A Thesis on THE INFLUENCE OF CHICK BENETTO’S INTRA PERSONAL CONFLICTS ON HIS PERSONAL LIFE AS REFLECTED IN MITCH ALBOM’S FOR ONE MORE DAY
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THE INFLUENCE OF CHICK BENETTO’S INTRAPERSONAL CONFLICTS ON HIS PERSONAL LIFE AS REFLECTED
IN MITCH ALBOM’S FOR ONE MORE DAY A THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language EducationBy: Dian Prawesti
031214062
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2009PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
THE INFLUENCE OF CHICK BENETTO’S INTRAPERSONAL
CONFLICTS ON HIS PERSONAL LIFE AS REFLECTED
IN MITCH ALBOM’S FOR ONE MORE DAY
A THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By: Dian Prawesti
031214062
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2009
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
A Thesis on THE INFLUENCE OF CHICK BENETTO’S INTRA PERSONAL CONFLICTS ON HIS PERSONAL LIFE AS REFLECTED
IN MITCH ALBOM’S FOR ONE MORE DAY
By Dian Prawesti
Student Number: 031214062 Approved by
Major sponsor Drs. Bambang Hendarto Y, M.Hum. January 15, 2009
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A Thesis on
THE INFLUENCE OF CHICK BENETTO’S INTRAPERSONAL
CONFLICTS ON HIS PERSONAL LIFE AS REFLECTED
IN MITCH ALBOM’S FOR ONE MORE DAY
By Dian Prawesti
Student Number: 031214062 Defended before the Board of Examiners on 30 January 2009 and Declared Acceptable
Board of Examiners
Chairperson : A. Hardi Prasetyo, S.Pd., M.A. ……………………… Secretary : Made Frida Yulia, S.Pd., M.Pd. …………………….... Member : Drs. Bambang Hendarto Y, M.Hum. ……………………… Member : P. Kuswandono, S.Pd., M.Ed. ……………………… Member : Yohana Veniranda, S.Pd., M.Hum. ………………………
Yogyakarta,
30 January 2009 Faculty of Teachers Training and Education Sanata Dharma University Dean, Drs. Tarsisius Sarkim, M.Ed., Ph.D.
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T ime is not measured
by the years that you live
but by the deeds that you do
and the joy that you give
and each day as it comes
brings a chance to each one
to love to the fullest,
leaving nothing undone
that would brighten the life
or lighten the load
of some weary traveler
lost on life’s road.
S o, what does it matter
how long we may live.
If as long as we live we unselfishly give
H elen S teiner Rice ♥ I dedicate this thesis to my beloved father and mother.PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY
I honestly declare that this thesis, which I wrote, does not contain the work or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and the references, as a scientific paper should.
Yogyakarta, January 15, 2009 The Writer
Dian Prawesti 031214062
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
In this page, I would like to thank those who have so kindly given me favors in finishing every part of my thesis. First of all, I would like to express my greatest gratitude to my Dear God, Allah SWT, who gives me the never-ending blessings of life and love. His grace and guidance enable me to pass through every single moment in my life.
My sincere gratitude goes to my sole sponsor, Drs. L. Bambang
Hendarto Yuliwarsono, M. Hum. who has generously spared his precious time
to guide me in writing this thesis. I am deeply grateful for his significant suggestion, advice, assistance, and criticism from time to time in every part of my study during the completion of my thesis. I am also deeply indebted to Pak
Paulus Kuswandono, S.Pd. M.Ed who has generously supported me through his
advices and willingness to listen to my problems in finishing this thesis. I owe a great deal to all members of lecturing staff of the English Department of Sanata Dharma University who have enriched and educated me with their knowledge, and to secretariat staff and librarians of Sanata Dharma University who have given me their service.
My deepest gratitude is mostly addressed to my beloved parents, Agus
Rachmadi and Sri Handayani for their everlasting prayer and support
throughout my life and for giving me sincere support. I thank them for giving me hopes whenever I meet my desperation days. My deeply love also goes to my lovely sister and brother, Nurindah Maharani and Adi Nugroho who have
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shared their spirit, stories, jokes and amusing moments with me. I would like to say that I love them with all my heart.
My special thanks go to my “othie”, Tiyo for giving me his affection and care which always comfort me. I thank him for all of the lessons I have never thought before and for opening my eyes and my mind to be better than I was. It is a God’s plan to meet him in my life and hopefully our dream is also a part of His beautiful plan.
My sweet thanks go to my lovely friends, Melon, Prima and Tiara for sharing all of the stories, laughter and cries in my good time and bad time and who stay the same today, yesterday and forever more. Our friendship is the most precious thing that I have ever had. I would also like to thank Adjie and family for the support and nice memories that we have ever had, my PBI 03 friends and classmates, Ema, Hepi, Eti, Tyas, Lukas, Dudung, Cipok, Ndut, Si Bhe,
Puntet, Fendy, Bendot, Ji’I, Tony for the friendship, support and knowledge
given to me and for the beaut iful moment that we have during my study, and my Tunggorono 1B family Bapak and Ibu Wasno, Dian, Poppy, Bertin, Detha,
Ira, Lia, Avi, Mba Sinta, Mela, Lena, Prima, Desi, Rina for the cheerful jokes
and amusing times we passed throughout the days that could release me a bit from my hard days.
My special appreciation also goes to Dra. Sri Joeliantini who has taught me many useful things, given attention and encouraged me to finish my study and do my best in whatever I do. My deepest thanks also go to ALPHA’S CREW,
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Lala, Ms. Eva, Evalia, Mik Yen, Cik Lit, Ditul, Heni, Mbak Indah, Mbak
Desi, Mbak Tul, Mbak Ajeng for sharing the beautiful days with me.At last, I thank everybody who has touched my life or inspired me in some ways whose names I cannot mention here one by one. I love them all and I am grateful to have them in my life. God bless them.
Dian Prawesti
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE…………………………………………………………….. i
APPROVAL PAGES….…………………………………………………. ii
DEDICATION PAGE…..……………………………………………….. iv
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY………………………… v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..……………………………………………. vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS.……………………………………………….. vii
ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………… xi
ABSTRAK……………………………………………………….………... xii
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study……………………………………………….
1 B. Objectives of the Study…………………………………………………
5 C. Problem Formulation…………………………………………………...
5 D. Benefits of the Study…………………………………………………...
5 E. Definition of Terms……...……….……………………………………..
6 CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
A. Review of Related Theories………………………………………….…
8
1. Character…………………………………………………………..…
8
a. Definition of Character……………………………………………
8 b. Kinds of Character ………………………………………………..
9 2. Characterization………………………………………………….......
10
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a. Meaning of Characterization………………...…………………...
10 b. Methods of Characterization……………………………………..
10 3. Approaches……………………………………………………….….
12 4. Conflict…………………………………………………………...….
13
5. Family…………………………………………………………..……
16
a. Definition of Family………………………………………………
16
b. Kinds of Family...…………………………………………………
17
c. Conflicts in Family………...……...………………………………
18 6. Family Relationship………………………………………………….
21 B. Theoretical Framework…………………………………………………
22 CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY A. Object of the Study……………………………………………………..
24 B. Approach of the Study………………………………………………….
25 C. Method of the Study…………...………………………………………..
26 CHAPTER IV. ANALYSIS A.
27 The Description of Chick Benetto……………………………………..
1.
28 Obedient………………………………………………...………….
2.
30 Selfish……………………………………………………..……….
3.
32 Ambitious………………………………………………………….
4.
33 Wishy-washy……………………………………………………… B.
35 Chick Benetto’s Intrapersonal Conflicts……….………………………
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1.
37 Laughing with his mother………………………………………….
2.
38 Accepting his father’s return……………………………………… 3.
40 Going back to campus with his father……………………………..
4.
42 Continuing his study or playing baseball………………………….
5.
45 Meeting his father………………………………………………….
C.
48 The Influence of Chick’s Intrapersonal Conflicts on His Personal Life 1.
48 Chick’s personal life before he gets married……………………… 2.
54 Chick’s personal life after he gets married………………………...
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS A. Conclusions……………………………………………………..............
60 B. Suggestions……………………………………………………….…….
62 1. Suggestion for Future Researchers…………………………………..
63
2. Suggestion for Teaching- Learning Activity…………………………
63 The Implementation in Teaching Speaking………………………….
64 REFERENCES....………………………………………………………...
66 APPENDICES A. Summary of For One More Day………………………………………..
68 B. The Biography of Mitch Albom……….……………………………….
69 C. Lesson Plan for Teaching Speaking…………………………………….
71 D. Material…………………………………………………………….…...
74
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ABSTRACT
Prawesti, Dian. 2009. The Influence of Benetto’s Intrapersonal Conflicts on his
Personal Life as Reflected in Mitch Albom’s For One More Day. Yogyakarta:
English Language Education Study Program, Department of Language and
Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata
Dharma University.This study discusses Mitch Albom’s novel entitled For One More Day. The novel tells about the life of a son who experiences conflict in his relationship with his parents especially with his father. This study discusses the major character’s characteristics and the intrapersonal conflicts he faces.
There are two main problems which are formulated in this study related to the major character: (1) How is Chick Benetto described in the story? (2) How do Chick Benetto’s intrapersonal conflicts influence his personal life?
This study employs a library research method. There are two kinds of data sources used in this study: primary and secondary sources. The primary source is the novel For One More Day which becomes the object of the study. The secondary data sources are some books on literature and psychology and some sources from the internet which provide information related to the study.
This study applies the theory of character, theory of characterization, theory of conflict and theory of psychology. Those theories are used to analyze the characteristics of the main character and the intrapersona l conflict experienced by the main character. As the study concerns human behavior, the psychological approach is also applied.
Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that Chick Benetto is an obedient, selfish, ambitious and a wishy-washy person. Further, the analysis shows that Chick Benetto faces five major intrapersonal conflicts. The first is when Chick wants to laugh with his mother but his father does not participate in their action. The second is when his father returns to his life and he appears in Chick’s baseball game. The third is when his father wants to take him to campus. The fourth is when his father asks him to focus in baseball. The fifth is when his father calls in his mother’s birthday to ask him to play in the Old Timers Game. To solve his intrapersonal conflicts, Chick applies some strategies like soothing, avoidance and competition. Chick’s intrapersonal conflicts give bad effects to Chick which later ruins his personal life.
At last, this thesis provides some suggestions for future researchers who would like to study the novel further using other approaches with some other topics. There are also some suggestions for English instructors in implementing For One More Day in speaking classes.
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ABSTRAK
Prawesti, Dian. 2009. The Influence of Benetto’s Intrapersonal Conflicts on his
Personal Life as Reflected in Mitch Albom’s For One More Day. Yogyakarta:
Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris. Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan
Seni. Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan. Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Yogyakarta.Studi ini membahas novel karya Mitch Albom yang berjudul For One More Day. Novel ini menceritakan tentang kehidupan seorang anak laki- laki yang mengalami konflik dalam hubungannya dengan orangtuanya khususnya ayahnya.
Studi ini membahas karakteristik tokoh utama dan intrapersonal konflik yang dihadapinya.
Ada dua permasalahan yang dirumuskan di studi ini berkaitan dengan karakter tokoh utama: (1) Bagaimana Chick Benetto dideskripsikan di dalam cerita? (2) Bagaimana intrapersonal konflik yang dialami oleh Chick Benetto mempengaruhi kehidupan pribadinya?
Studi ini menggunakan studi pustaka. Ada dua macam sumber data yang digunakan di studi ini: sumber primer dan sekunder. Sumber primer adalah novel For One More Day yang menjadi obyek studi. Sumber-sumber data sekunder adalah beberapa buku sastra dan psikologi dan beberapa sumber dari internet yang menyediakan informasi yang berhubungan dengan studi.
Studi ini menerapkan teori tokoh, teori penokohan, teori konflik dan teori psikolo gi. Teori- teori tersebut digunakan untuk menganalisa karakteristik tokoh utama dan intrapersonal konflik yang dialami oleh tokoh utama. Karena studi ini berkaitan dengan tingkah laku manusia, maka pendekatan psikologi juga diterapkan.
Sesuai dengan analisa, dapat disimpulkan bahwa Chick Benetto adalah seseorang yang patuh, egois, ambisius dan plin-plan. Lebih lanjut lagi, analisa menunjukkan bahwa Chick Benetto menghadapi lima intrapersonal konflik utama. Yang pertama adalah ketika Chick ingin tertawa bersama ibunya tetapi ayahnya tidak ikut serta dalam aksi mereka. Yang kedua adalah ketika ayahnya kembali ke hidupnya. Yang ketiga adalah ketika ayahnya ingin mengantarnya ke kampus. Yang keempat adalah ketika ayahnya memintanya untuk memusatkan konsentrasinya ke baseball. Yang kelima adalah ketika ayahnya menelfon di hari ulang tahun ibunya dan memintanya untuk bermain di Old Timer Game. Untuk memecahkan intrapersonal konfliknya, Chick menerapkan beberapa strategi seperti soothing, avoidance dan competition. Intrapersonal konflik yang dialami Chick memberikan efek buruk yang pada akhirnya menghancurkan kehidupan pribadi Chick.
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Pada akhirnya, skripsi ini menyediakan beberapa saran untuk peneliti selanjutnya yang ingin mempelajari novel lebih lanjut menggunakan beberapa pendekatan dengan beberapa topik yang lain. Ada juga beberapa saran untuk instruktur Bahasa Inggris dalam mengimplementasikan For One More Day dalam kelas-kelas berbicara.
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION This chapter consists of five parts. The first part is background of the study,
the second part describes the objectives of the study, the third part is problem formulation, the fourth part describes the benefits of the study, and the fifth part is definition of terms.
A. Background of the Study
Life is a gift from God which is owned by all living things in this world. In their life people can decide whether they want to be good or bad. When it comes to choices of life, it becomes people’s personal matter or we can say personal life. There are a lot of things which can influence people’s personal life; for instance, their family and the conflicts which they experience in their life. Those two things have a big role in determining someone’s personal life.
Family is a place for children to begin everything in this world. They start to learn, to love, and to be loved in the family. A child can grow up as a wise, mature, affectionate, and loveable person if he lives in an affectionate family. Instead, he can be a rude and cruel person if he grows up in a family in which there is lack of affection or love and no sense of appreciation on others in the family.
This case usually happens because children see their parents as a model that they have to imitate. They have a figure of a father who has a big responsibility for leading the family, taking important decisions for the family, and maintaining the
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secure feeling for the family. It builds up images about a father, who is firm, responsible, discipline and tactful. Meanwhile, a mother has the other characteristics, which are caring, loving, and affectionate. Both parents complete each other and a child should have both models to imitate in their personal life.
However, it is common for children to have closer relationship to his mother or his father. They tend to choose the one whom they feel more comfortable with, the one who loves them more than the other one and the one who can still stay by their sides whether they have done the best thing or the worst thing. Somehow, in this case, there is a difference between mother’s love and father’s love.
Pieper says that maternal love does not have to be “earned” and there is nothing anyone can do to lose it (115). A father, on the contrary, tends to set conditions; his love has to be earned. A mother loves her children unconditionally because it relates to her deepest longings of children. The time when the mother is pregnant also makes the relationship between the mother and children even stronger. This makes a mother easy to express her affection to the children, while a father, as a man, tends to be clumsy in expressing his love and emotion even to his children. In Personality Development, Hurlock says that if a man feels that overt expressions of affection for his children, especially his sons, are unmasculine, the children are likely to interpret this to mean lack of interest or love (Hurlock 358). By this kind of condition, family is the first place for children to learn some patterns about love, affection, loyalty in their personal life as well as conflict.
Human life and conflicts are inseparable. People must have their own conflicts in life since sometimes what they want is not something that they expect to
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be. According to Redman in A Second Book of Play conflict is the struggle between two opposing forces, ideas, or beliefs, which are the basis of the plot (Redman 363).
There are two kinds of conflicts, external and internal conflicts. External conflict refers to a struggle between the protagonist and an outside force, for example conflicts that occur between a person and his family. Meanwhile, internal conflict refers to a struggle within the heart and mind of the protagonist, for example conflict that happen in a son’s heart whether he has to obey his mother’s rule or his father’s rule. The conflict is resolved when one force, usually the protagonist, succeeds or fails in overcoming the opposing force. Conflicts have a significant role in someone’s personal life because s/he can learn something by experiencing conflicts in her/his life.
Novels, poems, and dramas are some examples of literary works that portray such personal life experiences. Novel is one of the literary works that sets up the readers to the situation which might happen in the real life. Novel consists of some elements to build the story, such as plot, character and characterization, setting, theme, and conflicts. Conflicts can make the story of the novel more interesting. Besides, we can gain the moral lessons and life experiences through conflicts.
For One More Day by Mitch Albom (2006) is an example of novel that depicts such conflicts which might happen in everyone’s personal life. It is a novel which tells us about intra-personal conflicts experienced by a son who is always forced to choose whether he wants to stay in his daddy’s side or his mommy’s side by his father. Chick Benetto, the major character in this novel, is the oldest and the only son in the family. He decides to be a daddy’s boy in his early age. He imitates
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most of his father actions and habits. He follows his father’s decisions for him although sometimes he realizes that his mother’s decisions are much better for him.
Even, he sometimes feels that he betrays his father if he does something nicely to his own mother.
As he grows up, his father leaves the family without any reasons that Chick and his sister can understand. While the father is away, Chick’s mother tries hard to fill up the missing parts. She tries to make everything perfect for her beloved children. She tries to complete everything without letting the children know what actually happens and what their father has done to the family. Until one time in Chick’s adulthood when he is almost successful in living without his father’s presence anymore his father comes back into his life. He ruins Chick’s life by giving some difficult choices for Chick to choose. Once, Chick fails to make a good decision and because of it he is depressed. In that time, his father also leaves him and Chick has just realized that he has made a big mistake in his life. Those conflicts and events which happen to Chick influence his personal life.
This novel is interesting to discuss since the conflicts represented in the story are quite fundamental and might happen in everyone’s personal life. The conflicts in this novel also show the examples of parental love and relationship in the family.
B. Objectives of the Study
There are two objectives in this study. The first objective of the study is to reveal the description of the main character, Chick Benetto, in Albom’s For One
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More Day. The second objective is to find out the influence of Chick Benetto’s intra personal conflicts on his personal life.
C. Problem Formulation
To analyze the novel, the study focuses on two problems: 1. How is Chick Benetto described in the story? 2.
How do Chick Benetto’s intra-personal conflicts influence his personal life? D.
Benefits of the Study
Some benefits can be obtained from this study. There are three groups of people who can get benefits of this study. They are people in general, the students of English Department and the writer.
For the people in general, hopefully this study can enrich their knowledge on literature. Since the story is closely related to daily life and it can happen in any families, it is hoped that the people in general can gain the moral lessons and apply them in their daily life.
For the students of English Department, this study can be a guidance for those who want to conduct study on literature. It can provide examples of analyzing some aspects in a novel. It can also give them a reference to conduct teaching learning activities using a novel as one of the media.
For the writer, this study expands her knowledge and understanding on literary works and their aspects. The writer also obtains the moral lessons implied in
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the nove l especially family relationship which are beneficial and valuable in the real life.
E. Definition of Terms
This section deals with the important terms used in this study to avoid any misunderstanding when reading this study. The terms are described as fo llows:
1. Conflict According to Redman’s A Second Book of Plays, conflict is defined as the struggle between two opposing forces, ideas, or beliefs, which is the basis of the plot. There are two kinds of conflict, external or inter-personal conflict and internal or intra-personal conflict (Redman 363). Conflicts always exist in human life since everyone has his/her own ideas, wants, and idealism.
2. Intra-personal Conflict According to Redman’s A Second Book of Plays, internal or intra-personal conflict refers to a struggle within the heart and mind of the protagonist (Redman 363). In this study, intra-personal conflict refers to the conflicts faced by Chick Benetto whenever he meets and interacts with his father.
3. Parental Relationship In Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, parental means relating to a parent or parents (841). Relationship is described as the state of being related by birth or marriage (986). Parental relationship in this study refers to the parents and son relationship.
4. Character
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According to Stanton’s An Introduction to Fiction, characters are individuals who appear in the story and to refer to the mixture of interest, desires, emotions and moral principles that makes up each of individual (Stanton 17). In this study, characters are the persons who play the role in the story.
5. Personal Life
As cited from http://www.brainyquote.com/words.html, personal means relating to an individual, his character, conduct, mo tives, or private affairs, in an invidious and offensive manner; as, personal reflection or remarks. While life is defined as a certain way or manner of living with respect to conditions, circumstances, character, conduct, occupation, etc,; hence, human affairs; also, lives, considered collectively, as a distinct class or type; as, low life; a good or evil life, etc. In this study, personal life refers to Chick’s way of life influenced by the conditions, circumstances and conflicts happen in his life.
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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE This chapter consists of two main parts. The first part is review of related
theories which includes theory of character, characterization, critical approach, conflicts, family and family relationship. The second part is theoretical framework.
A. Review of Related Theories
This part includes the theories applied in conducting the study. The theories are the theory of character, characterization, critical approach, conflicts, family and family relationship.
1. Character
In this part, the definition of character and the kinds of character are discussed.
a. Definition of Character
Nobody in this world is the same; there must be some differences that make each person unique. Those differences on character make people look different from each other. Since novel is a portrait of human life, character plays an important role in a novel that helps the reader obtain better understanding of the story. By reading the names of the characters in the novel and reading the comments by the author, we can picture them in our mind about how they look like, what they do in the story and how they are related to each other.
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According to Stanton’s in An Introduction to Fiction, characters are individuals who appear in the story and to refer to the mixture of interest, desires, emotions and moral principles that makes up each of individual (Stanton 17). While Forster’s in Aspects of the Novel, defines character as a number of word masses roughly description about himself which includes names and sex, plausible gestures, language and behavior (Forster 31).
b. Kinds of Character
Perrine in Literature: Structure, Sound and Sense, divides the characters into static and dynamic. A static character is a person who does not experience the changes throughout the story although he faces many problems in his life. He only makes little changes during his life. On the other hand, a dynamic character is a person who develops the character a lot through problems in his life (Perrine 71).
Henkle in Reading the Novel, divides character into two, major character and secondary character. A major character is the most important and complex character in the novel. Secondary characters are people in the novel who perform more limited function. Their role in the story is less complex and less interesting (Henkle 89).
Forster in Aspects of the Novel, classifies characters into flat and round characters. A flat character can be expressed in one sentence. This character can be easily recognized whenever he comes in. A flat character is also easily remembered by the reader afterwards. This character is not changed by circumstances. While a round character cannot be summed up in a single phrase. This character often experiences changes, so the readers cannot remember this character easily (Forster 46).
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2. Characterization a. Meaning of Characterization
In a story, one character has a different personality from another. Even twins are not merely the same. There must be some particular personalities that can differentiate one from another. In a literary work, the way to understand each character better is through characterization. According to Redman’s A Second Book of Plays, characterization is the development of a character through what he says and does and through what other characters say about him (Redman 363). Through characterization, the author of a literary work uses some methods to portray the character in the story.
b. Methods of Characterization
According to Murphy in Understanding Unseen: An Introduction to English Poetry and the English Novel for Overseas Students there are nine methods which can describe how an author conveys the characters and the personalities in the story so that the readers can understand them (161-173). They are as follows. 1)
Personal Description The author describes a person’s appearance and clothes. The readers can get the details image, for example the skin, hair, eyes, and face in an accurate description
(Murphy 161). 2)
Characters as seen by another character The author describes the character through the eyes and opinions of another.
The reader gets it, as it were, a reflected image (Murphy 162).
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3) Speech
The author can give us an insight into the character of one of the persons in the book through what that person says. Whenever a person speaks, whenever he is in conversation with another, whenever he puts forward an opinion, he is giving us some clues to his character (Murphy 164).
4) Past life
By letting the reader learn something about a person’s past life the author can give us a clue to events that have helped to shape a person’s character. This can be done by direct comment by the author, through the person’s thoughts, through his conversation or through the medium of another person (Murphy 166).
5) Conversation of others
The author gives us clues to a person’s character through the conversations of other people and the things they say about him (Murphy 167).
6) Reactions
The author gives us a clue to a person’s character by letting us know how that person reacts to various situations and events (Murphy 168).
7) Direct Comment
The author describes or comments on a person’s character directly (Murphy 170).
8) Thought
The author gives us direct knowledge of what a person is thinking about. In this respect, he is able to do what we cannot do in real life. he can tell us what different people are thinking (Murphy 171).
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9) Mannerism
The author describes a person’s mannerism, habits and idiosyncrasies which may also tell us something about his character (Murphy 173).
By implementing those methods, it can help the readers to portray the characters in the novel as a real person. Therefore, the readers can have better insight in understanding the novel. In this study, not all of the methods are used to analyze the main character. It is adjusted to the need of the analysis. Since the character in this study mostly shows his characters through his habits and manners therefore only mannerism is used in this study.
3. Critical Approach
Reading and understanding the story of a novel offers some benefits for us. It can give us more knowledge, pleasure and also increase our imagination. Moreover we also have a good understand ing about the symbols and are able to gain the messages from the story. Therefore, to understand the story deeper, we need to analyze it from different point of views or different approaches. According to Rorhberger and Woods Jr in Reading and Writing about Literature (Rorhberger and Woods Jr 3), there are five approaches that can be used to analyze a work of literature.
The first is the formalist approach, which investigates the work of literature itself (Rorhberger and Woods Jr 6). The second is the biographical approach, which focuses on the author’s personality, life and development to understand the social structure or way of life of the author so that the readers can draw conclusions and
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understand the story better (Rorhberger and Woods 8). The third is the socio cultural historical approach, which investigates place, or society that is reflected in the literary work (Rorhberger and Woods 9). The fourth is the mythopoeic approach, which emphasizes the universal patterns of human behavior and thought underlying work (Rorhberger and Woods 11). The last is the psychological approach, which reflects life and representation of human motivation and behavior. This approach involves the effort to locate and demonstrates certain recurrent patterns, and brings us to analyze the novel from human being’s psychological point of view.
Psychological approach analyzes a novel based on a theory of psychology. This analysis describes the character not only the appearance but deeper in the personality psychologically (Rorhberger and Woods 13).
This study concerns human motivation and behavior. Therefore, psychological approach is applied since it helps the writer analyze the character in the novel deeper through psychological point of view.
4. Conflicts
Since each person is different from another, conflicts always exist in human life. Each person in this world has a different way of thinking in facing a problem.
Hence, in a relationship with others, a person might have some differences which can lead him to a certain conflict.
In a story, conflicts usually appear when there is a problem and the main character or the characters decide what to do about them. Redman in A Second Book of Plays defines a conflict as a struggle between two opposing forces, ideas or
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believes, which is the basis of plot. There are two kinds of conflict, external and internal conflict. External conflict refers to a struggle between the protagonist and an outside force, while internal conflict refers to struggle within the heart and mind of the protagonist (Redman 363). Redman suggests that we have to analyze the character’s attitude toward the problem and the situation in the story so that the conflict between the characters will be clearly identified (Redman viii). The problem in the story is often followed by some actions of the characters. The characters’ reaction toward the problem will indicate that conflicts are happening. Conflicts are resolved when the character succeeds or fails in defeating the opposing force.