Bengkulu International Conference on Science and Education (BICSE - 2017)
“Breaching international boundaries to share scientific research and advance education”
Chief editor: M. Lutfi Firdaus, Ph.D.
FKIP UNIB Press, 2018
ISBN: 978-602-8043-84-7
Editor
: Annisa Puji Astuti, Hadi Apriyoanda
Layout
: Hadi Apriyoanda
Cover Design
: Deni Parlindungan
Publisher : Unit Penerbitan dan Publikasi FKIP UNIB Address
: Gedung Lab Pembelajaran FKIP Universitas Bengkulu, Jalan WR. Supratman, Kandang Limun, Bengkulu 38371
All rights reserved
Reproduction of this work in any form and by any means without the written permission of the author is prohibited.
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“Breaching international boundaries to share scientific research and advance education”
Proceeding and Scientific Program: M. Lutfi Firdaus, Ph.D.
Dr. Agus Sundaryono Dr. Aceng Ruyani
Editor : Annisa Puji Astuti, Hadi Apriyoanda
Layout : Hadi Apriyoanda
Cover Design : Deni Parlindungan
Scientific Committee:
1. Dr. Ade Gafar Abdullah, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
2. Dr. Eng. Asep Bayu DN, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
3. Dr. Zulfatman, Univ. Muhammadiyah Malang
4. Dr. Dyah Rini, Universitas Negeri Semarang
5. Dr. Andi Adriansyah, Universitas Mercu Buana
6. Dr. Permata Ika Hidayati, Universitas Kanjuruhan Malang
7. Lulu Purwaningrum, Ph.D, UNS Solo
8. Acep Purqon, Ph.D, Institut Teknologi Bandung
9. Dr. Yeni W. Hartati, Universitas Padjadjaran
10. Dr. Santhy Wyantuti, Universitas Padjadjaran
11. Dr. Diana Rakhmawaty Eddy, Universitas Padjajaran
FKIP UNIB Press
Gedung Lab Pembelajaran FKIP UNIB, Jalan WR. Supratman, Kandang Limun, Bengkulu 38371 Tel: +62 736 21170 and 21884; Fax : +62 736 22105 Email: fkip@unib.ac.id Website: https://www.unib.ac.id
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Chairman:
M. Lutfi Firdaus, Ph.D. – University of Bengkulu
Members:
- Dr. Agus Sundaryono – University of Bengkulu - Dr. Aceng Ruyani – University of Bengkulu
Secretary
Public Relation
- Annisa Puji Astuti, M.Pd.Si - Arsela Eko Listiono, M.Pd.Si - Hadi Apriyoanda S.Pd
- Muslih Muslihin, SE - Elvida Sari Yunilarosi S.Pd - Juwita Megarani S.Pd
Accomodation
- Netria Septiayu S.Pd - Pauzi Jundara, S.Pd - Deni Parlindungan, M.Pd.Si
Event Program
- Deni Parlindungan, M.Pd.Si
Consumption
- Sukaina Adibi - Ria Kusuma Dewi, S.Kom - Bagus Ariadi
- Yopita Diana S.Pd - Tyas S.Pd
Transportation
- Nurin Al-Yanni S.Pd - Muslih Muslihin, SE - Arsela Eko Listiono, M.Pd.Si
Website
- Annisa Puji Astuti, M.Pd.Si
Documentation
- Ariyoga Pratama, S.Pd - Ariyoga Pratama, S.Pd - Pauzi Jundara, S.Pd
Secretariat Address :
Graduate School of Science Education Faculty of Teacher Training and Education University of Bengkulu Phone: (0736) 21186, Faxsimile: (0736) 21186 Website: www.fkip.unib.ac.id Email: pascapendipa_unib@yahoo.co.id
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The Bengkulu International Conference on Science and Education (BICSE-2017) was held from 14 – 15 December 2017, in Bengkulu, Indonesia. The conference is organized by Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Bengkulu. The conference was hosted in the rectorate building of University of Bengkulu and new hall building of the Faculty of Teacher Training and Education located in the Bengkulu city center.
This conference was organized by Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Bengkulu, which was attended by more than 100 registered presenters and participants. Invited Speakers include Dr. Jay Lennartson, Dr. Corey Johnson, and Dr. Ian Singleton. The theme of the conference is “Breaching international boundaries to share scientific re search and advance education.” The range of topics covered by BICSE 2017 are experimental, theoretical and empirical papers includes, but not limited to (1) Scientific research, (2) Science, physics, chemistry and biology, (3) Teaching, learning, media, and assessment in education, (4) Teacher education, (5) Teaching technology, (6) Research on education, science, and in between, and (7) Advance education.
Finally, we thank all the participants of BICSE 2017, everybody who helped in the organization, all sponsors, the PEER-project supported by USAID, and we are looking forward to meeting you again at BICSE 2019.
Bengkulu, February, 2018 BICSE Organizer,
M. Lutfi Firdaus, Ph.D Chairman
Principal Investigator (PI) of Sumatran Turtles Conservation Project
There is a clear distinction between scientists and science teachers in Indonesian universities, with scientists focusing on pure biology (science) and science teachers focusing on learning biology (pedagogy). Some educational institutions in Indonesia still emphasize this dichotomy between content and learning, which has been noted as a classical problem in science education. The difference between a scientist identity and a science teacher identity is only where to place the emphasis. I believe that both science and learning research capacity to show that these two identities can co-exist in a single individual and that can be very beneficial. In the meantime I also witnessed the facts that Science education at the K-12 levels in Bengkulu does not focus on biodiversity. Fieldwork is rarely included as an instructional technique at any educational level, and there is little focus on local conservation issues. Bengkulu University (UNIB) recently started a graduate program for teachers with the theme of “Natural Conservation Education for A Better Life”. In conjunction with this graduate program, UNIB has also started a pioneering conservation effort, "UNIB Campus, A Safe Home for Turtles,” with educational components at the K-
12 level and at the university as part of the Science Teacher Education curriculum track. On the basis of the description I feel that the development of science teachers through the experience of science and learning research is one option for the improvement of science education in locations similar to Bengkulu.
Implementation of science and learning research in science teacher education was not easy. It requires a long discussion and openness of the existing dichotomy paradigm. Students of biology education, for example, usually do not easily answer with a short sentence when asked: “What is the difference between biology and pure biology?” Some of them answered; “We study biology according to the curriculum demands where we will teach”. I communicated with some science education experts, among others, Dr. Catherine Matthews. She is a science educator at the University of North Carolina Greensboro (UNCG), and is also Principal Investigator (PI) on the National Science Foundation (NSF) -funded project; "Herpetology Education in Rural Places and Spaces". Matthews and I visited each other, wrote some manuscripts, and submitted a number of research proposals including titled; "Developing science and learning research capacity of Bengkulu University in ex situ conservation of Sumatran freshwater and terrestrial turtles". The proposal is funded by USAID through the Partnerships for enhanced engagement in research (PEER) project for the period of December 2015 - November 2018.
The main goal of this PEER project is to develop both science and learning research capacity through cooperation between UNCG and UNIB using the field of herpetology as a venue to improve conservation education and, indeed, conservation itself. Furthermore the cooperation is designed to achieve the following goals; (1) identify some safe habitats for five species of turtles, (2) increase science and learning research capacity through the thesis research of nine graduate students, (3) develop teaching modules, (4) develop both indoor and outdoor learning resources, and (5) establish a new teacher training center in herpetology and environmental education on the green campus of UNIB. This project will
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As the PI of Sumatran Turtles Conservation Project, I am very excited with Bengkulu International Competence on Science and Education 2017 (BICSE 2017). BICSE 2017 is an excellent forum for exchanging experiences on science and learning research. Hopefully in the next, BICSE becomes an annual regular agenda. Welcome to Bengkulu. Congratulations to do your best for science education.
Dr. Aceng Ruyani, MS
Principal Investigator
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Venue: University of Bengkulu (main campuss)
Jl. WR. Supratman, Kandang Limun, Bengkulu 38371 Plenary session: Rectorate of University of Bengkulu, 3 rd floor – main meeting room
Parallel and poster session: Graduate School of Science Education office hall, 3 rd floor
Day 1: December 14, 2017
08:00 – 08:45 Registration 08:45 – 09:45 Opening ceremony
Traditional dance Singing “Indonesia Raya” Prayer readings Speech 1: BICSE chairman Speech 2: Dean of Faculty of Teacher Training and Education Speech 3: Rector of University of Bengkulu Photo session Chorus “Heal the World”
09:45 – 12:00 Plenary session Dr. Corey M. Johnson Dr. Jay Lennartson Dr. Ian Singleton
12:00 – 13:00 Lunch break 13:15 – 13:45 Poster session 13:45 – 16:00 Parallel session (5 rooms, each presentation 12 minutes) 16:00 – 16:30 Closing
Best oral and poster presenter announcement
Day 2: December 15, 2017
Bengkulu City Tour Location: Fort Marlborough, Soekarno’s seclusion house, Anggut souvenir market, Long beach, etc. Please register first at registration desk on December 14, 2017.
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Notes:
1. Rectorate of University of Bengkulu, 3 rd floor – main meeting room (Plenary
session)
2. Office of Graduate School of Science Education (Parallel and poster session)
b. Floor Plan for Parallel and Poster Session
Notes: Room name: Office of Graduate School of Science Education
Place: 3 rd floor Poster Session : Room 1
Room Number (Parallel Session):
1. Room Group 1
2. Room Group 2
3. Room Group 3
4. Room Group 4
5. Room Group 5
6. Room Group 6
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KEYNOTE SPEAKERS
Dr. Corey M. Johnson
Department of Geography, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 237 Graham Building 1009 Spring Garden Street, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA.
*Email: corey_johnson@uncg.edu
Examining environment and development tradeoffs through the Resource Nexus (RN): The case of urban governance
ABSTRACT
With the publication of the United Nations‘ Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Agreement on climate, and a host of other multilateral agreements, governing environmental change is front and center in global governance. Now attention turns to the challenges of implementation, measurement, and metrics, especially in the arena of natural resource use. The resource nexus (RN) approach has been offered as one of escaping the trap of individual resource categories by critically engaging the interlinkages between two or more natural resources used as inputs into socio-economic systems. This presentation draws on work with a collaborative network of RN scholars, first providing a brief overview of the concept and its relationship to environmental change, sustainable development, and security. It then looks at the specific case of RN issues in urban spaces, where an ever increasing share of the world‘s population lives. Cases from South and East Asia are used to illustrate the potential —and some of the limitations —of RN approaches to help us understand and better address the environmental consequences of resource extraction and consumption in cities.
Dr. G. Jay Lennartson
Department of Geography, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 237 Graham Building 1009 Spring Garden Street, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA.
*Email: gjlennar@uncg.edu
The Seven Pillars of Environmental Destructiveness
ABSTRACT
America is the global leader in per capita emissions of greenhouse gas emissions as a result of environmental behaviors and attitudes that are antithetical to environmental sustainability. My talk will highlight the seven key American behaviors that have proven so detrimental to the global environment and will explore ways in which such behaviors and attitudes can be changed so that developed and developing countries can function in a more environmentally sustainable manner.
Dr. Ian Singleton
Director Sumatran Orangutan Conservation Programme PanEco Foundation, Switzerland
Saving Sumatra’s Orangutans
ABSTRACT
Orangutans are Great Apes, along with Chimpanzees, Bonobos and Gorillas. 2 species of orangutan were recognized, the Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii), and the Bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus), but a recent scientific publication announced the existence of a third, new species – the Tapanuli orangutan (Pongo tapanulienses) in the Tapanuli region of North Sumatra. Most orangutans in Sumatra reside in the Leuser Ecosystem, straddling the border of Aceh and North Sumatra provinces. SOCP surveys suggest there are only around 13,500 Sumatran orangutans remaining, and less than 800 Tapanuli orangutans. Threats to both species include habitat conversion for palm oil, the construction of new roads and the development of new so-called renewable energy projects. The Tapanuli orangutan populations is also already fragmented in at least 3 smaller sub populations and corridors to reconnect these fragments are urgently needed. The paper will also describe some legal successes against palm oil companies illegally burning orangutan habitat in the Tripa swamps region of the Leuser Ecosystem and how groups of dedicated individuals can make a difference in conservation in Indonesia. The paper will also argue that the economic justification for continued destruction of Sumatra‘s remaining forests habitats is weak, at best.
CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS
1. Variability of trace metal distributions (Cd, Pb, Mn, Cu
and Zn) and their biogeochemical cycles in the East China Sea and coastal areas, Japan
1 1 1 Ronald Muhammad 2 , Hajime Obata , Toshitaka Gamo , Asami. S. Mashio ,
3 3 Yoshiko Kondo 4 , Shigenobu Takeda and M. Lutfi Firdaus
1 Marine Inorganic Chemistry Section, Department of Chemical Oceanography, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
2 Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Japan
3 Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Science, Nagasaki University, Japan
4 Graduate School of Science Education, University of Bengkulu, Indonesia
ABSTRACT
It has been widely known that trace elements and their isotopes (TEIs) are important to understand the marine ecosystem. In seawater, some trace metals such as cadmium (Cd), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) can act as micronutrients for phytoplankton growth [1]. However, at high concentrations, some metals such as Cd and Cu can be toxic and harmful for microorganism [2];[3];[4]. Their vertical profiles, such as nutrient type profiles (the concentration limited at surface layer, and increased at the depth) for Cd, Cu and Zn, are indicative of biologically related processes [5];[6]. Lead (Pb), widely known as a toxic element, has a scavenged-type profile (the concentration tend to be maximum at surface and decreased with depth) [7], and could act as a tracer for atmospherically derived contaminant in the ocean. In this study, we determined these trace metals in the East China Sea as well as at some coastal region in Japan such as Ariake Sea, and Tachibana Bay. Geographically, all of these areas have similarity, it migh easily receive pollution from river runoff and anthropogenic discharge from the coast due to surrounded by many landmasses. Kyusu and Ryukyu Island on the south and Asian continent on the west were bounded directly with the East China Sea, whereas Fukuoka, Nagasaki and Kumamoto prefectures surround Ariake Sea and Tachibana Bay.
The results in the East China Sea indicated that the highest concentrations of total dissolved Cu and Mn were found at the surface (10 m), which can be attributed to the freshwater discharge from Yangtze River [8];[9]. Vertical distributions of Cu, Zn, and Cd, had increasing trend with depth, similar to those of nutrients (nitrate and phosphate). Pb and Mn showed scavenging-type profile in most stations of this study. Negative correlation between salinity and Cu was found (R 2 =0.86) in Ariake Sea, suggesting the most important sources of
Cu was freshwater discharge. Meanwhile, the other trace elements could be controlled the some factors, such as scavenging process, water residence time, atmospheric deposition and the water circulation. At a station near the hot spring area in the Tachibana Bay, slight decreases of total dissolved metal concentrations (0.23nM to 0.13nM for Cd; 0.061nM to 0.039nM for Pb; 2.7nM to 2.1nM for Cu and 7.3nM to 5.8nM for Zn) were observed. This result could be attributed to Cu was freshwater discharge. Meanwhile, the other trace elements could be controlled the some factors, such as scavenging process, water residence time, atmospheric deposition and the water circulation. At a station near the hot spring area in the Tachibana Bay, slight decreases of total dissolved metal concentrations (0.23nM to 0.13nM for Cd; 0.061nM to 0.039nM for Pb; 2.7nM to 2.1nM for Cu and 7.3nM to 5.8nM for Zn) were observed. This result could be attributed to
Keywords : Trace metals, East China Sea, Ariake Sea, Tachibana Bay, hydrothermal vent.
1. Introduction
It has been widely known that trace elements and their isotopes (TEIs) are important to understand the marine ecosystem. In seawater at low concentrations, some trace metals like cadmium (Cd), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) can act as micronutrients for phytoplankton growth [1]. However, at high concentrations, some metals can be toxic and harmful for microorganism [2]; [3]; [4]. Their vertical profiles, such as nutrient type profiles for Cd, Cu and Zn, are indicative of biologically related processes [5]; [6]. Copper is an important cofactor in the last step of denitrification process [10]; Cd and Zn can replace each other as a metal center in carbonic anhydrate that catalyzes inorganic carbon acquisition in respiration process for diatoms [1]. Meanwhile, according to [11], Mn at high latitudes can be considered as a hybrid-type metal, whose distribution is controlled by both biological uptake and scavenging processes. Mn can substitute for iron in superoxide dismutase (SOD) in diatom [1]. Lead (Pb), widely known as a toxic element, has a scavenged-type profile [7], and could act as a tracer for atmospheric derived contaminant in the ocean.
It is important to reveal the distribution of those elements (Cd, Pb, Mn, Cu & Zn) in seawater and their biogeochemical cycles to enhance our understanding of their bioaccumulation and sources. In particular, at coastal region such as Ariake Sea, and Tachibana Bay as well as marginal sea such as East China Sea, anthropogenic effect might affect the distributions of these metals. Here, I will reveal their distributions and their internal biogeochemical cycling.
2. Methods
2.1 Sampling locations Samples from three stations (AND-06; AND-26; AND-31) in the East China Sea were collected. The samples were taken during R/V Hakuho-Maru KH-15-3 cruise in the East China
Sea from October 14 nd to November 2 , 2015. AND-06 and AND-26 were located on the continental shelf and AND-31 was located on the Okinawa Trough.
th
In Ariake Sea and Tachibana Bay, samples were taken from 18 May to 20 May 2015 onboard R/V Kakuyo-Maru. Seawater samples were collected from six stations in the Ariake Sea, and two stations in Tachibana Bay. Stations A15-A7 were located inside of Ariake Sea while station A1 was located outside. Station T1 and T3 were located inside of Tachibana Bay. Station T1 was located near the hydrothermal vent.
Figure 1.
Sampling locations for A. KH-15-3 cruise, 14 nd October to 2 November 2015 in the
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East China Sea; B. Ariake Sea and Tachibana Bay, 18 th May to 20 May 2015;
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2.2 Sampling and methods Acid-cleaned Teflon-coated Niskin-X samplers, mounted on conductivity-temperature-
depth carousel multi-sampling system (CTD-CMS) attached to Vectran armored cable wire, were used to collect the seawater samples in the East China Sea (KH-15-3). In Ariake Sea and Tachibana Bay, acid-cleaned Teflon-coated X-type Niskin samplers, mounted on conductivity- temperature-depth carousel multi-sampling system (CTD-CMS), were used to collect the seawater samples. Samples were acidified to pH less than 1.8 using ultrapure HCl (Tamapure AA-100, Tama Chemicals), and stored at room temperature.
Figure 2. CTD-CMS used for collecting seawater samples
Samples used for total dissolved trace metals analysis were placed under UV radiation for 60 minutes to destroy all organic ligands prior to analysis. A resin column was made by packing
0.6 grams of chelating resin into a column. Before introducing the sample, the column should be washed by 15 ml of 2 M HNO 3 two times followed by 15 ml of MQW, and 15 ml of acetic buffer at pH 6. 30 ml of seawater at pH 2 was adjusted to pH 6.2-6.3 with acetic acid and ammonium acetate buffer. Hereafter, the sample was introduced to the column by peristaltic pump. Immediately after all the samples were passed through the column, the column was 0.6 grams of chelating resin into a column. Before introducing the sample, the column should be washed by 15 ml of 2 M HNO 3 two times followed by 15 ml of MQW, and 15 ml of acetic buffer at pH 6. 30 ml of seawater at pH 2 was adjusted to pH 6.2-6.3 with acetic acid and ammonium acetate buffer. Hereafter, the sample was introduced to the column by peristaltic pump. Immediately after all the samples were passed through the column, the column was
3. Results and discussion
In the East China Sea, the higest concentration of total dissolved Cu was found at the surface (10 m) in AND-26, where [Cu] = 2.6 nM. Salinity of surface water at this station was relatively low when compared to those of other stations, and this can be attributed to the freshwater discharge from Yangtze River, which is likely a major source of copper into the East China Sea [8];[9]. Vertical profiles of Cu, Zn, and Cd, were nutrient-type. Meanwhile, Pb and Mn showed scavenging-type profile in these areas. High concentrations of Mn were found at the bottom layer of AND-31. Mn concentrations increased from 1.4 nM to 3.6 nM at the bottom layer. This could be caused by remineralization at bottom sediment [12].
In Tachibana Bay, station T1 which is located near the hot spring area, showed slight decrease of total dissolved metal concentrations (0.23nM to 0.13nM for Cd; 0.061nM to 0.039nM for Pb; 2.7nM to 2.1nM for Cu and 7.3nM to 5.8nM for Zn). This result could be attributed to the presence of hydrothermal activities in this area because of sulfide formation and precipitations [13]; [14]; [15]; [16].
Negative correlation between salinity and Cu was found (R 2 =0.86) in Ariake Sea, suggesting the most important sources of Cu was freshwater discharge.. Meanwhile, the other trace
elements could be controlled by several factors, such as scavenging process, water residence time, atmospheric deposition and the water circulation.
References
Morel, F.M.M., Milligan, A.J., and Saito, M.A., 2004. Marine bioorganic chemistry: the role of trace metals in the oceanic cycles of major nutrients. Treatise on geochemistry, 6, 113-143.
Viarengo, A., 1985. Biochemical effects of trace metals. Marine Pollution, 16, 153-158.
Magdelano,A., Gomez, C.E., Velez, C.G., Accorinti, J., 1997. Preliminary toxicity test using the green alga, Ankistrodesmus falcatus. Environmental Toxicology and Water Quality ,12, 11-14.
Hodson, P.V., 1988. The effect of metal metabolism on uptake, disposition and toxicity in fish. Aquatic Toxicology, 11, 3-18.
Boyle, E.A., and Edmond, J.M., 1975. Copper in surface waters south of New Zealand. Nature , 253, 107-109.
Boyle, E.A., 1988. Cadmium: chemical tracer of deepwater paleoceanography. Palaeceanography , 3, 471-489.
Flegal, A.R. and Patterson, C.C., 1983. Vertical concentration profiles of lead in the
0 Central Pacific at 15 0 N and 20 S. Earth Planet Science Letter, 64, 19-32. Koshikawa, M.K., Takamatsu, T., Takada, J., Zhu, M., Xu, B., Chen, Z., Murakami, S., Xu, K.,
Watanabe, M., 2007. Distributions of dissolved and particulate elements in the Yangtze estuary in 1997-2002: Background data before the closure of the Three Gorges Dam. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 71, 26-36.
Koshikawa, M.K., Takamatsu, T., Takada, J., Zhu, M., Xu, B., Chen, Z., Murakami, S., Xu, K., Watanabe, M., 2007. Distribution of dissolved and particulate elements in the
Yangtze estuary in 1997-2002: Background data before the closure of the Three Gorges Dam. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 71, 26-36.
[9]
Abe, K., Ishihi, Y., Watanabe, Y., 2003. Dissolved copper in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea - Cu as a tracer of the Changjiang discharge. Deep-Sea Research II 50, 327- 337.
[10]
Granger, J and Ward, B.B., 2003. Accumulation of nitrogen oxides in copper-limited cultures of denitrifying bacteria. Limnology and Oceanography, 48, 313-318.
[11]
Bruland, K.W. and Lohan, M.C., 2003. Controls of trace metals in seawater. Treatise on Geochemistry. Edited by: Elderfield,H., Elsevier Science Ltd., Cambridge.
[12]
Minakawa, M., Noriki, S., and Tsunogai, S., 1996. Manganese in the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea. Geochemical Journal, 30, 41-55.
[13]
Edmond, J.M., Damm, K.L., McDuff, R.E., Measures, C.I., 1982. Chemistry of hot springs on the East Pacific Rise and their effluent dispersal. Nature (London), 297, 187- 191.
[14]
Godfrey, L.V., Mills, R., Elderfield, H., Gurvich, E., 1994. Lead behavior at the TAG hydrothermal vent field, 26 0 N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Marine Chemistry, 46, 237-254.
[15]
James, R.H and Elderfield, H., 1996. Dissolved and particulate trace metals in hydrothermal plumes at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Geophysical Research Letters, 23 (23), 2399-3502.
[16]
Trocine, R.P., and Trefry, J.H., 1988. Distribution and chemistry of suspended particles from an active hydrothermal vent site on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 26 0 N. Earth and
Planetary Science letters , 88, 1-15.
2. Local Culture of Serawai South Bengkulu District
1 Dihamri 1 , Haimah , Abditama Srifitriani
1 The Faculty of Teacher Training and Education , University Prof. Dr. Hazairin, SH Bengkulu
* Email: dihamrimanaransyah@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Serawai tribe is the second largest indigenous tribe in Bengkulu province after Rejang tribe. Serawai tribe is the largest population in South Bengkulu district. Serawai tribe is rich in local wisdom, but as the changing times of Serawai Local Wisdom have been extinct. The long- term aim of this research is to conserve Serawai culture in South Bengkulu district. Specific objectives to be achieved in this study is to describe the Local Wisdom that is still used Serawai tribe in everyday life. The nature of this study using a qualitative approach. Primary data sources and secondary data. Data collection techniques: in-depth interviews, limited observation and documentation. Data analysis is carried out continuously from start to finish. There are 20 Local Wisdom still done in everyday life. Adults generation or older of Serawai tribe in generally still understand Local Wisdom and still carry out in everyday life. Local wisdom of the Serawai tribe has changed alot even from the influence of the inside and from outside. There should be concrete efforts by governments and society to preserve the values of Local Wisdom.
Keywords: Serawai, Local Wisdom, South Bengkulu
1. Introduction
[1] suggests that culture according to the science of anthropology is the whole system of ideas, actions and the work of human beings in the life of society that made human self by learning. Further Koentjaraningrat [1] suggests that cultural there are seven elements that can be found in all nations of the world. The seven elements are: 1. Language, 2. System knowledge, 3. Social organization, 4. System of life equipment and technology, 5. Eye system
Culture with institutions including local wisdom can change even dynamically, since there is no static and closed culture. Cultural change can occur because of the factors within the culture itself means that its supporters feel that some cultural institutions must be changed and adapted to the sound development found in their social life. Social change can also occur because of contacts with other cultural supporters.
Kisley Davis [2] argues that social change is part of cultural change. Changes in culture include all its parts, namely: art, science, technology, philosophy, and so on, even changes in the form and rules of social organization. According Rahyono [3] local wisdom is the human intelligence possessed by certain ethnic groups obtained through the experience of society. It means local wisdom is the result of a particular society through their experience and certainly experienced by other communities. These values will be attached very strongly to a particular society and that value has been through a long time, as long as the existence of that society.
According to [4] local wisdom is the inheritance value of life from one next generation in the form of religion, culture or custom which is generally in the form of oral in a form of social system of a society. The existence of local wisdom in society is the result of a long-term adaptation process over a very long period of time to an environment where interactions are frequent. Furthermore, according to Ridwan [4] local wisdom or often called local wisdom can
be understood as a human effort by using his sense of cognition to act and act on things, objects, or events that occur. As a term, wisdom is often interpreted as wisdom / policy. Locally be understood as a human effort by using his sense of cognition to act and act on things, objects, or events that occur. As a term, wisdom is often interpreted as wisdom / policy. Locally
According to [3] local wisdom is a view of life and science and various life strategies that manifest the activities undertaken by local communities in answering various problems in the fulfillment of their needs. In foreign languages it is often conceived as local policy Local Wisdom.
In Bengkulu province there are eight indigenous tribes: Rejang tribe, Lembak tribe, Serawai tribe, Muko-Muko tribe, Pekal tribe, Kaur tribe, Basemah tribe and Enggano tribe. The immigrant tribe are: Java, Bugis, Madura, Minangkabau, Batak, Sundanese, Nias and others.
Serawai tribe as indigenous tribe in South Bengkulu district, rich of Local Wisdom. In the modernization era of local wisdom Serawai tribe that has been guided in the daily life of the generation of generation, began to change even many who have become extinct.
There must be a serious and concrete effort to preserve it, so that the Serawai tribe becomes a modern society but still has its own cultural characteristic, such as the Sundanese in West Java, the Javanese in Central Java, the Balinese in Bali and other tribes in Indonesia even abroad Japan, South Korea, China and others.
2. Methods
In this research, the approach used is qualitative approach. Qualitative approach is an approach to describe events, human behavior and a situation in certain of course in detail and depth in the form of narration. By using a qualitative approach it will be understood local wisdom Serawai still used in daily life.
The research location focused on Serawai tribe who live in South Bengkulu district. The data needed to reveal the local wisdom of Serawai tribe will be obtained through the
informants. The informants for this research were determined purposively which consisted of the initial informant is the head of office (Kesbang). Key informants of Custom Chairman or former Chairman custom, Serawai tribe community in South Bengkulu district, religious figures and Serawai leaders in South Bengkulu district.
Data collection technique :
1. Limited observation. In relation to the researcher will try to observe the activity of Serawai life especially about local wisdom which still used in society.
2. Interview. To carry out the interview, the guidelines are made as reference and the interview instrument is open, structured with guidance.
3. Focus group Discussion.
4. Documentation Study. Used for document source accuracy, useful for research evidence, and in accordance with non-reactive qualitative standards.
The data analysis in this research is schematic, narrative, and description also explanation data from informant both oral and written document. In detail can be explained as follows:
1. Records. In doing this research, the researcher recording interview with khusususnya informants who are considered necessary to collected data. Recorded data is compiled in bnetuk transcript of the interview.
2. Field Records. In making notes in the field, the researchers conducted a procedure by recording all the events that actually occurred in the field of research..
3. Documentation. This data is collected through a variety of data sources written, both related to the problem of objective conditions and also supporters of other data.
4. Photos. Photos are evidence that can not be expressed in words but strongly support the objective conditions of the study take place. Photos of Serawai Local Wisdom.
The data analyst in this research is essentially done continuously from the beginning to the end of the research. In this data analysis the data is compiled, that is classified in pattern or theme.
This research strategy includes the phasing of data collection techniques and data analysis. This study follows several steps as follows:
1. Selection of research sites.
2. First visits and self-familiarization.
3. Primary data collection by interview and observation.
4. Develop interview transcripts and observation results based on the theme.
5. Prepare a draft report.
6. Seminar on research results.
7. Compile reports.
8. Publish books and scientific publications. In the research, done check the validity of data through: credibility and konfirmabilitas.
3. Results And Discussion
Local Wisdom of Serawai tribe in South Bengkulu District are:
3.1 Mbasuh Tangan Gratitude for the birth of a baby after the age of 40 days. The show is a simple dinner but if the family is capable then it is held with a big party. Now the event has started to change especially for the people who are Muslim and live in urban areas with an event called Aqikah. The values contained in the mbasuh tangan event are, among others, religious values, responsibilities and values of togetherness or help. Religious value means to be grateful to a baby by the Almighty and ask the Almighty for the salvation of the baby. The value of responsibility in this event parents are required responsibility to take care of the needs of the baby whether it is food or nutritional needs, spiritual needs and education and other needs. It also contains the value of togetherness or please help, among others, in this event the surrounding community will help or help in the preparation, implementation and after the event. If the event is large enough to be formed to the committee to launch the event implementation.
3.2 Beterang Beterang means the same as circumcision but if circumcision for boys, if it is for girls who will enter adolescence. The parents of the little girl explain or tell the community that they already have children into adolescence. The event was held by inviting relatives and relatives and neighbors in the celebration or meal together and girls who will be adorned adolescent decorated like a bride and held a procession of traditional dance betereng. The values contained therein are moral values, religious values and social values. The moral values of adolescents (girls) need to be jointly guarded or the community from negative things, the community participates in giving advice, example guidance so that adolescents become children who maintain morality as a teenager. The religious value of being grateful to the Power of growing up has become a teenage girl and please ridhoNya for his life is blessed. The social value means that young women begin to play a role in helping or participating in society according to their abilities, learning to help or pay attention to their fellow human beings.
3.3 Rejung Oral Literature Serawai area. Rejung is one art like a pantun. But Rejung line ten can be up to twelve lines. There is also a saying Rejung is a kind of poem or sentence that is sung. Sentence is sung is about the life of everyday society, the theme of gratitude, counsel, witty, home life. The contents of the rejung usually adjusted at what event the rejung was executed, for example at the wedding ceremony then the contents of the chant is in the form of advice to the bride in running the household. Now the rejung has been held at other events in the community not as it used to be at weddings only. Now birthday events can be held rejung. Rejung serves as entertainment as well as a complement to traditional dance. Not everyone can display or do Rejung. Young generations are rarely encountered that can be confused, but generally they still 3.3 Rejung Oral Literature Serawai area. Rejung is one art like a pantun. But Rejung line ten can be up to twelve lines. There is also a saying Rejung is a kind of poem or sentence that is sung. Sentence is sung is about the life of everyday society, the theme of gratitude, counsel, witty, home life. The contents of the rejung usually adjusted at what event the rejung was executed, for example at the wedding ceremony then the contents of the chant is in the form of advice to the bride in running the household. Now the rejung has been held at other events in the community not as it used to be at weddings only. Now birthday events can be held rejung. Rejung serves as entertainment as well as a complement to traditional dance. Not everyone can display or do Rejung. Young generations are rarely encountered that can be confused, but generally they still
3.4 Betembang (Tembang) Betembang is singing poems or rhymes accompanied by a single guitar. The guitar is picked rhythmically. Poetry or rhyme usually tells the relationship of young moods who are making love. In the era before the eighties, young Serawai serfs meet at night in the event of the crowd such as circumcision, marriage and others. Young people can also meet at home girls from eight to ten o'clock. The single guitar is usually under the bell as a sign of upcoming greetings and entertainment during the visit. Tembang is also sung by adults or married people who are singed on a single guitar or do not use a single guitar. The content of adult adult songs usually tells of everyday life. Trekandung value in it, among others, the value of beauty, friendship, romance and religious or praise to God.
3.5 Tari Andun Tari Andun is a dance performed at a wedding party. This dance is danced by the bride and groom with relatives or family. This dance is also performed at weddings in pairs of young mothers who have no blood relation. Andun Dance is still done by the community but has many changes, among others, if the first dance was danced day and night by circling the buffalo that had closed his eyes and closed his ears. Now it is rare to find danun andun still around the buffalo that had been closed eyes and ears. The buffalo has been replaced with wreaths placed on the table. The values contained include beauty, religion and ethics. The beauty of dancing by using traditional dress and danced with arms stretched like a flying eagle is added move the body left and right back and forth and accompanied kulintang music (sort of gamelan) and tambourine. Religious means that the dance is performed in the joy of Blessing the Power of marriage and ask the blessing of the community to make the two brides happy. The moral ethics between dance andun is a young paired dance. Young men who danced in pairs should not have any close relatives or blood relations.
3.6 Setulungan Setulungan means to help each other. Joint forms like mutual cooperation in good work and in misfortune. If not participating in the ancestor then it can be considered in society as a selfish person. The ancestors still exist especially the people who are still living in the countryside. In some places this sutulungan changed its name to ambeik aeian. The point is to ambeik aeian is turn to help for example on the activities of planting rice, panin or other activities. The value of this wisdom, among others, is social gotong royong, the community help each other in a happy or difficult state. Besides, the value of tolerance because in mutual cooperation does not distinguish tribe, religion, economy, race and other differences in society.
3.7 Melami Melami is a greeting. Serawai tribe has a friendly habit to others especially greeting guests or someone when met or berintraksi though not yet known. If you do not say hello then it will be considered rude or arrogant. Melami is still taught by parents to children. The values contained among others the value of respect for humanity and value help. Society is taught to respect human beings even if not known. The value of helping to make sense of it, among others, guest goods that come need the help or attention from the community.
3.8 Jangan Geduak Geduak is an arrogant attitude. Serawai tribe from a small family has taught parents not arrogant, especially if successful in life such as increased economy, get higher education or other things improve the social status in society, then do not be arrogant. Proud attitude is a blemish in society. The value of do not bedu is still valid in the society until now. In general, immigrants are more easily accepted by the community because in the community, there is a value of appreciating human beings let alone the guests or new people. In general, community entrants easily accepted in Serawai tribe.
3.9 Belaeam (Nurut) The point is that if one is to succeed or to advance is obedient to the parent's orders and norms in family, society, country and religion. Diligent in working and doing what is considered good by family and society. Abstinence gives up in trouble and does not follow-up bad things. The value contained is a persistent struggle but does not violate the norms prevailing in society. Belaeam also mengadung religious value means to work hard, respect others as a form or a form of religious person. Belaeam still prevails in society especially with the many foreign cultural influences on the younger generation then these belaeam values can fortify the young generation from various negative influences by sticking to the values taught ancestors Serawai.
3.10 Neman (Rajin) Neman means to work harder or more diligently than usual. If used for the size of neman is if the boys youth, the fields are clean of weeds and neighboring rice fields and many paninya results. If the young woman is seen from the number of wood fire, clean house hut and clean chili milled rock. This value is also present in the community. Parents still teach through words or deeds so that children become benasu (diligent). This value is also present in the community. Parents still teach through words or deeds for children to become benasu (diligent).
3.11 Himat (Hemat) The meaning is that the Serawai tribe is taught from small to thrifty, able to manage the
economy well. After the panin is usually can be predicted enough or excessive panin output for the needs before the next panin. A farmer usually already knows how much rice is stored for purposes until the next panin. If it will sell rice or rice for other purposes after going through the calculation. Around the 1970s Serawai tribe farmers who generally farmers usually store the pan in tengkiang (small stage house size of approximately 3 m x 3 m) which was established near the house. The farmer will store the rice in the tuna and will not sell unless the estimate of the rice farmer is more than the need for feeding before the next harvest period. If you eat should not be left because it is considered rice (seangsei) (gift of the Almighty). In this wisdom Serawai tribe has the value of saving and relgius.
3.12 Ngawuak The point is that families can not afford to get help from capable families. Ngawuak is usually associated with livestock, buffalo, cow or goat. Disadvantaged families can have livestock according to ability. For example the price of female buffalo one tail Rp. 5,000,000.
Disadvantaged families can buy 1 /
8 or ¼ or ½. Then if the buffaloes have children less will get the right to grow in multiples. This wisdom is almost extinct because the people who keep buffalo began to decrease but in the villages there are still those who do. The livelihoods of the Serawai tribe people have turned to oil palm or rubber plantations. People who raise cattle are now beginning to shift to raising cattle even in some places where people get help from government cows. The system used by the government is somewhat different because the aid of cattle is given to the farmer group while the ngawuak is more among the rich individuals who help the poor. In Ngawuak contained value, which is able to help the less able or help to improve the economy. The ngawuak also contained the value of tenacity and patience because poor farmers started small and were patiently taken care of to achieve greater results.
3.13 Nyandau / Megang That is a pledge usually a field or a garden. Serawai farmers abstain from selling rice fields or gardens if not for something very important especially related to economic problems. But if there is difficulty in terms of economics to overcome can be done by Nyandau or Megang. Nyandau means someone needs money, borrow money to someone with the guarantee of rice fields or gardens with a specific agreement such as waku pawn. The value contained is appreciating economic resources and thinking and acting cautiously.
3.14 Dendang Dendang is a dance while accompanied by pantun bersahutan about daily life conducted by the peria participant dendang, which is also accompanied by local or traditional musical instruments such as redap (tambourine which size is more or less twice tambourine kasidah),