The performance of 3-blade propeller type household common fan as wind turbine - USD Repository

  

THE PERFORMANCE OF

3-BLADE PROPELLER TYPE HOUSEHOLD COMMON FAN

AS WIND TURBINE

FINAL ASSIGNMENT

  

Presented as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for degree of Sarjana Teknik

in Mechanical Engineering

  

Proposed by:

ANANDIKA NEVADA

Student Number: 045214032

To

  

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY TITLE PAGE

THE PERFORMANCE OF

3-BLADE PROPELLER TYPE HOUSEHOLD COMMON FAN

AS WIND TURBINE

FINAL ASSIGNMENT

  Presented as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for degree of Sarjana Teknik in Mechanical Engineering

  Proposed by: ANANDIKA NEVADA

  Student Number: 045214032 To

  

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY APPROVAL PAGE

THE PERFORMANCE OF

3-BLADE PROPELLER TYPE HOUSEHOLD COMMON FAN

AS WIND TURBINE

  Arranged by: Name: Anandika Nevada

  Student Number: 045214032 Approved by:

  

th

  Yogyakarta,

  16 March 2011 Advisor Budi Sugiharto, S.T., M.T. ACCEPTANCE PAGE

FINAL ASSIGNMENT

THE PERFORMANCE OF

3-BLADE PROPELLER TYPE HOUSEHOLD COMMON FAN

AS WIND TURBINE

  Prepared and arranged by: Name: Anandika Nevada

  Student Number: 045214032 Defended before Board Examiner on 20

  th

  January 2011 Board Examiners Chairman : I Gusti Ketut Puja, S.T., M.T. ................................

  Secretary : Ir. Rines, M.T. ................................ Member : Budi Sugiharto, S.T., M.T. ................................

  This Final Assignment had been accepted as one of the requirements to achieve the degree of Sarjana Teknik Yogyakarta, 17

  

th

  March 2011 Faculty of Science and Technology

  Sanata Dharma University Yogyakarta

  Dean ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT

This research aims to utilize fan blade from a fan to generate electricity.

  The research was done with laboratory scale experiment, with a wind tunnel which generates wind between 0 m/s to ±6.6 m/s, and variety of electronic load of 12 Ω, 6 Ω, 4 Ω, 3 Ω, 2.4 Ω, 2 Ω, 1.7 Ω, 1.5 Ω, 1.3 Ω and 1.2 Ω.

  From this research, peak efficiency of ±24% was obtained with wind speed of 4.6 m/s. The highest electricity power generated was ±4.5 W with wind speed of ±6.6 m/s and load of 6 Ω.

  

ABSTRAK

  Penelitian ini bertujuan memanfaatkan bilah kipas dari kipas angin untuk menghasilkan listrik. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan percobaan skala laboratorium, dengan menggunakan terowongan angin yang menghasilkan kecepatan angin antara 0 m/s hingga ±6.6 m/s, dan beban listrik bervariasi 12

  Ω, 6 Ω, 4 Ω, 3 Ω, 2.4 Ω, 2 Ω,

  1.7 Ω, 1.5 Ω, 1.3 Ω and 1.2 Ω.

  Dari penelitian ini, diperoleh efisiensi puncak sebesar ±24% terjadi pada kecepatan angin 4.6 m/s. Daya listrik terbesar yang mampu dibangkitkan adalah ±4.5 W pada kecepatan angin ±6.6 m/s, dan beban 6 Ω.

MOTTO AND DEDICATION

  “FAILURE IS MOTHER OF ALL SUCCESS”

  James Tan – Dear old friend, thanks for giving me this word. I will remember it always.

  “THE GOAL IS ALWAYS IN THE PROCESS”

  Brother Marjito – Dear brother, thanks for giving us this word. There will always be a time to process ourselves to be a better person.

  “PERPETUATE PROGRESS SUCCESS”

  Parry Primary School – Though you are now just a history, your motto lives deep in my heart. Thanks for educating me for 5 years, teaching me to love science.

  “MENJADI KARTIKA BANGSA”

  Pangudi Luhur Van Lith Senior High School – I shall continue the spirit of Van Lith as kartika Bangsa. Thanks for educating me about life for 3 years. STATEMENT OF NOVELTY

STATEMENT OF NOVELTY

  I hereby declare and acknowledge this Final Assignment had never been written by any person in any writing published personally or institutionally in any form, except writings that are cited in references.

  th

  Yogyakarta,

  3 March 2011 The Writer Anandika Nevada DIGITAL DOCUMENT USAGE RIGHTS AGREEME NT

DIGITAL DOCUMENT USAGE RIGHTS AGREEMENT

  I, tha t put the signature below, Name : Anandika Ne vada Student Number : 045214032 Institution : Sanata Dharma University w ould like to release my Final Assignment, which entitled:

  

THE PERFORMA NCE OF 3-BLADE PROPELLER TYP E HOUSEHOLD

COMMON FAN AS WIND TURBINE

  including atta chment within this document to Public as Open-Source information. With this, I hereby grant the rights any private user, institution, organization or community to store, rewrite, reprint, and republish portion or whole part of my document mention above in and into any media for non-commercial purpose, without the need of my permission and royalty, for given my name stated as the writer.

  rd

  Yogyakarta,

  3 March 2011 The Writer Anandika Nevada LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH

LEMBAR PERNY ATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI K ARYA ILMIAH

UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

  Yang bertanda tangan dibawah ini , Nama : Anandika Ne vada Nomor Mahasiswa : 045214032

  Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepa da Perpustakaan

  U niversitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:

THE PERFORMA NCE OF 3-BLADE PROPELLER TYP E HOUSEHOLD

COMMON FAN AS WIND TURBINE

  Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan. Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas dan mempublikasikannya di Internet atau media lainnya untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta izin dari saya maupun memberi kan loyalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

  Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya.

  Dibuat di Yogyakarta Tanggal 3 Maret 2011

  Yang Menyatakan Anandika Nevada PREFACE

PREFACE

  The writer would like to give praise to Jesus Christ for His greatness, thus the writer was able to complete this Final Assignment, and my deepest gratitude to: − Head of Mechanical Engineering Department and Final Assignment

  Advisor, Budi Sugiharto, S.T., M.T., for many technical support and numerous miscellaneous advices. − Vice Head of Mechanical Engineering Department and Academic Advisor, Ir. Rines, M.T., for academic support and numerous miscellaneous advices.

  Head of Energy Conversion Laboratory, Ir. YB. Lukiyanto, M.T., for − permission to use the Energy Conversion Laboratory, technical support and advices.

  Laboratory Assistant, Intan Widanarko and Martono DS, for technical − assistance.

  − Dean of Faculty of Science and Technology, Yosef Agung Cahyanta, S.T., M.T. and Vice Dean of Faculty of Science and Technology, A. Bayu Primawan, S.T., M.Eng., for academic support by enabling me to extend my study period.

  − All staff in the Faculty of Science and Technology not mention here, for any miscellaneous support.

  My Parents, Wenny Christianto and Ong Djoen Siong, for financial and − spiritual support, last but not least great love and care.

  − My Spiritual Father, Suharto Widodo Pr., for spiritual support. − My beloved ones, Veronica Novi Ciptaningrum, for linguistic assistance and

  − Brothers and sisters of Community of Sant’Egidio, for spiritual support and care.

  Though this Final Assignment was written to serve as partial requirement to pass and obtain undergraduate degree, the writer wrote to promote wind-energy research. By writing with a simple language, the writer hopes to ease readers in digesting information. The writer avoids lengthy writing to give the reader brief but complete information on this research.

  Finally the writer hopes that this Final Assignment may be use as reference for wind-energy amateurs to professionals, and academician from high school to university.

  CONTENT CONTENT TITLE PAGE .................................................................................................... i APPROVAL PAGE .......................................................................................... ii ACCEPTANCE PAGE..................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... iv MOTTO AND DEDICATION......................................................................... v STATEMENT OF NOVELTY ........................................................................ vi _T DIGITAL DOCUMENT USAGE RIGHTS AGREEMENT ........................ vii

  LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH ............................................................................................. viii PREFACE.......................................................................................................... ix _T CONTENT ......................................................................................................... xi LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................ xiii LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................... xiv NUMENCLATURE .......................................................................................... xv

  CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

  1.1. Background of Research ......................................................................... 1

  1.2. Statement of Problem .............................................................................. 2

  1.3. Objective of Research ............................................................................. 2

  1.4. Research Usage ....................................................................................... 2

  CHAPTER 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND THEORIES

  2.1. Wind ........................................................................................................ 3

  2.2. Properties of Air ...................................................................................... 3

  2.3. Power in the Wind................................................................................... 3

  2.4. Wind Turbine .......................................................................................... 4

  2.5. Performance of Wind Turbine................................................................. 5

  2.6. Generator and Electricity ........................................................................ 7

  3.2.1. Pre-experimental Procedure ............................................................. 8

  3.2.1.1. Apparatus Building ................................................................. 8

  3.2.1.2. Blade Testing .......................................................................... 10

  3.2.1.3. Dynamometer Installation ...................................................... 10

  3.2.1.4. Electronic Load Device Circuitry Design............................... 12

  3.2.1.5. Understanding The Measuring Device ................................... 14

  3.2.1.6. Understanding the Wind Inside The Wind Tunnel................. 15

  3.2.1.7. Arranging and Installing Devices ........................................... 17

  3.2.1.8. Condition Creating.................................................................. 18

  3.2.2. Experimental Procedure ................................................................... 19

  3.2.2.1. Mechanical Efficiency Data Taking Procedure ...................... 19

  3.2.2.2. Overall Efficiency Taking Procedure ..................................... 20

  3.2.3. Post-experimental Procedure ........................................................... 21

  3.2.3.1. Data Calculation ..................................................................... 21

  3.2.3.2. Plotting and Reviewing........................................................... 22

  CHAPTER 4. EXPERIMENTAL, RESULT ANALYSIS AND REVIEW

  4.1. Result and Data Calculation.................................................................... 23

  4.1.1. Mechanical Efficiency of 3-Blade Propeller Type Fan.................... 23

  4.1.2. Overall Efficiency of 3-Blade Propeller Type Fan .......................... 23

  4.2. Observational Review ............................................................................. 25

  4.3. Performance Review ............................................................................... 28

  CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSION AND CONSIDERATION

  5.1. Conclusion............................................................................................... 32

  5.2. Consideration .......................................................................................... 32

  REFERENCES.................................................................................................. 33 APPENDIX

APPENDIX A. BEAUFORT SCALE ....................................................... 35

  LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF TABLES

  Table 3.1: Resistance of Electrical load with Amount of Resistor used......... 13 Table 3.2: Resolution and Accuracy of measuring device.............................. 14 Table 4.1a: Overall Efficiency Data Using 12

  Ω and 6Ω Resistance................ 23 Table 4.1b: Overall Efficiency Data Using 4

  Ω and 3Ω Resistance.................. 24 Table 4.1c: Overall Efficiency Data Using 2.4

  Ω and 2Ω Resistance............... 24 Table 4.1d: Overall Efficiency Data Using 1.7

  Ω and 1.5Ω Resistance............ 25 Table 4.1e: Overall Efficiency Data Using 1.3

  Ω and 1.2Ω Resistance............ 25 Table A.1: Beaufort Scale (The Diagram Group, 2006).................................. 35

  LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF FIGURES

  Figure 2.1: Quantity of Wind Captured............................................................ 4 Figure 2.2: Components of Torque .................................................................. 5 Figure 2.1: Efficiency vs. TSR of some common wind turbine

  (Somerton, 2004). .......................................................................... 6 Figure 3.1: Construction of experimental apparatus ........................................ 9 Figure 3.2: Blade Installation ........................................................................... 9 Figure 3.3: Overall view of Dynamometer ...................................................... 11 Figure 3.4: Break Mechanism of Dynamometer .............................................. 11 Figure 3.5: Electrical Load circuit.................................................................... 12 Figure 3.6: Wind Tunnel .................................................................................. 16 Figure 3.7: Wind Generator.............................................................................. 16 Figure 3.8: Blade Emplacement ....................................................................... 17 Figure 3.9: Measuring device position ............................................................. 17 Figure 4.1: Wind Speed versus Blade Rotational Speed Correlation

  Graph ............................................................................................. 26 Figure 4.2: Electrical Power versus Rotational Speed Correlation Graph

  (Resistance Aspect)........................................................................ 27 Figure 4.3: Electrical Power versus Rotational Speed Correlation Graph

  (Wind Speed Aspect) ..................................................................... 27 Figure 4.4: TSR versus Overall Efficiency Correlation Graph ........................ 28 Figure 4.5: Wind Speed versus Overall Efficiency Correlation Graph............ 29 Figure 4.6: Wind Speed versus Electrical Power Correlation Graph............... 30

  NUMENCLATURE NUMENCLATURE α = Angular acceleration (radian/s²)

  η = Mechanical efficiency (%) _M η = Electrical Efficiency (%) _E η = Overall Efficiency (%) _T

  ρ = Density (kg/m³) Τ = Torque (N·m)

  ω = Angular speed (radian/s) A = Area (m²) E = Kinetic Energy (J) _k E = Work (J) _W

  F = Force (N) I = Electrical current (A)

  = Power (Watt)

  P N = Amount of rotation n = Speed of rotation (RPM or Rotation per minute)

  = Resistance (

  R

  Ω)

  R = Resistance used at data no. i _i R = Total resistance ( _{T Ω)} r = Radius (m) s = Distance (m) t = Time (s)

  V = Volume (m³) or Voltage (V) v = Velocity (m/s)

  = Height (m)

  z Subscribe: _B = Blade _E = Electrical _G = Gas or wind _S = Shaft _X = Brake Numbering, Units and symbols:

  Numberings are written with dot (.) as decimal point and comma (,) as 1000 separator. Units are written entirely in metrical unit. Mathematical symbols are written with (÷) as divide symbol, and (:) as ratio symbol.

  CHAPTER 1. ^INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of Research

  Electricity is an important source of energy in our life. Despite of its usages, producing electricity is a major problem in many countries which do not have large quantities of natural resources. Large uses of natural resource have created another major problem. As natural resource continue to be used up, together with issues of its limited amount, have pushed the frontier of science to research on alternative renewable energy.

  Wind is chosen because of its abundance in nature. Furthermore, wind is a clean and environmentally safe-to-use source of energy. Despite of its many environmental advantages, wind energy is limited in some area of the world. Wind-harvesting process requires a large area; therefore it is rendered it as disadvantage in small country, or country with rare windy days. Despite of its disadvantages, research on utilizing wind become an interesting subjects to nation which do not want to be oil-import dependent.

  Wind turbine is one of the cheapest and the easiest way to extract energy from nature. Wind Turbine does not require much material or special material, yet with the simplest design wind turbine may be a good complementary to save natural resource usage. The blades can be made even from common household fan.

  1.2. Statement of Problem

  This research will focus in answering statement of problem below:

  1. How efficient of 3-blade propeller type common household fan in converting kinetic energy from the wind into mechanical energy in shaft?

  2. How efficiency of 3-blade propeller type common household fan in producing electricity?

  1.3. Objective of Research

  This research is done to achieve the following objectives:

  1. To review the ability of 3-blade propeller type common household fan in converting kinetic energy into mechanical energy.

  2. To review the productivity of 3-blade propeller type common household fan in producing electricity.

  1.4. Research Usage

  This research is done as consideration of 3-blade propeller type common household fan’s blade as a wind turbine.

  CHAPTER 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND THEORIES CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND THEORIES

  2.1. Wind

  The sun provides a continuous ray to the rotating earth, thus heating the air, the sea and the land at different strength depending on many geographical factors and locations. (The Diagram Group, 2006)

  The process of receiving and losing heat at a different rate causes the temperature and density of air to change. This was followed by pressure changes. Pressure change creates high-pressure zone and low-pressure change, which causes mass of air movements, from high-pressure zone to low-pressure zone. This mass of air movements is called as wind (Aguado and Burt, 2008).

  2.2. Properties of Air

  Standard condition of 1 atmospheric pressure and temperature of 25°C, air density is 1.255 kg/m³. If the location is above sea level with moderate climate, and more precise value is needed, density of air may be calculated using the equation without significant error (Hughes, 2000):

  −4

  ρ

  1 . 255 1 . 194 10 z (2.1) _{G ( )} = − × ⋅

  2.3. Power in the Wind

  Since wind is defined as moving mass of air, therefore we can conclude that wind is a form of “kinetic energy” (American Wind Energy Association, 2009), which means calculable by using formula: _{1 2}

  The formula is modified equivalently as: _{1 2} E = ⋅ m ⋅ v _{K G G 1 2 2} = ⋅ ρ ⋅

  V ⋅ v _{2 1} ( G G ) G ₂

  = ⋅ ρ ⋅ A ⋅ x ⋅ v (2.3) _{1 2} ( G B ) G

₂

= ⋅ ρ ⋅ A ⋅ v ⋅ t ⋅ v _{1 2} ( G B ) G ₃

  = ⋅ ⋅ A ⋅ v ⋅ t _{2 G B G} ρ

  Figure 2.1: Quantity of Wind Captured

  With A B is referred as area of wind captured by the wind turbine moving at speed of v . Therefore r is the outermost edge of the wind turbine from the

  G B centermost (Figure2.1).

  The power of the wind can be calculated by using the formula ( Hughes, 2000):

  E _K P = _{G 1} t ₃

  ρ ₂ ⋅ ⋅ A ⋅ v ⋅ t _{G B G} = (2.4) ₁ t ₃

  = ⋅ ρ ⋅ A ⋅ v _{2 G B G}

2.4. Wind Turbine

  Wind Turbine is an instrument that converts kinetic energy of the wind into

2.5. Performance of Wind Turbine

  Kinetic energy in the wind creates force that pushes the blades of a wind turbine. The forces that act on the blades create torque and cause the shaft to turn (Figure 2.2). Therefore the formula of torque can be stated as ( Crowell, 2010):

  Τ = r ⋅ F (2.5) _S

  Figure 2.2: Components of Torque

  The work done by moving objects can be calculated by using formula of ( Crowell, 2010):

  E = F ⋅ d s (2.6) _W

  Therefore the amount of work done by blades over shaft can be calculated substituting distance with circular distance. Therefore the formula becomes:

  E = F ⋅ ( π ⋅ _{W S} 2 ⋅ r ⋅ N ) (2.7)

  With formula of power as ( Crowell, 2010):

  E _W P = (2.8) _S t Therefore we can write the power of blade use to turn the shaft with the formula ( Evans, 2007):

  F ⋅ ⋅

  2 ⋅ r ⋅ N

  ( π ) _S P = _S t

  ⋅ 2 ⋅ N ⎛ π ⎞

  = ( F ⋅ r ) ⋅ (2.9) _{S ⎜ ⎟}

  t

  ⎝ ⎠ = Τ ⋅ ω

  With the known power of the wind act upon the blade and power of the rotating shaft, efficiency can be calculated by using formula of:

  P _S

  = (2.10) η _M

  P _G Since wind turbine cannot stop wind totally, therefore efficiency is limited.

  Theoretically maximum limit on wind turbine is denoted as Betz Limit, which has the formula of (Hansen, 2008):

  16 = . 593 (2.11)

27 Generally, efficiency of wind turbine is often compare to TSR (Tip speed Ratio) (Somerton, 2004).

  TSR can be calculated by using formula (Hansen, 2008):

  G ^B

  TSR

  v ⋅ r

  = ω

   (2.12)

2.6. Generator and Electricity Generator is an instrument that converts mechanical energy into electricity.

  The power of electricity can be calculated by using formula (Crowell, 2010):

  V I P Δ ⋅ = _E (2.13)

  Therefore the overall efficiency of wind turbine in generating electricity can be calculated by comparing the power of electricity produced and the wind:

  G ^E P P _T

  = η (2.14)

  CHAPTER 3. RESEARCH METHOD CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHOD

  3.1. Research Method To accomplish the objective of research, experimental method was chosen.

  The experiment will provide the necessary data which was calculated to answer the statement of problem and achieve the objective of research.

  3.2. Research Procedure

  This research is categorized as explorative research as experiments are needed to obtain data. There are steps done to achieve the objective of this research.

3.2.1. Pre-experimental Procedure

  Before the experiments are done, equipments used are built to suit the experiment condition, reviewed and tested to match the experiment goals.

3.2.1.1. Apparatus Building

  Since this research focuses on 3-blade propeller type common household fan, an anonymous blade is taken off from an anonymous fan product. Apparatus will be built to ensure the easiness of condition creating and data taking of the blade. The removed blade will be place in the apparatus.

  To ensure the steadiness of the blade for experiment, experimental apparatus was built by using right angled holed iron stick and wood plank. Right angled holed iron beam was used to make the construction as seen in

  

Figure 3.1: Construction of experimental apparatus

Figure 3.2: Blade Installation

  The bearing was placed in the wooden plank and was held down by pipe clamp. The pipe clamp was pined down to a wooden plank by using nut and bolt,

  3.2.1.2. Blade Testing

  Blade that will be tested is a blade taken off from an anonymous 3-blade propeller type common household fan with diameter of 39 cm. To ensure the capability of blade to capture the wind, pre-experimental on the fan-blade was carried out. The blade was placed into the experimental apparatus, and blown by wind at anonymous speed inside the wind tunnel.

  The wind blade was able to rotate, thus answering the capabilities of 3-blade propeller type common house hold fan as a wind energy capturing device. Despite of the ability to rotate, there was a noticeable slight off-center of the wind blade.

  3.2.1.3. Dynamometer Installation

  To measure the amount of Power produce by the shaft, a dynamometer had to be used. But since no dynamometer appropriate for the experiment was available, hand-made dynamometer was used.

  Hand-made dynamometer used for this experiment uses the concept of a break dynamometer, which uses break as energy absorbing mechanism to measure rotational force which later calculated with diameter of shaft and rotational speed to produce power of shaft.

  The hand-made breaking mechanism can be seen in Figure 3.3. To measure the force acting against the shaft a Newton meter scale was used, and to measure the rotational speed, a non-contact tachometer was used. The nut was used to hold the roller in position while pushing the cylindrical break against the shaft.

  

Figure 3.3: Overall view of Dynamometer

  After being installed the brake was adjusted by rotating the hexagonal nut to loosen or tighten the roller against the cylindrical break. This was done to produce rotational resistance whilst maintaining the blade ability to rotate.

  

Figure 3.4: Break Mechanism of Dynamometer

3.2.1.4. Electronic Load Device Circuitry Design

  To measure electrical power, generator had to be loaded. Electronic load device that was going to be used, was an electronic load device consist of 10 × 12

  Ω 5% 2 W Resistors arranged in parallel form. Resistors are soldered to PCB (Printed Circuit Board) with the switch on each Resistor to determine how many resistors are being used as load. To view electrical output physically, 10 × 6 V bulbs are also included as optional power testing. Figure 3.5 shows electronic load device.

  Figure 3.5: Electrical Load circuit

  By reviewing the equation of total resistance arrange in parallel form:

  1

  1

  1

  1

  1 + + + + = ...

  R R R R R _{T 1 2 3 i 1} (3.1) −

  ⎛

  1

  1

  1 1 ⎞ _T + + + + ⇔ R = ... ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟

  R R R R _{1 2 3 i} ⎝ ⎠ With the use of similar resistance value, therefore we can write the equation as: ₁

  −

  1 ⎛ ⎞

  R amount of Resistor _{T ⎜ ⎟} = ⋅

R

  ⎝ ⎠ ₁

  

−

  amount of Resistor ⎛ ⎞

  = (3.2) ⎜ ⎟

  R

  ⎝ ⎠

  R

  = amount of Resistor With the above equation, we can rewrite the electrical load resistance as:

  12 Ω R = (3.3) _i amount of Resistor

  Generator will be given electrical load with resistance with the corresponding amount of resistor shown in Table 3.1:

  Table 3.1: Resistance of Electrical load with Amount of Resistor used Amount of Resistor Resistance value 1 12

Ω

2 6

Ω

3 4

Ω

4 3

Ω

5 2.4

Ω

6 2

Ω

7 1.7

Ω

8 1.5

Ω

9 1.3

Ω

  10 1.2

Ω

  For precaution, testing best if begin with 10 resistors, then down to 9 resistors and so on. If unknown electrical power is given, electrical test should use 10 bulbs, then down to 9 bulbs and so on, while measuring the voltage and Current.

  During the pre-experiment test, maximum output electrical power was estimated ± 3.5 W. Therefore using 1 resistor to test electrical load is still safe if

3.2.1.5. Understanding The Measuring Device

  Since most of the measuring devices are digital electronic device, calibration cannot be done by mechanical means. Electronic device are fallible due to limited resolution of display and electronic fault.

Table 3.2 shows all measuring devices, modes, used for the entire data taking with resolution and accuracy of the device respectively.

  

Table 3.2: Resolution and Accuracy of measuring device

Model Figure Mode used Resolution Accuracy

  ±(0.03 m/s+ Testo 425 Wind speed in 0.01 m/s 5% of mv) Digital Anemometer m/s

  ±1 Digit of resolution CDT-2000HD 1 rpm (4 digit) Non-contact rpm ±(0.02%±1Digit) Digital Tachometer 0.1 rpm (3 digit)

  Heles UX-878 TR ±(1.0% of rdg.

  20 DCV 10 mV Digital Multi-meter ±2Digit) Heles UX-37 TR

  20 DCA 10 mA ±(0.02%±1Digit) Digital multi-meter

  The anemometer used for measuring wind speed does not use moveable parts, but a sensitive electronic component. The anemometer is sensitive to small air flow around the probe. This was seen when the cap was removed from the probe.

  To use non-contact rpm mode, the rotational part must be pasted with reflective strip. Before the correct measurement can begin, the red light must be perpendicular aligned and as close as possible to the metallic strip to ensure

  Tachometer available for use does not provide rad/s measuring mode, therefore the entire data will be converted using formula:

  

n

  ω

  2 π (3.4) = ⋅

  

60

Digital multi-meter is the most delicate measuring device if installed

  incorrectly. Although most digital multi-meter are design with fuse protection, it still may subject to explosion and burning. Furthermore certain measuring mode such as 10 AC/DCA (Heles UX-878 TR) or 20 AC/DCA (Heles UX-37 TR) are modes that do not use fuse protection.

  Digital multi-meter used for measuring voltage is connected parallel to the electronic load device. Measurement begins with 200 DCV to ensure safety of use

  20 DCV.

  Another digital multi-meter used for measuring current is connected serial to the electronic load device. Measurement begins with 10 DCA. Because the available highest modes are 200 DCmA and 10 DCA, therefore 10 DCA is used.

  Pre-experimental testing showed that maximum voltage generated by the generator is ±13 V, this ensure the safety of using 20 DCV. With electronic load device maximum current recorded is ±1.5 A, therefore unfused 10 DCA is considered as safe.

3.2.1.6. Understanding the Wind Inside The Wind Tunnel

  The wind tunnel used for stimulating wind condition is a 1.2 m × 1.2 m × 2.5 m wind tunnel with openings at both sides (Figure 3.6). A 1 m turbine is used to generate wind by means of sucking rather than blowing.

  

Figure 3.6: Wind Tunnel

  Since wind tunnel used for experiment was a simple wind tunnel which have no air speed control device incorporated, increasing and decreasing wind speed was done by moving the wind generator, closer or further from the tunnel.

Figure 3.7 shows wind generator was placed very close to the wind tunnel, causing maximum air flow, which in turn produced maximum wind speed.

  

Figure 3.7: Wind Generator

  Notice that the wind tunnel is not isolated from the surrounding

  To minimize error during data taking due to interference from outside wind, a wind vane was installed near the wind tunnel to detect major air movements. Thus, whenever major air movements were detected, data taking will be aborted until air movements were stabilize.

3.2.1.7. Arranging and Installing Devices

  Since the tachometer used is a probeless hand-held measuring device, data taking is viable from within the wind tunnel. Measuring device was arranged to maximize data validity and to ease reading within one position. Figure 3.8 represents device placement inside the wind tunnel and Figure 3.9 shows how measuring device is placed.

  

Figure 3.8: Blade Emplacement

3.2.1.8. Condition Creating

  The blade will be tested by the given conditions. The conditions are divided into two categories:

  1. Fixed Condition: Fixed Condition is condition that is constant throughout the experiments, or is assumed to be constant during the experiment, includes only

  ρ (Density _G of air) Since the location of the experiments is 170 m above sea level, therefore the density of air calculated with Formula (2.1) will be: ₄

  −

  = 1 . 255 − 1 . 194 × 10 ⋅ 170 kg/m³ ρ [ ] _{G ( )}

  = 1 . 235 kg/m³ (3.5) ≈ 1.2 kg/m³

  2. Variable Condition Variable condition is condition that will be change variably on purpose to stimulate data, which consist of only v (Wind Speed). Ideally wind speed _G that will be given range between 0 m/s to 10.5 m/s with increment of

  0.25 m/s. Pre-experiment with the experiment device mounted shows that the wind tunnel was only able to produce wind maximum ±6.75 m/s. Since there are limitations of the wind tunnel set, therefore wind speed use throughout the experiments will be between 0 m/s to ±6.5 m/s with increment of ±0.25 m/s.

  Data taking to test for overall efficiency will be given variety of electrical 10 resistance value as stated in Table 3.1, with each wind speed.

3.2.2. Experimental Procedure

  Experiments are done to extract data, which later calculated and analyst to fulfill the research goals.

3.2.2.1. Mechanical Efficiency Data Taking Procedure

  The first experiment goal was to extract data of the 3-blade propeller type fan with variety wind speed. The data will then be calculated to obtain mechanical efficiency.

  To achieve experiment goal, data collected for this experiment will be divided into two categories:

  1. Fixed data Fixed data is the data collected once and is used for the entire analyst procedure. These data includes: − (Radius of Blade) _B

  r

  − (Radius of Shaft) _S

  r

  2. Variable data Variable data is the data collected at certain condition. These data includes: − (Rotational force acting upon the shaft) _S

  F

  − ω (Rotation speed) Since wind tunnel was used and data taking was done within the wind tunnel, wind fluctuation is very high. Therefore wind speed used for data taking was average wind speed measured for one minutes.

  Since the break used for this experiment was a contact-type break, the vibration in rotational force reading occurred during testing. Despite of the vibration, reading was still possible by estimating reading in the middle of between the highest and the lowest peak.

3.2.2.2. Overall Efficiency Taking Procedure

  The second experiment goal was to extract data of the 3-blade propeller type fan with variable wind speed and electrical resistance. The data will then be calculated to obtain overall efficiency.

  To achieve experimental goal, data collected for this experiment will be divided into two categories:

  1. Fixed data Fixed data is the data collected once and is used for the entire analyst procedure. These data include only (Radius of Blade). _B

  

r

  2. Variable data Variable data is the data collected at certain condition. These data includes: − (Voltage generated)

  V

  −

  I (Current generated)

  Similar to mechanical efficiency data-taking procedure, wind speed and rotational speed used for data taking was average value measured for one minutes. Fluctuation in rotational speed affects voltage and current, therefore voltage and current noted down will be voltage and current generated when the rotational speed is at average rotational speed value.

3.2.3. Post-experimental Procedure

  After the experiments, data are calculated, and the result will be analyst to fulfill research objectives.

3.2.3.1. Data Calculation

  Calculation is done by calculating created during experiment, and _G

  P

  P

  η

  5. (Overall Efficiency) _T

  P _S P Formula (2.10) .

  Efficiency will be calculated by comparing between and , with _G

  η

  4. (Mechanical Efficiency) _M

  I measured during experiment, with Formula (2.13).

  Calculation is done by calculating V and

  3. (Power of Electricity) _E

  v _G

  Calculation are done to obtain analyzable result. These calculation are performed: 1. (Power of Wind) _G

  ( ) ω ⋅ ⋅ = _{S S S} F r P

  :

  r Formula (2.9)

  and is apparatus dependent, with equivalent formula of _S

  F ω measured during experiment,

  Calculation is done by calculating and _S

  P

  ρ obtainable from Equation (3.5) with Formula (2.4): 2. (Power of Shaft) _S

   (3.6)

3.2.3.2. Plotting and Reviewing

  Since this the data of this research is quantitative data, analysis will be done with the aid of graphic, which will represent calculated data. Plotting will be done with the aid of Microsoft’s Excel 2003 by comparing the data of: TSR and Efficiency. TSR will be calculated with the corresponding

  − condition and data. With TSR as abscissa and Overall Efficiency as ordinate, the data will be plotted into Mechanical Efficiency graphic (Based on TSR), and Overall Efficiency graphic (Compare to TSR). − Wind Speed and Power of Electricity. With Wind Speed as abscissa and

  Power of Electricity as ordinate, the data will be plotted as Shaft Power and Electrical Power Graphic. − Wind Speed and Overall Efficiency. With Wind Speed as abscissa and

  Overall Efficiency as ordinate, the data will be plotted as Mechanical and Overall Efficiency Graphic (Compare to Wind Speed).

  CHAPTER 4. EXPERIMENTAL, RESULT ANALYSIS AND REVIEW CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL, RESULT ANALYSIS AND REVIEW

4.1. Result and Data Calculation

  Result of experiment was data that were arranged and calculated in table to ease reading.

  4.1.1. Mechanical Efficiency of 3-Blade Propeller Type Fan

  Data taken for this experiment produce a flawed result due to inconstant breaking and high slippage in higher rotation within the device which causes error in reading tangential force acting on the shaft. This experiment was discontinued.

  4.1.2. Overall Efficiency of 3-Blade Propeller Type Fan

  4.1a to Table 4.1e represent data taken in Energy Conversion

  Table Laboratory of Sanata Dharma University. Table 4.1a: Overall Efficiency Data Using 12 Ω and 6Ω Resistance

  12 6 Ω

  Ω v P _{g g} n

  I P n _{e η e η}