimum basilicum L. family
Lamiaceae) assayed by different methodologies, Phyto. Res., 21, 354361.
Fessenden, RJ., and Fessenden, J.S., 1997, Kimia Orrganik, diterjemahkan oleh
A.H Pudjaatmaka, Erlangga, Jakarta
Harborne, J. B., 1987, Metode Fitokimia: Penuntun Cara Modern Menganalisis
Tumbuhan, Terbitan Ke-2, Penerbit ITB, Bandung, 47-70.
Hernani dan Raharjo, M., 2006, Tanaman Berkhasiat Antioksidan, Penebar
Swadaya, Jakarta, 8-17, 70-71.
Hidayat S. S., Dzulkarnaen B., Wahyudi B., Subasni N., Widowati L., Martuti,
1989, Penelitian Tanaman Obat di beberapa Perguruan Tinggi di
Indonesia II, Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan Dep Kes
RI, Jakarta.
Ichikawa, H., Nair, M.S., Takada, Y., Sheeja, D.B., Kumar, M.A., Oommen,
O.V., Aggarwal, B.B., 2006, Isodeoxyelephantopin, a novel
sesquiterpene lactone, potentiates apoptosis, inhibits invasion, and
abolishes osteoclastogenesis through suppression of nuclear factorkappaB (nf-kappaB) activation and nf-kappaB-regulated gene
expression, Clin Cancer Res., 12 (19), 5910-5918.
Jamilah, Minarti, Kardono, L.B.S., 2004, Aktivitas Antioksidan dari Buah
Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl), Prosiding
Seminar Nasional XXV Tumbuhan Obat Indonesia, Tawang
Javanmardi, J., Stushnoff, C., Locke, E., & Vivanco, J. M., 2003, Antioxidant
activity and total phenolic content of Iranian Ocimum ccessions, Food
Chemistry, 83, 547–550.
Karadeniz, F., Burdurlu, H.S., Koca, N., Soyer, Y., 2005, Antioxidant Activity
of Selected Fruits and Vegetables Grown in Turkey, Turk. J. Agric.
For., 29, 297-303.
Kusheryani I. dan Aziz S. A., 2006, Pengaruh Jenis Tanaman Penolak
Organisme Pengganggu Tanaman terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Produksi
37
Tanaman Kedelai (Glycine max (L.) Merr) yang Diusahakan Secara
Organik, Bul. Agron, 34 (1), 39 – 45.
Liang, Q.L., Min, Z.D., Tang, Y.P., 2008, A new elemanolide sesquiterpene
lactone from Elephantopus scaber, J Asian Nat Prod Res., 10 (5), 403407.
Macabeo, A.P.G., and Aguinaldo, A.M., 2008, Chemical and Phytomedicinal
Investigations in Lunasia amara, Pharmacognosy Reviews, 2, 317325.
Madhavi, D.L., Deshpande, S.S., Salunkhe, D.,K, 1995, Food Antioxidant,
Marcel Dekker Inc, New York, 41-70.
Madsen, H. L., Nielsen, B. R., Bertelsen, G., & Skibsted, L. H., 1996,
Screening of antioxidative activity of spices, A comparison between
assays based on ESR spin trapping and electrochemical measurement
of oxygen consumption, Food Chemistry, 57, 331–337.
Marxen, Kai., Vanselow, Klaus Heinrich, Lippemeier, Sebastian Lippemeier.,
Hintze, Ralf.,Ruser, Andreas Ruser., Hansen, Ulf-Peter., 2007,
Determination of DPPH Radical Oxidation Caused by Methanolic
Extracts of Some Microalgal Species by Linear Regression Analysis
of Spectrophotometric Measurements, Sensors, 7, 2080-2095.
Ozaki, Y., Sekita, S., Soedigdo, S., Harada, M., 1989, Antiinflammatory effect
of Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff., Chem Pharm. Bul.l (Tokyo), 37
(10), 2799-802.
Park, B. S., Lee, K. G., Shibamoto, T., Lee, S. E., & Takeoka, G. R., 2003,
Antioxidant activity and characterization of volatile constituents of
Taheebo (Tabebuia impetiginosa Martius ex DC), Journal of
Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51, 295–300.
Pokorny, J., Yanishlieva, N., and Gordon, M., 2001, Antioxidan in food;
practical application, CRC Press, New York, 147-155.
Prakash, A, 2001, Antioxidant Activity, Heart of Giant Recource, 19 (2), 1-4.
Prakash, D., Upadhyay, G., Singh, B. N., Dhakarey, R., Kumar, S., and Singh,
K.K., 2007, Free-radical Scavenging Activities of Himalayan
Rhododendrons, Current Science, 92 (4), 25.
Reynertson, K.A., 2007, Phytochemical Analysis of Bioactive Constituens from
Edible Myrtaceae Fruit, Dissertation, The City University of New
York, New York, 25-34.
38
Rice-Evans, C.A., N.J. Miller, and G. Paganga, 1996, Structure-antioxidant
activity relationships of flavonoids and phenolic acids, Free Radical
Biol. Med., 20, 933–956.
Rice-Evans, C.A., N.J. Miller, and G. Paganga, 1997, Antioxidant properties of
phenolic compounds, Trends Plant Sci., 2, 152–159.
Rohman, A. dan Riyanto, S., 2006, Aktivitas Antiradikal Bebas Ekstrak
Kloroform Buah Mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia, L.) dan Fraksifraksinya, Artocarpus, 6 (1), 39
Rohman, A., Sugeng R., Rizka D., Dimas B.P., 2009, Penangkapan Radikal
2,2-Difenil-1-Pikril Hidrasil oleh Ekstrak Buah Psidium guajava L
dan Averrhoa carambolla L, Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian Indonesia, 7
(1), 1-5.
Rosidah, Yam MF, Sadikun A, Asmawi MZ., 2008, Antioxidant potential of
Gynura procumbens, Pharm. Biol, 46, 616-625.
Rosidah, Mun, F.Y., Sadikun, A., Mariam A., Akowuah, G.A., and Asmawi,
M.Z, 2009, Toxicology evaluation of standardized methanol extract of
Gynura procumbens, J. Ethnopharm, 123, 244–249.
Soeksmanto, A., Yatri, H., Partomuan, S., 2007, Kandungan Antioksidan pada
Beberapa Bagian Tanaman Mahkota Dewa, Phaleria macrocarpa
(Scheff) Boerl. (Thymelaceae), Biodiversitas, 8 (2), 92-95.
Stella O. Olagbende-Dada, Grace E. Ukpo, Herbert A. B. Coker and Samuel A.,
2009, Oxytocic and anti-implantation activities of the leaf extracts of
Graptophyllum pictum (Linn.) Griff. (Acanthaceae), Afr. J. Biotechno,.
8 (21), 5979-598.
Sugiyanto, Sudarto, B., Meiyanto, E., Nugroho, A. E., Jenie, U. A., 2003,
Aktivitas Antikarsinogenik Senyawa yang Berasal dari Tumbuhan,
Majalah Farmasi Indonesia, 14 (4), 216-225.
Sulastri, 2008, Efek Diuretik Ekstrak Etanol 70% Daun Tapak Liman
(Elephantopus Scaber L) Pada Tikus Putih Jantan Galur Wistar.
Skripsi. Fakultas Farmasi UMS, Surakarta.
Teow, Choong C., Truong, Van Den., Mc.Feeters, Roger F., Thompson, Roger.,
Pecota, kennet, Yencho, G. Craig, 2006, Antioxidant activities,
phenolic and b-carotene contents of sweet potato genotypes with
varying flesh colours, Food Chemistry 103, 829–838.
Tohti, T., Tursun, M., Umarm, A., Turdi, S., Imin, H., and Moore, N., 2006,
Aqueous extracts of Ocimum basilicum L. (sweet basil) decrease
platelet aggregation induced by ADP and thrombin in vitro and rats
39
arterio–venous shunt thrombosis in vivo, Thrombosis Research, 118
(6), 733-739.
Ulfa, M., 2008, Efek Hepatoprotektif Ekstrak Etil Asetat Daun Sambung
Nyawa (Gynura procumbens (Lour.) DC.) terhadap Mencit Jantan
Galur Swiss Terinduksi Parasetamol. Skripsi. Fakultas Farmasi UMS,
Surakarta.
van Valkenburg, J.L.C.H and Bunyapraphatsara, N. (Editors), 2002, Plant
Resources of South-East Asia No 12 (2), Medicinal and Poisonous
plants 2, PROSEA, Bogor, 359.
Vaya, J., and Aviram, M., 2001, Nutritional Antioxidants: Mechanisms Of
Action, Analyses Of Activaties and Medical Applications, Curr, Med.
Chem.Imm, endoc. & metab. Agents, 1 (1), 99-117.
Velazquez, E., Tournier, H.A., Buschiazzo Mordujovich de, P., Saavedra, G.,
Schinella, G.R., 2003, Antioxidant Activity of Paraguayan Plant
Extracts, Fitoterapia 74, 91-97.
Viera, R.F., and Simon J.E., 2000, Chemical Characterization of Basil (Ocimum
sp.) Found in Markets and used in Traditional Medicine in Brazil,
Economic Botany, 54 (2), 207-216.
Vrushabendra S. B. M., Jayaveera K.N., Gopkumar P., Sridevi N., Masoor S.,
Kumar G.S., Sanjay P.U., 2008, Anti-diarrhoeal activity of methanolic
root extract of Elephantopus scaber L, Journal of Pharmaceutical and
Allied Sciences, 5 (1), 1.
Wahyuningtyas, E., 2005, The Graptophyllum pictum extract effect on acrylic
resin complete denture plaque growth, Maj. Ked. Gigi. (Dent. J.), 38
(4), 201–204.
Winarsi, H., 2005, Isoflavon; Berbagai Sumber, Sifat dan Manfaatnya pada
Penyakit Degeneratif, Cetakan pertama, 38, UGM Press, Yogyakarta
Windono, T., Soediman, S., Yudawati, U., Ermawati, E., Srielita, A. dan
Erowati, T.I., 2001, Uji Peredam Radikal Bebas Terhadap 1,1Diphenyl-2-Picrylhydrazil (DPPH) dari Ekstrak Kulit Buah dan Biji
(Vitis vinifera L.) Probolinggo Biru dan Bali, Artikel Hasil Penelitian
Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Surabaya, Surabaya
Yam M. F., Basir R., Asmawi M. Z., Rosidah, Ahmad M. and Akowuah G.
A., 2008, Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Activities of
Elephantopus tomentosus Ethanol Extract, Pharmaceutical Biology, 3
(46), 199-206.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Amic, D., Davidovic- Amic, D., Beslo, Trinajstc, 2003, Structure-Radical
Scavenging Activity Relationship of Flavonoids, Croatia Chemica
Acta, 76 (1), 55-61
Andarwulan, N., Batari, R., Sandrasari, D. A., Bolling, B., Wijaya, H., 2010,
Flavonoid Content and Antioxidant Activity of Vegetables from
Indonesian, Food Chemistry 121, 1231-1235
Andersen, O. M. and Markham, K. R., 2005, Flavonoids: Chemistry,
Boichemistry, and Aplications, Taylor and Francis Group, London,
New York, 10-11.
Anonim, 1997, Antioksidan, Resep Sehat dan Umur Panjang, tulisan lepas juni
1997, http://wwwindomedia.com/intisari/1997/juni/juni97.htm,
diakses tanggal 27 Mei 2008.
Anonim, 2000, Parameter Standar Umum Ekstrak Tumbuhan Obat,
Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, Jakarta.
Ardi, A. W., 1987, Pemeriksaan Senyawa Golongan Flavonoid dari Daun
Handeuleum (Graptophylum (L.) Griff). Skripsi. Program Studi
Farmasi FMIPA ITB, Bandung.
Aydemir, T and Becerik, S., 2009, Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity
of Different Extracts From Ocimim basilicum, Apium graveolens and
Lepidium sativum Seeds, Journal of Food Biochemistry., 35, 62-79.
Cholisoh, Z dan Hanwar, D., 2006, Aktivitas Antiradikal Ekstrak Etanol Daun,
Bunga dan Biji Ocimum sanctum serta Hubungannya dengan
Karakteristik Kandungan Polifenol, Pharmacon, 7 (1), 16-20.
Cronquist, A., 1981, An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering
Plants, Newyork: Columbia University Press, 477.
Daisy, P., Jasmine, R., Ignacimuthu, S., Murugan, E., 2009, A novel steroid
from Elephantopus scaber L. an ethnomedicinal plant with
antidiabetic activity, Phytomedicine., 16 (2), 252-257.
Dalimartha, S and Soedibyo M., 1999, Awet Muda Dengan Tumbuhan Obat
dan Diet Suplemen, Trubus Agriwidya, Jakarta, 1-8.
de Guzman, C.C. and Siemonsa, J.S. (Editors), 1999, Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia No 12: Medicinal and Poisonous plant 1, PROSEA, Bogor,
253
36
Demopoulos, H.B., Pietronigro, Flamm, Seligman, 1980, J. Environ Pathol,
Toxicol, 3:273 in Madhavi, D.L., Deshpande, S.S., Salunkhe, D.,K,
1995, Food Antioxidant, Marcel Dekker Inc, New York
Einbond, L.S., Reynertson, K.A., Luo. X.D., Basile, M.J., Kennelly, E.J., 2004,
Anthocyanin Antioxidants From Edible Fruits, Food Chemistry 84,
23–28.
Gulcin I, Elmastas M, Aboul-Enein HY, 2007, Determination of antioxidant
and radical scavenging activity of Basil (Oscimum basilicum L. family
Lamiaceae) assayed by different methodologies, Phyto. Res., 21, 354361.
Fessenden, RJ., and Fessenden, J.S., 1997, Kimia Orrganik, diterjemahkan oleh
A.H Pudjaatmaka, Erlangga, Jakarta
Harborne, J. B., 1987, Metode Fitokimia: Penuntun Cara Modern Menganalisis
Tumbuhan, Terbitan Ke-2, Penerbit ITB, Bandung, 47-70.
Hernani dan Raharjo, M., 2006, Tanaman Berkhasiat Antioksidan, Penebar
Swadaya, Jakarta, 8-17, 70-71.
Hidayat S. S., Dzulkarnaen B., Wahyudi B., Subasni N., Widowati L., Martuti,
1989, Penelitian Tanaman Obat di beberapa Perguruan Tinggi di
Indonesia II, Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan Dep Kes
RI, Jakarta.
Ichikawa, H., Nair, M.S., Takada, Y., Sheeja, D.B., Kumar, M.A., Oommen,
O.V., Aggarwal, B.B., 2006, Isodeoxyelephantopin, a novel
sesquiterpene lactone, potentiates apoptosis, inhibits invasion, and
abolishes osteoclastogenesis through suppression of nuclear factorkappaB (nf-kappaB) activation and nf-kappaB-regulated gene
expression, Clin Cancer Res., 12 (19), 5910-5918.
Jamilah, Minarti, Kardono, L.B.S., 2004, Aktivitas Antioksidan dari Buah
Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl), Prosiding
Seminar Nasional XXV Tumbuhan Obat Indonesia, Tawang
Javanmardi, J., Stushnoff, C., Locke, E., & Vivanco, J. M., 2003, Antioxidant
activity and total phenolic content of Iranian Ocimum ccessions, Food
Chemistry, 83, 547–550.
Karadeniz, F., Burdurlu, H.S., Koca, N., Soyer, Y., 2005, Antioxidant Activity
of Selected Fruits and Vegetables Grown in Turkey, Turk. J. Agric.
For., 29, 297-303.
Kusheryani I. dan Aziz S. A., 2006, Pengaruh Jenis Tanaman Penolak
Organisme Pengganggu Tanaman terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Produksi
37
Tanaman Kedelai (Glycine max (L.) Merr) yang Diusahakan Secara
Organik, Bul. Agron, 34 (1), 39 – 45.
Liang, Q.L., Min, Z.D., Tang, Y.P., 2008, A new elemanolide sesquiterpene
lactone from Elephantopus scaber, J Asian Nat Prod Res., 10 (5), 403407.
Macabeo, A.P.G., and Aguinaldo, A.M., 2008, Chemical and Phytomedicinal
Investigations in Lunasia amara, Pharmacognosy Reviews, 2, 317325.
Madhavi, D.L., Deshpande, S.S., Salunkhe, D.,K, 1995, Food Antioxidant,
Marcel Dekker Inc, New York, 41-70.
Madsen, H. L., Nielsen, B. R., Bertelsen, G., & Skibsted, L. H., 1996,
Screening of antioxidative activity of spices, A comparison between
assays based on ESR spin trapping and electrochemical measurement
of oxygen consumption, Food Chemistry, 57, 331–337.
Marxen, Kai., Vanselow, Klaus Heinrich, Lippemeier, Sebastian Lippemeier.,
Hintze, Ralf.,Ruser, Andreas Ruser., Hansen, Ulf-Peter., 2007,
Determination of DPPH Radical Oxidation Caused by Methanolic
Extracts of Some Microalgal Species by Linear Regression Analysis
of Spectrophotometric Measurements, Sensors, 7, 2080-2095.
Ozaki, Y., Sekita, S., Soedigdo, S., Harada, M., 1989, Antiinflammatory effect
of Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff., Chem Pharm. Bul.l (Tokyo), 37
(10), 2799-802.
Park, B. S., Lee, K. G., Shibamoto, T., Lee, S. E., & Takeoka, G. R., 2003,
Antioxidant activity and characterization of volatile constituents of
Taheebo (Tabebuia impetiginosa Martius ex DC), Journal of
Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51, 295–300.
Pokorny, J., Yanishlieva, N., and Gordon, M., 2001, Antioxidan in food;
practical application, CRC Press, New York, 147-155.
Prakash, A, 2001, Antioxidant Activity, Heart of Giant Recource, 19 (2), 1-4.
Prakash, D., Upadhyay, G., Singh, B. N., Dhakarey, R., Kumar, S., and Singh,
K.K., 2007, Free-radical Scavenging Activities of Himalayan
Rhododendrons, Current Science, 92 (4), 25.
Reynertson, K.A., 2007, Phytochemical Analysis of Bioactive Constituens from
Edible Myrtaceae Fruit, Dissertation, The City University of New
York, New York, 25-34.
38
Rice-Evans, C.A., N.J. Miller, and G. Paganga, 1996, Structure-antioxidant
activity relationships of flavonoids and phenolic acids, Free Radical
Biol. Med., 20, 933–956.
Rice-Evans, C.A., N.J. Miller, and G. Paganga, 1997, Antioxidant properties of
phenolic compounds, Trends Plant Sci., 2, 152–159.
Rohman, A. dan Riyanto, S., 2006, Aktivitas Antiradikal Bebas Ekstrak
Kloroform Buah Mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia, L.) dan Fraksifraksinya, Artocarpus, 6 (1), 39
Rohman, A., Sugeng R., Rizka D., Dimas B.P., 2009, Penangkapan Radikal
2,2-Difenil-1-Pikril Hidrasil oleh Ekstrak Buah Psidium guajava L
dan Averrhoa carambolla L, Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian Indonesia, 7
(1), 1-5.
Rosidah, Yam MF, Sadikun A, Asmawi MZ., 2008, Antioxidant potential of
Gynura procumbens, Pharm. Biol, 46, 616-625.
Rosidah, Mun, F.Y., Sadikun, A., Mariam A., Akowuah, G.A., and Asmawi,
M.Z, 2009, Toxicology evaluation of standardized methanol extract of
Gynura procumbens, J. Ethnopharm, 123, 244–249.
Soeksmanto, A., Yatri, H., Partomuan, S., 2007, Kandungan Antioksidan pada
Beberapa Bagian Tanaman Mahkota Dewa, Phaleria macrocarpa
(Scheff) Boerl. (Thymelaceae), Biodiversitas, 8 (2), 92-95.
Stella O. Olagbende-Dada, Grace E. Ukpo, Herbert A. B. Coker and Samuel A.,
2009, Oxytocic and anti-implantation activities of the leaf extracts of
Graptophyllum pictum (Linn.) Griff. (Acanthaceae), Afr. J. Biotechno,.
8 (21), 5979-598.
Sugiyanto, Sudarto, B., Meiyanto, E., Nugroho, A. E., Jenie, U. A., 2003,
Aktivitas Antikarsinogenik Senyawa yang Berasal dari Tumbuhan,
Majalah Farmasi Indonesia, 14 (4), 216-225.
Sulastri, 2008, Efek Diuretik Ekstrak Etanol 70% Daun Tapak Liman
(Elephantopus Scaber L) Pada Tikus Putih Jantan Galur Wistar.
Skripsi. Fakultas Farmasi UMS, Surakarta.
Teow, Choong C., Truong, Van Den., Mc.Feeters, Roger F., Thompson, Roger.,
Pecota, kennet, Yencho, G. Craig, 2006, Antioxidant activities,
phenolic and b-carotene contents of sweet potato genotypes with
varying flesh colours, Food Chemistry 103, 829–838.
Tohti, T., Tursun, M., Umarm, A., Turdi, S., Imin, H., and Moore, N., 2006,
Aqueous extracts of Ocimum basilicum L. (sweet basil) decrease
platelet aggregation induced by ADP and thrombin in vitro and rats
39
arterio–venous shunt thrombosis in vivo, Thrombosis Research, 118
(6), 733-739.
Ulfa, M., 2008, Efek Hepatoprotektif Ekstrak Etil Asetat Daun Sambung
Nyawa (Gynura procumbens (Lour.) DC.) terhadap Mencit Jantan
Galur Swiss Terinduksi Parasetamol. Skripsi. Fakultas Farmasi UMS,
Surakarta.
van Valkenburg, J.L.C.H and Bunyapraphatsara, N. (Editors), 2002, Plant
Resources of South-East Asia No 12 (2), Medicinal and Poisonous
plants 2, PROSEA, Bogor, 359.
Vaya, J., and Aviram, M., 2001, Nutritional Antioxidants: Mechanisms Of
Action, Analyses Of Activaties and Medical Applications, Curr, Med.
Chem.Imm, endoc. & metab. Agents, 1 (1), 99-117.
Velazquez, E., Tournier, H.A., Buschiazzo Mordujovich de, P., Saavedra, G.,
Schinella, G.R., 2003, Antioxidant Activity of Paraguayan Plant
Extracts, Fitoterapia 74, 91-97.
Viera, R.F., and Simon J.E., 2000, Chemical Characterization of Basil (Ocimum
sp.) Found in Markets and used in Traditional Medicine in Brazil,
Economic Botany, 54 (2), 207-216.
Vrushabendra S. B. M., Jayaveera K.N., Gopkumar P., Sridevi N., Masoor S.,
Kumar G.S., Sanjay P.U., 2008, Anti-diarrhoeal activity of methanolic
root extract of Elephantopus scaber L, Journal of Pharmaceutical and
Allied Sciences, 5 (1), 1.
Wahyuningtyas, E., 2005, The Graptophyllum pictum extract effect on acrylic
resin complete denture plaque growth, Maj. Ked. Gigi. (Dent. J.), 38
(4), 201–204.
Winarsi, H., 2005, Isoflavon; Berbagai Sumber, Sifat dan Manfaatnya pada
Penyakit Degeneratif, Cetakan pertama, 38, UGM Press, Yogyakarta
Windono, T., Soediman, S., Yudawati, U., Ermawati, E., Srielita, A. dan
Erowati, T.I., 2001, Uji Peredam Radikal Bebas Terhadap 1,1Diphenyl-2-Picrylhydrazil (DPPH) dari Ekstrak Kulit Buah dan Biji
(Vitis vinifera L.) Probolinggo Biru dan Bali, Artikel Hasil Penelitian
Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Surabaya, Surabaya
Yam M. F., Basir R., Asmawi M. Z., Rosidah, Ahmad M. and Akowuah G.
A., 2008, Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Activities of
Elephantopus tomentosus Ethanol Extract, Pharmaceutical Biology, 3
(46), 199-206.