A GRADUATING PAPER Submitted to the Board of Examiners as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of SarjanaPendidikan Islam (S.Pd.I) English Education Department of Teacher Training and Education Faculty State Institute for Islamic Studi
A DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF FIGURATIVE LANGUAGES
FOUND IN “THE LAND OF FIVE TOWERS” NOVEL
A GRADUATING PAPER
Submitted to the Board of Examiners as a partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of SarjanaPendidikan Islam (S.Pd.I)
English Education Department of Teacher Training and Education Faculty
State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga
By:
LATIFATUL BAROROH
113 10 140
ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY
STATE INSTITUTE FOR ISLAMIC STUDIES (IAIN) SALATIGA
Motto
Let’s bygones be bygones, never give up, keep on spirit and always pray to God.
(Latifatul Baroroh)
Positive thinking and optimistic, I can do it, I can make my beloved parents happy
and proud for my success!
(Latifatul Baroroh)
DEDICATION
This graduating paper is dedicated to: To God Allah SWT
To Prophet Muhammad SAW
Thanks to my beloved mother and father (Siti Baitiyah and Ahmad Ali) who
always support and praying me to be better and successful people. thanks for your pray and always support me to finish my final job. I love you so much
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Bismillahirrahmanirrahim.In the name of Allah, the most gracious and merciful, the kings of universe and space. Thanks to Allah because the writer could complete this graduating paper as one of requirement to finished study in English Department faculty of State for Institute Islamic Studies.
This graduating paper would not have been completed without support, guidance and help from individual‟s institution. Therefore, I would like to express special thanks to: 1.
Dr. Rahmad Hariyadi, M. Pd., as Rector of State Islamic Studies Institute (IAIN) Salatiga.
2. Suwardi, M. Pd., as Dean of Teacher Training and Education Faculty of State Islamic Studies Institute (IAIN) Salatiga.
3. Noor Malihah, M. Pd as Head of English Education Department of State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga.
4. Rr. Dewi Wahyu Mustikasari, M.Pd., as the Secretary of English Education Department of Salatiga 5. Mrs. Mashlihatul Umami, S.Pd.I. M.A the consultant of this graduating paper.
Thanks for all your suggestion, recommendation, and support for this graduating paper from the beginning till the end.
6. All lecturers in English Education Department of IAIN Salatiga. Thanks for all
ABSTRACT
Latifatul Baroroh (2015), “A DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF FIGURATIVE
LANGUAGES FOUND IN “THE LAAND OF FIVE TOWERS” NOVEL”. Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga. Counselor: Mashlihatul Umami, S.Pd.I, MA.
Key Words: Descriptive analysis, Figurative languages, The Land of Five Towers novel.
Most of people use figurative languages in their life to communicate with other. They use it without understanding more deeply about it because they just follow the figurative languages from TV, movie, novel, poem, song lyric, social network, and many others. This study concerns with the descriptive analysis of figurative language in The Land of Five Towers novel. This study has purposes to answer the research questions; firstly, to find out the literary elements of The Land of Five Towers novel. Secondly, to find out the kinds of figurative languages that is used and the last is to find out the dominant of figurative languages that is used in The Land of Five Towers novel. Hopefully, this study will be useful for students of English Department, especially to help them understand the figurative languages which is used in The Land of Five Towers novel. The researcher uses a descriptive qualitative method to classify and analyze the sentences. After investigating the sentence in the novel, the writer found several findings on it. Firstly, the intrinsic and extrinsic elements that is used in the novel. Second there are six kinds of figuartive languages that is used in the novel, they are simile, metaphor, hyperbole, personification, synecdoche, and symbol. The last is the dominant of figurative languages that used is simile.
TABLES OF CONTENTS
TITLE ...................................................................................................................... i DECLARATION ................................................................................................... ii ATTENTIVE COUNSELOR NOTES ............................... ................................. iii PAGE OF CERTIFICATION ............................................................................... iv MOTTO .................................................................................................................. v DEDICATION ...................................................................................................... vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................... vii ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... ix TABLE OF CONTENT ........................................................................................ x
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study ............................................................................ 1 B. Statement of the Problems ......................................................................... 4 C. Limitation of the Problems ......................................................................... 4 D. Purposes of the Study ................................................................................. 4 E. Benefits of the Study .................................................................................. 5 F. Definition of the Key Terms ...................................................................... 6 G. Graduating Paper Outline ........................................................................... 8 CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK A. Review of Previous Research ................................................................... 10 B. Figurative Languages ............................................................................... 11 C. Types of Figurative Languages and Their Meanings ............................... 13 D. Use of Figurative Languages ................................................................... 17 E. Literal and Figuratives Meaning .............................................................. 17 F. Intrinsic Elements ..................................................................................... 18
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY A. Research Object ....................................................................................... 27 B. Research Design ....................................................................................... 27 C. Types of the Research .............................................................................. 28 D. Collecting Data ......................................................................................... 28 E. Data Analysis ........................................................................................... 30 F. Method of Data Analysis ......................................................................... 30 CHAPTER IV: DATA ANALYSIS A. Literary Elements of The Land of Five Towers novel ............................. 32 1. Intrinsic Elements .............................................................................. 32 2. Extrinsic Elements ............................................................................. 40 B. Use of Figurative Languages and Data Analysis .................................... 47 CHAPTER V: CLOSURE A. Conclusion .............................................................................................. 114 B. Suggestion .............................................................................................. 114 REFERENCES APPENDICES
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study In daily activity, there are many important things that become human need. One of
them is language. Language is an effective tool to make relationship and work together. (Wardhaugh, 1972:3) states that “language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication”. The main function of language is a tool ofcommunication. People use language to interact with others human beings. In daily life, language is used as a medium to communicate. In the absence of language, humans would have trouble in life. As a main tool of communication, language has a very important role in human‟s life.
Language is a specific human‟s characteristic that makes them different from other. By using language, people can say their intent, want, message and information to other people. Sometimes, when humans talk or do small conversation to other, they do not aware the language style that they used, certainly they have used the figurative languages. They just say spontaneously and directly what on their mind, but they do not know what style and meaning of what they utterence.
Figurative languages is a part of the literary element that can be found in poem, advertisement, drama, novel, poetry, etc. In this paper, the writer uses a novel as the research object. There are many kinds of novel that can be found, such as mystery, adventure, teenagers, drama, romantic, and many others. The starting point in this paper was on figurative languages found in “The Land of Five Towers” novel.
Believe it or not if figurative languages not only used in written magazine, newspaper, poem, novel and drama, but also used in our daily activity. Many people in the environment form a new word which only understood between speaker and the hearer. They feel bored to speak common language. They need something new and friendlier in speaking with other. They create new words, they use it often and it can be their daily language.
In English learning, notably in literature which learn about novel, drama, poem, short story, etc. Figurative languages is very important to make the sentences or untterance which used in novel or drama to interest the reader or audience. In addition, to interest the reader or audience using figurative languages, can make the language more interest.
We can found the using of figurative languages anywhere. It can be found in magazine, entertainment, advertisement, radios, newspaper, social network, movie, novel, and so on. Moreover, unconsciously we use figurative languages to make interaction with other people.
Talking about novel, it is the source of entertainment which popular for students, college or teenager, and other people. To find the meaning of figurative languages whichused in the sentences or utterances is so hard because the words are unfamiliar. Therefore, it needs to be learn more deeply for the writer as the students because it may be difficult and hard to understand the novel if we cannot find the meaning of figurative languages in English dictionary. The meaning of the words of figurative languages are different with the meaning in English dictionary.
Doing the research about figurative languages in the novel would give the positive contribution for the learner. We can found easily the figurative languages which written in novel and it can increase our knowledge about figurative languages. We can found the literal and figurative meaning and analysis kinds of figurative languages which found in the novel, to understand it more deeply. Therefore, we can get the entertainment and knowledge through the novel.
The Land of Five Towers is the first book in a trilogy written by A. Fuadi. This novel inspired by a true story. The story is talk about Alif who had never set foot outside of West Sumatra. He passed his childhood days searching for fallen durian fruit in the jungle, playing soccer on rice paddies, and swimming in the blue waters of Lake Maninjau. His mother wants him to attend an islamic boarding school, a pesantren, while he dreams of public high school. Halfheartedly, he follows his mother‟s wishes. He finds himself on a grueling three days bus ride from Sumatra to Madani Pesantren (MP) in a remote village on Java.
There are many figurative languages terms written by the writer on this novel. Some of them are personification, hyperbole, metaphor, and other. It makes difficult to understand about the literal and figurative meaning. So, it makes the reader difficult to understand the story.
According to the background explained above, the writer is interested in conducting this research entitled “A Descriptive Analysis of Figurative Languages Found in “The Land of Five Towers” Novel.
B. Statement of the Problems
The writer formulates some problems of the statement based on the research background as follows:
1. What are the literary elements in The Land of Five Towernovel? 2.
What are the kinds of figurative languages found in the novel and its meaning? 3. What are the dominants of figurative languages found in the novel? C.
Limitation of the Problems
Since the research focuses on the figurative languages as the object of the study, the researcher most likely analysis the sentence on the English novel entitled “The Land of Five Towers” that belong to figurative languages. This research focuses on the analysis of the sentences represent figurative languages.
D. The Purpose of the Study 1.
To know the literary elements in The Land of Five Towers novel.
2. To find out the kinds of figurative languages found in the novel and its meaning.
3. To find out the dominants of figurative languages found in the novel.
E. The Benefit of the Study
Therefore, this study is focusing on figurative languages, the result of this research is expected to give useful and worthwhile information and contribution for educators, English teachers and English academicians to know more about figurative languages.
The writer expect that the result of this study can give contribution for academic field and practical field, as follows:
1. Theoretically a.
Giving some contributions to enlarge the knowledge about figurative languages, which is hoped that after analyzing and reading this research the reader will be more understand about the sentences that included in figurative languages.
b.
Giving more information about sentence found in the novel entitled “The Land of Five Towers” that belongs to figurative languages. It is hoped that after read this research the reader will be motivated to find or to identify or even to make their own research about figurative languages.
c.
The result of the study can be used as the authentic material to teach figurative languages.
2. Practically a.
Students This study gives clear explanation about figurative languages in the novel entitled “The Land of Five Towers” b.
English teacher This study gives additional knowledge about figurative languanges to teach their students and can be learning resources.
c.
This study is to develop the lecturer‟s insight about figurative languages in the fiction literature.
F. Definition of the Key Term 1.
Descriptive analysis There are two words that forms the definition of descriptive analysis, that is the word descriptive and analysis. There are two definitions of these two words according to Oxford dictionary (Oxford pocket dictionary: 13, 117):
a. : Saying what somebody or something is like, describing Descriptive something; (Linguistic) saying how language is actually used, without giving rules for how it should be used.
b.
Analysis : The detailed study or examination of something in order to understand about it, the result of the study; A careful examination of a substance in order to find out what it consists of.
2. Figurative Languages Figurative languages is wording that makes explicit comparisons between unlike things using figures of speech such as metaphors and similes.
(Faizal Risdianto, 2011: 33) 3.
The Land of Five Towers Novel The Land of Five Towers is the title of 2011 Indonesian novel directed by A. Fuadi. There are fourty six chapters in this novel. It tells about Alif who had never set foot outside of West Sumatra. He passed his childhood days searching for fallen durian fruit in the jungle, playing soccer on rice paddies, and swimming in the blue waters of Lake Maninjau. His mother wants him to attend an islamic boarding school, a pesantren, while he dreams of public high school. Halfheartedly, he follows his mother‟s wishes. He finds himself on a grueling three days bus ride from Sumatra to Madani Pesantren (MP) in a remote village on Java.
On his first day at MP, Alif is captivated by the powerful phrase man
jadda wajada. He who gives his all will surely succeed. United by
punishment, he quickly becomes friends with five boys from across the archipelago, and together they become known as the Fellowship of the Manara. Beneath the mosque‟s minaret, the boys gaze at the clouds on the horizon, seeing in them their individual dreams of far-away lands, like America and Europe. Where would these dreams take them? They didn‟t know. What they did know was: never underestimate dreams, no matter how high they may be. God truly is The Listener.
G. Graduating Paper Outline
In this section, the writer will discuss some terms in chapter I until chapter V as follows:
Chapter I is Introduction which covers the Background of the Study, which mention the writer‟s reason for choosing the topic of the graduating paper: Statement of the Problem which describes the problem of the research: Limitation of the S tudy, which contain of what the writer‟s discuss: Benefits of the Study, which mentions about the advantages of the study: Definition of the Key Terms, reveal the clear definition of the important key term in the graduating paper: the last is Graduating Paper Outline, which consists of the conclusion from chapter I until chapter V.
Chapter II consists of Theoretical Framework. This chapter explores the Reviews of Previous Research and the theory which used by the writer. Those are the definition of figurative languages and some related theories, Types of Figurative Language and their meanings; The use of Figurative Languages; Literal and Figurative Meaning; and Intrinsic and the Extrinsic elements of the novel.
Chapter III this chapter presents the Research Methodology, it consist of Research Object, Research Design, Types of the Research, Collecting Data, Data Analysis, and Method of Data Analysis Chapter IV include Data Analysis. In this chapter, the writer will present the Data Analysis and finding data of the figurative languages that dominants used in novel.
Chapter V includes the Conclussion and Suggestion.
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW OF LITERATURE This chapter covers definitions and theories which are related to the
research objects. The supporting theories are needed to help to solve the research.
A. Review of Previous Research
Many researchers arranged the graduating paper on Figurative Languages analysis which conducte d previously. The first research is “A Descriptive Study on Figurative Languages used in Westlife‟s Songs” which has been researched by Ifonilla Yenianti in 2003, the students of State Islamic Studies Institute (STAIN) Salatiga. In her graduating paper, she has analyzed about the figurative languages. According to her, the figurative languages used in Westlife‟s songs are metonymy, hyperbole, personification, paradox, metaphor, simile and apostrophe. It has many connotation meanings than denotation based on the data analysis.
The second researchers conducted by Fita Styarini in 2014, students of State Islamic Studies Institute (STAIN) Salatiga. The title of her graduating paper is “ The Analysis of Figurative Languages in Jack The Giant Slayer Movie”. In her graduating paper, she analyzed about the figurative languages.
Based on her research, she found 6 kinds of figurative languages in the dialogue of the movie, the figurative languages are simile, metaphor, personification, synecdoche, litotes,irony.
The th ird title of related literature is “An Analysis of Figurative Languages Used in Harry Potter Fifth Movie “Harry Potter And The Order of The Phoenix” which have been researched by Okventia Rahma Lutan in 2012.
The student of State Islamic Studies Institute in Salatiga (STAIN). In her graduating paper, she found 10 kinds of figurative languages. They are metaphor, simile, personification, metonymy, symbol, synecdoche, paradox, hyperbole, litotes, irony.
The fourth review related to this research, and the titl e is, “The Using of Figurative Languages in Twilight Movie” researched by Okta Friantina Rahardianing Tyas in 2010. According to her, there are 10 figurative expressions in three categories of figurative languages; there are comparative figurative languages (metaphor, simile, personification, and metonymy), imagery figurative languages (symbol and synecdoche) and contradictory figurative languages (paradox, hyperbole, litotes and irony).
According to the researchers above, there are similarities of the writ er‟s research, the title is A Descriptive Analysis of Figurative Languages Found in The Land of Five Towers novel by A. Fuadi.
B. Figurative Languages
Figurative languages are language that use figure of speech. Figurative languages use figure of speech a way of saying something other than the literal meaning of the word. Figurative languagesaccording Perrine (1978:58) often provides a more effective means saying what we means than does directly.
Reaske in Albertine Minderop (2005:51-52) also provide the understanding of figurative languages as follows: Figurative languages: language which employs various figures of speech. Some examples are metaphor, simile, antithesis, hyperbole and paradox. In general, figurative languages are the kinds of language which departs from the language employed in the traditional, literal ways of describing persons or objects.
Figurative languages or speech contains images. The writer or speaker describes something through the use of unusual comparisons, for effect, interest, and to make things clearer. The result of using this technique is the creation of interesting images. X. J. Kennedy (1979:487) says that a figure of speech may be said to occur whenever a speaker or writer, for the sake of freshness or emphasis, departs from the usual denotations of words.
According to Risdianto (2011:33) figurative language is wording that makes explicit comparisons between unlike things using figures of speech such as metaphors and similes.
Figurative languages are essential in certain types of writing to help convey meaning and expression. It is necessary to convey the exact meaning in a vivid and artistic manner, yet a concise and to the point manner to your reader. The writer has a story to tell and the language used must portray every emotion and feeling possible on the paper. Figurative language are very common in poetry, but is also used in prose and nonfiction writing as well.
C. Types of Figurative Languages and Their Meanings 1.
Metaphor According to Kennedy (1979:490) affirms that metaphor is a statement that one thing is something else, which in a literal sense, it is not.
It doesn‟t use connective words such as like or as.
Example: Oh my love is a red, red rose.
- Time is a thief.
- The statement compares two things that different. The word “red rose” usually use for identify the things. In this case, the word “red rose” used to giving the identity for the human. Human and things are definitely different. For the second examples, it means that there is not enough time to do what you want. The word “thief” show that time can steal like a people. It is makes sense when the similarities between the two things become apparent or someone understands the connection.
2. Simile
Kennedy (1979:490) affirms a simile is comparison of two things, indicated by some connective; usually as, than, like, or a verb such as resembles. The comparison is explicit or implied something similar to something else.
Example: Jamie runs as fast as the wind.
3. Personification Perrine (1978:55) affirms that personification consists in giving the attributes of a human being to an animal, an object, or an idea. A type of metaphor in which distinct human qualities, e.g., honesty, emotion, volition, etc., are attributed to an animal, object or idea.
Example: The leaves danced in the wind on the cold October afternoon.
- Flames ate the house.
- In the first sentence, described that as if the leaves were dancing along with the wind. Dancing only is done by a living in a creature that has hands and feet of humans. Because the leaves were moving in the breeze, as if it moves. The word “dance” here has a connotative meaning. In the next sentence, the writer describes “flames” like a human being.
4. Hyperbole Kennedy (1983:496) affirms hyperbole is emphasizing a point with statement containing exaggeration. It can be ridiculous or funny.
Hyperboles can be added to fiction to add color and depth to a character.
Example:
- I had to walk 15 miles to school in the snow, uphill.
In the sentence above, the writer only have two homework, but he exaggerated with said a ton of homework. On the second statement, he only walks 15 miles but as if had to walk 10 miles to school.
5. Synecdoche Kennedy (1983:497) affirms that synecdoche is use of a part of a thing to stand for the whole of it or vice versa.
Example:
- Each head imposed a contribution of Rp 1.000, -
- For a long time he did not reveal his nose.
The word “head” and “nose” are a metaphor for the whole person. Not that his nose be sought but the person.
6. Litotes Litotes is a style of language used to express something with the purpose of humbling ourselves. According to Perrine (1978:92) litotes or understatement is saying less than one means, may exist in what one says or merely in how one says it.
Example:
- Please stop into our rickety shack.
- My score is nothing compared to you.
The word “rickety shack” and “nothing” does not describe the actual situation.
7. Irony
A figure of speech when an expression used is the opposite of the thought in the speaker's mind, thus conveying a meaning that contradicts the literal definition. Perrine (1978:93) says Irony has meanings which extend beyond its use merely as a figure of speech.
Example: Wow…How diligent you are! You just got up at 12 noon.
- How clever you are! You got 4 at your mathematic score.
- The sentence above is a satire. The word
“diligent” and “clever” are contradictory with the fact.
D. The Use of Figurative Languages
Figurative languages come in creative writers use metaphor, analogy, symbols and more to stir the reader's imagination and bring out the emotion and understanding that can't be expressed by the words dictionary meaning alone.
According to Perrine (1978), figurative languages have several uses. First, the writer says what he want to say more vividly and forcefully by figures than he says directly. Second, figurative languages are another way of adding extra dimensions to language. Third, figurative languages afford us imaginative pleasure. Fourth, it is a means of concentration, a way of saying much in brief compass.
Generally, figurative languages are used for improving the speech with artificial language. It makes the sentence more interesting, fresh, and more obvious. This the way of the writer to use language as the device to expressing and the hidden feeling thought. Figurative languages make literary work more meaningful. In addition, it also can avoiding monotony on the characteristic and make easily get bored. This is can use for the reader or writer to explain their idea.
E. Literal and Figurative Meaning
Literal and figurative meaningare the distinction in traditional systems for analyzing language. Literal language refers to words that do not deviate from their defined meaning. Figurative languages refers to words, and groups of words, that exaggerate or alter the usual meanings of the component words.
Figurative language may involve analogy to similar concepts or other contexts, and may involve exaggerations.
Figurative languages are the opposite of literal languages. Literal language means exactly what it says. Figurative languages mean something different to (and usually more than) what it says on the surface
Figurative languages refer to the use of words and phrases in a different way from their literal meaning, including idioms, slang, personification, simile, hyperbole, methapors, etc.
F. Intrinsic Elements Intrinsic elements are the elements that build the literary work itself.
According to Diyanni (2004:43), we must understand something about its theme, character and characterization, setting, plot, language and style, and point of view.
1. Theme Theme is the meaning or concepts that are left with after reading a piece of fiction. In the literature, a theme is a wide idea in the story, or a message expressed by a work. Themes are the fundamental and offer universal ideas explored in a literary work.
According to Diyanni (2004:85) Theme is related to the other elements of fiction more as a consequence than as a parallel element that can be separately identified. In fact, theme in fiction is rarely presented at all, readers abstract it forms the details of character and action that compose the story.
2. Characters and characterizations Characters are the representation of a person in a narrative work of art, such as novel, and drama. It is the imaginary people written on the fiction or drama. As readers, people often come to care, identify, and judge about fictional characters. In literature, characters guide the readers through the story and help to understand plots and themes. In addition, characters in fiction can be conveniently classified as major and minor. (Diyanni, 2004:54).
Characters are basics elements in much imaginative literature, and therefore they merit the considerable attention paid to them (Potter, 1967:1). When the term character is used not to refer to a person in a literary work but to what he is like it, it generally refers to his whole nature-his personality, his attitude toward life, his
“spiritual” qualities, his intelligence, even his physical build, as well as his moral attributes (Potter, 1967:3). Characters are divided into two part, they are major and minor character.
2.1 Major Character A major character is an important figure at the center of the story‟s action or theme. They are the most character on the story. In addition, the major is sometimes called a protagonist whose conflict with an antagonist may spark the story‟s conflict (Diyanni, 2004:54).
2.2 Minor Character Supporting the major character are one or more secondary or minor characters whose function is partly to illuminate the major character (Diyanni, 2004:54). In addition, minor characters are often static or unchanged they remain the same from the beginning of a story to the end. Describe the nature of characters is the concept of characterization. A person nature may be showed by what he or she says and does by the clothes, the house and furnishings, and the friends he or he chooses. As in real life, can see what a fictional.
Character is like form his or her action, his or her speech, his or her physical appearance, and his or her environment. In addition, can see what he or she is like from what others say about him and from how they behave toward him or her (Potter, 1967:4).
Characterization is the means by which writers present and reveal character (Diyanni, 2004:55). Characterization is the process of conveying information about characters in fiction.
Characterization has two methods. There are dramatic and analytic methods. In the dramatic, form opinions of the characters from what they do and say, from environment, from what other character think of them. The author comments upon the characters, explaining their motives, their appearance, and their thought it called analytic method.
3. Setting According to Potters (1967:27-28) Obviously, the actions of the characters take place at some time, in some place, amid some things; these temporal and spatial surrounding are the setting. The setting be slight, vague, and detail. A setting can create at atmosphere that will help produce the particular quality and effect of the story. The setting can actually influence the course of events in the story by directly affecting the characters and by encouraging certain kinds of events while inhibiting others. Setting is divided into two parts, setting of place and setting of time. According to Diyanni (2004:60), The place or location of a story‟s action along with the time in which it occurs is its setting.
4. Plot A plot is based on a series of events that are all partly the result of some continuing cause (Potter, 1967:24). In some plots of resolution occurs gradually in a series of crises, each one bringing the victory of one side closer, at the end, the conflict has been resolved through the accumulated effect of the crises (Potter, 1967:33).
According to Diyanni (2004:43-44) Plot is the arrangement of events that make up the story. Many fictional plots turn on a conflict, or struggle between opposing forces, that is usually resolved by the end of the story. Typically fiction plots begin with an exposition that provides background information needed to make sense of the action, that describes the setting and introduce the major characters. Then, the conflict is reached the climax, a moment of greatest tension that fixes the outcome. Finally, the action falls off as the plot‟s complications are sorted out and resolved (the resolution).
2. Language and style Language is a systematic mean of communication by the use of sounds or conventional symbol. Style is the verbal identity of a writer, as unmistakable as his or her face or voice (Diyanni, 2004:79).
According to Stanton (1965:30) Style in literature is the author‟s manner of using language. Even if two authors were to use the same plot, character, and setting, the result would be two different stories. Because the language would differ in complexity, rhythm, sentence length, subtitle, humor, concreteness and the number and kinds of images and metaphor. The particular mixture of such qualities in each story would constitute its style.
3. Point of View According to Potters (1967:29) Point of view is not the author‟s general attitude life or toward his story, but is specific concept that must understand clearly. Many different points of view are all variations or combination of certain basic types. Almost all stories are written either in third person or the first person. The general effect of these two basic points of view differs. The third person point of view provides a more dispassionate perspective on the characters and events.
In the first point of view, the narrator is participant in the s tory. The narrator is the voice that‟s tells the story, first is a first- person, narrator tells the story using the word “I” and “me”, as if he/she were actually there. In third point of view, a story told by a narrator who is not one of the story‟s participants. The third-person narrator tells the story from the outside and doesn‟t use the word “I” and “me” to describe the story‟s events, instead, the types of narrator describe the characters as “he/him” or “she/her”, etc.
G. Extrinsic Elements
Extrinsic elements are the elements that beyond the work. Extrinsic elements of the novel must be seen as something important.
1. Biography According to Hornby (1987:82), biography is person‟s life history written by another. It is the history of the life and character of another person. A biography is a life history of an object as a literary of literature. A biography is a detailed description or account of someone's life. It entails more than basic facts (education, work, relationships, and death), biography also portrays the subject's experience of those events. Unlike a profile or curriculum vitae (résumé), a biography presents the subject's life story, highlighting various aspects of his or her life, including intimate details of experience, and may include an analysis of the subject's personality.
2. Synopsis According to Hornby (1987:877), synopsis is summary or outline of a book, play, etc. synopsis is a brief statement giving a general view of some subject, novel or movie. A synopsis is a brief summary of the major points of a written work, either as prose or as a table; an abridgment or condensation of a work.
3. Cultural Background Culture is defined as the system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that the members of society use to cope with their world and with one another, and that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning. Culture helps us understand how things are created, developed, managed and changed. Cultural background is the context of one's life experience as shaped by membership in groups based on ethnicity, race, and socioeconomic status.
Cultural background is a person's primary source of how he or she would form their identity. It is a source for defining a person, expression, and the sense of group needed by all humans. (http://
4. Message Message is everything that will be presented by the author.
The writer assumes that all literature art, here, especially novel has message that will be presented for the audience because the novel one of the effectiveness and influential ways to give acknowledge and guidance. Message is to communicate sent from the author to audiences as a information, advice, tiding, direction, etc. A message in its most general meaning is an object of communication. It is a vessel which provides information.
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This presents the methodology which is used by the writer to analyze the
data. Method is defined as a way or technique done in research (Sudaryanto, 1993:9).
A.
Research Object The object of this research is the figurative languageswhich are written by the writer of “The Land of Five Towers” novel.
B.
Research Design The method which is used in this research is descriptive qualitative method. Descriptive analysis means to analyze the data which has been described; it is the research based on the fact taken from the novel. This research deals with a research procedure that generates descriptive data in words and language form. The analyses in qualitative research concern in understanding the result of found data rather than calculate the result of found data. (Moleong, 2009:3)
Data sources are all information or subjects that should be collected and chosen by the research (Arikunto,1998:114). There are two types of the resources in this study; there are primary and secondary sources.
1. Primary Source
Primary source is the main source of this study which becomes the basis of the study. Based on the title of this research, the primary source of this study is taken from “The Land of Five Towers” novel directed by A. Fuadi.
2. Secondary source
Secondary source is the supporting data to make the primary data to be more clearly and detail. The supported data is taken from education books and relevant theories.
C.
Types of the Research The researcher uses the literature research in this study. In this research, the researcher decided to use library research. As I know that literature research needs another literature material to deal with the study. By library research, I can collect the data from books and academic writing.
D.
Collecting Data In this study, the researcher used documentation as the way to collect the data. According to Arikunto (2010: 201), documentation was from the original word document, which means that stuff writing. In implement the method of documentation, researchers investigated the objects written as books, novels, magazines, documents, regulations, meeting notes, diaries and so on.
In this study, the researcher uses documentation method to analyzed data from “The Land of Five Towers” novel. The researcher also uses taking note method to complete the data. To sum up, the steps that are used to collect the data are as follow: a.
The researcher reads all the chapters of the novel.
b.
The researcher selected the figurative languages which were found in the novel.
c.
The writer collected and took a note about the figurative languages from the novel.
d.
The writer rearranged the data which are appropriate with the problem of the study using a unique sstring of codes.
About point d, to give information on the data, the writer used a string of codes which provides information on each data. The full list of codes is in the table.
Table 3.1 List of Codes and the Examples of Figurative Languages
Coding P.4/ Prg.2/ L.1 We can read P.4 is page 4, Prg.2 is Paragraph 2, L.1 is Line1 These are the examples:
Figurative No Sentences Coding
Languages “My thoughts
1. Personification immediately flew far P.4/ Prg.2/L.1 away to the past”.
“My shrill pubescent voice broke the silence
2. Hyperbole of that Sunday P.12/ Prg.3/ L.3 morning”.
“The lumpy snow looked like cotton
3. Simile P.1/ Prg.1/ L.4 pouring from the sky” “Her smile was fresh
4. Metaphor P.129/ Prg.2/ L.2
medicine
.”
“Lion of the podium.”
5. Symbol P.153/ Prg.3/ L.3 “The schedule is
6. Synecdoche strictly regulated by a P.52/ Prg.3/ L.4 bell” E.
Data Analysis 1.
Data Listing The writer lists the data based on the kinds of figurative languages, which focus on literal and non literal meaning of figurative languages to make it easier to classifying data.
2. Data Classification
Classifying each figurative languages according to some of the points based on the kinds of figurative languages.
F.
Method of Data Analysis There are some methods whichare used by the writer to analyze the data: