THE SECOND CHANCE IN LIFE GRANTED TO CHARLEY BENNETO AS SEEN IN MITCH ALBOM’S FOR ONE MORE DAY A THESIS Presented as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education
THE SECOND CHANCE IN LIFE GRANTED TO CHARLEY BENNETO
AS SEEN IN MITCH ALBOM’S
FOR ONE MORE DAY
A THESIS
Presented as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By Andreas Priyo Setiawan
Student Number: 011214142
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
THE SECOND CHANCE IN LIFE GRANTED TO CHARLEY BENNETO
AS SEEN IN MITCH ALBOM’S
FOR ONE MORE DAY
A THESIS
Presented as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By Andreas Priyo Setiawan
Student Number: 011214142
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ABSTRACT
Yustiantho, Andreas Priyo Setiawan: (2009) The Second Chance In Life Granted to
Charley Benetto As Seen In Mitch Albom’s For One More Day. Yogyakarta: English
Language Education Study Program Sanata Dharma University.This thesis discusses Mitch Albom’s novel For One More Day. Charley Benetto
the main character of the novel is a person who used to be a famous baseball player. He
wants to end his life because of the problems he has. One day he tried to commit suicide
but failed. During his unconscious state, he happened to meet his late mother who died
eight years ago. The day he met his mother became the day where he found all the
answers to his problems. That day changed his view towards life.The aim of the thesis is to see how the second chance in life granted to Charley Benetto affects his life. In order to do so, there are two problems to discuss: (1) “How is Charley
Benetto’s life described in the novel?” (2) “How does Charley Benetto’s second chance
affect his life?” There are two kinds of sources used in the study. The primary source is obtainedfrom the novel For One More Day, and the secondary sources are obtained from related
books, journal and also from the internet.The theories used to analyze the novel are theory of character and
characterization, theory Psychoanalysis and theory of katresnanism, the approach used is
psychological approach.Based on the results of the analysis it can be concluded that first Charley Benetto
is naïve, weak, childish, selfish and desperate, second the second chance in life that
Charley get make him realize that everyone deserves a second chance to fix everything
and set things rightFinally, it is recommended that future researchers can analyze the other character in this novel. As for English teacher it is suggest that they use the novel to teach reading.
ABSTRAK
Yustiantho, Andreas Priyo Setiawan: (2009) The Second Chance In Life Granted to
Charley Benetto As Seen In Mitch Albom’s For One More Day. Yogyakarta: Program
Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Universitas Sanata Dharma.Skripsi ini membahas mengenai novel karya Mitch Albom yang berjudul For One
More Day. Dalam novel ini, Charley Benetto sebagai tokoh utama yang berkeinginan
untuk mengakhiri hidupnya dikarenakan oleh segala permasalahan yang dihadapinya.
Suatu hari akhirnya dia benar-benar mencoba mengakhiri hidupnya tetapi dia gagal,
sebagai hasilnya dia bertemu dengan mendiang ibunya yang telah meninggal 8 tahun
yang lalu. Hari dimana dia bertemu dengan mendiang ibunya berubah menjadi hari
dimana dia mendapatkan jawaban atas segala pertanyaan yang dia miliki. Hari itu telah
merubah pandangan yang dimilikinya terhadap hidupnya.Tujuan dari penulisan skripsi ini adalah untuk melihat bagaimana kesempatan kedua dalam hidup Charley Benetto merubah pandangan hidupnya. Ada dua permasalahan yang berkaitan dengan dengan topik dari skripsi ini: (1).
bagaimana kehidupan Charley Benetto diceritakan di dalam novel ini? (2) bagaimana
kesempatan kedua dalam hidup Charley Benetto merubah pandangan hidupnya?Terdapat dua macam sumber data yang digunakan dalam penyusunan skripsi ini.
Sumber data primer didapatkan dari novel For One More Day, dan sumber data sekunder
didapatkan dari buku dan jurnal yang berkaitan dengan literatur dan psikologi serta dari
internet.Saya menggunakan teori-teori literatur dalam menganalisa novel ini. Yaitu teori
karakter dan karakterisasi, teori psikoanalisis dan teori katresnanism. Pendekatan yang
digunakan adalah pendekatan psikologis.Setelah menganalisa novel ini penulis menyimpulkan bahwa Charley Benetto
sebagai seseorang yang naïf, lemah, kekanak-kanakan, egois dan mudah putus asa dan
berkaitan dengan kesempatan kedua yang diperolehnya, Charley menyadari bahwa semua
orang berhak mendapatkan kesempatan kedua untuk memperbaiki hidup.Pada akhirnya Skripsi ini juga memberikan beberapa saran bagi para peneliti
selanjutnya agar dapat menganalisa tokoh-tokoh lain dalam novel ini. Dan bagi mereka
para pengajar bahasa inggris agar mereka dapat menggunakan novel ini proses
pengajaran bahasa inggris.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to express my greatest gratitude to Jesus Christ for His love and guidance during my life especially the hard times in writing this thesis. He makes my life so beautiful and meaningful. He always gives me the wonderful surprises and blessings.
I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my sponsor, Drs. Antonius
Herujiyanto, M.A, Ph.D
, for his great guidance, encouragement, understanding, and advice from the beginning until the end of this thesis.
My appreciation also goes to all lecturers at Sanata Dharma University who have taught and given me valuable and great knowledge. I would also like to thank the secretariat staffs and the librarians for helping me searching the references.
I am sincerely grateful to my beloved parents Bapak Antonius Susanto and Ibu Yustina Wahyu Silaningsih (†), for their endless love and prayers for my success. I also thank my lovely brothers and sisters, Mas Wan, Mba ta, Alex,
Agus and Sisca, Indri and Manda for their support and attention.
My best gratitude goes to Snow White crew for sharing their time. I am honored to have such great friends as them. I also thank Maya, Ika, Risa, Vera, Sandi, Sedik, Aris, Nino. My life will not be the same without knowing them in my life. My gratitude goes to all of my friends at Sanata Dharma University especially 2001 students of PBI to whom I have got through the good and bad times during my study.
I address my acknowledgement to all my friends at Gondolayu lor, I thank them for encouraging me to keep trying and to lift me up in my greatest despair. It is great to spend the time with them. I would also thank Raka, Zega, Chika, and Serena for always making me smile and laugh anytime I need.
Last but not least, I would like to thank those whose names are not mentioned here for their support and prayers so that I could complete this thesis.
May God bless them all.
Andreas Priyo
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE OF TITLE …………………………………………………………….. i PAGES OF APPROVAL …………………………………………………….. ii STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ………………………………. iv
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH
UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS ………………………………………. v
ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………….. vi
ABSTRAK …………………………………………………………………….. vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ………………………………………………… viii TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………………….. x CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ……………………...……………………...
1 A. Background of the Study ……………………………………………...
1 B. Problem Formulation………………………………………………….
3 C. Objectives of the Study………………………………………………..
4 D. Benefits of the Study ………………………………………………….
4 E. Definition of Terms …………………………………………………...
4 CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ……..…………….. 7 A. Review of Related Theories…………………………………………...
7 1. Approaches in Literary Studies………………………………..
7 2. Theory of Character…………………………………………...
8 3. Theory of Characterization………………...….………….…...
12 4. Theory of Psychoanalysis ……………………………..……...
14 a. The Id ....................................................................................
14 b. The Ego .................................................................................
15 c. The Superego .........................................................................
16 5. Post Colonialism and Katresnanism Theory……………..........
16 B. Criticism on Mitch Albom’s Works …………………………………..
19 C. Context of the Novel……………………………………...…………...
22
1. The Condition of America in 1960s…………………………...
22
2. The Condition of America in 2006……………………………
24 D. Theoretical Framework………………………………………………..
25 CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY…..………………………………………. 26
A. Subject Matter….…………………………………….…………..……
26 B. Approach………………………………………………………..…......
27 C. Procedures …………………………………..……………….………..
27 CHAPTER IV. ANALYSIS …..……………………...……………………… 29 A. Analysis of the Major Character Described in For One More Day ......
29 1. Naïve………………………………..………………………....
29 2. Weak………………………………………...………………...
30
3. Childish……………………………..…………………………
31 4. Selfish………………………………………..………………...
32 5. Desperate………………………………….…………………...
33 B. The Analysis of Charley Benetto’s Second Chance in Life...................
37
1. Surface Meaning of Charley Benetto’s Second Chance in Life
37
a. “Morning” as Reflections of the Beginning of Charley’s Important Life …………………………………………….....
38
b. “Noon” as Reflections of Charley’s Quest to Find the Answer about His Life ……..…………………………….....
41
c. “Night” as Reflections of the Result of the Quest that He has done due to the Questions that He has About His Life.…..………………………………………........................
43
2. Deeper Meaning of Charley Benetto’s Second Chance in Life
46 CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ………………….……
50 A. Conclusion ……………………………………………………………
50 B. Suggestion and Recommendation……………………………………..
52 1. For Future Researchers ……………………………………….
52 2. For English Teacher ………...………………………………...
53
3. The Implementation of For One More Day in Language Teaching ……………………………………………………....
54 REFERENCES….………………..…………………………………………....
58 APPENDICES .................................................................................................. 60 APPENDIX 1. The Summary of the Novel ................................................
61 APPENDIX 2. The Biography of the Author .............................................
67 APPENDIX 3. The Work of the Author .....................................................
72 APPENDIX 4. Lesson Plan ........................................................................
74 APPENDIX 5. The Implementation for Teaching Reading ........................
75
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION This chapter provides some information about background of the study,
problem formulation, objectives of the study, and benefits of the study also definition of terms. In the background of the study, I explain about the necessity of analyzing the topic and the reason for choosing the topic. Objectives of the study explain the aim of this study. The problems that will be analyzed in this thesis are stated in the problem formulation. Benefits of the study explain to whom this study will be beneficial. The last part of this chapter is the definition of some terms related to this topic.
A. Background of the Study
“If you had the chance, just one chance, to go back and fix what you did wrong in life, would you take it? And if you did, would you be big enough to stand it?”
In this study, the writer analyzes one of Mitch Albom’s novels entitled For One More Day. The writer interested in the novel because he has quite the same experience with the major character. The writer used to be a boy who never cared about anything dealt with family thing especially if it was related with any problems that my family has. The writer also used to be an easygoing person but soon after his mother passed away, he found that he had not spent quite some time with his mother to discuss everything dealing with life. Life is hard after her death, although it has been for seven years since she passed away. The writer still feels hurt to watch other people who can spend their time with their mother. The writer realizes that sometimes life cannot be like what we want it to be. In this study, the writer wants to focus on the second chance in life. In the case of Charley Benetto’s second chance in life that he gets, he happens to meet his late mother and spend one full day with her to reveals the truth about his life.
Since a novel is a part if literary works, the writer will try to give a few meaning of literature according to expert. Grace stated that “Literature gives us a specific knowledge of life that of real experiences and provides a profitable supplement in terms of intellectual and critical values. It is actually possible to make a mature evaluation of life without having had a great deal of experience) (7). Literature expresses and communicates thoughts, feelings and attitude towards life. Therefore, literature can help us to understand the meaning of life.
According to Hudson, “Literature is a vital record of what men have seen in life, what they have experienced of it, what they have thought and felt about those aspects of which have the most immediate and enduring interest for all of us. It is thus fundamentally an expression of life through medium of language (10).” Literature as a work of art is a means in bringing back the sense of humanities. We can see many aspects of life in a literature.
In the meantime, Abrams (130) says that a novel is described as a fiction which reflects the reality of human life by presenting complex characters with their motives, based on their social class and their interaction with other characters.
A novel is a book that tells a story about people. De Laar said that: “A novel is a work of art in so far as it introduces us into a living world; in some respects resembling the world we live in, but with an individuality of its own (163).” In a novel, a portrait of life is commonly seen, a portrait containing values of truth and a portrait of life as a process with all of its problems and aspects. We realize that many novels are able to portray the phenomenon of human life well. Some of the novels could tell about such kind of person who possesses a positive thinking in his life.
The aim of this novel is to see how Charley Benetto’s second chance of life affects his views of life.
In order to do so there are two problems to answer, namely, how Charley Benetto’s life is described in the novel; and how Charley Benetto second chance affect his life The theories used are theory of character and characterization, theory of psychoanalysis and katresnanism theory.
It is hoped that this study will be beneficial to those having concerned with literary works and those willing to make use of the novel to teach English.
B. Problem Formulation
The problems of this thesis can be formulated as follows:
1. How is Charley Benetto’s life described in the novel?
2. How does Charley Benetto’s second chance affect his life?
C. Objective of the Study
There are two objectives of the study to focus on the problem formulation above, they are:
1. To find out how Charley Benetto’s character described in the novel.
2. To find out how the second chance in life affects his life.
D. Benefits of the Study
There are benefits that we can obtain from this study for both readers and those who are interested in literary works. This study can be used as an alternative reading material in teaching Extensive Reading in university. It can also be a reference for the students in getting more information about second chance in life.
Through this study, the writer hope that it can help the readers understand more about literary works especially novel, so that they are able to enjoy reading novels.
E. Definition of Terms
To avoid unnecessary misunderstanding, the following terms are defined:
1. Character(s)
According to Abrams, character(s) are ”the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in what they say – the dialogue – and by what the do – the action (20).” In this study, the character discussed is Charley Benetto.
2. Characterization
Holman and Harmon (1986) state that characterization is the creation of the author’s imagination about imaginary person so that they exist for the reader as lifelike.
In this study, characterization refers to the presentation of a character that presented by the author with the character’s features including personality and values.
3. Ideal
Hornby states that ideal is an effort of “satisfying one’s idea of what is perfect (21).” n this study, the ideal condition is anything that Charley Benetto do deals with his faith as a man.
4. Personality
Kalish states that personality is “the dynamic organization of characteristic attributes leading to behavior and distinguishing one individual from other individuals (52).”
In this study, personality refers to something that represents the human life, which is a very unique condition that differs one and another.
6. Social
Social according to Hornby is stated as “of people living in communities; of relations between persons and communities (818).
In this study, social refers to the relations within a family.
7. View It was stated in Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary written by Hornby.
A. S, view is “personal opinion or attitude; thought or observation (on a subject).” Another definition of view in Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary is
“way of understanding or interpreting a subject, series of events, etc; mental impression.” In this study, view refers to the reason to reach any dreams or goals in this life.
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE This chapter contains some theories used in this study. That is divided into Theoretical Review and Theoretical Framework. In theoretical review, the writer
discusses the Theory of Critical Approaches, Theory of Character, Theory of Characterization, Theory of Psychoanalisis, and Post-Colonialism particularly that of Katresnanism theory. Meanwhile, theoretical framework discusses the theories used to guide the writer in the analysis of the novel.
A. Review of Related Theories
This part presents some theories that are relevant to the study including approaches in analyzing the novel. This study deals with literature, therefore, the writer believe that it is important to have some theoretical ground of novel as part of literature. These are theories relevant to this study.
1. Approaches in Literary Studies There are theories and approaches used in analyzing literary works.
Rohberger and Woods, in their book Reading and Writing about Literature, states that to have a reasonable judgment, the so-called “critical approach” is needed (3).
The critical approach consists of five approaches: Formalist approach, Biographical approach, Sociocultural-historical approach, Mythopoeic approach, and Psychological approach (6). the work of art only. In other words, this approach does not need any reference from other sources, like the author’s life, the social condition at the time the author’s live, etc. In short, the approach is mainly focusing on the work only.
The second approach is the “Biographical Approach.” This approach proposes the idea that the only way to understand literature is by asserting the necessity and appreciation of ideas and personality of the author.
The third approach is an approach that examines the work of art in reference to the civilization. Then the attitude and the actions of specific group of people become the subject matter. This approach is called “Sociocultural- Historical Approach.”
“Mythopoeic Approach” is the fourth approach. This approach tries to discover certain universality and recurrent patterns of human thoughts in the works of art that are believed to have expression in the works.
The last approach is “Psychological Approach.” Critics that involve the effort to locate and demonstrate certain recurrent patterns of human psychology in the works of art.
In this thesis, the writer uses the Psychological approach to analyze the character of Charley Benneto and his relationship towards other people in the story.
2. Theory of Character
Character plays an important role in a novel because character is the foundation of a story.
Analyzing character is important because it should be analyzed based on the thought of the author. Character is an imagination of the author that lives in the novel and every character is unique because every character represents every person in real life that is different from others. Character is described as the person presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who is represented by the reader as being endowed with moral and disposition qualities that are expressed in what they say (the dialogue) and what they do (the action) (Abrams 20). Characters must be credible so that they are accepted as believable people (Rohberger and Woods 20).
Rohrberger and Woods state that characters have an important role in a story since they can help the readers participate explicitly in the experience of the story by sharing imaginatively the feelings or the activities of the characters in the story (19). Furthermore, Rohberger and Woods (20) explain that “… stories involve persons, called characters, who act out in a particular time and place (setting) some kind of conflict in a pattern of events.”
Stanton states that character has two definitions. The first definition is character as the individuals who appear in the story. Meanwhile, the second definition is character as mixture of interests, desires, emotions and moral principles that makes up each of these individuals (17). The first definition refers to the persons in the story and the second definition refers to the characteristics of the person in the story.
Forster as quoted by Roberts and Jacobs (121) classifies character into two types. The first type is protagonist and the other is antagonist. The protagonist is the centre of the actions and usually shows human characteristic. The antagonist is the character in a story that moves against the protagonist.
The progress of a character in the novel is divided into flat character and round character (Abrams 21). Flat character means that the author only describes this character without specification, in other words the author does not explain it in details and without significant progress. Usually the writer describes the character in “a single phrase or single sentence.” This type of character does not make any significant progress in the novel. It means that the character gives little contribution in the novel. Round character means that the character is complex and makes a lot of progress through the novel. We usually call this as dynamic character. The reason why it is called as dynamic character is that the character is changing through the novel for example firstly the character is a good person but because of certain events in the novel the character becomes a bad person. In other words, the character seems as a real person and the character is changing through the dialogues or actions.
Kenney, in his book entitled How to Analyze Fiction, divides characters into two kinds (28-29), they are simple (flat) and complex (round) characters.
Simple (flat) characters are characters that are easy to be recognized because the readers see only one side of the characters and these characters are familiar types for the readers. Complex (round) characters are characters that cannot be described in one phrase. They have some capability in surprising the readers because of the changes in their characters.
Furthermore, Perrine (71) classifies fictional characters into static and dynamic characters. Static characters are characters that change little in their outlook and personalities during the story. They remain stable and are the same sort of persons at the end of the story as at the beginning. They are described without much detail and they are not changed by circumstances. Dynamic characters are those who undergo changes in some aspects of their characters, personalities or outlook from the beginning to the end of the story. The changes could be for better or worse and may be a large or small one, but it is something that is important and basic, and more than a minor change in opinion.
There may be many characters that appear in a novel; however there is at least one main character in the novel and the others are usually supporting characters. Holman and Harmon (82) divide characters into two, namely major characters and minor characters. A major character is the most important character and becomes the main focus of the story. Meanwhile, a minor character is a less important one than the major character.
According to the significance to the story, Henkle (87-101) states that characters can be divided into two parts. The first one is major characters and the second one is secondary character. Major characters are the most significant characters in the novel. Henkle (92) says, “It is major characters that deserve our fullest attention; if we understand them, we presumably understand the focal experiences of the novel.” They can be identified through the complexity of their characterization, the attention given by certain figures, and the personal intensity that a character seems to transmit (Henkle 178-181). The major characters will completely need the reader’s fullest attention because they perform a key structural function. While, secondary characters are characters who serve functions that are more restricted. Henkle (97) states, “secondary characters are limited in ways that the major characters are not.” They perform and respond in more limited functions than the major characters, they may be less sophisticated; therefore their response to experience is less complex and less interesting.
Based on the frequency of appearance in the novel, Milligan (155) divides character into two. The first type is the major character. The major character appears more frequently than the other characters in the novel. The readers usually follow the plot of the novel through this character. In other words, this character is the main character of the novel. The second type is minor character. This character appears less often than the main character in the novel. This character only appears in certain setting of the novel. The character is also less important than the major character.
3. Theory of Characterization
In a novel, there are many characters. Each character and its characterization have important roles in the novel. It is also very important to make readers understand about the story.
According to Murphy, there are nine methods to present a character (161- 173).
The first is personal description. The author tries to describe a character through his appearance and clothing in the story. It is important to make the readers can easily imagine a character through the character’s physical appearance because it portrays the character’s characteristics and makes the characters more alive.
The second is character as seen by other. In this method, the author portrays a character through the eyes and opinion of another character. The readers can recognize completely the characters about his performance or characteristics.
The third is speech. The author gives an insight to the readers of the character and of the person in the book through what the person says. Meaning to say, the speech of the person, his conversation with another, and his opinion give us some clue to his character.
The fourth is past life. in this method, the author gives the readers some clue to his character that have helped to shape a character’s character by letting the readers learn something about a character’s past life.
The fifth is conversation of others. In this method, the author gives the readers some hints to a character’s character and the things they say about him, from their conversation, the readers will understand what they are talking about so that the readers know his character.
The sixth is reactions; here the author gives the readers some clue so that they understand the person’s character by letting them know how that person responds to various situations and events. The way the character resolves his problems and difficulties portrays his character.
The seventh is direct comment. In this method, the author gives descriptions and comments on a person’s character directly. It is the easiest way that the readers can gain in order to know the character’s character.
The eighth is thoughts. In this method, the author gives a direct knowledge of what a person is thinking about. The author can do what the readers cannot do in actual life and he lets the readers know what other people are thinking about.
The ninth or the last is mannerism. In this method, the author illustrates a person’s mannerism, habits or idiosyncrasies that can give to the readers some clues about his character.
4. Theory of Psychoanalysis
Rohrberger and Woods say that “the modern psychological movement received its great impetus from Freud” (13-14). They state Freud’s theory about psychoanalysis. Freud explores that “the unconscious area of human mind is the area of man’s rich imagination, his capacity for creation, the complexity oh his thought and behaviour” (13).
Furthermore, Hall and Lindzey state Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis in Theories of Personality. Freud states that “a person’s personality is made up of three major systems, the Id, the ego and the superego” (22-26). The explanation of each system is as follows:
a. The Id
The Id is the original system of personality. It is the matrix which psychological that is present at birth. If the Id experiences the increases of energy or uncomfortable states of tension, it will discharge the tension immediately and return the organism’s low energy level. The Id is considered as the unconscious part of the person’s personality. Hall in his Primer of Freudian Psychology says that. The Id forces to the person to satisfy their needs. Id includes two instinctual drives in human mind. Those are the Eros and Thanatos. Eros is the instinct of survival such as eat, drink, sexual activity, and so on. Then the second is the
Thanatos
. Thanatos is the destructive instinct including aggression, murder, and other destructive behavior. Those functions on the pleasure that have to be satisfied.
b. The Ego
Hall in his A Primer of Freudian Psychology says that The ego is formed as the results of the organism needs for appropriate transactions with the objective world of reality and known as the conscious part a person’s personality. It distinguishes between things in the mind and things in the external world. The ego itself is the organized of the Id and it exists to forward the aim of the Id. The ego then, is the product of an interaction with the environment or rather external world. However, heredity and natural growth processes, so called, maturation, lay down its line of development. (30)
In Psychology of the Child by Watson and Lindgren, the Id’s aim is the gratification of its impulses with no sense of morality, logic or unity of purpose.
The major function of the Id is to provide free uninhibited discharge of energy.
c. The Superego
The superego is the moral part of personality, which represents the ideal which strives for perfection rather than the real it is interpreted to the child by his parents which is enforced by means of a system of rewards and punishment which final purpose is to meet the ideals of society.
The three main functions of the superego are to inhibit the impulses of the Id, to persuade the ego to substitute moralistic goals for realistic ones and to strive for perfection.
The personality normally functions as a whole rather than as three separate segments. The readers may consider the Id as the biological component of personality, the ego as the psychological component and the superego as the social component.
5. Post Colonialism and Katresnanism Theory
Being part of the so-called post colonialism theory, this theory adopts the third world universal values. According to Peter Barry, anyway, there are at least six points that post-colonialist critics tend to do (198): They reject the claims to universalism made on behalf of canonical Western literature and seek to show its limitations of outlook. Especially it is general inability to empathize across boundaries of cultural and ethnic difference; they examine the representation of other cultures in literature as a way of achieving this end.
They show how such literature is often evasively and crucially silent on matters concerned with colonization and imperialism; they foreground questions works; they celebrate hybridity and cultural polyvalence that is the situation whereby individuals and groups belong simultaneously to more than one culture.
They develop a perspective, not just applicable to postcolonial literatures whereby states of marginality, plurality and perceived “Otherness” are seen a source of energy and potential change (198).
Actually each country has its own idealism and at the same time ideological way of life. Those in the West are different from those in the East including those of Indonesia. One of those found in Indonesia is the so-called
katresnanism [divine and pious love].
According to Antonius Herujiyanto, in his “Katresnan Criticism: The Nature And Who Does It” (in LLT Journal, Vol. 09, No. 2, 125-138, August 2006), theory of katresnanism (divine love) is a term which refers to the result of an inductive work functioning as a reminder and invitation (éling-kèlingan) of one's true self (jati diri) and one's existence which was granted due to katresnan (divine love) as soon as one was born. It also functions as a practical way of regarding and looking at—and thus sincerely holding the commitment—things such as one's work (including one's own work), numerous life situation by using positive thinking.
He further explains that positive thinking produces a better understanding of things including that of one's own, so that one may be able to see that “giving means receiving.” In katresnanism, positive thinking is central. To have a positive thinking is, thus, having an attitude of katresnanism.
There are 99 aos katresnanism representing the hypothesis of this theory. Up to now, 33 aos (principles) have been discussed. The fact that theory of
13. lothong kemayangan
Katresnan [pious-divine) love]
(promoting peace)
25. tentram
(promoting benefit)
14. migunani
(being versatile)
3 . angon mangsa
to accept)
24. sumèlèh (being able
(feeling lucky)
(sharing protection)
katresnanism
2 . andhom slamet
(promoting win-win)
23. sithik idhing
(being spiritual)
12. kraton nDalem
humble)
Figure 1
The 33 Aos of Katresnanism
1 . andhap asor (being= Those who receive katresnan
The Real Truth: Aos Katresnanism Those who offer katresnan
Theory of “Katresnanism” (divine Love) may, thus, be seen through the following figure:
is an open ended may be seen through the words positive thinking and through an invitation to anybody to develop by, among others, proposing for adding more aos. These aos or principles or rather characteristics may also be called the components of katresnanism.
Receiving Giving
4. atur panuwun
harmony)
enjoyment)
30. mranani (enthralling)
9. duga prayoga (calculated step)
20. nyumangga
(promoting after you)
31. mbombong-mbimbing (encouraging)
10. yatna yuwana 21. rukun (promoting
32. pas ( just right)
8. citra wicita wicitra (meaningful overt-covert)
11 . kasugengan (offering goodluck)
22. samanunggal
(being at the same boat)
33. nyedulur-mulur
(brotherhood and absolution/ forgiveness) Taken from the LLT Journal, Vol. 09, No. 2, 125-138, August 2006